The collectivization of agriculture in the USSR was the process of uniting small individual peasant farms into large collective farms through production cooperation.
Most of the leaders of the Soviet Union followed the Leninist thesis that small-scale peasant farming "daily, hourly, spontaneously and on a mass scale" gives rise to capitalism. Therefore, they considered it dangerous for a long time to base the dictatorship of the proletariat on two different foundations - state (socialist) large-scale industry and small individual peasant farming. The opinion of the minority, who, following Bukharin, believed that the individual peasant, including the well-to-do (kulak), could "grow" into socialism, was rejected after the boycott of the grain procurements of 1927. Kulak was declared the main internal enemy of socialism and Soviet power. The economic necessity of collectivization was substantiated by the fact that the individual peasant was not able to meet the demand of the growing urban population with food, and industry with agricultural raw materials. The introduction in 1928 of the rationing system in cities strengthened this position. In a narrow circle of the party-state leadership, collectivization was seen as the main lever for pumping funds for industrialization from the countryside.
Forced industrialization and complete collectivization have become two sides of the same course towards the creation of an independent military-industrial power with a maximally state-controlled economy.
The beginning of complete collectivization. 1929 g.
On the 12th anniversary of October in Pravda, Stalin published an article "The Year of the Great Turning Point", in which he set the task of speeding up collective farm construction and carrying out "complete collectivization." In 1928-1929, when the pressure on the individual farmer was sharply increased under the conditions of "emergency", and the collective farmers were granted privileges, the number of collective farms increased fourfold - from 14.8 thousand in 1927 to 70 thousand by the fall of 1929. The middle peasants joined the collective farms, hoping to wait out the difficult time in them. Collectivization was carried out by simply adding up the peasant means of production. Collective farms of "manufactory type" were created, not equipped with modern agricultural machinery. These were mainly TOZs - partnerships for joint cultivation of land, the simplest and temporary form of a collective farm. The November (1929) plenum of the Central Committee of the Party set the main task in the countryside - to carry out complete collectivization in a short time. The plenum planned to send 25 thousand workers (“twenty-five thousand workers”) to the countryside "to organize" collective farms. The collectives of the factories that sent their workers to the village were obliged to take patronage over the created collective farms. To coordinate the work of state institutions created for the purpose of restructuring agriculture (Zernotrest, Kolkhoztsentr, Traktorotsentr, etc.), the plenum decided to create a new union people's commissariat - the People's Commissariat of Agriculture, headed by Ya.A. Yakovlev, a Marxist agrarian and journalist. Finally, the November plenum of the Central Committee ridiculed the "prophecies" of Bukharin and his supporters (Rykov, Tomsky, Ugarov, etc.) about the inevitable famine in the country, Bukharin, as the "leader and initiator" of the "right deviation", was removed from the Politburo of the Central Committee, the rest were warned that at the slightest attempt to fight against the line of the Central Committee, "Orgmers" would be applied to them.
On January 5, 1930, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted a resolution "On collectivization and measures of state assistance to collective farm construction." It planned to complete the complete collectivization of grain regions in stages by the end of the five-year plan. In the main grain regions (the North Caucasus, the Middle and Lower Volga), it was planned to finish it in the fall of 1930, in the rest of the grain regions - in a year. The decree outlined the creation in areas of continuous collectivization of agricultural artels "as a transitional form of a collective farm to a commune." At the same time, the inadmissibility of admitting kulaks to collective farms was emphasized. The Central Committee called for organizing socialist competition for the creation of collective farms and resolutely fighting "all attempts" to restrain collective farm development. As in November, the Central Committee did not say a word about the observance of the principle of voluntariness, encouraging arbitrariness by silence.
In late January - early February 1930, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted two more resolutions and instructions on the elimination of the kulaks. It was divided into three categories: terrorists, resistance, and others. All were subject to arrest or exile with confiscation of property. “Dekulakization has become an integral part of the collectivization process.
The course of collectivization
The first stage of complete collectivization, which began in November 1929, continued until the spring of 1930. The forces of local authorities and the "twenty-five thousandths" began a universal forced unification of individual farmers into communes. They socialized not only the means of production, but also personal subsidiary plots and property. With the help of the OGPU and the Red Army, the "dispossessed" peasants were evicted, including all the dissatisfied. By decision of the secret commissions of the Central Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, they were sent to special settlements of the OGPU to work on economic plans, mainly in logging, in construction, and mining. According to official data, more than 320 thousand farms (more than 1.5 million people) were dispossessed; according to modern historians, about 5 million people were dispossessed and exiled throughout the country. The discontent of the peasants resulted in mass slaughter of cattle, flight to cities, anti-collective farm uprisings. If in 1929 there were more than a thousand of them, in January-March 1930 there were more than two thousand. Army units and aviation took part in the suppression of the insurgent peasants. The country was on the brink of a civil war.
The massive indignation of the peasants over the violent collectivization forced the country's leadership to temporarily ease the pressure. Moreover, on the instructions of the Politburo of the Central Committee in Pravda on March 2, 1930, Stalin published an article "Dizzy with Success," in which he condemned the "excesses" and blamed them on the local authorities and workers sent to create collective farms. Following the article, Pravda published the decree of the Central Committee of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (b) of March 14, 1930, "On the fight against distortions of the party line in the collective farm movement." Among the "distortions", the first place was given to the violation of the principle of voluntariness, then to the "dispossession" of the middle peasants and the poor, looting, universal collectivization, jumping from the artel to the commune, closing churches and markets. After the decree, the first echelon of local collective farm organizers was subjected to repression. At the same time, many of the established collective farms were disbanded, their number was reduced by the summer of 1930 by about half, they united a little more than 1/5 of peasant farms.
However, in the autumn of 1930 a new, more cautious stage of total collectivization began. From now on, only agricultural artels were created, allowing the existence of personal, subsidiary farms. In the summer of 1931, the Central Committee explained that “total collectivization” cannot be understood primitively as “universal”, that its criterion is the involvement in collective farms of at least 70% of farms in grain crops and more than 50% in other regions. By that time, the collective farms had already united about 13 million peasant households (out of 25 million), i.e. more than 50% of their total. And in the grain-growing regions, almost 80% of the peasants were on collective farms. In January 1933, the country's leadership announced the eradication of exploitation and the victory of socialism in the countryside as a result of the elimination of the kulaks.
In 1935, the II All-Union Congress of Collective Farmers was held. He adopted a new Model Charter of an Agricultural Artel (instead of the Charter of 1930). According to the Charter, the land was assigned to collective farms for "perpetual use", the main forms of labor organization on collective farms (brigades), its accounting and payment (according to workdays), the size of personal subsidiary farms (LPH) were established. The charter of 1935 legalized new production relations in the countryside, which historians called "early socialist". With the transition of the collective farm to a new Charter (1935-1936), the collective farm system was finally formed in the USSR.
The results of collectivization
By the end of the 30s. collective farms united more than 90% of the peasants. Collective farms were serviced by agricultural machinery, which was focused on state machine and tractor stations(MTS).
The creation of collective farms did not lead, contrary to expectations, to an increase in agricultural production. In the 1936-1940s. gross agricultural output remained at the level of 1924-1928, i.e. pre-collective farm village. And at the end of the first five-year plan, it turned out to be lower than in 1928. The production of meat and dairy products sharply decreased, for many years, according to the figurative expression of NS Khrushchev, “virgin meat” was formed. At the same time, the collective farms made it possible to significantly increase the state procurement of agricultural products, especially grain. This led to the abolition of the rationing system in the cities in 1935 and an increasing export of grain.
The course for the maximum extraction of agricultural products from the village led in 1932-1933. to death to starvation in many agricultural areas of the country. There is no official data on victims of artificial hunger. Modern Russian historians estimate their number in different ways: from 3 to 10 million people.
The mass exodus from the countryside exacerbated the difficult social and political situation in the country. To stop this process, as well as to identify the fugitive "kulaks" at the turn of 1932-1933. a passport regime was introduced with registration in a certain place of residence. From now on, it was possible to move around the country only with a passport, or a document officially replacing it. Passports were issued to residents of cities, urban-type settlements, state farm workers. Collective farmers and individual peasants were not issued passports. This attached them to the land and collective farms. From that time on, it was possible to officially leave the village through a state-organized recruitment for construction projects of the five-year plan, study, service in the Red Army, work as machine operators in the MTS. The regulated process of formation of workers has led to a decrease in the growth rate of the urban population, the number of workers and employees. According to the 1939 census, with a total population of the USSR of 176.6 million people (historians cite the figure as 167.3 million), 33% of the population lived in cities (versus 18%, according to the 1926 census).
Your grandparents, and possibly your parents, had to live in Soviet times and work on a collective farm, if your relatives from They probably remember this time, knowing firsthand that the collective farm is the place where their youth passed. The history of the creation of collective farms is very interesting, it is worth getting to know it better.
The first collective farms
After the First World War, around 1918, public agriculture began to emerge on a new basis in our country. The initiator of the creation of collective farms was the state. The collective farms that appeared at that time were not widespread, but rather isolated. Historians testify that the more prosperous peasants did not need to join collective farms, they were more interested in farming within the family. But the strata accepted the new initiative favorably, because for them, who lived from hand to mouth, the collective farm is a guarantee of a comfortable existence. In those years, joining the agricultural cartels was voluntary, not forcibly imposed.
Consolidation course
Just a few years passed, and the government decided that the collectivization process should be carried out at an accelerated pace. A course was taken to strengthen joint production. It was decided to reorganize all agricultural activity and give it a new form - a collective farm. This process was not easy, for the people it was more tragic. And the events of the 1920s and 1930s forever darkened even the greatest successes of collective farms. Since wealthy peasants were not delighted with such an innovation, they were forced there. Alienation of all property was carried out, from livestock and buildings, and ending with poultry and small implements. Cases became widespread when peasant families, opposing collectivization, moved to cities, abandoning all their acquired property in the countryside. Basically, the most successful peasants did this, they were the best professionals in the field of agriculture. Their move will subsequently affect the quality of work in the industry.
Dispossession
The saddest page in the history of how collective farms were created in the USSR was the period of massive repressions against opponents of the policy of Soviet power. Terrible reprisals against wealthy peasants followed, a persistent aversion to people whose was at least a little better was promoted in society. They were nicknamed "kulaks". As a rule, whole families of such peasants, together with the elderly and infants, were evicted to the distant lands of Siberia, having previously taken away all their property. In the new territories, conditions for life and agriculture were extremely unfavorable, and a large number of dispossessed people simply did not reach the places of exile. At the same time, in order to stop the massive outflow of peasants from the villages, a passport system was introduced and what we now call registration. Without a corresponding mark in the passport, a person could not leave the village without permission. When our grandmothers and grandfathers remember what a collective farm is, they do not forget to mention their passports and the difficulties of moving.
Becoming and flourishing
During the Great Patriotic War, the collective farms contributed a considerable share to the Victory. For a very long time, it was believed that if it were not for the rural workers, the Soviet Union would not have won the war. Be that as it may, the form of collective farming began to justify itself. Literally a few years later, people began to understand that a modern collective farm is an enterprise with a turnover of millions. Such millionaire farms began to appear in the early fifties. It was prestigious to work at such an agricultural enterprise, the work of a machine operator and a livestock breeder was held in high esteem. Collective farmers received decent money: the earnings of a milkmaid could exceed the salary of an engineer or a doctor. They were also encouraged by state awards and orders. A significant number of collective farmers sat in the Presidiums of the Communist Party congresses without fail. Strong prosperous farms built houses for workers, maintained houses of culture, brass bands, organized excursion tours around the USSR.
Farming, or the collective farm in a new way
With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the decline of collective began. The older generation with bitterness recalls that the collective farm - which has left the village forever. Yes, they are right in their own way, but under the conditions of the transition to a free market, collective farms that were guided by activities in a planned economy were simply unable to survive. Large-scale reform and transformation into farms began. The process is complex and not always effective. Unfortunately, a number of factors, such as insufficient funding, lack of investment, the outflow of young people from the villages, negatively affect the activities of farms. Still, some of them manage to remain successful.
The USSR authorities began to create collective farms almost immediately after the end of the October Revolution. All the peasants united to work together in agricultural communes. There were several types of cooperation, which differed in the way of socializing funds and distributing funds between the participants in the process.
Peasants united to work together in agricultural communes // Photo: great-country.ru
How it all began
Before embarking on general collectivization, the authorities were actively engaged in its propaganda. The peasants were convinced that individual farming was extremely unprofitable. Officially, it was believed that everyone should voluntarily join a collective farm, but in fact this was not at all the case. But it cannot be said that absolutely all peasants were extremely hostile to such changes.Different strata of the population had different attitudes towards collective farm construction. The insolvent part of the population spoke rather positively about the coming changes. They highly hoped for a positive change. Most of the middle class also hoped for collective farms. However, they were extremely unstable politically and were very afraid of losing most of their property, rather than buying something in return. It was precisely the well-to-do segment of the population that was extremely aggressive towards such changes. They began to be called "kulaks" and declared a real "war"
The state declared a real “war” on the kulaks // Photo: stena.ee
Fist fighting
The government fought against the kulaks because they were completely self-sufficient. It wanted to deprive citizens of the opportunity to exploit the poor and involve them in common work. The kulaks were even divided into several categories: counter-revolutionists, the rich and everyone else. Sometimes the latter included some middle peasants and poor peasants who were noticed in "anti-collective farm actions."The dispossession of the population was carried out quite harshly. In some cases, it looked like outright robbery. The heads of families of the first category kulaks were arrested. As a result, almost 19 thousand people were shot, and 180 thousand were sent to concentration camps. The second category was moved to remote areas of the USSR (approximately 2 million). All property was taken from the rest. They were resettled within the area where they previously lived, but at the same time they worked and lived exclusively on the conditions provided to them by the state.
Only in 1929 did the authorities manage to achieve a significant increase in collective farms. However, the overwhelming majority of them were in the form of a partnership for the processing of land territories.
Positive and negative changes
The main advantage and at the same time disadvantage of collective farms was that the main means of production (animals, machinery, land, real estate) were given out for public use. However, this promised a huge change. First of all, with the help of collective farms, the state accumulated experience in running large agricultural enterprises. The peasants gradually became more conscious.
Animals, machinery, land, real estate were issued for public use // Photo: regnum.ru
Thanks to the creation of collective farms, a material and technical base was established, and this, in turn, made it possible to further develop the agricultural industry, using an industrial basis. The cultural and material level of workers has increased significantly. They very actively began to take part in the construction of a socialist society. The collective farm system made it possible to free collective farmers from poverty and built a new system of relationships.
Within 5 years, the state managed to perform an incredible operation. In its course, a mass of agricultural products was withdrawn from the population (mainly by force). At the same time, the authorities very closely followed the processes that took place in other countries by themselves. In the end, all the peasants were deprived of independence, and the initiative was punished in the strictest way.
In the 1930s and 1940s, collectivization did not lead to an increase in the general agricultural situation in the country, but to the destruction of the well-being of the people. The country was ruled by poverty and ruin. "Free collective farm life" turned the peasants into forced laborers, that is, practically into slaves.
From an economic point of view, we can say that collectivization has led exclusively to the impossibility of feeding the country's population. People most often lived from hand to mouth. They unwillingly gave their lives in the name of industrialization.
When collectivization was carried out in Soviet villages and villages by the 1930s, and the way of life of farmers and pastoralists was forcibly socialized, the state made a workday by evaluating their work by a special decree of the Council of People's Commissars. This unified measure of labor accounting and income distribution of collective farmers existed until the mid-1960s. Ideally, the workday should have become a share of the collective farm's income, which was distributed depending on the degree of labor participation of a particular worker.
The system of workdays, which had been reformed many times throughout its history, nevertheless remained a rather confusing scheme of material incentives for collective farmers. Most often it did not depend on the efficiency of production, but at the same time it made it possible to differentially distribute income from the grown crop (or cattle handed over for slaughter) - in proportion to the contribution of a certain employee. For failure to develop the norm of workdays in the USSR, criminal liability was provided - the person who was fined was sentenced to corrective work in his own collective farm with a quarter of workdays withholding.
The remuneration for labor consisted mainly of payment in kind (mainly in grain). In military prides (1941 - 1945) less than a pound of grain was issued per workday. In the winter of 1946-1947, a mass famine occurred in the USSR due to a poor harvest.
Collective farmers from the very beginning of the operation of such a payment system massively protested - they slaughtered livestock, left the villages for the cities. In 1932, a special passport regime was introduced in the USSR, as a result of which the inhabitants of villages and villages actually received the status of serfs, who were forbidden to leave the settlement without the permission of the "master" (the chairman of a collective farm or village council). For the children of peasants in such a case, after leaving school, there was most often one way - to go to work on a collective farm. In films about collective farm life, which are classics of Soviet cinema, there are often scenes in which the chairman decides whether to let the graduates of a rural school go to study further into the city or not. The guys who served in the army, knowing what fate awaits them at home in the village, by any means tried to gain a foothold in the cities.
If the serf peasant in Russia before the revolution had the opportunity to receive income from his land allotment and sell the surplus, then the Soviet collective farmer was deprived of this too - the state imposed exorbitant taxes on the household plots in the village or in the countryside, the peasant was forced to pay almost for every apple tree in garden.
Pensions to the elderly in Soviet collective farms were either not paid at all, or they were scanty.
a cooperative organization of voluntarily united peasants to run a large socialist economy based on social means of production and collective labor
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓
Collective farms
collective farm), one of the types of agricultural enterprises, the form of association is a cross. for joint management of large companies. agricultural production Societies were the economic basis of Kazakhstan. ownership of the means of production. and the collective work of its member. The first collective economy in the U. appeared in November. -dec. 1917. In the fall of 1918 on the ter. U. there were approx. 190 agricultural communes and artels, by the end of civil. War (October 1920) - 443 K., incl. 234 agricultural cartels, 191 communes, 18 partnerships for joint land cultivation. On Wednesday. one collective farm accounted for 60 people. and 107.4 dec. land. In terms of the provision of land, livestock, and implements, the K. significantly surpassed the individual farms. Collective crops did not exceed 0.5% of all sowing areas, and the social. sector (together with state farms) production. no more than 0.6% of gross agricultural production. After the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks proclaimed the course of collectivization in Ur. region the number of collective farms increased by May 1928 to 1643, and the share of sowing area. amounted to 1.6%. By extraordinary violent measures for years. 1st five-year plan at Lv. region was united in collective farms 60% cross. x-in, in Orenb. region - 85.7% (1931). In total on January 1 1933, there were 9040 collective farms, uniting in Wed. on one K. 79 cross. x-in (in 1929-1933). The predominant type in the collective farm structure was the agricultural artel (88.4%). Main the form of organization of labor became the post. manuf. brigades with land assigned to them. plots, draft animals, machinery and equipment. Organizational-household the strengthening of Kazakhstan was carried out on the basis of the Model Charter of the Agricultural Artel, adopted by the Second All-Union Congress of Collective Farmers-Shock Workers (1935). The measure of accounting for labor costs, distribution of income was the workday. Manufacturing-tech. the collective farms were serviced by machine and tractor stations (MTS). Ch. K.'s task was to create a reliable mechanism for procurement of agricultural products on a non-economic basis. In accordance with the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated August 7. 1932 "On the protection of property of state. Enterprises, collective farms and cooperation and the strengthening of public (socialist) property" equated to the state. property, was subject to planned alienation and redistribution at centrally set prices and funds. Lands were transferred to collective farms for free perpetual use. Collective farmers leaving the kolkhoz structure were deprived of their individual household plots. In oct. - Dec. 1936 delivery of ur. state collective farms. land certificates for 16.5 million hectares. In years. The second five-year plan, the process of mass collectivization in W. in the main. was completed. On Jan 1. 1938 13929 collective farms united 95% of the cross. x-in, occupied 99.7% of the sowing area. In 1939-1940, a transition was made to determine the size of blanks from the planned sowing area. and livestock for the calculation of compulsory deliveries per 1 ha of arable land. In years. During the war, KU gave the country 7.0% of the procured grain, 5.7% of vegetables, 4.2% of potatoes, and 5.6% of milk. In the postwar period, repeated attempts were made to improve the organizational and household. structure, management and remuneration in K. In accordance with the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and the Council of Ministers of the USSR from 19 Feb. 1946 "On measures to eliminate violations of the Charter of agricultural artels in collective farms" in five regions. U. was withdrawn from individual households and subsidiary households in the prom. enterprises and transferred to K. 431.2 thousand hectares of arable land and hayfields. In 1950, on the initiative of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), a campaign was carried out to enlarge Kazakhstan. The number of capitalists in Ukraine decreased from 17,880 to 9101 in 1950 (50 percent). Sep (1953) plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, put the beginning. a departure from the policy of unequal exchange of prom. and food products between the city and the village. However, the principle is mate. the interest of the collective farmers continued to be ignored. By decision Feb. (1958) of the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the MTS fleet was transferred to the balance sheet of Kazakhstan. In 1961, there were 19 tractors and 14 combine harvesters for one farm; in 1985, 45 and 22. Since the end of the 1950s, K. switched from the per hectare principle of calculating mandatory supplies to establish firm procurement plans for 5 years. With some additions, the firm planning system lasted until 1990. In accordance with the decisions of March. (1965) of the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the KU took a course towards the intensification, concentration and specialization of production, land reclamation and the development of new lands. From ser. In the 1960s, Kazakhstan switched to monthly guaranteed wages. Collective farmers received passports, joined trade unions, formed a pension and social security system. insurance. In the 1960s and 1980s, an attempt was made to overcome the gap in wages of collective farmers. In 1965, the average monthly wage of a collective farmer in Ukraine was 48 rubles; in 1985, 159 rubles. If in 1965 the ratio of the average monthly wage of a collective farmer U. to the wages of a slave. prom. accounted for 43%, slave. state farms 67%, then in 1985 - 79% and 91%. There was a leveling of wages in the regional context. In 1965 the Udm collective farmers had the lowest wages in Ukraine. ASSR - 32 rubles / month, which was 66% of the average monthly wages of collective farmers in Ukraine; in 1985 this ratio reached 85%. In the late 50s - early. 60s in K.U. early. search for progressive forms of organization of labor and production, aimed at the gradual introduction of economic incentives and methods. This process had a number of stages: family links (50-60s); no-order links with a lump-sum bonus system of remuneration (1965 - first half of the 80s); collective (brigade) in a row (80s). However, the introduction of elements of self-financing was of a half-hearted, brigade-level character and did not extend to Kazakhstan as a system and form of agricultural production. Despite the post. subsidies and debt cancellation efficiency of production in K. was low. By the end of the 1980s, more than 80% of Ukrainian collective farms were unprofitable. Average annual grain yield in societies. sector U. in 1961-1965 - 8.54 centners per hectare, in 1981-1985 - 13.14 centners per hectare; potatoes 86 and 73 centners per hectare; milk yield per cow 1814 and 2323 liters. On Wednesday. in one KU at the end of the 80s there were 364 collective farmers, 5.4 thousand hectares of arable land, for 7 million rubles. main funds. The average farm enterprise produced agricultural products for 2.2 million rubles. (in 1983 prices), consumed 1.8 million kWh. electricity. In Ukraine, a group of advanced K. was formed (the collective farm named after Sverdlov, Sysertsky district, named after Chapaev, Alapaevsky district, Sverdl Region, and others). Collective farm them. Chapaeva (chief agronomist E.K. Rostetsky) in the 70-80s had 31.5 thousand hectares of land, 5 thousand heads of cattle, 6 thousand pigs. Wed grain yield for the 70-80s amounted to 22-25 c / ha. K. annually produced. 18-20 thousand tons of grain, 5.5 thousand tons of milk, 1.3 thousand tons of meat. The enlargement of agricultural enterprises and their transformation into state farms determined a steady tendency towards a reduction in agricultural enterprises as a type of agricultural enterprise. In 1960 there were 2,573 K. in the U., in 1970 - 1905, in 1985 - 1862. In the intraregional aspect, the collective farm type of enterprises predominated in Bashk. and Udm. ASSR, Kurgan, Orenb. and Perm. region In industrial regions. from ser. In the 60s, the state farm type of agricultural enterprises prevailed. From ser. 80s in Sverdl. region there were 74 K. and 225 state farms in Chelyab. - 65 and 181. Share of K. in gross output. agricultural products post. declined. In 1940, the share of K. in the production. agricultural production in all categories of agricultural production amounted to 69%, in 1950 - 66%, in 1960 - 39%, in 1985 - 29%. In the beginning. In the 90s, the majority of K. were transformed into joint-stock societies, t-va, associations. Lit .: Efremenkov N.V. Collective farm construction in the Urals in 1917-1930 // From the history of collectivization of agriculture in the Urals. Sverdlovsk, 1966. Issue. 1; Efremenkov N.V. Collective farm construction in the Urals in 1931-1932 // From the history of collectivization of agriculture U. Sverdlovsk, 1968. Vol. 2; History of the national economy of the Urals. Part 1. (1917-1945). Sverdlovsk, 1988; History of the national economy of the Urals. Part 2. (1946-1985). Sverdlovsk, 1990; Motrevich V.P. Collective farms of the Urals during the Great Patriotic War. Sverdlovsk, 1990; R.P. Tolmacheva Collective farms of the Urals in the early post-war years. (1946-1950). Tomsk, 1979; R.P. Tolmacheva Collective farms of the Urals in the 50s. Tomsk, 1981; R.P. Tolmacheva Collective farms of the Urals. 1959-1965 Sverdlovsk, 1987. Bersenev V.L., Denisevich M.N.