Senior and junior heroes in epics. The most famous epic heroes of Russia

Pupil 4 - B class MBOU Lyceum No. 3 Mityanov Dmitry

Objective- to find out who the heroes are and whether there are heroes in modern life now.

Methods and techniques:

Collection of information from books, magazines, online articles, films
Observation
Analysis
Comparison
Generalization
Questionnaire

Main results

The topic of our research is very important for any generation, because we must know our past, the great deeds of our people, our heroes. They are an example of courage and valor, the pride of our land and bring up the Russian spirit in us.
Modern heroes are not completely like heroes, but they have absorbed part of their strength. They are also strong in spirit, stand guard over peace and life, show the power and strength of our Motherland.
If you combine the qualities of athletes, military leaders and people's volunteers together, then, just, you get the image of a real hero.
In our time, Russia needs heroes (the environment is dying, culture is dying, the real values of life are being lost).

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Regional competition of research works

"Start in Science"

MBOU lyceum №3

Russian bogatyrs:

Who are they?

Completed:

Student 4 "b" class

Mityanov Dmitry

Supervisor:

Mokrova O.V. primary school teacher

Consultant:

Mityanova A. A.

Kulebaki

2013

1. Introduction. Why I chose this topic……………………………………....3

2. Main part…………………………………………………………………..4

2.1 Where did the word "hero" come from? …………………………………four

2.2. Epic heroes………………………………………………………..5

2.3. Epic heroes in Russian culture…………………………………10

2.4. Modern heroes………………………………………………………12

2.5. Questioning…………………………………………………………….15

3. Our conclusions………………………………………………………………..19

4. Materials used…………………………………………….......20

5. Application……………………………………………………………………21

5. 1. Works………………………………………………………………...21

5. 2. Drawings……………………………………………….…………………..23

Glory to the Russian side!

Glory to Russian antiquity!

And about this old

I'll start telling

So that people can know

About the affairs of the native land.

1. Introduction. Why I chose this topic.

I really like to explore the world around me. I made many discoveries for myself from books that I love to read.

Once my mother gave me a book with epics about ancient Russian heroes for the holiday of the Defender of the Fatherland (February 23), and it was as if I opened the door of time and saw the ancient times of our people. Powerful images of Russian heroes and their great feats in the fight against evil, protecting our native land, appeared before my eyes. I admire their courage, prowess, strength, will, but most importantly, their ardent love for the Motherland.

Russian epics are a kind of encyclopedia of folk life, a source of ardent patriotism and our national pride. No wonder they inspired the great Russian poets, writers, composers and artists. The great feats of Russian heroes, their selfless love for the Motherland and me inspired my research. I wanted to know:Why are they called heroes? get to know them better, and also find out if there are heroes now and who are they?

That's why the purpose of my research is to find out who the epic heroes are and whether there are heroes in modern life now.

The object of the study are Russian heroes.

Hypotheses:

Let's say that heroes are defenders from enemies, warriors with great strength.
It is possible that the heroes lived a very long time and now they are gone.
But what if the hero is an example of the great spirit of a Russian person.

Tasks:

Find out who the heroes are and conduct a survey among children and adults;

Get acquainted with literature and works of art about Russian heroes;

Get to know the "great" people of our time;

Compare the qualities of epic and modern heroes; to conclude.

Research methods:reading books, survey, analysis, comparison. Generalization.

My mother and my teacher helped me with the research.

2. The main part.

2. 1. Where did the word "hero" come from?

Now the word "hero" can often be heard: "heroic health", "heroic strength", "heroic dream" we say, "hero" we call every strong and healthy person, athlete, commander, war veteran.

But even 150-200 years ago, every Russian, saying "hero", compared someone with the epic defenders of his native land.

What does this word "hero" mean and where did it come from in our language? At first, the opinions of scientists were of three types:

1. Some believed that the word "hero" was borrowed from the Tatar and Turkic languages, where it appears in various forms: bagadur, batur, batyr, bator. It is assumed that the word has a historical meaning, that its original form of the word was "bogatyr" and that it was originally used in the meaning of "Tatar governor" and the title, as the current "master".

2. Other scientists, Shchepkin and Buslaev, deduced "bogatyr" from the word "God" through "rich".

3. O. Miller and others believed that the word "hero" is Russian and goes back to ancient Slavic history (the Proto-Aryan beginning and the Sanskrit language). The opinion proceeded from the position that the word "bagadur" is not a Tatar one, but is borrowed from the Sanskrit baghadhara (possessing happiness, successful).

At present, after new archaeological discoveries, discoveries of hidden historical facts and historical research, it seems that a revolution in history is planned, since the information is very contradictory to that in textbooks and the accepted history of Russia. And discussions on the origin of the word "hero" resumed.

The philologist V. Kozhinov and the historian L. Prozorov are against borrowing from the Tatar language in favor of Slavic origin. They argue that the word "bogatyr", much closer to the epic form, appeared in the inscriptions of the Bulgarians - "bogotur" (some of these bogoturs have completely Slavic names - Slavna, for example).

Our opinion about the word "hero" is also in support of the Slavic origin. It did not come from anywhere, but was always primordially Russian. This opinion is based on the ancient Slavic culture of our people in the period before the Baptism of Russia. This is confirmed by many scientists and historians that Russia has a great past and is much older than previously described.

2.2. Epic heroes.

The theme of heroes takes us more and more into the ancient culture and history of our people. It was very interesting to read about the world outlook of our ancestors. It turns out that they were not savages, as they are described, for example, in our book "The History of Russia for Children and Adults." We learned that our ancestors were wise with a great culture and cared about the spiritual future of the people from childhood. This is reflected in sayings, proverbs, fables, tales, epics.

Epics are also the ancient wisdom of our people only for the older generation. The bylina came from the word "truth", and it is from the ancient Slavic verb - "to be", that is, what was and happened. Epics were composed by storytellers - the keepers of Russian antiquity, the bearers of the historical memory of the people. They went from village to village and chanted (like a song) about the great events of our country, about the heroic heroes, their exploits, how they overcame evil enemies, defended their land, showed their courage, courage, ingenuity, kindness .

In our study, we tried to include ancient figurative thinking and get to know the epic heroes better.

We learned that, according to legends and ancient epics, there first existedgiants-bogatyrs.Let's get acquainted with some of them.

Hero-element

Bogatyr	Description and skills
Gorynya (Sverni-mountain, Vertigor)	The mountain giant, possessing inhuman strength, twisted stones, broke mountains, violated (changed) the nature of things: “It captures the mountain, carries it to the log and lays out the road, or shakes the mountain on the little finger "
Dubynya (Dubynech, Vernidub, Vyrvi-oak)	A forest giant with superhuman strength. In his forests, he behaved like a caring owner:“Dubye makes up (levels): which oak is high, that one shoves into the ground, and which is low, pulls from the ground” or “dubye tears”
Adoption (Usynych, Usynka, Krutius)	River giant, rules the water element: “he stole the river with his mouth, he catches fish with his mustache, he cooks and eats on his tongue, he dammed the river with one mustache, and along the mustache, as if over a bridge, footmen are walking, horseback riding, carts are riding, he is with a nail, a beard with an elbow, a mustache is dragged along the ground , wings lie a mile away.
Dunay Ivanovich	mighty hero,“The Danube is not like other heroes; obviously a stranger from other countries, exuberant in spirit, he is distinguished by some special proud posture.He was in the service of the Lithuanian king, was married to the youngest daughter of the king, Nastasya, a “warrior-woodpile”. In the epic, the Danube, in the competition, falls into Nastasya, and she dies. In despair, he threw himself on his spear and died next to his wife, the Danube River overflows, and the wife - the Nastasya River: “And he fell on a knife with a zealous heart; Since that time, from hot blood, Mother Danube flowed»
Svyatogor	The bogatyr is a giant of incredible strength. "He is taller than the dark forest, he props up the clouds with his head. He gallops along the Holy Mountains - the mountains stagger under him, he will drive into the river - water splashes out of the river. There is no one with whom Svyatogor can measure his strength. To travel around Russia, to take a walk with other heroes, to fight with enemies, to shake the strength of a hero, but the trouble is: the earth does not hold him, only stone cliffs under his weight do not collapse, do not fall.

Epics about the heroes-elements, in our opinion, sing of the majesty and spirituality of nature and bring us through the centuries the wisdom of the unity and interconnection of everything in the world. The epic heroes-elements are not people, but they fully correspond to the original image of the hero. The power of natural elements is superior to human, powerful and of divine origin (creative and destructive). She is generous with natural gifts and patronizes everything: animals, vegetation, humans. We assume that therefore the elements were represented in a heroic image.

To replace the hero-element camehero-man. According to historians, epics about the same hero were written for centuries (in different centuries) and reflect the exploits of real warriors. That is, the images of most epic heroes are collective (collected from various folk heroes and events). Let's get acquainted with some heroes from the epics "Volga and Mikula Selyaninovich", "Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin the Serpent", "Dobrynya and the Serpent", "Ilya Muromets and Svyatogor", "Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber", "Healing of Ilya Muromets", "Ilya Muromets and Kalin - Tsar”, “Ilya Muromets and Idolishche”.

Bogatyr-man

Bogatyr	Description and skills
Mikula Selyaninovich	Strongly powerful hero-plowman (oratay). He is stronger than not only Volga, but also his entire squad.... a good friend of a bipod is spinning around, but the midges cannot pull it out of the ground ... Then an oratayushko came to a maple bipod. After all, he took the bipod with one hand, he pulled the bipod out of the ground ... ".Mikula helped defend his land from enemies, but he did not give up his agricultural work. He said: "Who will feed Russia then?Mikula's strength is in connection with the land and the common people.
Alyosha Popovich	Russian young hero from Rostov, who was distinguished by strength, courage, prowess, onslaught, audacity, resourcefulness, sharpness and cunning. Where there was not enough strength in battle, he won with ingenuity. He is boastful, overly sly and evasive. He is distinguished by decisiveness, wit and cheerfulness. Knows how to call for help natural phenomena (rain, hail ..)“... Alyosha had a profitable prayer ...”
Nikitich	Russian hero from Ryazan, warrior hero and diplomat (negotiated without bloodshed). He combined great strength, boundless courage and courage, military skill, nobility of thoughts and deeds, education, foresight and foresight. He knew how to sing, play the harp, was skilled in chess, and had outstanding diplomatic skills. Dobrynya in all epics expresses his heroic qualities, jealously protects the dignity of the Russian warrior, he is reasonable in speeches, restrained, tactful, caring son and faithful husband.
Ilya Muromets	The great Russian hero from near Murom, a hero-peasant. He has great spiritual power. And endowed with powerful physical strength. He is distinguished by selfless, unbounded love for the motherland (patriotism), a sense of justice, self-esteem, courage, courage and prowess. He is honest to the smallest detail and straightforward. He is magnanimous and kind when it does not concern enemies. This is a mature and experienced defender of the Russian land.

The epic hero-man also correspond to the original meaning of the word "hero". The performers of epics gave a very simple explanation to the most incredible epic episodes.: "In the old days, people were not at all the same as they are now - heroes."According to epics, heroes are endowed with superior strength from birth or upon reaching spiritual maturity. According to legend, such power was given only to spiritually mature people, because a less spiritual person can use such power to harm the environment. It seems like a fairy tale, but even my great-grandfather and great-grandmother told about such unusual people in their time. And also the heroes are spiritually strong. The strength lies in the fact that they perform feats for the benefit of all the people, not for rewards, but for the triumph of truth, justice, and freedom; protect Mother Russia without sparing their lives under any circumstances (unequal battle and more). Bogatyrs show the best qualities - love for their native land, selfless courage and fortitude, independence of spirit, struggle for justice, truth, honor, etc.

We think that the unification of Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich is a call and aspiration of the people for unity. The strength of the people is in unity. The combination of the qualities of the three heroes suggests that for the defense of the motherland, victory, not only the strength of the onslaught is important, but also resourcefulness and the ability to resolve the issue peacefully. "Three heroes" is an image of the heroic spirit and power of the Russian people. In the old days they said:“The hands of a Slav are in work, and the mind is with the Almighty.”

2.3. Epic heroes in Russian culture.

Epics of our people inspired many creative people. Now we can get acquainted with the great heroes-heroes by visual, musical, sculptural, works of art.

Russian artists introduce us to the heroes: V. Vasnetsov "Bogatyrs", "The Knight at the Crossroads", etc.; N. Roerich "Ilya Muromets", "Morning of the Heroism of Kyiv", etc.; K. Vasiliev “Ilya Muromets liberates the prisoners”, “The Gift of Svyatogor”, etc.; I. Bilibin "Ilya Muromets and Nightingale the Robber ”, “Dobrynya Nikitich” and others.

V. Vasnetsov "Bogatyrs"

For example, for the figurative embodiment of the heroes beloved by the people, Viktor Vasnetsov managed to find such artistic solutions that made Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, and Alyosha Popovich “alive”. The images of all three are life-truthful, deeply humane, revealed in their personal identity. A mighty, unshakable outpost stands the heroes on the eternal guard of their native land, vigilantly peering into the distance and sensitively listening to everything around them. not a man, not even a bird from abroad will fly by. An irresistible force emanates from the heroes. They are full of folk beauty, they have the indomitable spirit of the people, ready at any moment to give everything for "the honor and freedom of their native land."

In each of the heroes, the artist managed to embody the best, typical features of the Russian character, Russian strength and valor. The majestic calm, coming from the consciousness of the heroes of their rightness and strength, saturates the whole picture. The horses under the mighty riders are to match the riders - powerful, fearless, they boldly and vigilantly look from the canvas. In the background of the picture is the Russian land, their homeland, which they are ready to defend.

Russian music also acquaints us with heroic images: A.P. Borodin "Bogatyrskaya", M.P. Mussorgsky "Bogatyr Gates", N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov "Sadko", A. Grechaninov opera"Nikitich" and others.

For example, Alexander Borodin in his symphony No. 2 "Bogatyrskaya" part 1 (based on Vasnetsov's painting "Bogatyrs") depicted a collection of Russian heroes.

The music of this movement is based on two themes:

The first theme is formidable, resolute, and sounds rather heavy. This is the image of heroes, heroic strength.

The second theme is soft, melodious, lyrical. Here the composer "draws" the image of native Russian nature.

Folk proverbs also acquaint us with heroic images:

The hero is not glorious by birth, but by a feat.
There is no better thing than defending your native land from enemies.
My wealth is a heroic strength, my business is to serve Russia, to defend from enemies.
In the Russian heart there is a direct honor and love for Mother Russia.
The hero will die, but his name will remain.

The monument to Ilya Muromets (sculptor V.M. Klykov), which was installed in 1999 in the city park of Murom, is very famous.

It is like a formidable reminder to all foreign invaders that heroes have not yet died out on Russian soil - heroes and there is someone to protect Russia, that the heroic spirit is alive in each of us.

2.4. Modern heroes.

Are there heroes in the modern world now? To find out, we decided to meet some of the "great" people of the past centuries and our time.

Table 4

Prominent people of Russia

FULL NAME.	Brief information and merits
Athletes : legendary champions - wrestlers I.M. Poddubny and I. S. Yarygin; champions - weightlifters V.I. Alekseev and L.I. Zhabotinsky; our fellow countryman (kulebachanin) - champion weightlifter V.P. Sadovnikov and others. We especially want to note I.M. Poddubnova.
(1871-1949) professional wrestler and athlete	He comes from a poor peasant family from the Poltava region to a poor peasant family. From an early age, he helped his father plow the land, thresh rye. The simplicity of the peasant way of life, the hard physical labor laid down unusual perseverance in the character of the boy, helped to accumulate powerful strength, for which the Russian nugget became famous in the future. While working as a loader in the Sevastopol port, he shouldered a huge box, which was beyond the power of even three, rose to his full huge height and walked up the trembling gangway. Honored Artist of Russia (1939), Honored Master of Sports (1945). Cavalier of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1939) "in the development of Soviet sports." In 1905-08. world champion in classical wrestling among professionals. Wrestled in the circus arena until the age of 70. For 40 years of performances, he has not lost a single competition. He won brilliant victories over almost all the strongest professional wrestlers in the world, for which he was recognized as the "champion of champions". This title was awarded to him by popular rumor. The people called him "Ivan the Invincible", "Thunderstorm of Champions", "Man-Mountain", "Ivan Iron". When the occupation of the Germans began in the Second World War, Poddubny's heart was already aching at that time, he was 70 years old, but he refused to be evacuated and stayed. The Germans offered him to train German wrestlers, but he remained faithful to his homeland:“I am a Russian wrestler. I will remain» .After the liberation of Yeysk, Ivan Maksimovich traveled to nearby military units and hospitals, spoke with memories and raised the morale of the people. A monument was erected in Yeysk, there is a museum and a sports school named after him. On the gravestone of I.M. Poddubny is carved: "Here lies the Russian hero."
Warlords : the great Russian commander A.V. Suvorov; Russian commander, Field Marshal M.I. Kutuzov; marshals commanders of the Great Patriotic War A.M. Vasilevsky and G.K. Zhukov; air marshalsI.N. Kozhedub and A.I. Pokryshkin and others. We especially want to note A.V. Suvorov.
Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov (1730-1800) great Russian commander	Born into a military family of noble origin. He spent his childhood on his father's estate in the countryside. Suvorov grew weak, was often sick, but from an early age, the craving for military affairs and the decision to become a military man inspires Suvorov to strengthen his body. He hardens and goes in for physical exercises, in any weather he makes long journeys on foot, develops endurance. During his life, the legendary commander fought 63 battles, and all of them were victorious; passed all stages of army service - from private to generalissimo. In two wars against the Ottoman Empire, Suvorov was finally recognized as the "first sword of Russia." He was awarded numerous awards. Possessing extraordinary personal courage, he threw himself into the heat of battle, paying for it with repeated wounds. Unselfishness, generosity, good nature, ease of handling attracted all hearts to him. Suvorov showed a humane attitude towards the civilian population and prisoners, severely pursued looting. Suvorov's patriotism was based on the idea of serving the fatherland, a deep belief in the high combat abilities of the Russian warrior ("In the world there is nowhere a braver Russian").Suvorov entered the history of Russia as an innovative commander who made a huge contribution to the development of military art, developed and implemented an original system of views on the methods and forms of warfare and combat, education and training of troops. Suvorov's strategy was offensive in nature. Suvorov's strategy and tactics were outlined in his work "The Science of Victory". The essence of his tactics is the three martial arts: eye, speed, onslaught. His name has become synonymous with victory, military prowess, heroism and patriotism. The Suvorov heritage is still used in the training and education of Russian troops. “My offspring, please take my example! ..”
Officers and privates of the Great Patriotic War.They are all true heroes of our country. They showed steadfastness, courage, ardent love for the Motherland, fought without sparing their lives for our future and the future of Russia. We will always remember their deeds!

We tried to compare the "great" people of our Motherland with the characteristics of a hero.

Characteristics of the hero:

Physical strength - very strong and powerful, endowed with superior strength from birth or later, when spiritually ready.
Strength of mind - brave, noble, resolute, with a sense of justice, dignity, has independence of mind, willpower, ingenuity, resourcefulness, loves his native land and the world around him, is ready to fight to the end even without hope of victory, to give his life for his homeland and people .
Martial arts - may or may not be trained in martial arts. Free in decisions and from duty.
The life's work is to protect the people and native land from a deadly threat, not out of duty or personal benefit (reward), but at the behest of the soul.

We could not find a hero in the native sense of the word among the "great" people of modern times. Warlords are more like knights. Athletes compete in competitions without a threat to the life of the country, and if suddenly there is a war, they may not go to it. Volunteers are strong in spirit, but may not exceed strength and participate in not all wars. But we do not want to say that there are no heroes. Maybe we don’t know about them, they don’t compose modern epics about them. And the meaning of the word "hero" is now, as it were, blurry.

2.5. Questionnaire

We conducted a survey of children and adults, where we wanted to know the awareness, the opinion of others: how important the topic of Russian heroes is in our time. 12 primary school children and 12 adults took part in our survey.

Poll results:

To the question "who are the heroes?" children and adults wrote similar responses. General description: Bogatyrs are powerful people of the Russian land, brave, courageous (strong in spirit), warriors, defenders of their homeland and people.
The most famous heroes:

Among children and adults, the most famous were Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich.

75% of children and 58% of adults would like to be like Ilya Muromets. Because he is the strongest, he always defended his native land and was our countryman.

8% of children - for Dobrynya Nikitich, because he was wise, and of adults 20% - for Alyosha Popovich, because he is strong, the youngest and most savvy.

2% of adults - on Peresvet and Oslyabya - who, after military life, thought about the high meaning of life, went into monasticism. 17% - 20% of children and adults wanted to be like themselves.

The main qualities of a hero

Children Adults:

Physical Strength (67%) - Physical Strength (75%)

Spirit (33%) - Spirit (16%)

Fortitude marked - love for the Motherland, courage, masculinity, resourcefulness, willpower, kindness, a sense of justice and others.

Military art (9%)

Children see the hero not necessarily as a warrior, but as a person who is always very powerful and strong in spirit. Adults see the hero not only as a powerful and strong spirit, but also knowledgeable in military affairs. Mighty strength is highlighted as the main quality.

Attracts in heroes

But both children and adults in heroes are attracted by their spiritual qualities (courage, self-confidence, nobility, helping the weak, fighting for justice, love for the Motherland and its defense).

How did you find out about the heroes?

Children Adults:

Books (epics, tales) (67%) - books (epics, tales) (50%)

Movies and cartoons (25%) - movies and cartoons (33%)

Stories, excursions (8%) - stories, excursions (17%)

Children and adults learned about heroes mainly from books.

Can a woman be a hero?

67% of children and 25% of adults believe that they cannot, because a woman has less strength and this is not a woman's business, a woman is the keeper of the hearth and family. And 33% of children and 67% of adults believe that they can, because female wisdom, cunning and ingenuity help a woman win.

Are there any heroes now? Who can be named?

83% of children and 25% of adults believe that there are no real heroes anymore, because over time people have changed or do not know about them, and the heroes remained the heroes of antiquity. But 7% of children and 67% of adults believe that even now there are heroes - these are athletes, soldiers of war, commanders.

Is it possible to become rich?

Most children and adults think they can. To do this, you need to believe in yourself, go in for sports, be fair, kind, wise, honest, train willpower, spirit, help people, be a patriot. But some children and adults believe that it will not work. Because physical and spiritual data are laid from nature (God). You can become a good person, a strong athlete, a hero, but not a hero.

Is it honorable to be a hero in our time?

Half of the adults and some of the children believe that now it is not honorable to be a hero. Because over time, the character traits for which the heroes were respected ceased to be valued, and the aspirations of people changed towards the achievement of material values. But most children and 42% of adults think it's an honor. Because we lack such people as heroes, they believe in eternal human values, they look with hope and optimism into the future.

3. Our findings

As a result of our study, we conducted a survey among children and adults, learned their opinion about the heroes of the past and present; learned the origin of the word "hero"; got acquainted with literature and works of art about Russian heroes; got acquainted with epic heroes; get acquainted with the "great" people of our and past time; compared the qualities of epic and modern heroes.

I am sure that the topic of our research is very important for any generation, because we must know our past, the great deeds of our people, our heroes. They are an example of courage and valor, the pride of our land and bring up the Russian spirit in us.

Although modern heroes do not completely look like heroes, they have absorbed part of their strength. They are also strong in spirit, stand guard over peace and life, show the power and strength of our Motherland. And as long as we have such heroes, as long as we remember them, the heroic spirit of the Russian people is also alive.

We think that if we combine the qualities of athletes, military leaders and people's volunteers together, then we will get the image of a real hero.

In our time, Russia needs heroes (the environment is dying, culture is dying, the real values of life are being lost).

Let's awaken the heroic spirit in each of us and fight back any enemy!

And strong, mighty heroes in glorious Russia!

Do not jump enemies on our Earth!

Do not trample their horses on the Russian Land,

Do not overshadow our red sun!

Russia stands for a century - it does not stagger!

And it will stand for centuries - it will not move!

4. Used materials.

1. Pictures from the site on the Internet

2. Anikin V.P. Epics. Russian folk tales. Chronicles. Moscow: Higher school, 1986.

3. Epics. Russian folk tales. M.: Children's literature, 1986.

4. Epics. Russian folk tales. Old Russian stories / Anikin V.P., Likhachev D.S., Mikhelson T.N. M.: Children's literature, 1979.

5. Rybakov B.A. Russia: Legends. Epics. Chronicles. M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences, 1963.

6. Selivanov V.I. Bogatyr epic of the Russian people / Epics. M.: Soviet literature, 1988. v.1. - p.5-25.

7. Wikipedia website

5. Application

5. 1. Compositions.

Composition based on the painting by V. M. Vasnetsov “Heroes” of a student of grade 4-B MBOU Lyceum No. 3 Bogatov Ilya

The painting by V. M. Vasnetsov depicts three heroes. Bogatyrs are powerful, brave. They vigilantly look into the distance, fulfill their heroic duty. The expression on their faces is serious, their eyes are formidable, they are very collected, ready to fight at any moment. The heroes are very confident in themselves and are ready to die for Russia.

Ilya Muromets is wearing chain mail, has gray mittens on his hands, and boots to match his brown pants. He is holding a large spear. And the mighty hero himself sits on his black horse in the center of the picture.

Dobrynya Nikitich is to the right of Ilya Muromets. He is also dressed in heroic style, and holds a shield and a sword in his hands. His beard is long and well groomed.

Alyosha Popovich is the youngest of the heroes, he is without a beard and rather thin. He has a bow in his hand.

Bogatyr horses are well-groomed and beautiful. Their manes and tails flutter in the wind. The artist depicted the Christmas trees in the foreground of the picture as small, and the heroes as large, this emphasizes the power and strength of the heroes. The sky in the picture is gloomy, everything is covered with heavy gray clouds, and a strong wind that sways the grass and waves the horses' manes.

I really liked this picture. I am proud of our Motherland, its heroes - heroes who, in difficult times, defended the country and the common people.

An essay based on the painting by V. M. Vasnetsov “Heroes” by a student of grade 4-A MBOU Lyceum No. 3 Kurova Anastasia

Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov worked on the painting "Bogatyrs" for twenty years. And on April 23, 1898, it was completed and bought by Tretyakov for his gallery.

The painting depicts three heroes - Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets and Alyosha Popovich. Ilya Muromets is powerful, wise, he is in the center on a black horse. He is the oldest of the heroes. And the horse suits him. He is dressed in chain mail. He has a spear in one hand and a club in the other. On the left, on a white horse, is a resolute, impetuous, noble hero - Dobrynya Nikitich. He is the only one of a noble family. He is dressed in chain mail, has a pointed helmet on his head, and overseas boots on his feet. The horse has an elegant harness, with three golden crescents, this is a sign of victory over the Tatars. On the right, on a bay horse, Alyosha Popovich holds a bow with arrows in his hands. Compared to his comrades, he is young and slim. On Alyosha's side is a quiver. His horse bent his head so that the rider could shoot at any moment.

Three heroes stand on a wide plain, turning into a low hill, in the middle of which we see withered grass and occasionally small Christmas trees peeping through. The sky in the picture is cloudy and disturbing, which means the danger threatening the heroes.

Vasnetsov wanted us to be proud of our heroic ancestors, to remember them, to love the land where we were born.

The picture evokes a feeling of confidence that the heroes are invincible.

5.2. Drawings.

Drawing "Ilya Muromets"4-B class student Ilya Chekhlov

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Slides captions:

Russian heroes: who are they? Completed by: Pupil of 4 "b" class MBOU Lyceum No. 3 Mityanov Dmitry Head: Mokrova O.V. primary school teacher Consultant: Mityanova A. A.

And strong, mighty heroes in glorious Russia! Do not jump enemies on our Earth! Do not trample their horses on the Russian Land, Do not overshadow our red sun! Russia stands for a century - it does not stagger! And it will stand for centuries - it will not move!

The purpose of the study is to find out who the epic heroes are, whether there are heroes in modern life. Hypotheses: Let's assume that the heroes are defenders from enemies, warriors with great strength. It is possible that the heroes lived a very long time and now they are gone. But what if the hero is an example of the great spirit of a Russian person. Russian heroes: who are they?

Study plan

The study of the word "bogatyr" "Bogatyr" in those distant times when this word was born meant - the one who surpasses the exorbitant (impossible to measure) power from God and carries it in himself (spiritually strong), "rich" - not in gold and diamonds, but spiritually and bodily.

Epic heroes Gorynya (Sverni-mountain, Vertigor) Dubynya (Dubynech, Vernidub, Tear-oak) Usynya (Usynych, Usynka, Krutius) Dunai Ivanovich Svyatogor

Epic heroes Mikula Selyaninovich Alyosha Popovich Dobrynya Nikitich Ilya Muromets

Epic bogatyrs in Russian culture Painting by V Vasnetsov “Heroes” Excerpts from the essays on the painting “Heroes” by 4th grade students of MBOU Lyceum No. 3: “I am looking at the painting by V. M. Vasnetsov “Heroes”. On it we see three heroes, three heroes, whom the people sang in their epics and legends ... "(Levkin E.) "... In the center of the picture is the most important of the heroes - Ilya Muromets. Next to him are Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich…” (Sukhareva L.) “…Powerful, brave heroes. They vigilantly look into the distance, fulfilling their heroic duty. The expression on their faces is serious, their gaze is formidable ... They are ready to rush into battle at any moment ... ”(Bogatov I.)

Epic heroes in the drawings of students Drawing "Ilya Muromets" by a student of 4-B class Chekhlov Ilya Drawing "The struggle of a hero with dark forces" by a student of 4-B class Dmitry Mityanov

Epic heroes in Russian culture Monument to Ilya Muromets in the city of Murom (sculptor V.M. Klykov) Composer A.P. Borodin Symphony No. 2 "Bogatyrskaya"

Modern heroes Ivan Maksimovich Poddubny (1871-1949) professional wrestler and athlete Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730-1800) great Russian commander Nikolai Gastello Alexey Meresyev Alexander Matrosov

Public opinion poll Who are the heroes? What heroes do you know? How did you find out about the heroes? What qualities and skills are endowed with heroes? What attracts in bogatyrs, why are epic bogatyrs national heroes? Which hero would you like to be like? Why? What do you think, can a woman be a hero? Why? Are there any heroes now? List who you know. Can we call heroes those who defended our Motherland in the Great Patriotic War? Why? Is it possible to become rich? How? Is it honorable to be a hero in our time? Why?

Poll results 1. Bogatyrs are powerful people of the Russian land, brave, courageous (strong in spirit), warriors, defenders of their homeland and people. 2. The most famous heroes: 3. The main qualities of a hero: Children: Adults: - physical strength (67%) - physical strength (75%) - strength of mind (33%) - strength of spirit (16%) - military art (9% ) four . Attracts in heroes - spiritual qualities (courage, self-confidence, nobility, help to the weak, struggle for justice, love for the Motherland and its protection).

Poll results 5 . How did you find out about the heroes? Children: Adults: - books (epics, tales) (67%) - books (epics, tales) (50%) movies and cartoons (25%) - movies and cartoons (33%) stories, excursions (8%) - stories , excursions (17%) 6. Can a woman be a hero? 67% of children and 25% of adults believe that they cannot 33% of children and 67% of adults believe that they can 7. Are there heroes now? Who can be named? 83% of children and 25% of adults believe that real heroes are already 7% of children and 67% of adults believe that there are heroes even now

9. Is it honorable in our time to be a hero? Poll results 8. Is it possible to become a hero?

My conclusions The topic of our research is very important for any generation, because we must know our past, the great deeds of our people, our heroes. They are an example of courage and valor, the pride of our land and bring up the Russian spirit in us. Modern heroes are not completely like heroes, but they have absorbed part of their strength. They are also strong in spirit, stand guard over peace and life, show the power and strength of our Motherland. In our time, Russia needs heroes (the environment is dying, culture is dying, the real values of life are being lost).

The original Russian "superheroes" were heroes who defended our land hundreds of years ago. In epics and legends, images of many Russian heroes have been preserved, and this post will introduce us to them.

Ilya Muromets. Holy hero

Ilya Muromets canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church, this is the main Russian hero. Ilya Muromets is the main character not only of Russian epics, but also, for example, German epic poems of the 13th century. They also call him Ilya, he is also a hero, yearning for his homeland. Ilya Muromets is also found in the Scandinavian sagas, in them he, no less, is the blood brother of Prince Vladimir.

Nikitich. Bogatyr with connections

Dobrynya Nikitich is often associated with the chronicle Dobrynya, the uncle of Prince Vladimir (according to another version, a nephew). His name embodies the essence of "heroic kindness." Dobrynya has the nickname "young", with great physical strength "he will not hurt a fly", he is the protector of "widows and orphans, unfortunate wives." Dobrynya is also "an artist at heart: a master of singing and playing the harp."

Alyosha Popovich. junior

The "youngest of the younger" heroes, and therefore his set of qualities is not so "supermanly". Vice is not even alien to him: cunning, selfishness, self-interest. That is, on the one hand, he is distinguished by courage, but on the other, he is proud, arrogant, quarrelsome, perky and rude.

Bova Royal. Popular hero

Bova Korolevich for a long time was the most popular hero among the people. Lubok tales about the "extraordinary hero" came out in hundreds of editions from the 18th to the 20th centuries. Pushkin wrote The Tale of Tsar Saltan, partly borrowing the plot and the names of the heroes of the fairy tales about the Boys Korolevich, which his nanny read to him. Moreover, he even made sketches of the poem "Bova", but death will prevent him from finishing the work. The prototype of this knight was the French knight Bovo de Anton from the famous chronicle poem Reali di Francia, written in the 14th century. In this regard, Bova is a completely unique hero - a visiting one.

Svyatogor. Megahero

Megahero. But the hero of the "old world". The giant, the elder hero the size of a mountain, whom even the earth does not hold, lies on the mountain in inactivity. Epics tell about his meeting with earthly cravings and death in a magical grave. Many features of the biblical hero Samson have been transferred to Svyatogora. It is difficult to determine exactly its ancient origin. In the legends of the people, the veteran hero transfers his strength to Ilya Muromets, the hero of the Christian age.

Duke Stepanovich. Bogatyr-major

Duke Stepanovich comes to Kyiv from conditional India, behind which, according to folklorists, in this case the Galicia-Volyn land is hiding, and arranges a boasting marathon in Kyiv, passes tests from the prince, and continues to brag. As a result, Vladimir learns that Duke is really very rich and offers him citizenship. But Duke refuses, because "if you sell Kyiv and Chernigov and buy papers for an inventory of Dyukov's wealth, then there will not be enough paper."

Mikula Selyaninovich. Bogatyr-plowman

Mikula Selyaninovich is a heroic agrarian. It is found in two epics: about Svyatogor and about Volga Svyatoslavich. Mikula is the first representative of agricultural life, a powerful peasant plowman. He is strong and hardy, but a homebody. He puts all his strength into agriculture and family.

Volga Svyatoslavovich. Bogatyr mage

Supporters of the "historical school" in the study of epics believe that Prince Vseslav Polotsky was the prototype of the epic Volga. Volga was also correlated with Prophetic Oleg, and his campaign in India - with Oleg's campaign against Constantinople. Volga is a difficult hero, he has the ability to be a werewolf, he knows how to understand the language of animals and birds.

Sukhman Odikhmantievich. Insulted hero

According to Vsevolod Miller, the Pskov prince Dovmont, who ruled from 1266 to 1299, was the prototype of the hero. In the bylina of the Kyiv cycle, Sukhman goes to get a white swan for Prince Vladimir, but on the way he comes into battle with the Tatar hordes, who are building viburnum bridges on the Nepre River. Sukhman defeats the Tatars, but in battle he receives wounds that he seals up with leaves. Returning to Kyiv without a white swan, he tells the prince about the battle, but the prince does not believe him and imprisons Sukhman in prison until clarification. Dobrynya goes to the Nepra and learns that Sukhman did not lie. But it's' too late. Sukhman feels shamed, peels off the leaves and bleeds. From his blood begins the river Sukhman.

Dunay Ivanovich. tragic hero

According to the epics about the Danube, it was from the blood of the hero that the river of the same name began. The Danube is a tragic hero. He loses to his wife Nastasya in an archery competition, accidentally hits her while trying to win back, finds out that Nastasya was pregnant and stumbles upon a saber.

Michael Potyk. Faithful husband

Folklorists disagree on who Mihailo Potyk (or Potok) should be related to. The roots of his image are found in the Bulgarian heroic epic, and in Western European fairy tales, and even in the Mongolian epic "Geser". According to one of the epics, Potok with his wife Avdotya Lebedya Belaya gives a vow that whoever of them dies first, the second is buried next to the grave alive. When Avdotya dies, Potok is buried nearby in full armor and on horseback, he fights the dragon and revives his wife with his blood. When he himself dies, Avdotya is buried with him.

Hoten Bludovich. Bogatyr-groom

Bogatyr Khoten Bludovich, for the sake of a wedding with an enviable bride, China Sentry, first beats nine of her brothers, then a whole army hired by her future mother-in-law. As a result, the hero receives a rich dowry and appears in the epic as a hero "who married well."

Vasily Buslaev. Zealous hero

The most daring hero of the Novgorod epic cycle. His unbridled temper leads to a conflict with the Novgorodians and he is desperately rowdy, betting that he will beat all the Novgorod men on the Volkhov bridge and almost fulfills the promise - until his mother stops him. In another epic, he is already mature, goes to Jerusalem to atone for sins. But Buslaev is incorrigible - he again takes up the old and absurdly perishes, proving his youth.

Nikita Kozhemyaka. serpent fighter

Nikita Kozhemyaka in Russian fairy tales is one of the main snake fighter characters. Before entering the fight with the Serpent, he breaks 12 skins, thereby proving his legendary strength. Kozhemyaka not only defeats the Serpent, but also harnesses him to a plow and plows the land from Kyiv to the Black Sea. The defensive ramparts near Kyiv got their name (Zmievs) precisely because of the deeds of Nikita Kozhemyaka.

Anika warrior. Bogatyr in words

Anika warrior is still called today a person who likes to brag about his strength far from danger (& couch fighter). Unusual for a Russian epic hero, the name of the hero is most likely taken from the Byzantine legend about the hero Digenis, who is mentioned there with the constant epithet anikitos. Anika the warrior in verse boasts of strength and offends the weak, he is shamed for this by death itself, Anika challenges her and dies.

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Introduction

The Russian lands are vast and rich, there are many dense forests, full-flowing rivers, abundant golden fields. Hardworking and peaceful people have lived here since ancient times. However, peaceful does not mean weak, and therefore, quite often, farmers and plowmen had to put aside their sickles and plows and come out with weapons in their hands to protect their land from numerous enemies - nomadic tribes, warlike neighbors. All this was reflected in folk epic songs, epics, which sang not only the skill and hard work of the common people, but also their military prowess. Mighty and majestic images of heroes rise before us in epics, such as Ilya Muromets, Alyosha Popovich, Dobrynya Nikitich, Svyatogor, Mikula Selyaninovich and others. I wondered what kind of heroes they are today, do they exist now?

In my work, I would like to figure out who the heroes are, who we can call a hero and whether there are heroes now.

In this regard, we have chosen the topic of our research work - "Heroes of the Russian Land".

Objective: find out who the epic heroes are and are there heroes in modern life now

To achieve the goal, the following tasks:

find out who the hero is;

find out what qualities a hero should have;

3) get acquainted with literature and works of art about Russian heroes;

4) get to know the “great” people of our time;

5) compare the qualities of epic and modern heroes;

conduct a survey of students in grades 2-4, in order to find out what qualities a real hero should have, who can be called a hero of our time;

analyze research results;

spend a class and an hour to make a project with students on the topic: “Russian heroes”, create a film about modern heroes.

The research is based on hypothesis: let's say that the heroes are defenders from enemies, warriors with great strength. It is possible that the heroes lived a very long time and now they are gone. But what if the hero is an example of the great spirit of a Russian person.

Object of study- Russian bogatyrs

Subject of study- qualities of heroes.

During the work, we used methods:

Information retrieval method (analysis and synthesis of literature on the research topic)

Observation;

Questioning.

Theoretical significance: systematization and generalization of material on the research topic.

Practical significance: practical use of the material received in the classroom, class hours, in extracurricular activities, in everyday life by parents in the upbringing of children

Bogatyrs of the Russian land

I.1. Where did the word "hero" come from?

At present, the word "hero" can be heard very often: "heroic strength", "heroic health", "heroic dream" we say, "hero" we call every strong and healthy person, athlete, commander, war veteran.

But even 150-200 years ago, every Russian, saying "hero", compared someone with the epic defenders of his native land.

What does this word "hero" mean and where did it come from in our language? At first, the opinions of scientists were of three types:

2. Scientist F.I. Buslaev, deduced "bogatyr" from the word "God" through "rich".

3. Historian of Russian literature and folklorist O.F. Miller and others believed that the word "bogatyr" is Russian and goes back to ancient Slavic history (the pra-Aryan beginning and the Sanskrit language). The opinion proceeded from the position that the word "bagadur" is not a Tatar one, but is borrowed from the Sanskrit baghadhara (possessing happiness, successful).

I.2. Epic heroes

The theme of heroes takes us more and more into the ancient culture and history of our people.

Epics are the ancient wisdom of our people. The bylina came from the word "truth", and it is from the ancient Slavic verb - "to be", that is, what was and happened. Epics were composed by storytellers - the keepers of Russian antiquity, the bearers of the historical memory of the people. They went from village to village and chanted (like a song) about the great events of our country, about the heroic heroes, their exploits, how they overcame evil enemies, defended their land, showed their courage, courage, ingenuity, kindness .

In our study, we tried to include ancient figurative thinking and get to know the epic heroes better.

We learned that, according to legends and ancient epics, there first existed giants-bogatyrs. Let's get acquainted with some of them.

Gorynya (Sverni-mountain, Vertigor) - a mountain giant with superhuman strength, twisted stones, broke mountains, violated (changed) the nature of things: “

Dubynya (Dubynech, Vernidub, Rip-oak) - A forest giant with superhuman strength. In his forests, he behaved like a caring owner:

Usynya (Usynych, Usynka, Krutius) - River giant, rules the water element

Danube Ivanovich - Powerful hero, »

Svyatogor - A giant of incredible strength. " (Attachment 1)

To replace the hero-element came hero-man. According to historians, epics about the same hero were written for centuries (in different centuries) and reflect the exploits of real warriors. That is, the images of most epic heroes are collective (collected from various folk heroes and events). Let's get acquainted with some heroes from the epics "Volga and Mikula Selyaninovich", "Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin the Serpent", "Dobrynya and the Serpent", "Ilya Muromets and Svyatogor", "Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber", "Healing of Ilya Muromets", "Ilya Muromets and Kalin - Tsar”, “Ilya Muromets and Idolishche”. (Annex 2)

The epic hero-man also correspond to the original meaning of the word "hero". The performers of epics gave a very simple explanation to the most incredible epic episodes: "In the old days, people were not at all the same as they are now - heroes."

According to epics, heroes are endowed with superior strength from birth or upon reaching spiritual maturity. According to legend, such power was given only to spiritually mature people, because a less spiritual person can use such power to harm the environment. It seems like a fairy tale, but even my great-grandfather and great-grandmother told about such unusual people in their time. And also the heroes are spiritually strong. The strength lies in the fact that they perform feats for the benefit of all the people, not for rewards, but for the triumph of truth, justice, and freedom; protect Mother Russia without sparing their lives under any circumstances (unequal battle and more). Bogatyrs show the best qualities - love for their native land, selfless courage and fortitude, independence of spirit, struggle for justice, truth, honor, etc.

We think that the unification of Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich is a call and aspiration of the people for unity. The strength of the people is in unity. The combination of the qualities of the three heroes suggests that for the defense of the motherland, victory, not only the strength of the onslaught is important, but also resourcefulness and the ability to resolve the issue peacefully. "Three heroes" is an image of the heroic spirit and power of the Russian people. In the old days they said: “A Slav has hands in labor, and his mind is with the Almighty.”

I.3. Modern heroes

Are there heroes in the modern world now? To find out, we decided to meet some of the "great" people of the past centuries and our time.

Athletes: legendary champions - wrestlers I.M. Poddubny and I. S. Yarygin; champions - weightlifters V.I. Alekseev and L.I. Zhabotinsky and others.

Military leaders: the great Russian commander A.V. Suvorov; Russian commander, Field Marshal M.I. Kutuzov; marshals commanders of the Great Patriotic War A.M. Vasilevsky and G.K. Zhukov; air marshals I.N. Kozhedub and A.I. Pokryshkin and others.

Officers and privates of the Great Patriotic War. They are all true heroes of our country. They showed steadfastness, courage, ardent love for the Motherland, fought without sparing their lives for our future and the future of Russia. We will always remember their deeds! (Annex 3)

We tried to compare the "great" people of our Motherland with the characteristics of a hero.

Characteristics of the hero:

Chapter I Conclusions

In this chapter, we have collected and studied the literature on this topic. Find out who the hero is. We studied legends and epics, as well as epic heroes. We found out what qualities real heroes possessed.

The totality of military prowess is one of the main features of the Russian hero, but physical prowess alone is not enough, it is also necessary that all the activities of the hero have a religious and patriotic character. These are valiant heroes, brave men who are looking for difficult feats of arms. Combat campaigns are the basis of their daily life. They form a kind of heroic community. Like the epic heroes, they were of enormous growth and immense strength; hardened in enduring hardships and hardships.

We asked ourselves whether my peers know about epic heroes, what qualities, in their opinion, real heroes should have, and whether there are modern heroes. To this end, we have carried out research work.

Chapter II. Research work

Having studied the literature, we decided to carry out practical work in order to investigate what qualities real heroes should have and to find out if there are modern heroes, we set ourselves the following tasks:

Conduct a survey among students in grades 2-4 and their parents in order to find out which epic heroes they know, what qualities heroes should have, how they learned about heroes, is it possible to become a hero now, is it honorable to be a hero and analyze the results.

2 . Interview the librarian of the school library to find out what kind of books children are reading today.

3 . Analyze what people of what professions can be attributed to modern heroes

5 . Create a film about modern heroes, release a panel on the topic: "Russian heroes"

II.1. Questioning of students in grades 2-4 and their parents

We conducted a survey among students in grades 2-4 and their parents. This survey involved 42 people (21 children and 21 adults). Poll results:

To the question "who are the heroes?" children and adults wrote similar responses. General description: Bogatyrs are powerful people of the Russian land, brave, courageous (strong in spirit), warriors, defenders of their homeland and people.

The most famous heroes:

Among children and adults, the most famous were Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich.

75% of children and 58% of adults would like to be like Ilya Muromets. Because he is the strongest, he always defended his native land and was our countryman.

8% of children - for Dobrynya Nikitich, because he was wise, and of adults 20% - for Alyosha Popovich, because he is strong, the youngest and most savvy.

2% of adults - on Peresvet and Oslyabya - who, after military life, thought about the high meaning of life, went into monasticism. 17% - 20% of children and adults wanted to be like themselves.

The main qualities of a hero

Children Adults:

Physical Strength (67%) - Physical Strength (75%)

Spirit (33%) - Spirit (16%)

Fortitude marked - love for the Motherland, courage, masculinity, resourcefulness, willpower, kindness, a sense of justice and others.

Military art (9%)

Attracts in heroes

How did you find out about the heroes?

Children Adults:

Books (epics, tales) (67%) - books (epics, tales) (50%)

Movies and cartoons (25%) - movies and cartoons (33%)

Stories, excursions (8%) - stories, excursions (17%)

Children and adults learned about heroes mainly from books.

Are there any heroes now? Who can be named?

Is it possible to become rich?

II.2. Interview with the librarian of the school library

We interviewed a school library librarian to find out what children are reading today.

The librarian of the school library Krivenko Natalya Rafaelovna said that love and respect for the printed word is instilled in us from childhood. A book is the best gift, a book is a true friend and wise adviser. Children at all times loved rhymes, nursery rhymes, fairy tales. And such authors as Barto, Zakhoder, Marshak - they are, of course, timeless. But older guys are increasingly asking for science fiction and detective stories. According to the librarian, once the children took Krapivin, Kira Bulychev well. Dumas was read to holes. Today, these authors, although not so in demand, are still readable. At the same time, the guys still love Astrid Lindgren, and Mark Twain, and Daniel Defoe, they read Dragunsky and Nosov. But children read epics reluctantly, only as program material. (Annex 6)

II.3. Modern heroes

Analyze people of what professions can be attributed to modern heroes.

We note the main qualities of heroes:

Physical strength - very strong and powerful, endowed with superior strength from birth or later, when spiritually ready.

Strength of mind - brave, noble, resolute, with a sense of justice, dignity, has independence of mind, willpower, ingenuity, resourcefulness, loves his native land and the world around him, is ready to fight to the end even without hope of victory, to give his life for his homeland and people .

Martial arts - may or may not be trained in martial arts. Free in decisions and from duty.

The life's work is to protect the people and native land from a deadly threat, not out of duty or personal benefit (reward), but at the behest of the soul.

Such characteristics, in our opinion, include people of the following professions - a policeman, a rescuer, a firefighter, a military man.

After we found out who the hero is, identified his main characteristics, talked with the librarian of the school library, we decided to acquaint my classmates with what I learned new and interesting about the heroes. We spent a class hour (Appendix 7, 8), made a project with the students on the topic: “Russian heroes” created a film about modern heroes.

Chapter II Conclusions

Thus, we carried out research work in order to investigate what qualities real heroes should have and to find out whether there are modern heroes, we set ourselves the following tasks:

Thus, the totality of military prowess and a kind, honest disposition are the main features of the Russian hero, but physical prowess alone is not enough, it is also necessary that all the activities of the hero have a religious and patriotic character. In general, people idealize their heroes, and if they hyperbolically represent their physical qualities: strength, dexterity, heavy gait, deafening voice, prolonged sleep, then nevertheless they do not have that brutal gluttony of other monstrous giants who appear in epics, who do not belong to the category of heroes .

Conclusion

Based on the main goal of our work - to explore what qualities real heroes should have and find out if modern heroes exist:

Selected and studied the literature on this topic.

We learned from additional literature who the heroes are, studied legends and epics with epic heroes. We found out what qualities real heroes possessed.

A survey was conducted among students in grades 2-4 and their parents in order to find out what epic heroes they know, what qualities heroes should have, how they learned about heroes, whether it is possible to become a hero now, whether it is honorable to be a hero and analyze the results.

3 . We interviewed the librarian of the school library in order to find out what books modern children read.

4 . We analyzed the people of what professions can be attributed to modern heroes.

6 . They created a film about modern heroes, to release a panel on the topic: "Russian heroes"

During the study, our hypothesis was confirmed. We are confident that the topic of our research is very important for any generation, because we must know our past, the great deeds of our people, our heroes. They are an example of courage and valor, the pride of our land and bring up the Russian spirit in us.

We think that if we combine the qualities of athletes, military leaders and people's volunteers together, then we will get the image of a real hero.

In our time, Russia needs heroes.

Bibliography

1. Anikin V.P. Epics. Russian folk tales. Chronicles. Moscow: Higher school, 1998.

2. Epics. Russian folk tales. M.: Children's literature, 2002.

3. Epics. Russian folk tales. Old Russian stories / Anikin V.P., Likhachev D.S., Mikhelson T.N. M.: Children's literature, 2009.

4. Rybakov B.A. Russia: Legends. Epics. Chronicles. M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences, 1998.

5. Selivanov V.I. Bogatyr epic of the Russian people / Epics. M.: Children's literature, 2010, v.1. - p.5-25.

6. Wikipedia website

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B8

Pictures from the site on the Internet

http://go.mail.ru/search?mailru=1&q=%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0 %B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C

Thesaurus

Attachment 1.

Hero-element

Bogatyr	Description and skills
Gorynya (Sverni-mountain, Vertigor)	The mountain giant, possessing inhuman strength, twisted stones, broke mountains, violated (changed) the nature of things: “ It captures the mountain, carries it to the log and lays out the road, or shakes the mountain on the little finger "
Dubynya (Dubynech, Vernidub, Vyrvi-oak)	A forest giant with superhuman strength. In his forests, he behaved like a caring owner: “Dubye makes up (levels): which oak is high, that one shoves into the ground, and which is low, pulls from the ground” or “dubye tears”
Adoption (Usynych, Usynka, Krutius)	River giant, rules the water element : “he stole the river with his mouth, he catches fish with his mustache, he cooks and eats on his tongue, he dammed the river with one mustache, and along the mustache, as if over a bridge, footmen are walking, horseback riding, carts are riding, he is with a nail, a beard with an elbow, a mustache is dragged along the ground , wings lie a mile away.
Dunay Ivanovich	mighty hero, “The Danube is not like other heroes; obviously a stranger from other countries, exuberant in spirit, he is distinguished by some special proud posture. He was in the service of the Lithuanian king, was married to the youngest daughter of the king, Nastasya, a “warrior-woodpile”. In the epic, the Danube, in the competition, falls into Nastasya, and she dies. In despair, he threw himself on his spear and died next to his wife, the Danube River overflows, and the wife - the Nastasya River: “ And he fell on a knife with a zealous heart; Since that time, from hot blood, Mother Danube flowed»
Svyatogor	The bogatyr is a giant of incredible strength. " He is taller than the dark forest, he props up the clouds with his head. He gallops along the Holy Mountains - the mountains stagger under him, he will drive into the river - water splashes out of the river. There is no one with whom Svyatogor can measure his strength. To travel around Russia, to take a walk with other heroes, to fight with enemies, to shake the strength of a hero, but the trouble is: the earth does not hold him, only stone cliffs under his weight do not collapse, do not fall.

Annex 2

Bogatyr-man

Bogatyr	Description and skills
Mikula Selyaninovich	Strongly powerful hero-plowman (oratay). He is stronger than not only Volga, but also his entire squad. ... a good friend of a bipod is spinning around, but the midges cannot pull it out of the ground ... Then an oratayushko came to a maple bipod. After all, he took the bipod with one hand, he pulled the bipod out of the ground ... ". Mikula helped defend his land from enemies, but he did not give up his agricultural work. He said: " Who will feed Russia then? Mikula's strength is in connection with the land and the common people.
Alyosha Popovich	Russian young hero from Rostov, who was distinguished by strength, courage, prowess, onslaught, audacity, resourcefulness, sharpness and cunning. Where there was not enough strength in battle, he won with ingenuity. He is boastful, overly sly and evasive. He is distinguished by decisiveness, wit and cheerfulness. Knows how to call for help natural phenomena (rain, hail ..) “... Alyosha had a profitable prayer ...”
Nikitich	Russian hero from Ryazan, warrior hero and diplomat (negotiated without bloodshed). He combined great strength, boundless courage and courage, military skill, nobility of thoughts and deeds, education, foresight and foresight. He knew how to sing, play the harp, was skilled in chess, and had outstanding diplomatic skills. Dobrynya in all epics expresses his heroic qualities, jealously protects the dignity of the Russian warrior, he is reasonable in speeches, restrained, tactful, caring son and faithful husband.
Ilya Muromets	The great Russian hero from near Murom, a hero-peasant. He has great spiritual power. And endowed with powerful physical strength. He is distinguished by selfless, unbounded love for the motherland (patriotism), a sense of justice, self-esteem, courage, courage and prowess. He is honest to the smallest detail and straightforward. He is magnanimous and kind when it does not concern enemies. This is a mature and experienced defender of the Russian land.

Appendix 3

Prominent people of Russia

Athletes: legendary champions - wrestlers I.M. Poddubny and I. S. Yarygin; champions - weightlifters V.I. Alekseev and L.I. Zhabotinsky and others.
Ivan Maksimovich Poddubny (1871-1949) professional wrestler and athlete	He comes from a poor peasant family from the Poltava region to a poor peasant family. From an early age, he helped his father plow the land, thresh rye. The simplicity of the peasant way of life, the hard physical labor laid down unusual perseverance in the character of the boy, helped to accumulate powerful strength, for which the Russian nugget became famous in the future. While working as a loader in the Sevastopol port, he shouldered a huge box, which was beyond the power of even three, rose to his full huge height and walked up the trembling gangway. Honored Artist of Russia (1939), Honored Master of Sports (1945). Cavalier of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1939) "in the development of Soviet sports." In 1905-08. world champion in classical wrestling among professionals. Wrestled in the circus arena until the age of 70. For 40 years of performances, he has not lost a single competition. He won brilliant victories over almost all the strongest professional wrestlers in the world, for which he was recognized as the "champion of champions". This title was awarded to him by popular rumor. The people called him "Ivan the Invincible", "Thunderstorm of Champions", "Man-Mountain", "Ivan Iron". When the occupation of the Germans began in the Second World War, Poddubny's heart was already aching at that time, he was 70 years old, but he refused to be evacuated and stayed. The Germans offered him to train German wrestlers, but he remained faithful to his homeland: “I am a Russian wrestler. I will remain“After the liberation of Yeysk, Ivan Maksimovich traveled to nearby military units and hospitals, spoke with memories and raised the morale of the people. A monument was erected in Yeysk, there is a museum and a sports school named after him. On the gravestone of I.M. Poddubny is carved: "Here lies the Russian hero."
Warlords: the great Russian commander A.V. Suvorov; Russian commander, Field Marshal M.I. Kutuzov; marshals commanders of the Great Patriotic War A.M. Vasilevsky and G.K. Zhukov; air marshals I.N. Kozhedub and A.I. Pokryshkin and others.
Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov (1730-1800) great Russian commander	Born into a military family of noble origin. He spent his childhood on his father's estate in the countryside. Suvorov grew weak, was often sick, but from an early age, the craving for military affairs and the decision to become a military man inspires Suvorov to strengthen his body. He hardens and goes in for physical exercises, in any weather he makes long journeys on foot, develops endurance. During his life, the legendary commander fought 63 battles, and all of them were victorious; passed all stages of army service - from private to generalissimo. In two wars against the Ottoman Empire, Suvorov was finally recognized as the "first sword of Russia." Awarded with numerous awards. Possessing extraordinary personal courage, he threw himself into the heat of battle, paying for it with repeated wounds. Unselfishness, generosity, good nature, ease of handling attracted all hearts to him. Suvorov showed a humane attitude towards the civilian population and prisoners, severely pursued looting. Suvorov's patriotism was based on the idea of serving the fatherland, a deep belief in the high combat abilities of the Russian warrior ( "In the world there is nowhere a braver Russian"). Suvorov entered the history of Russia as an innovative commander who made a huge contribution to the development of military art, developed and implemented an original system of views on the methods and forms of warfare and combat, education and training of troops. Suvorov's strategy was offensive in nature. Suvorov's strategy and tactics were outlined in his work "The Science of Victory". The essence of his tactics is the three martial arts: eye, speed, onslaught. His name has become synonymous with victory, military skill, heroism and patriotism. The Suvorov heritage is still used in the training and education of Russian troops. “My offspring, please take my example! ..”
Officers and privates of the Great Patriotic War. They are all true heroes of our country. They showed steadfastness, courage, ardent love for the Motherland, fought without sparing their lives for our future and the future of Russia. We will always remember their deeds!

Appendix 4

In library…

Appendix 5

Who would you like to be like? (in %)

The main qualities of a hero? (in %)

How did you find out about the heroes? (in %)

Can a woman be a hero?

Are there any heroes now?

Is it honorable to be a hero in our time?

Appendix 6

Interview with a librarian

Annex 7

Classroom hour

"Bogatyrs - defenders of the Russian land"

Not so long ago we celebrated the holiday "Defender of the Fatherland Day". Motherland, Fatherland - holy, dear words for every person. It is the duty of the people to defend their land. Defenders are serving in the name of the fatherland.

Strong and mighty Russia. Russia has always been famous for its defenders from ordinary soldiers to generals. The famous commander Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov believed that there is no better soldier than a Russian anywhere in the world. He himself will not disappear, and he will save his comrade, and where his strength decreases, he will reach with ingenuity. And the opinion of the legendary generalissimo can be trusted. The Russian soldier is truly rich.

Historically, our people had to fight against foreign invaders for centuries. The names of the Kyiv princes Svyatoslav Igorevich and Vladimir the Red Sun sounded menacing for the Polovtsians, Khazars, and Pechenegs.

Where do Russian soldiers draw their inexhaustible strength from? They say that they inherited it from distant ancestors, about whom songs and legends are composed - from epic heroes who lived 1000 years ago, but the glory of their exploits, as the defenders of the Russian land and their Fatherland, has come down to our days from ancient times. . We will talk about these strongmen, intercessors and just warriors today.

Glory to our side

Glory to Russian antiquity!

And about this old

I'll start telling you

For all of you to know

About the affairs of the native land.

Times are different now

Like thoughts and deeds -

Russia has gone far

From the country that was!

Smart, strong our people

Looking far ahead

But the legends of old

We must not forget!

Glory to Russian antiquity,

Glory to our side!

Strong as a free wind

Mighty like a hurricane.

He protects the earth

From the evil bastards!

He is rich in good power,

He protects the capital city.

Saves the poor and children

And old people and mothers!

Our mother Russia is great!

High is the heavenly height,

Deep is the depth of the ocean-sea,

Wide expanse over the whole earth.

Sorochinskiye mountains are deep,

The dark forests of Bryansk,

Smolensk stones are large,

Fast - bright Russian rivers.

And also strong, mighty heroes in glorious Russia.

The Russian land is glorious with heroes!

What associations do you have with the word "hero"? (strong, brave, fearless, protector...)

And how does the explanatory dictionary interpret the meaning of this word?

Let us turn to the dictionary of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov.

Bogatyr - 1) the hero of Russian epics, performing military feats in the name of the Motherland. 2) a man of immense strength, stamina, courage.

Complete the task: choose cards with those words that fit the description of the image of the hero.

Strong, lazy, warrior, defender, fool, brave, kind, cowardly, evil, weak.

What is the name of the folk songs in which the heroic deeds are glorified? (epics)

It has long been loved in Russia to get together on long winter evenings or bad weather. They wove nets, repaired fishing gear, made various household utensils, and the storyteller said in a singsong voice:

You listen, good people,

Yes, my epic, the truth - the truth!

And what is an "epic"?

Let's turn to the dictionary.

Bylina- Russian folk epic song about heroes.

(Russian folk song legend)

The word "epic" - comes from the word "true", that is, what you really were. They were created for performance at holidays, at feasts. They were performed by special people - storytellers who, from memory, recited epics in a singsong voice and accompanied themselves on the harp.

Let's hear the harp play.

Remember, guys, the names of Russian heroes.

Each of us knows the names of these glorious heroes from childhood.

Russian artist - Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov, depicted portraits of the most famous heroes in his famous painting.

What do you think the name of this painting is? The picture is called "Bogatyrs".

(reproduction of V.M. Vasnetsov's painting "Bogatyrs" is shown)

What helped you guess that the name of the painting is "Bogatyrs"?

Vasnetsov worked on the painting "Bogatyrs" for about 20 years.

Against the backdrop of the boundless steppe, the artist depicted three heroes guarding the borders.

What heroes are depicted on it? (Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich)

What are rich people doing? (All three vigilantly peer into the distance; does not threaten the Russian land with trouble.)

They are ready to stand up for the Motherland. Behind them is the whole Russian land - its fields, forests, rivers.

The picture convinces us that the Russian land is strong and powerful. And she is not afraid of any enemy. Kyiv-grad stands on high hills. In the old days, it was surrounded by an earthen rampart, surrounded by deep ditches.

Steppes stretched beyond the forests without end and without edge. And a lot of goryushka came from these steppes to Russia. Nomads flew from them to Russian villages - they burned and robbed, took Russian people into captivity.

And in order to save the Russian land from enemies, they began to set up small fortresses in the steppes - heroic outposts. They guarded the path to Kyiv, protected from enemies and strangers. And the bogatyrs began to ride across the steppe on bogatyr horses. Vigilantly they peered into the distance - not to see enemy fires, not to hear the clatter of other people's horses?

Days and months, years and decades, Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich protected their native land - all of them in the steppe and in the open field carried out military service. Occasionally they gathered in the courtyard of Prince Vladimir to rest - to listen to the guslars, to talk to each other.

The main friend of the heroes was a horse, a horse. What is on a horse is called a harness. What does this include? (bridle, stirrups, saddle)

The heroes rode tirelessly on mighty horses, in heroic equipment, and armed, to defend the Russian land.

How are the heroes dressed? (A chain mail is put on the body - an iron shirt)

Why does the rich need it? (She protected the heroes from the blows of a spear, arrows and a sword). The chain mail weighed 7 kilograms.

What is worn on the heads of heroes? (Helmet)

The helmet was made of metal, it was decorated with an ornament, a pattern. And who was richer, decorated the helmet with gilding, silver plates. The helmet protected the head of the warrior - the hero from blows.

What other armor do the heroes have? (Shields, bow, quiver with arrows, flail, club, ax, sword - mace)

The sword was the main weapon of warriors - heroes and warriors - warriors at that time in Russia. The sword was a Russian weapon. An oath was sworn on swords, the sword was revered. It was an expensive weapon, it was inherited from father to son. The sword was carried in a scabbard to keep it from rusting. The sword hilt and scabbard were decorated with ornaments and patterns. The patterns on the scabbard and hilt of the sword were applied not only for the purpose of decoration, but also in order to help their owner, who wields the sword.

Ilya Muromets is the most famous and, at the same time, the most mysterious hero of the Russian epic. It is difficult to find such a person in Russia who would never have heard of this glorious hero from the ancient city of Murom.

But Ilya Muromets did not immediately become a hero. He sat in jail for thirty years and three years, and let's see what happened next.

(View snippet)

Ilya Muromets embodies the best qualities of a person: courage, honesty, loyalty, love for the motherland. Epics tell about his miraculous strength, about the fight against the Nightingale the Robber. (Slide 29)

The images of heroes are the national standard of courage, justice, patriotism and strength. No wonder one of the first Russian aircraft, which had an exceptional carrying capacity for those times, was named - "Ilya Muromets".

For many modern people, it is a revelation that the popular hero of the epic is revered as a saint by the Russian Orthodox Church. Ilya Muromets was officially canonized in 1643 among sixty-nine saints of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. The memory of the holy hero is celebrated on January 1. The relics of the monk are still in the caves of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra in Kyiv.

The memory of Ilya Muromets has always been kept in his homeland - in the village of Karacharovo and the city of Murom, where they did not doubt his real existence and origin. And where a monument was erected to him.

Dobrynya Nikitich is the second most popular hero of the epos of Kievan Rus after Ilya Muromets.

He is often portrayed as a service hero under Prince Vladimir. Dobrynya is the hero closest to the prince and his family, who fulfills their personal assignments and is distinguished not only by courage, but also by diplomatic abilities.

He embodies education, excellent upbringing, knowledge of etiquette, the ability to play the harp, intelligence (Dobrynya plays chess superbly). In epics, he often represents the interests of Prince Vladimir in foreign lands. He, like all heroes, is brave and courageous. Already from childhood (from the age of 12 or 15), Dobrynya has excellent command of weapons.

Dobrynya Nikitich became famous for defeating the Fire Serpent in a difficult battle, freeing many people, among them the niece of Prince Vladimir, Zabava Putyatichna.

Alyosha Popovich - the youngest of the three heroes, the main heroes of the Russian epic

Alyosha Popovich is the son of the Rostov priest Levontiy. He often visited fairs, helped people and had heroic strength. Alyosha Popovich is distinguished by courage, daring, onslaught, on the one hand, and resourcefulness, sharpness, cunning, on the other.

Alyosha Popovich saves the prince's wife Apraksia from Tugarin Zmeevich, and the Russian people from incredible hardships and taxes.

Volga Svyatoslavich is a hero of Russian epics. As a child, Volga grows by leaps and bounds, and soon becomes a powerful hero, possessing not only the art of fighting enemies, but also the ability to understand the language of birds and animals and turn around different animals.

(View snippet)

There are other epics - about the heroes of peaceful labor. The most famous of them is about the plowman - the hero Mikul Selyaninovich. He plows the land, feeds Russia. In the epics of Mikula Selyaninovich, the Russian people so exalted his work that no one could compare with him in strength and power.

Volga, bowed to the plowman:

- Oh, you, glorious plowman, mighty hero, you go with me for a comrade ...

The plowman removed the silk tugs from the plow, unharnessed the gray filly, sat on her astride and set off.

The fellows galloped halfway. The plowman says to Volga Vseslavevich:

- Oh, we did something wrong, we left a plow in the furrow. You sent fellow vigilantes to pull the bipod out of the furrow, shake the earth out of it, put the plow under the willow bush. Volga sent three vigilantes. They turn the bipod this way and that, but they cannot lift the bipod from the ground.

Twice Volga sent combatants to pull out that plow, on the third time he himself and his squad did not overcome the whole. Mikula pulled out that plow with one hand.

They know the epics of a wonderful musician - this is Sadko, a Novgorod merchant. No one can compare with him in the art of playing the harp. And once the King of the Sea himself heard and invited him to visit him.

The oldest epic is considered to be about Svyatogor the Bogatyr or Kolyvan, as he is also called.

Svyatogor is a Russian hero, of enormous growth, incredible strength. He is taller than a dark forest, props up the clouds with his head. He gallops along the Holy Mountains - the mountains stagger under him, he will drive into the river - water splashes out of the river. Svyatogor has no one to measure his strength with. To travel around Russia, to take a walk with other heroes, to fight with enemies, to shake the heroic strength, but the trouble is: the earth does not hold him, only stone cliffs under his weight do not collapse, do not fall, here there he lived. It is hard for Svyatogor from his strength.

When the heroes gathered all together, they became so strong that it was impossible to defeat them. This is what proverbs say.

Task: collect proverbs

The hero is not by birth glorious, …………. but a feat.

There is nothing better than that…………. than to protect their native land from enemies.

Courage ………. the strength of the governor.

To the brave to sip peas, ……… but to the timid and not to see the cabbage soup.

Our conversation about Russian heroes has come to an end. Heroes of epics, their feats of arms remain in memory for a long time.

Remember: there is always a place for a feat. There are always those who need your protection, support, approval, friendly smile. I wish you peace, good luck, kindness, happiness.

Annex 8

Most Russians can name only three of the most famous ancient Russian heroes (Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich), although in fact there were many more. This post will help correct this state of affairs, which will introduce us to the unfairly forgotten heroes of epics and legends.

Svyatogor

One of the most ancient heroes of the Russian epic epic. Svyatogor - the giant hero is so big and strong that even Mother Earth Cheese could not withstand him. However, Svyatogor himself, according to the epic, could not overcome the “earthly pull” contained in the bag: trying to raise the bag, he went to the ground with his feet.

Mikula Selyaninovich

The legendary plowman-hero, with whom you can not fight, because "the whole family of Mikuls loves Mother - Cheese Earth." According to one of the epics, it was Mikula Selyaninovich who asked the giant Svyatogor to pick up a bag that had fallen to the ground. Svyatogor could not do this.
Then Mikula Selyaninovich raised the bag with one hand and said that it contained "all the burden of the earth." Folklore says that Mikula Selyaninovich had two daughters: Vasilisa and Nastasya. And they became the wives of Stavr and Dobrynya Nikitich, respectively.

Volga Svyatoslavich

Volga is one of the most ancient heroes in Russian epics. His distinguishing features were the ability to shapeshift and the ability to understand the language of birds and animals. According to legend, Volga is the son of a snake and Princess Marfa Vseslavievna, who miraculously conceived him by accidentally stepping on a snake. When he saw the light, the earth trembled and a terrible fear fettered all living beings.
An interesting episode of the meeting between Volga and Mikula Selyaninovich is described by epics. During the collection of taxes from the cities of Gurchevets and Orekhovets, Volga met the plowman Mikula Selyaninovich. Seeing a mighty hero in Mikul, Volga called him with him to the squad to collect taxes.
Having driven off, Mikula remembered that he had forgotten the plow in the ground. Twice Volga sent combatants to pull out that plow, on the third time he himself and his squad did not overcome the whole. Mikula pulled out that plow with one hand.

Sukhman Odikhmantievich

Hero of the Kyiv epic cycle. According to legend, Sukhman goes to get a white swan for Prince Vladimir. During the trip, he sees that the Nepra River is fighting the Tatar force, which is building Kalinov bridges on it in order to go to Kyiv. Sukhman beats the Tatar force, but during the battle he gets wounds, which he covers with leaves.
Sukhman returns to Kyiv without the swans. Prince Vladimir does not believe him and orders him to be imprisoned for boasting in the cellar, and sends Dobrynya Nikitich to find out if Sukhman told the truth, and when it turns out that the truth is, Vladimir wants to reward Sukhman; but he removes the leaves from the wounds and bleeds. The river Sukhman flowed from his blood.

Dunay Ivanovich

One of the most popular heroic images in Russian epics. Unlike the three main characters of the epic (Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich), Danube Ivanovich is a tragic character.
According to legend, during the wedding, Danube and Nastasya Korolevichna, who was also a hero, begin to brag, Danube - courage, and Nastasya - accuracy. They arrange a duel and Nastasya shoots the silver ring lying on the head near the Danube three times.
Unable to recognize the superiority of his wife, Danube orders her to repeat the dangerous test in the reverse version: the ring is now on Nastasya's head, and Danube shoots. The arrow of the Danube hits Nastasya.
She dies, and the Danube finds out, “spreading her womb”, that she was pregnant with a wonderful baby: “knee-deep legs in silver, elbow-deep little hands in gold, frequent stars on her braids.” The Danube rushes to his saber and dies next to his wife, the Danube River originates from his blood.

Mikhailo Potyk

One of the minor heroes. He is known only in northern Russian epics as a handsome man and snake fighter. There are several legends about him. According to one of them, while hunting, Mikhailo met a swan who turned into a girl - Avdotya Lebed Belaya. They got married and took an oath that if someone dies earlier, then the survivor will be buried with the deceased in the same grave.
When Avdotya died, Potyk, along with her corpse, was lowered into the grave, on a horse in full armor. A snake appeared in the grave, which the hero killed, and with his blood he resurrected his wife. According to other epics, the wife drugged Potyk and turned him to stone, and she herself fled with Tsar Koshchei.
The comrades of the hero - Ilya, Alyosha and others, save Potyk and avenge him by killing Koshchei and quartering the unfaithful White Swan.

Hoten Bludovich

A hero in Russian epics, acting in one epic as a matchmaker and groom. The story of Khoten and his bride is almost an old Russian story of Romeo and Juliet. According to legend, the Mother of Khoten, a widow, at one feast wooed her son to the beautiful China Sentinel. But the girl's mother answered her with an insulting refusal, which was heard by all the feasters.
When Khoten found out about this, he went to the bride and she agreed to marry him. But the girl's mother was categorically against it. Then Khoten demanded a duel and beat the nine brothers of his bride. China's mother asks the prince for an army to deal with the hero, but Khoten also defeats him. After that, Hoten marries the girl, taking a rich dowry.

Nikita Kozhemyaka

Formally, he does not belong to the heroes, but he is a snake-fighter hero. According to legend, the daughter of the prince of Kyiv was carried away by a serpent and kept in captivity. Having learned from the serpent himself that he is afraid of only one person in the world - Nikita Kozhemyaku, she sends a letter with a dove to her father with a request to find this hero and encourage him to fight the serpent.
When the envoys of the prince entered the hut of Kozhemyaki, who was busy with his usual business, out of surprise he rips through 12 skins. At the prince's first request to fight the snake, Nikita refuses. Then the prince sends the elders to him, who also could not persuade Nikita. For the third time, the prince sends children to the hero, and their crying touches Nikita, he agrees.
Wrapped in hemp and smeared with resin to become invulnerable, the hero fights with the snake and frees the prince's daughter. Further, as the legend says, the snake, defeated by Nikita, begs him for mercy and offers to share the land equally with him. Nikita forges a plow of 300 pounds, harnesses a snake into it and draws a furrow from Kyiv to the Black Sea; then, starting to divide the sea, the serpent drowns.

Vasily Buslaev

Also formally not a hero, but a very strong hero, representing the ideal of valiant and boundless prowess. From childhood, Vasily was a daredevil, did not know any constraints and did everything just the way he liked. At one of the feasts, Vasily bets that he will fight at the head of his squad on the Volkhov bridge with all the Novgorod peasants.
The battle begins, and Vasily's threat to beat all opponents to the last is close to being carried out; only the intervention of Vasily's mother saves the Novgorodians. In the next epic, feeling the weight of his sins, Basil goes to pray for them in Jerusalem. But the pilgrimage to holy places does not change the character of the hero: he defiantly violates all prohibitions and dies in the most ridiculous way on the way back, trying to prove his youth.

Duke Stepanovich

One of the most original heroes of the Kyiv epic epic. According to legend, Duke arrives in Kyiv from “Rich India”, which, apparently, was the name of the Galicia-Volyn land. Upon arrival, the Duke begins to brag about the luxury of his city, his own wealth, his clothes, which his horse brings daily from India, and finds the wine and rolls of the prince of Kyiv tasteless.
Vladimir, in order to test Duke's boasting, sends an embassy to Duke's mother. As a result, the embassy admits that if you sell Kyiv and Chernigov and buy papers for an inventory of Dyukov's wealth, then that paper will not be enough.

Bogatyrs are the epic defenders of the Russian Land, the "superheroes" of the Russian people for many centuries. Let's remember the main ones.

THE OLDEST (DOVLADIMIROV)

Svyatogor

Megahero. But the hero of the "old world". The giant, the elder hero the size of a mountain, whom even the earth does not hold, lies on the mountain in inactivity. Epics tell about his meeting with earthly cravings and death in a magical grave. Many features of the biblical hero Samson were later transferred to Svyatogor. It is difficult to determine exactly its ancient origin. In the legends of the people, the veteran hero transfers his strength to Ilya Muromets, whose image dates back to the Gothic times of the 5th century. (Ilya Russian Tidrek-saga and others).

Mikula Selyaninovich. Bogatyr-plowman

Volga Svyatoslavovich. Magus Bogatyr

Supporters of the "historical school" in the study of epics believe that the prototype of the epic Volga was some ancient tribal leader who went on a campaign for women and cattle. He was often associated with the ancient Russian princes Oleg Veshchim (X century) and Vseslav Polotsky (XI century). Volga is a difficult hero, he has the ability to be a werewolf, he knows how to understand the language of animals and birds.

Sukhman Odikhmantievich. Insulted hero

In the epic of the Kyiv cycle, Sukhman goes to get a white swan for Prince Vladimir (there is already an archaic plot that connects Sukhman with a priest who could not “bleed” his hands and injure a sacrificial animal), but on the way he comes into battle with the Tatar horde, putting Kalinov bridges on the river Continuous Sukhman defeats the Tatars, but in battle he receives wounds that he seals up with leaves. Returning to Kyiv without a white swan, he tells the prince about the battle, but the prince does not believe him and imprisons Sukhman in prison until clarification. Dobrynya goes to the Nepra and learns that Sukhman did not lie. But it's' too late. Sukhman feels shamed, peels off the leaves and bleeds. From his blood begins the Sukhman River. According to many researchers, the link to Vladimir of this hero is late.

VLADIMIROV TIME

Ilya Muromets. Holy hero

Ilya Muromets canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church, this is the main Russian hero. Nevertheless, this is the only hero who, according to an absolutely pagan tradition, knocked down golden domes from churches and sold them in a tavern. Ilya Muromets is the main character not only of Russian epics, but also, for example, German epic poems of the 13th century. In them, he is also called Ilya, he is also a hero, yearning for his homeland. Ilya Muromets is also found in the Scandinavian sagas, in them he, no less, is the blood brother of Prince Vladimir.

Nikitich. Bogatyr with connections

Alyosha Popovich. junior

Duke Stepanovich. Rich and famous

Duke Stepanovich arrives in Kyiv from conditional India, behind which, according to folklorists, in this case the Galicia-Volyn land is hiding, or the Baltic Pomerania arranges a boasting marathon in Kyiv, passes tests from the prince, and continues to brag. As a result, Vladimir learns that Duke is really very rich and offers him citizenship. But Duke refuses, because "if you sell Kyiv and Chernigov and buy papers for an inventory of Dyukov's wealth, then there will not be enough paper."

Dunay Ivanovich. tragic hero

According to the epics about the Danube, it was from the blood of the hero that the river of the same name began. The Danube is a tragic hero. He loses to his wife, Polanica (probably of Sarmatian origin) Nastasya (daughter of Mikula) in archery competitions, accidentally hits her when trying to win back, finds out that Nastasya was pregnant and throws her chest on her sword (or spear).

Michael Potyk. Faithful husband

Folklorists disagree on who Mihailo Potyk (or Potok) should be related to. Similarities with his image of the image are found in the Bulgarian heroic epic, and in Western European fairy tales, and even in the Mongolian epic "Geser". According to one of the epics, Potok with his wife Marya Lebedya Belaya gives a vow that whoever of them dies first, the second is buried next to the grave alive. When Avdotya dies, Potok is buried nearby in full armor and on horseback, about fighting the dragon and reviving his wife with his blood. When he himself dies, Marya is buried with him.

Hoten Bludovich. Bogatyr-groom

Bogatyr Khoten Bludovich, for the sake of a wedding with an enviable bride, Chayna Chesova, first beats her nine brothers, then a whole army hired by her future mother-in-law. As a result, the hero receives a rich dowry and appears in the epic as a hero "who married well."

OTHER.

Nikita Kozhemyaka. serpent fighter

Bova Royal. Popular hero

Vasily Buslaev. Zealous hero

Anika warrior. Bogatyr in words

Anika warrior is still called today a person who likes to show off his strength far from danger. Unusual for a Russian epic hero, the name of the hero is most likely taken from the Byzantine legend about the hero Digenis, who is mentioned there with the constant epithet anikitos. Anika the warrior in verse boasts of strength and offends the weak, he is shamed for this by death itself, Anika challenges her and dies.