Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy said that there is nothing sedimentary or crystalline in the Russian language; everything excites, breathes, lives. Such "liveliness" of our native language is the merit of its constituent words. But, before you can learn to use them, you need to learn the letters and sounds. They will be discussed in this article.
When studying a language with a child, you need to clearly make him understand the differences between oral and written speech. For this, it is important to give him an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat a sound is and what a letter.
Sounds are what we perceive with our hearing. Our brain easily separates what is related to speech from other sounds and interprets them into images. We can write the sounds of speech in letters, forming words from them.
A letter is a graphic symbol of the alphabet, thanks to which we can display on paper what we hear by ear. But, there is a very big difficulty for the child. After all, the number of sounds and letters that reproduce them on paper, in different words, can differ both in one and the other direction.
How many letters and sounds in the Russian language and the alphabet and their ratio
IMPORTANT: We hear and can produce sounds with our speech apparatus. We can see and write letters! Sounds are in all languages. Even in those where there is no written language.
In a word like "chair" letters correspond to sounds. But, in the word "sun", the letter "L" not pronounced. Also, no letters are pronounced "B" and "B"... They only slightly change the pronunciation of the words in which they are used.
There is also such a "school" word as "Compass"... In which instead of sound [AND] a sound is pronounced [S].
In Russian there are still a lot of words that are not pronounced the way they are written in letters. Therefore, it is very important for a child to learn how to correctly understand this difference.
Alphabet
Language is the main invention of mankind. Moreover, every nation that has created its own language, it is distinguished by the features characteristic of this nation. At a certain stage in the development of a community that uses a particular people, there is a need to record the sounds of speech, combined into words and sentences. This is how writing appeared, and at the same time the alphabet. That is, a set of all letters used in writing, in a strict order.
The Russian alphabet numbers 33 letters and looks like this:
The alphabet is the base of any language that everyone who learns it needs to know. Is it possible to learn to speak without knowing the alphabet? Sure. But, in addition to being able to express your thoughts, you need to learn how to write and read. And this is impossible to do without knowing the alphabet.
Today, children have a lot of different aids for learning the alphabet. You can buy special flash cards, magnets, a small ABC book that the child can take with him for walks or trips.
In our computerized era, electronic gadgets can also be called upon to help you learn the alphabet. Type letters in text applications and name the sounds that teach them. You can connect your imagination and use graphic editors, change fonts and add fills. Create your own alphabet that will be interesting for your child. Then training will go faster and more efficiently.
INTERESTING: Educators have come up with a very interesting and fun way to learn the alphabet. Dedicate each new day in your family to one of the letters of the alphabet. Of course, you shouldn't forget about the others. Bake buns in the shape of letters, make letters from plasticine with your child, draw them, collect from counting sticks. Be sure to talk about the letter that the day is dedicated to and give examples of its use.
Vowel sounds and letters
Introducing a child to the alphabet is a very exciting experience. But, this is only one of the first steps in mastering the language. To continue studying its elementary units, you need to learn how to divide them according to their characteristics.
Those letters that are pronounced lingeringly are called vowels in a chant.
- There are 10 vowels in Russian "A", "E", "E", "I", "O", "U", "Y", "E", "U", "I"
- 6 vowels [a], [o], [y], [e], [u], [s]. Usually vowel sounds in the school curriculum should be highlighted in red.
We have already clarified the difference between the elementary particles of language.
Letters I, E, Yu, E - iotated. They involve one or two sounds.
From this table - this difference can be seen again:
INTERESTING: By the way, about the letter "E". Today it is mistakenly believed that it was introduced into our alphabet by Karamzin. But this is not the case. This was done by the director of the St. Petersburg Academy, Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, on November 18, 1783, at a meeting on the occasion of the creation of the first explanatory dictionary in Russia. She suggested changing the letters "IO" to one "E".
Stressed and unstressed vowel sounds
- Impact vowel sound pronounced with great force and does not undergo changes.
for instance: sn е́r, st ý l, shk andf
- Unstressed vowel sound pronounced with little force and undergoes changes.
for instance: to ABOUTrzina (heard instead of ABOUT, sound AND), m Etwo d '(In the first unstressed vowel sound instead of E, heard AND), pl Echo (vowel sound AND is heard instead of E).
IMPORTANT: Stress is not used in words with one syllable and in words with a letter Yo.
The vowels Ioted letters I, Yu, E, E soften the consonant in front of them, and create one sound: e → [e] or [and], e → [o], u → [y], I → [a ].
For instance:
- At the beginning of a word: hedgehog [y'ozhik]
- In the middle of a word: shelter [at y'ut]
- At the end of a word: gun [gun y'o]
Hard and soft vowels directly affect consonants. For example, a consonant letter "P", maybe as solid (in the word "package") and soft (in the word "biscuit").
Consonants and letters
Consonant letters are called such because of the consonant sounds included in their composition. There are 36 consonants in Russian:
The apostrophe marks soft sounds.
And 21 consonants:
Consonants and sounds soft and hard: table
Consonants, like vowels, can be either hard or soft. For example, in the word "River", beech "R" soft, but the word "Hand" - solid. In general, several factors affect the softness and hardness of sounds in a word. For example, the location of a sound in a word. The iota vowels soften the sounds ( "E", "Yo", "YU" and "I") and diphthongs after consonants. For instance:
- "White"
- "Love"
- "Friday"
Also softens the sounds of the letter "AND", and its antipode "Y"on the contrary, it makes the sound solid. An important role is played by the presence of a soft sign at the end of a word:
- "Linen" and "laziness"
A soft mark can soften a sound even if it is inside a word:
- "Skates"
Voiceless and voiced consonants in Russian: table
Consonants can be voiced or voiceless. Voiced are obtained with the participation of the voice in the formation of sound. Whereas in the formation of a dull sound, the voice practically does not play its creative role.
Voiced consonants are formed when an air stream passes through the oral cavity and vibrates the vocal cords. Thanks to this, such consonants are formed as:
To make it easy to remember voiceless consonants, remember the expression: DO YOU WANT A STEP? - FI!
If you delete all vowels from this expression, only voiceless consonants remain.
Paired and unpaired hard and soft consonants: table
By hardness-softness, most sounds form pairs:
Paired and unpaired voiced and voiceless consonants: table
In Russian, it is customary to single out pairs of voiceless-voiced consonants:
Other consonants are unpaired:
Sometimes there is a "forced" deafness or voiced consonant sound. This is due to the position of the sound in the word. A common example of such a forced state is the words: pond [rod] and booth [butka].
Sonorous - voiced unpaired consonants. There are only 9 of them: [th ’], [l], [l’], [m], [m ’], [n], [n’], [p], [p ’]
Noisy consonants - voiced and deaf exist:
- Noisy dull consonants (16): [k], [k '], [n], [n'], [s], [s'], [t], [t '], [f], [f'], [ x], [x '], [c], [h'], [w], [u '];
- Noisy voiced consonants (11): [b], [b '], [c], [c'], [g], [g '], [d], [d'], [g], [h], [h '].
Summary table of often common soft and hard letters and sounds in Russian:
Hissing consonants
Consonants "F", "Sh", "H" and "Щ" called hissing. These letters add some flavor to our language. That being said, they make it very difficult. While studying these letters, the child should know the rules:
- "ZhI" — "SHI" write with "AND"
- "CHA" — "SHA" with letter "AND"
- "CHU" — "SHU" with letter "U"
Letters "F" and "H" are voiced, and the other two ( "Sh" and "Щ") are deaf. An important feature of these sounds is that you cannot pronounce from without opening your mouth. Compare their pronunciation with pronunciation "M" or "N"... For the pronunciation of hissing consonants, there must be a gap between the lips through which air will escape, creating an acoustic accompaniment to these sounds.
The letter "and short" denotes the consonant sound th
Letter "Y" or "And short" is found in almost all Slavic alphabets, as well as in those non-Slavic alphabets where the Cyrillic alphabet is used. In the Russian alphabet, this letter takes 11th place. It was formed from a vowel "AND" and a voiced consonant "J".
Interestingly, in the 18th century, when the civilian script was introduced (as opposed to the church one), all superscript characters disappeared from it. And the letter "Y" an important part of it disappeared. At the same time, from such reforms, the sound that was designated by this letter "did not suffer". Return "Y" into the letter succeeded under Peter I. But, at the same time, it was not returned to the alphabet. This was done only in the 20th century.
Today, more and more philologists attribute sound "Y" to sonorous consonants. That is, to such sounds that are located between vowels and consonants, but still apply to a consonant. Moreover, it is always considered soft.
Which letters have multiple sounds?
Primary school letters and sounds ribbon
Very good help in learning Russian in various textbooks. One of these benefits is "Letters of Summer"... It helps to understand the difference between letters, quickly develop reading skills in children and facilitate phonetic parsing of a word.
At least at first glance "Ribbon of letters" carries a minimum of information, this is far from the case. This guide can be used not only at school but also at home. Parents can teach their child literacy on their own using this tool.
§ 1 Voiced and voiceless consonants, hard and soft
The purpose of this lesson is to explore the main subgroups into which all consonants are divided.
We know that the minimum unit of sounding speech is sound. Sound is what we hear and say. All sounds of the Russian language can be divided into two large groups: vowel sounds and consonant sounds. They differ from each other in the way of education. Vowels consist entirely of voice, and when consonants are formed, the air stream meets obstacles in the mouth in the form of teeth, tongue or lips. Therefore, noise is generated. Hence, consonants consist of noise and voice, or only noise.
Compare: [and] - air passes through the mouth freely; [p] - the tongue serves as an obstacle to the air.
Consonants (there are 37 of them in Russian), in turn, are divided into voiced and deaf, hard and soft.
Let's talk about voiced-deafness. So. The division into deaf and voiced depends on participation in the formation of sounds of voice and noise. Voiceless consonants consist only of noise. Voiced - from noise and voice.
Most voiceless and voiced consonants are paired.
For example, house is volume. The difference is in the first sound: [d] - voiced, [t] - deaf.
Or: mountain - bark, paired [g] - [k].
Some consonants do not have a voiced-voiceless pair. These are unpaired voiced consonants: [l], [l,], [m], [m,], [n], [n,], [p], [p,], [y]. And unpaired voiceless consonants: [x], [x,], [c], [h,], [u,].
There are such concepts in the Russian language as stunning and voicing. This process consists in the fact that paired voiced consonants [b], [c], [g], [d], [g], [h], etc. at the end of a word and in front of voiceless consonants are stunned.
For example, in the word oak, the voiced consonant [b], when pronounced, turns into a voiceless [n]: [dup].
And vice versa, paired voiceless consonants [p], [f], [k], [t], [sh], [s], etc. before paired voiced consonants are voiced.
For example, in the word marriage, the voiceless consonant [t,] is pronounced like a voiced [d,] [zhenid, ba].
Now let's look at hard and soft consonants. With their help, words can be distinguished. For example, the words whole and weight are distinguished by soft and hard sounds [s,] and [s]. Most of the hard and soft consonants also form pairs. Let's compare, for example, the words chalk and stranded. They are distinguished by the sounds [л] and [л,]. A soft sign is used to indicate the softness of a consonant in writing.
For example, in the word spruce, [l,] indicates b.
Some vowels can soften the preceding consonant. For example, [i], [e], [e], [y], [and]. Say the word chandelier and feel how soft the first sound [л,] sounds.
But there are consonants that do not have a hard-soft pair. It is always solid [w], [w], [c] - heat, ball, heron. Their hardness will not change due to the vowel or b behind them.
For example, six.
Always soft [h,], [u,], [y] - stockings, shield, major. The sounds [w], [u], [h], [w] are called hissing.
§ 2 Important to remember
Now we will repeat the material of the lesson and summarize the knowledge gained in the pivot table-scheme. All sounds of the Russian language are divided into vowels and consonants. Among the consonants, there are hard and soft, voiceless and voiced. The softness of a consonant can be indicated by ь or some vowels. Sometimes consonants can be voiced or stunned. According to hardness-softness and voicelessness-voicedness, many consonants form pairs, but there are also unpaired hard, soft, voiceless and voiced consonants.
List of used literature:
- Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Baranov M.T., Trostentsova L.A. Russian language. Textbook for grade 5. - M .: Education, 2008-2012.
- Stronskaya I.M. A guide to the Russian language for students in grades 5-9. - SPB.: Publishing House "Literatura", 2012
- Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I., Kapinos V.I. etc. Russian language: Textbooks for 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 grades. educational institutions / Ed. M.M. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta, - M .: Bustard.
- Arsiriy A.T. Entertaining materials on the Russian language: Book for students / Ed. L.P. Krysina - M.: Education, 1995
- Kalmykova I.R. The mysterious world of sounds. Phonetics and culture of speech in games and exercises. - Yaroslavl: Academy of Development, 1998.
- Egorova N.V. Lesson development in the Russian language. Grade 5. - M.: Vako, 2013.
- Vasiliev I.P. Russian language lessons for the textbook by SI Lvova. Teacher's guide. - M., 2013.
- Sychugova L.P. Summaries of lessons for the teacher of the Russian language. Grade 5. - Vlados, 2004.
- Gribanskaya E., Novikova L. Control and verification work on the Russian language for the textbook “Russian language. Grade 5 ". Educational and practical guide. - L.: Exam, 2004.
- Bogdanova G.A. Russian language lessons in grade 5. Teacher's book - Genzher, 2000.
Sound is the smallest unit of language pronounced with the help of the organs of the speech apparatus. Scientists have discovered that at birth, the human ear perceives all the sounds it hears. All this time, his brain sorts out unnecessary information, and by 8-10 months a person is able to distinguish sounds inherent exclusively in their native language, and all the nuances of pronunciation.
33 letters make up the Russian alphabet, 21 of them are consonants, but letters should be distinguished from sounds. A letter is a sign, a symbol that can be seen or written. The sound can only be heard and pronounced, but in writing it can be designated with the help of transcription - [b], [c], [d]. They carry a certain semantic load, connecting with each other, form words.
36 consonants: [b], [h], [c], [d], [g], [g], [m], [n], [k], [l], [t], [n ], [t], [s], [u], [f], [q], [w], [x], [h], [b "], [z"], [c "], [ q "], [th"], [n "], [k"], [m "], [l"], [t "], [s"], [n "], [p"], [ f "], [z"], [x "].
Consonants are divided into:
- soft and hard;
voiced and deaf;
paired and unpaired.
Soft and hard consonants
The phonetics of the Russian language has a significant difference from many other languages. It contains hard and soft consonants.
At the moment of pronouncing a soft sound, the tongue is pressed more against the palate than when pronouncing a hard consonant sound, preventing the release of air. This is what distinguishes the hard and soft consonants from each other. In order to determine in writing whether a consonant is soft or hard, you should look at the letter immediately after a particular consonant.
Consonant sounds are classified as solid in such cases:
- if letters a, oh, u, uh, s follow after them - [poppy], [rum], [hum], [juice], [bull];
- after them there is another consonant sound - [pile], [hail], [marriage];
- if the sound is at the end of a word - [darkness], [friend], [table].
The softness of the sound is written in the form of an apostrophe: mol - [mol '], chalk - [m'el], wicket - [kal'itka], feast - [p'ir].
It should be noted that the sounds [ш ’], [’], [h ’] are always soft, and hard consonants are only [w], [c], [w].
The consonant sound will become soft if after it there is "b" and the vowels: i, e, yu, i, e. For example: gen - [g "en], flax - [l" he], disk - [d "isk] , hatch - [l "uk], elm - [in" yaz], trill - [tr "el"].
Voiced and deaf, paired and unpaired sounds
By voicing, consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. Voiced consonants can be sounds created with the participation of a voice: [v], [h], [g], [b], [g], [y], [m], [d], [l], [p] , [n].
Examples: [bor], [ox], [shower], [call], [heat], [head], [catch], [pestilence], [nose], [genus], [swarm].
Examples: [count], [floor], [volume], [sleep], [noise], [u "uka], [chorus], [king], [h" an].
Paired voiced and voiceless consonants include: [b] - [p], [g] - [w], [g] - [x], [h] - [s]. [d] - [t], [c] - [f]. Examples: reality - dust, house - volume, year - code, vase - phase, itching - judgment, live - sew.
Sounds that do not form pairs: [h], [n], [c], [x], [p], [m], [l].
Soft and hard consonants can also have a pair: [p] - [p "], [p] - [p"], [m] - [m "], [v] - [v"], [d] - [ d "], [f] - [f"], [k] - [k "], [h] - [h"], [b] - [b "], [g] - [g"], [ n] - [n "], [s] - [s"], [l] - [l "], [t] - [t"], [x] - [x "]. Examples: true - bel, height - a branch, city - cheetah, dacha - business, umbrella - zebra, leather - cedar, moon - summer, monster - place, finger - feather, ore - river, soda - sulfur, pillar - steppe, lantern - farm, mansions - hut.
Table for memorizing consonants
To visually see and compare soft and hard consonants, the table below shows them in pairs.
Solid - before the letters A, O, U, Y, E Soft - before the letters I, E, E, Y, Y | Hard and soft consonants | |||
| b | ball | b " | battle | |
| in | howl | in" | eyelid | |
| r | garage | r " | hero | |
| d | hole | d " | tar | |
| s | ash | h " | yawn | |
| to | godfather | to" | sneakers | |
| l | vine | l " | foliage | |
| m | march | m " | month | |
| n | leg | n " | tenderness | |
| p | spider | p" | song | |
| r | growth | r" | rhubarb | |
| from | salt | from" | hay | |
| t | cloud | t " | patience | |
| f | phosphorus | f " | firm | |
| x | thinness | x " | chemistry | |
| Unpaired | f | giraffe | h | miracle |
| w | screen | u | hazel | |
| c | target | th | felt | |
Another table will help to remember consonant sounds.
| Paired | Voiced | Deaf |
| B | P | |
| IN | F | |
| D | TO | |
| D | T | |
| F | Sh | |
| Z | FROM | |
| Unpaired | L, M, N, R, Y | Х, Ц, Ч, Щ |
Children's poems for better mastering of the material
There are exactly 33 letters in the Russian alphabet,
To find out how many consonants -
Subtract ten vowels,
Signs - hard, soft -
It will immediately become clear:
The number is exactly twenty-one.
Soft and hard consonants are very different,
But not dangerous at all.
If we pronounce it noisily, then they are deaf.
The consonant sounds proudly say:
They sound differently.
Hard and soft
In fact, they are very light.
Remember one simple rule forever:
Sh, Ts, Zh - always firm,
But H, Sch, Y - only soft,
Like cat legs.
And we will soften others like this:
If we add a soft sign,
Then we get spruce, moth, salt,
What a sly sign this is!
And if we add the vowels I, I, Yo, E, Yu,
We get a soft consonant.
Brothers signs, soft, hard
We do not speak
But to change the word,
We will ask for their help.
The rider rides a horse
Kon - we use it in the game.
Exercise 17, p. ten
17. Help the cat and the dog to put together the letters that represent voiced consonants in one group, and the letters that represent deaf consonants in the other. Connect the letters of each group with lines.
Deaf → h → x → w → s → t → q → k → u → n → f
Voiced → d → l → n → p → h → m → d → b → w → g → c
- Speak sounds that can be indicated by highlighted letters
h - [h ’] m - [m], [m ’], th - [th ’] t - [t], [t ']
Exercise 18, p. ten
18. Read. Write the missing word in the sentence.
Such frost on the street -
I, like an icicle, froze all over.
L. Yakovlev
- Underline the letters in the highlighted word that indicate unvoiced paired consonants.
Exercise 19, p. eleven
19. Read. Insert the missing consonant words.
1. A voiceless consonant consists of noise.
2. Voiced consonant sound consists of noise and voice.
Exercise 20, p. eleven
20. Write in the "house" the missing letters denoting consonant sounds paired in deafness-voicedness.
- Find and write down words that end with these letters.
Exercise 21, p. eleven
21. Find in the spelling dictionary of the textbook the words with a paired consonant sound at the end of the word by voicelessness. Write down a few words.
Alphabets t, suddenly, city, plant, pencil, class, hammer, frost, people, lunch, shawl, drawing, student, language.
Exercise 22, p. 12
22. Read it. What rule are we talking about? Why are consonants so named?
Paired consonants - the most dangerous!
At the root, you check them -
Substitute a vowel next to it!
We are talking about the rule of spelling of words with a consonant sound paired by voicelessness at the root of the word. Such consonants are called "dangerous" because we can choose the wrong letter denoting a consonant paired by voicelessness at the root of a word before another paired consonant. These are "dangerous" places, or spelling.
Exercise 23, p. 12
23. Read. Insert the missing letters.
1. There will be bread b, there will be lunch. 2. If there was a pie, there would be an eater. 3. He who is lazy is drowsy. 4. Ugly face, but good mind. 5. The bear is clumsy, yes hefty.
- Verbally match the test words to words with missing letters.
Bread b (bread), lunch (dinners), pie (pies), eater (eaters), lazy (lazy), drowsy (sleepy), ugly (ugly), good (good), bear (bears), awkward (awkward) ...
Exercise 24, p. 12
24. Read.
The frost creaks. The frost is angry.
And the snow is dry and prickly.
And the elm is cold and the oak is frozen.
The trees were chilled through.
G. Volzhina
- Choose the correct letter from the brackets for each word, underline it. Write these words down.
Moreau h, snow, elm, chilly, oak, frozen, through and through.
Exercise 25, p. 13
25. Read lines from an American song translated by Leonid Yakhnin.
Pyro old lady Fogg bakes
In the kitchen by the stove
And the dog is a bulldog named e Dog
Goes to water the flowers.
Old lady Fogg takes the pie
And tea with milk
And the dog is a bulldog named e Dog -
In it next to the table.
- What do you think is true in these lines?
Truth:
Old Lady Fogg Bakes the Cake
In the kitchen by the stove ...
Old lady Fogg takes the pie
And tea with milk ...
The lines about the bulldog are fiction.
- Underline the spelling in the words of the learned rules.
Exercise 26, p. 13
26. Read. Write down the words, replacing the selected sounds with letters.
há [w] ka - há sh kaká [s] ka - indication of
lo [w] ka - lozh ká [s] ka - kás ka
lá [f] ka - láv ka ló [k] ti - lok ti
kó [f] ta - kóf so kó [k] ti - who are
sha [p] ka - shap ka ló [t] ka - lud ka
shý [p] ka - shýb ka shyo [t] ka - brush ka
- Prepare to prove that you spelled the words correctly.
Cha shka (cup), spoon (spoon), shop (shop), sweater - a dictionary word, you need to remember, hat (hat), fur coat (fur coats), pointer (pointer), helmet (helmet) , elbows (elbows), claws (claws), boat (boat), brush (brush).
Exercise 27, p. fourteen
27. Read. Underline the consonants to be checked.
Well g ty, zagadka, slippery, carrot, carrot, ruby, watchdog, ruboc, slide, foot, watch, check.
- Find the test word for each checked word. Write down the pattern.
(Ro bok) pó bcue, (side fit) side fka, (zagá dzagá dka, (but roh) but rty, (how much sit) skól scue, (carrot inny) carrot inka.
Exercise 28, p. fourteen
28. Read it. Name the fairy tales.
1. Ganny a, fleeing from the palace, lost her crystal slipper.
2. B elos nezhk a made very good friends with the seven dwarfs.
- Insert the missing words. Underline the letters in them, which denote consonant sounds paired in deafness-voicedness.
Exercise 29, p. fifteen
29. Match each word with the same root test word. Write down the pattern.
Du b ki - oaks, berries ka - berries.
Lóv cue - lóvok, bliz cue - blizok.
Lózh ka - spoon, buláv ka - bun.
A request is to ask, a guard is to watch.
Polite - polite, good - good.
- Underline the letters in the words that you checked the spelling.
Exercise 30, p. fifteen
30. Read the puzzle. Insert the missing letters and word. Draw a clue.
I am round, I am smooth
And it tastes nicely sweet.
Every toddler knows
That my name is.
Exercise 31, p. fifteen
31. Read. Insert the missing letters.
1.Sli inki, golu bchi, pyro fki, water s
.
2. At the same time r , blý ska, sapo fki, rubá wka.
Unnecessary words - diver, all of a sudden, since the spelling is at the end of the word, and in the rest - at the root of the word.
- Underline the extra word in each word group. Explain your answer.
Exercise 32, p. sixteen
32. Read. Select the letter you want and insert it into the words.
B? P?
Oak, screw, bug, button, flexible.
G? TO?
Iceberg, circus, light cue, south, soft.
IN? F?
Island, giraffe, sweater, dexterous cue, beak.
D? T?
Iodine, look, cage, riddle, mole.
Well? W?
Siskin, mitten, ruff, frog, book.
Z? FROM?
Cargo, sauce, sled, mask, fairy tale.
Exercise 33, p. sixteen
33. Read. Insert the missing letters.
1. Each tree has its own area d... The river floats flat t.
2. In the hands of the boy pru t... In the village deep pru d.
3. Blooming lou is beautiful in summer r... A green moon has grown in the garden to.
4. On the flowerbed ro from bush of scarlet ro s.
- Why are words with missing letters interesting? In the last sentence, underline the main terms.
In each pair, words are pronounced the same, but spelled differently.
Exercise 34, p. 17
34. Read. Complete the tasks given in the table.
- Explain how you selected test words for words with unstressed vowel sounds and for words with paired voiceless consonants at the root of words.
We selected such test words for words with an unstressed vowel so that the unstressed vowel would become stressed in the root. For a word with a consonant sound paired in deafness-voicedness at the root of the word, we chose a single-root word so that the paired consonant sound in the root appears before the vowel sound.
Exercise 35, p. 17
35. Read riddles. Insert the missing letters in the clues.
1. Hu himself d, head with pood, as it hits - it will become strong. (M about l about to about to)
2. Not snow, not ice, but sulfur bromine will remove trees. (AND not th)
- Underline the spelling in the words.
Exercise 36, p. 18
36. Read. Title the text.
January
I love you, I January!
For me you are a month i the best -
M aboutl aboutdoy, b aboutlshoy, skr andtuberous,
Z aboutl about thick as amber b!
Sun, dream r, aboutchase, m about roses -
Flame white b e ryo s!
S. Kozlov
- Do you agree with the opinion of the author? What does the word amber mean?
Amber is a petrified resin, yellow-brown or golden in color.
- Which of the selected spellings can you not explain? Why? Underline these spellings.
We cannot explain the underlined spelling, because these are unstressed vowel sounds in the root, which cannot be checked. The spelling of such words must either be memorized or checked using a spelling dictionary.
Exercise 37, p. 18
37. Read. Insert the missing letters.
Le cold frost, big snowdrift, silver hoarfrost, Sleep gurochka, sleep gopad, Santa Claus, fluffy dreams of women, soft snow, horses, smooth ice, sleepovers.
- What is the theme connecting these words and word combinations?
The winter theme connects these words and word combinations.
- Compose an oral text on this topic.
There was a slight frost outside. Yesterday's snowfall covered the city with soft snow, the roofs of houses sparkled with silver frost. The blizzard has covered large snowdrifts.
Children could not sit at home. Putting on new skates, in the morning they drew patterns on the smooth ice. The kids played snowballs and made a snowman.
Fluffy snowflakes whirled merrily, like children in a New Year's round dance with Santa Claus and Snegurochka.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
4.7 (94%) from 10 votersWhat sounds are called consonants?
What does a consonant sound consist of?
What are consonant sounds?
How many consonants and consonant sounds are in the Russian alphabet?
Which consonants are always hard and which are always soft?
What letters indicate the softness of a consonant sound?
Sounds, during the pronunciation of which the air meets an obstacle in the mouth, are called consonant sounds... A consonant consists of noise and voice, or only noise.
Consonants are divided into voiced and deaf... The voiced ones consist of noise and voice, the deaf ones only of noise.
Sounds consist only of noise: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [c], [h], [w], [u]. These are voiceless consonants.
Many consonants form pairs by voicingdeafness: [b] — [n], [in] — [f], [g] — [k], [d] — [t], [h] — [s], [w] — [w].
To memorize voiced consonants, you can learn the phrase: “ LEO AND TOAD HAVE MANY FRIENDS».
See all phrases for memorizing voiced and voiceless consonants.
Voiceless consonants are easy to remember by the phrase: “ STEPKA, WANT SHCHETS— Fu!».
Consonant sounds are indicated by letters:
B, IN, D, D, F, Z, Th, TO, L, M, H, P, R, FROM, T, F, X, C, H, Sh, U.
In total, the Russian language has 21 consonant letters.
Consonant sounds are also hard and soft.
Hard and soft sounds differ in the position of the tongue when pronouncing. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate.
Most consonants form hard-soft pairs:
The following hard and soft consonants do not form pairs in terms of hardness-softness:
| Solid | [f] | [w] | [c] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Soft | [h❜] | [uch❜] | [th❜] |
Table "Consonant sounds: paired and unpaired, voiced and deaf, hard and soft" (grades 1-4)
Note: in elementary school, hard consonants are indicated in blue, soft consonants in green, and vowels in red.
Hardness consonants are indicated in writing with vowels AND , ABOUT , Have , S , E .
Softness a consonant sound is indicated in writing with vowels E, E, I, Y, Iand also the letter B (soft sign).
Compare: nose [nose] - carried [n❜os], angle [corner] - coal [úgal❜].
Unpaired voiced sounds [d], [l], [l❜], [m], [m❜] [n], [n❜] [p], [p❜] are called sonorous, which translated from Latin means "sonorous".
The sounds [w], [w], [h❜], [u] are called hissing... They got this name because their pronunciation is similar to hiss.
Sounds [w], [w] are unpaired solid hissing sounds.
The sounds [ч❜] and [ш❜] are unpaired soft hissing sounds.
Sounds [c], [c❜], [h], [z❜], [c] are called whistling.
Consonant can not be percussive or unstressed.
In Russian, there are more consonants (36) than consonants (21), since one letter can denote paired hard and soft sounds: for example, the letter L (el) denotes the sounds [л] and [л❜].
Attention! A consonant can form a syllable only with