Let's see how the word is formed airplane. He flies himself. There are two roots in the word sam-, let-. Words that have two roots are called compound words..

What do these complex words have in common: plane, samovar, scooter, homemade, self-love?

The samovar cooks itself, the second root is var-.

The scooter itself rolls, rolls, the second root is kat-.

Homemade - he does it himself, business, the second root of affairs.

Self-esteem - self-esteem - oneself, loves, the root of love.

Sam is the first part of compound words.

Let's observe which vowel letters connect two roots in compound words.

navigator (goes to the sea, roots of sea-, walk-),

steam about move (walks on a couple, roots of couples-, move-)

stone e pad (stones fall, roots of stone-, pad-),

stars about pad (stars fall, roots of stars-, pad-)

In words sailor and rockfall the first root ends in a soft consonant sound p "and n", the roots are connected by the letter E.

In words steamboat and starfall the first root ends in a solid consonant r and d, the roots are connected by the letter O.

Most often, the roots in compound words connect the vowel letters o or e. These letters are called connecting vowel letters.

How to proceed in order to correctly write the letter of the connecting vowel indifficult words?

1. Make sure that the word is complex: find the roots and verbally pick up words with the same root for each.

2. If the word is complex, listen to what consonant the first root ends with. If on a hard one - you need to write O, if on a soft one - E.

The letter E comes after unpaired hard ones: w, w, c.

Decide what letter to write in the place of the gap.

Perennial- many years, roots many-, years-, the letter of the connecting vowel O,

guide- way, lead, roots put-, water-, the letter of the connecting vowel E,

Old Russian-drevny, Russia, roots of ancient-, rus-, the letter of the connecting vowel E,

waterfowl- water, swim, roots water-, floating-, the letter of the connecting vowel O.

Forming compound words

What compound words can replace these sentences?

1) A stream of water that falls from a great height.

2) A person who plows the land.

3) Animals that look like mice that dig the ground.

4) A beetle that eats bark.

5) A person walking.

Test yourself: waterfall (roots of water-, pad-), plowman (roots of earth-, plow-), shrew (roots of earth-, swarm-), bark beetle (roots of cor-, ed-), pedestrian (roots of foot-, walk-).

What are these magical items called?

Boots- self-propelled, tablecloth - self-assembly, gusli - samogudy.

What is the common root in these words? Root self-.

Why are fairy-tale magic items called that? Boots walk by themselves. The tablecloth itself collects food (to take in the meaning of getting food). Gusli themselves play, buzz.

We find difficult words in poetic lines:

Early bird jumping

On the snow-covered branches -

yellow-breasted tits

They came to visit us.

(Yu. Sinitsyn)

Spring came! Spring is red

With green grass by the window.

hung up earrings

White birch.

(E. Trutneva)

Along the ravines, along the cliffs,

Through the fingers of the willow

It pours quietly and fearfully

Yellow river.

School house one-story

Smiling at the window.

The rook roams the fields importantly,

Like a rural agronomist.

(M. Isakovsky)

Falling leaves! Falling leaves!

Forest autumn caulking.

Cannabis flew,

Became red edges.

(N. Egorov)

Difficult words:

yellow-breasted- with yellow breasts, roots yellow-, breast-;

white-legged- with a white leg, leg, roots white-, knife-;

leaf fall- leaves fall, roots leaf-, pad-;

yellow-leaved- with yellow leaves, roots yellow-, leaf-;

one-story- with one floor, roots one-, floor-.

What kind of person can you say that about?

Sluggard- likes to lie on its side, the roots lie-, side-, the first root ends in w, we write the letter e;

sweet tooth- loves sweets as food, sweet roots, hedgehogs;

idle talk- says empty words, the roots are empty-, words-.

These words are called character traits of a person. Let's explain the meaning of the words.

Hardworking- loves work, roots work-, love-;

weak-willed- weak will, roots weak-, vol-;

merciful- sweet heart, roots mil-, heart-;

good-natured- kind soul, good roots, soul;

noble- the good of the family, the roots of good, kind-.

What do you call a person who has a great soul, sharp mind, clear eyes, dark hair?

great soul - generous(the roots are great-, shower-),

sharp mind - witty(roots sharp-, mind-),

clear eyes - clear-eyed(roots clear-, eye-),

dark hair - dark-haired(dark roots, hair-).

Let's read the names, think about whether these words are difficult.

Dobrolyubov- to love goodness, the roots of kindness, love. Nikolai Dobrolyubov is a Russian writer.

Dobronravov- good disposition, roots dobr-, disposition-. Nikolai Dobronravov is a songwriter.

Bogolyubov- loving god, roots god-, love-.

Krasnoshchekova- red cheeks, red roots, cheeks.

Compound words call people by profession.

commander- leads the regiments, the roots of the regiment-, water-,

fabulist- writes fables, roots of fables, piss,

beekeeper- breeds bees, bee roots -, water -,

plumber- conducts water, roots of water-, water-, prefix pro-,

steelmaker- cooks steel, roots steel-, var-,

birder- catches birds, bird roots-, catch-, the first root ends in c, we write e.

Listen to the text, determine how many difficult words met.

Moscow was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Moscow was originally a wooden fortress, fenced with a palisade of logs. The oak walls of the Kremlin were replaced by white stone ones. It was then that Moscow received a name for all time - white stone. And also golden-domed, with golden heads, domes of temples. Chistoprudny Boulevard is one of the old streets in the center of Moscow.

Dolgoruky- long arms, roots long-, arms-,

stockade- a fence of closely driven stakes, the roots are part-, count-,

white stone- built of white stone, the roots are white, stone,

golden-domed- with golden heads, roots of gold-, heads-,

Chistoprudny- clean ponds, clean roots, pond-.

Redfin fish is very beautiful. Her back is green, on the sides are golden scales with a brown border on the sides. Orange eyes, yellow lips. The fish got its nickname for the color of the fins. (According to N. Osipov)

A blade of grass grows, straight, strong, and at the end of its green brush sticks up. This is what a foxtail looks like. Of course, such a tail is too small even for a fox, but it still looks like a tail.

water strider- this is the name of an insect that quickly runs through the water, as if it wants to measure the distance.

Redstart- a compound word consisting of two roots mountains- and a tail-. Root words: burn, ponytail.

rudd- a compound word, consists of two roots: red- and per-. Root words: red, feathers.

Foxtail- roots fox-, tail-. Related words: fox, ponytail.

water strider- roots of water-, measure-. Water, measure.

At the beginning of foreign words, if pronounced yo , is written yo , for example: yoga, iodine, yogurt, yeoman, yorkshire, not one iota(but: ion, Jordanian- with separate pronunciation of initial vowels).

IX. Spelling compound words

§ 41. Connecting vowels o and e

In compound words, a connecting vowel is written after the stem to a solid consonant. about , after the stem into a soft consonant, into a hissing and c - connecting vowel e . For example: homebody, kozheed, bird-catcher, False Dmitry I.

In some cases, the final soft consonant in, n, r, t the first stem is pronounced firmly and after it a connecting vowel is written about (in parallel with these words, those are also used in which, according to the rule, it is written e ). For example: long-range - long-range, quarry - stone crusher, horse thief - horse breeder, bone carver - bone crusher, bloodthirsty - bloody, chanting - songwriting. Wed different educations after foundation on c : trapezium - trapezoid - trapezoid - trapezohedron(not all of these formations have two stems in Russian).

§ 42. Compound words without a connecting vowel

It is necessary to distinguish between compound words with connecting vowels and compound words without a connecting vowel. Wed: psychotherapy(psycho + therapy) – psychasthenia(psycho + asthenia).

In some compound words, the first part is the word in its initial form, for example: reckoning, pastime; cotyledon, seed stalk, ovule(cf.: seed farming, seed storage- with a connecting vowel).

Without a connecting vowel, terms like nitrogen-fixing, forward looking, oxygenated etc.

The letter is saved but at the end of the element air (short for aviation), which forms the first part of compound words like airbase, airborne, airmail, air unit etc.

With a case ending in the first part, words arising from phrases are formed crazy, insane etc.

In the form of the genitive case without a connecting vowel, numerals are part of compound words, for example: three-meter, five-time, seven-year. Exceptions are numerals one, ninety, one hundred And one thousand, for example: one-year-old, ninety-year-old, hundred-fold, thousand-ton. numeral Fourty in compound words it is used in two forms: without a connecting vowel ( forty days) and with a connecting vowel ( magpie, centipede- not in the direct meaning of the account).

It is necessary to distinguish between compound words and words in which two stems are not distinguished in Russian. Wed: gas pipeline - gasification, electrician - electrification.

Note 1. On a common basis, foreign prefixes are written together anti-, archi-, hyper-, inter-, infra-, counter-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-, ultra-, extra- and others, for example: anti-people(but: Anti-dühring- in the proper name function), archiplut, hypersound, international, infrared, counterproposal(but: rear admiral, where the first part has a different meaning), post-impressionism(preserving the initial root And ), post-romanticism(cf. the continuous spelling of the same prefix in words of foreign origin that are indivisible into morphemes: postscript, post factum etc.), dust jacket, subtropics, trans-siberian, ultrasound, trendy, extraordinary(but: extra mail, extra class before the noun).

Note 2. The initial components are written together quasi-, pseudo-, pan- , for example: quasi-scientific, pseudo-classical, pan-German(but: quasi-Pushkin, pan-Europe etc. - before proper names

"Medvezhanskaya OOSh"

Connecting o, e in compound words

6th grade

Teacher of the 1st category: Zharkova Irina Aleksandrovna

2016

Russian language grade 6 date: 11/21/2016

Lesson #53

The topic of the lesson is “Connecting o and e in compound words”

The purpose of the lesson: Formation of literacy, creation of conditions for mastering students' knowledge of the spelling of connecting O and E in compound words
Tasks: educational: analyze cases of spelling connecting o - e in compound words;
developing: develop speech, attention, memory, logical thinking, the ability to generalize, draw conclusions, develop self-control skills;
educational: to improve the skills of ethical interpersonal communication, to cultivate a careful attitude to the word.
Planned results Subject:
- know the condition for choosing letters o - e in compound words;
- be able to find the studied spelling; be able to choose the right letter and justify the choice; be able to use in speech and writing words on the studied spelling
Personal:
- to establish a connection between the purpose of educational activity and its motive;
- to define common rules of conduct for all;
- determine the rules for working in pairs;
- evaluate the digestible content (based on personal values);
- Establish a relationship between the purpose of the activity and its result.
Metasubject: Regulatory UUD:
- define and formulate the purpose of the activity in the lesson;
- pronounce the sequence of actions in the lesson; work according to plan;
- to express their assumptions on the basis of educational material;
- Distinguish between a correctly completed task and an incorrect one;
- exercise self-control;
- together with the teacher and classmates to evaluate the activities in the lesson.
Communicative UUD:
- listen and understand the speech of others;
- be able to express their thoughts with sufficient completeness and accuracy;
- own the dialogical form of speech in accordance with the grammatical and syntactic norms of the Russian language.
Cognitive UUD:
- navigate in the textbook, notebook;
- navigate in your knowledge system (determine the boundaries of knowledge / ignorance);
- to analyze the educational material;
- carry out classification, indicating the basis of classification;
- make a comparison, explaining the criteria for comparison.

Basic Tutorial : Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. Trostentsova L.A. Russian language. Textbook for grade 6 educational institutions. - M.: Education, 2016.

Lesson type: a lesson in discovering new knowledge
Forms of student work: individual, pair, group
Required technical equipment : computer, projector, presentation
Basic concepts of the topic: compound words, word formation method, morpheme, root, stem, hard consonant, soft consonant

During the classes

Organizing time. Motivation.

Checking readiness for the lesson

Check it out buddy

Are you ready to start the lesson?

Is everything in place?

Is everything all right?

Book, pen and notebook?

Have you checked? Sit down!

Work diligently!

How would you like to see today's Russian lesson? (interesting, informative, fruitful, developing)

Today we have a lesson not easy, today we will be researchers. Our research laboratory is about to make another scientific discovery. For your research to be successful, one teacher is not enough, your help is also needed.

What should students be like in class? (active, attentive, help each other)

The results of our work will be recorded in the control sheet. Sign it.

____________________________(full name)

- Guys, today we continue to work on the section "Word formation".

Revealing perception. And we will begin our work of researchers with riddles. I read riddles, you guess, write down the answers at the blackboard. (pictures are posted on the board)

Although he looks tempting,

but nevertheless poisonous.

People have known for a long time

Inedible (Amanita)

Boldly floats in the sky,
Overtaking birds in flight.
The man controls it.
What's happened? (AIRPLANE)

We have a robot apartment,

He has a huge trunk

Robot loves cleanliness

And it buzzes like a TU liner.

He willingly swallows dust.

NOT sick, not sneezing. (A VACUUM CLEANER)

Every day comes out in the morning
On your daily trip.
Must know all the rules
On the roads ... (PESTRIATOR)

Both on the ground and in the snow

I can track the beast

On the trail of paws and hooves.

That's what I am ... (PATHGER)

Courageously sailing on the waves
Without slowing down.
Only the car is buzzing is important
What's happened? (STEAMBOAT)

2. Actualization of knowledge.

But first, let's recap what we've learned.

Guys, what words did we write down with you? (complex

What words are called compound?

Compound words are words that consist of 2 (rarely 3) roots.

Work with signal cards.

I name words and claim that they are complex. If I'm right, raise your right hand.

Bread box, bread slicer. Vacuum cleaner, dust, blue-eyed, bluish, musician, water carrier, jam, steelmaker, cheerful, gardener.

3. Discovery of new knowledge.

1. Statement of the problem.

What words caused problems? Why? What vowel should be inserted?

So, is it possible to make a mistake in choosing a connecting vowel?

2. Definition of the topic.

Formulate the topic of the lesson.

Spelling of connecting vowels O and E in compound words.

We open notebooks, write down today's date, "class work" and the topic of the lesson "Connecting o-e in compound words"

3. Setting the goal of the lesson.

Based on the problem of the lesson, please formulate the purpose of our study.

Learn to write complex words correctly, not to make mistakes in choosing a connecting vowel.

4. Search for a solution to the problem

Let's continue our research. Let's look at the words on the board.

Consider the words carefully. Find a pattern: when the connecting vowel O is written in compound words, and when E.

If students have difficulties, you can draw their attention to the consonant before the connecting vowel.

Try to formulate a rule for choosing a connecting vowel.

In compound words, after a hard consonant, O is written, and after soft consonants, hissing and Ts - E.

Open your textbooks and compare your rule with the rule in the textbook on page 112. Have we formulated the conclusion of the study correctly?

History reference: the appearance of e after the hard sizzling and ts is historically justified: the sizzling zh, sh and ts were soft in the Old Russian language and hardened only in the 14th-15th centuries, when the use of O//E was already a strong tradition.

5. Processing and transformation of the received information.

Drawing up a diagram (work in pairs)

At the next stage of the study, working in pairs, try to write down this rule schematically (without words).

When the work is finished, several pairs can demonstrate the resulting diagrams on the board.

Circuit example

[c]

Strong student. Drawing up an algorithm

What should we do to correctly determine the choice of a connecting vowel in a compound word? Let's make an algorithm.

1. Determine that this is a compound word, how it is formed.

2. Determine which consonant sounds before the vowel.

3. In accordance with the rule, choose the appropriate connecting vowel.

Reads the rule in verse form:

There are only two of these vowels:

Letter O and letter E.

When a consonant sound is hard,

The letter O fits here.

If this sound is soft

Write the letter E here.

6. Fixing. Whiteboard work

Work with the textbook. Exercise 215.They work in a chain, form complex words. They pronounce the conditions for choosing the studied spelling, designate graphically. Make complex sentences.
Reflection.
- Was it difficult to complete the task?
- What do you need to remember in order to complete the task correctly?

7. Physical Minute.

"Find yourself a mate"

Guys, now let's play with you. Each of you will receive a card with a word written on it. Your task is to find a match for yourself and create a compound word using a connecting vowel. Explain spelling.

book love

dust suck

earth to measure

Water fall

Ice to chop

wood cut

fish to catch

Make sentences with compound words.

8. Performing tasks of a differentiated nature.

1 level

Read the text. Underline difficult words. Insert the missing letters

Steam floats in the sea ... move. The water in the sea is blue and the deck is white. It is very beautiful when white heat floats in the blue sea.

But now ice appeared in the northern seas ... the stake "Siberia" - the pride of Russian seas ... moves. Decks and all superstructures at the ice ... stake are orange.

In the snow ... falling and in sunny weather, the white ship is difficult to see among the ice. And behind the ice ... a stake is a caravan of ships. That's why he has a bright color.

2 level

Replace phrases with one compound word

Drink tea, help each other, love work, people of the same surname, love freedom, cut vegetables, describe life, pump water.

3 level

Read the words. Insert the missing letters. Eliminate the words one by one from the chain according to the independently found feature so that one word remains. Explain the reason for the exclusion of each word.

Meat ... felling, birds ... factory, graduate, steam ... wagons, farming ... deli, garden ... waters.

9. Distribute words into 2 columns depending on the connecting vowel.

Meat grinder, journey, generally accepted, heat-loving, weak-willed, potato peeler, poultry farm, broad-shouldered, pear-shaped, locomotives, unanimity, agriculture.

10. Bottom line. Independent work on a punched card in pairs. Mutual verification.

Words are written on the card. The vowels O and E are written along the vertical strip, the sheet is folded back.

Cards

water .. wire

earth..quake

thunder..retraction

water .. measurement

land.. division

rain..measures

life..description

load..lift

potatoes..digger

porridge..var

books..printing

ship..building

ice..move

machines..structure

oil..wire

sheep..breeding

steam..walking

plants.. water

cha..drinking

fable..scribe

power..love

horsemanship

song..singing

honest..love

water..sing

language..knowledge

became..var

dirty..treatment

bread.. cutting

lawn..mower

birds..catching

on foot

vegetable..store

black..moretz

garden..vodstvo

birds..factory

gas..wire

right..writing

deer..leadership

ice..count

11. Lesson summary

What was the research topic?

Draw a conclusion: how to choose the spelling of a connecting vowel in a compound word?

You have done a wonderful job, each of you has worked at full capacity.

Evaluation of oral responses by the teacher

Acceptance of an unfinished offer

Today I found out...
It was difficult for me...
Now I can …
I purchased...
I learned …

I thank you for your work in class. To give thanks - to give goodness, kindness. Let's do good, give good to each other and live in such a way that you always have a meaning in life.

Give yourself an overall grade for the lesson.

Homework.

1. Learn the rule on p. 119 p. 41

2. Optional:

a) ex. 217;

b) compose a dictation for a neighbor on the learned rule.

Thanks for attention!

Examples of compound words (with two roots) with connecting vowels e, o?

It is not interesting to list ordinary everyday words for everyone, so I will give not just examples, but words invented, for example, by the poet Mayakovsky. Some of them have successfully entered our language with you.

So, the connecting letter Oquot ;:

• naked
• dragnozhestvo (I will explain - this is about Kshesinskaya, then the meaning of the word will immediately become clear)
• zadolitsaya (in the context with the word policequot ;, very well, isn't it?)
• cry-lipped
• golden-eyed

Connecting Equot ;:

• heartman

Many writers came up with their own words, but most of Mayakovsky's words are born in pain, suffered through suffering, they give emotionality and expressiveness to his works.

However, I cannot but mention one more word. It was invented by Saltykov-Shchedrin. Very appropriate for our time - stupidity.

The word birdElov is formed from a bird and to catch;

The word forest harvesting is formed from forest and harvesting;

The word frost-resistant is formed from frost and resistant;

The word vegetable storage is derived from vegetable and storage;

The word leaffall is formed from leaf and fall;

The word earthquake is derived from earth and shaking;

The word chimney is formed from smoke and walk;

The word language Knowledge is formed from language and knowledge;

The word forest-steppe is formed from forest and steppe;

The word icewalk is formed from ice and walk;

The word fisherman is derived from fish and to catch;

The word bird factory is derived from a bird and a factory.

Words with a connecting vowel -o-:

Latin American, North Sea, West Ural, dark-haired, beet grower, short-haired, white marble, helicopter, gas pipeline, iron foundry, mechanical assembly, sulfate, low-grade, steam locomotive, East Slavic, black-browed, pointed, pale-faced, narrow-eyed, forest-steppe, plumber, bread cutter, hay harvester, juicer, legislator, self-esteem, gas cylinder.

Words with a connecting vowel -e-:

vitality, blood supply, oil pipeline, shrew, excavator, Far Eastern, friendly, mud bath, dust collector, cook, vegetable grower, thousand rubles, blue-eyed, Old Russian, millennium, earthquake, potato harvester, steelmaker, horse breeder, stone crusher.

Examples of compound words with a connecting vowel -e-

1. Kash E var (porridge + boil)
2. birds E fishing (bird + catch)
3. Pesh E walk (walk + walk)
4. Rain E measures (rain + measure)
5. ardor E sos (dust + suck)
6. birds E fishing (bird + catch)
7. birds E factory (bird + factory)
8. Oil E wire (oil + conduct)
9. Vegetable E storage (vegetable + store)
10. Put E procession (path + march)

Examples of compound words with a connecting vowel -o-

1. Myself ABOUT var (self + cook)
2. waters ABOUT pad (water + fall)
3. Ice ABOUT count (ld + stab)
4. Language ABOUT Vedas (language + know)
5. Snow ABOUT fall (snow + fall)
6. vert ABOUT lt (vertical + fly)
7. glass ABOUT cut (glass + cut)
8. Concrete ABOUT mixer (concrete + stir)
9. beast ABOUT fishing (animal + catch)
10. House ABOUT sit (at home + sit)

• birder

  meat grinder

  baker

  potato peeler

  shipwreck

  copse

  mousetrap

  housewife

  dump truck

  snowfall

  florist

  rock climber

  whirlpool

  dizziness

  concrete mixer

  quarry

  Solstice, housebuilding, horticultural, wound healing, painkiller, shipbuilding, philanthropy, gratitude, cornerstone, vacuum cleaner, mutual understanding, law-abiding, video, selfless.

  The vowel E connects such compound words:

  birder,

  color rendition,

  telecast,

  teleconference,

  poultry farm,

  all terrain vehicle,

  solstice,

  coffee maker,

  earthquake,

  courtier.

  And the connecting vowel O is in the words:

  reinforced concrete,

  railway,

  double boiler,

  pig farm,

  bookseller,

  gas welding,

  sweetener.

  Examples of compound words (with two roots) with connecting vowels e:

  • mousetrap;
  • navigator;
  • a pedestrian;
  • mud treatment;
  • a vacuum cleaner;
  • vegetable store;
  • steelmaker;
  • shipwreck;
  • pipeline;
  • birder;
  • poultry farm;

  • surveyor.

  • fresh-frozen;
  • cook;
  • birder.

  Examples of compound words (with two roots) with connecting vowels about:

  • runner;
  • samovar;
  • nuclear-powered ship;
  • snowplow;
  • airplane
  • cubic meter;
  • starfall;
  • new building;
  • bark beetle;
  • diligence;
  • water pipes
  • logging;
  • namesakes;
  • mutual assistance;
  • helicopter
  • electric polisher.

  In fact, there are a lot of words that are formed from two simple ones with the help of connecting vowels. Take just about any simple word for an object and add an action word to it, and you get a compound word out of it.

Words with two roots with a connecting vowel -e, -o, are found in compound nouns. Such words are spelled together.

For example, a steamboat, electric welding, a reservoir. Here the connecting vowel is -o.

It is written after the bases on a solid consonant. The words can also be attributed here

Connecting vowel -e. It is written after the stems in a consonant soft, hissing and c(pedestrian, heartbeat, farming, weather report, etc.)

There is an exception, after the basis for a soft consonant there can be a vowel -o. For example, - hitching post, (although a horse), rangefinder, (although far).

Connecting vowel E(word examples):

everywhere,

ubiquitous,

quarry,

solstice.

Connecting vowel O(word examples):

camera,

motorcade,

concrete mixer,

Light-emitting diode,

electric saw,

test Stirrer,

Great spelling difficulty is caused by vowels, which are called connecting. "O" and "e" in compound words are often overlooked, as a result of which mistakes are made. It is noteworthy that there are no other letters connecting the two bases.

Definition

If a word consists of two or more bases, it will be called complex. For example, agricultural (agriculture), meat and dairy (meat and milk), scientific and technical (science and technology), chronicler (write chronicles).

In the Russian language, they appeared at the present stage of development in a period of abundance of information, because this allows you to fit several concepts in one word.

Phenomena when more than two roots are used in the formation of a compound word are quite rare. For example, cycling.

Education and spellings

Compound words can be formed in a variety of ways. This will depend on their spelling. Let's analyze the most popular:




They write complex words in Russian together or with a hyphen: haymaking, railway, evergreen, boarding school, dynamo, cape. The use of one or another method depends on the formation of a particular word.

Words with a connective "o"



Let's analyze when the connecting "o", "e" are used in compound words. Examples of when it is necessary to write "about" are as follows:

• railway;
• factory;
• forest-steppe;
• national liberation;
• reinforced concrete.

In all these words, the first stem ends in a solid consonant, which is why the use of the connective "o" is required.

Words with a connective "e"

Now you should parse compound words with a connecting vowel e. Examples are:

• Old Russian;
• a pedestrian;
• vegetable store;
• birder;
• leatherworker;
• cook;
• dormitory;
• traveler;
• windbreak;
• rain gauge.

All these words are united by the fact that the first stem ends in a soft consonant (rain gauge, Old Russian), in a hissing (dormitory, pedestrian, cook) or in "ts" (bird catchers). Therefore, in such words, the connecting "e" should be written.

Base Options

Sometimes the connecting "o" and "e" are not used in compound words: they are replaced by parts of derived stems. Let's take a look at such cases.



1. The word is formed from a combination of an adverb with an adjective: little explored, evergreen, purely negative, ominously proud. Here "o" and "e" are not connecting vowels, but suffixes.
2. The first part is a verb in tumbleweed.
3. The word is a shade of color. Accordingly, the suffix -а-/-я- is used to connect the bases: yellow-red, blue-black.

When a connecting vowel is not needed



There are many cases in Russian when the connecting "o" and "e" in compound words are completely unnecessary. This happens in the following cases:

1. If the first generative basis is a numeral in the form of the genitive case: two-sleeping, five-day, two-deck. In this case, there are suffixes that are homonymous with the endings of the genitive case form.
2. In some cases, the word is formed without these vowels simply by adding stems. For example, let's compare the words "psychotherapy" and "psychasthenia". In the first case, the word has a connecting "o", and in the second, the letter "a" is the initial in the word "asthenia".
3. Sometimes the first generative stem is the initial form of a noun: seed stalk (but: seed storage), flame-spewing (but: flame-bearer).
4. Also, the first generating stem can take the form of any case. So, all words with the first part of suma- and mind- will be written without connecting vowels: insane, crazy.
5. Many parts are words of foreign origin: air, auto, moto, photo, electro, quasi and others. Here, regardless of the hardness / softness of the preceding consonant, the original vowel remains: quasi-interesting, electric motor, aircraft modeling, motorcycle club.
6. Compound words should be distinguished from simple ones. So, in the word "electrification" there is only one root electri-. Everything behind it is a suffix and an ending. Another thing is the words "electronic carrier", "electrician", "electric motor". They already have two bases, one of which is electro-.

Spelling compound words

The connecting "o" and "e" in compound words can be used both when they are spelled together, and when they are hyphenated. Consider the use of a hyphen.

Compound words can be formed with the help of coordinating and subordinating connections. If they are formed by the first case, they will be written with a hyphen. In other words, the union "and" can easily be put between the parts. Let's look at examples, for this you need to compose complex words: sofa and bed - sofa bed; scientific and technical - scientific and technical; Russian and English - Russian-English; factory and plant - factory; meat and milk - meat and milk; military medical - military and medical and others.

Compound words (nouns and adjectives) with the meaning of the cardinal points: Western European, Southeast, Northeast.



Words that convey shades of colors: crimson-gold, gray-brown-brown, light green, purple-blue.

If the word is formed from a proper name: Leo Tolstoy style, Walter Scott ideas, New York Stock Exchange. The exception is geographical names formed from the phrase noun and adjective: Velikiye Luki - Velikie Luki, Sergiev Posad - Segrievo Posad, Staraya Rus - Old Russian.

Words - scientific and technical terms: dynamo, vacuum dryer, diesel electrode, stop valve, filter press.

Words - designations of political parties and movements: vice-mayor, liberal democratic, social democrat, national socialist.

A word that has a value judgment in the first part: unfortunate wife, shirt-guy, sweetheart-daughter, good boy-son.

If the first producing basis is the designation of any Latin letter: alpha male, beta-carotene, gamma radiation.

It is necessary to write together complex words formed with the help of a subordinate connection: timber processing (processing timber), Staromoskovsky (old Moscow), chronicler (writing a chronicle), dairy processing (processing milk), logging (logging).