Influence of stereotypes (examples)

Jack Nachbar and Kevin Lauze, authors of the study "Introduction to Popular Culture," note that stereotypes are an integral part of popular culture. They can be formed on the basis of age ("Young people listen only to rock and roll"), gender ("all men want only one thing from women"), race ("the Japanese are indistinguishable from each other"), religion ("Islam is a religion terror "), profession (" all lawyers are crooks ") and nationality (" all Jews are greedy "). There are also geographic stereotypes (for example, “life in small cities is safer than in megacities”), clothing (for example, “German cars are of the highest quality”), etc. Stereotypes in most cases are neutral, but when they are transferred from a specific person to a group of people (social, ethnic, religious, racial, etc.) often acquire a negative connotation. It is on stereotypes that such phenomena as racism, sexism, Islamophobia, etc., are based.

Sarah Khan, a professor at the University of San Francisco, has published an article in the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology in which she argues that trusting stereotypes is extremely dangerous. The stereotype has cognitive and motivational functions. From a cognitive point of view, the stereotype is a double-edged weapon - it provides information in an easy and digestible form. However, this information is very far from reality and can disorient a person. From a motivational point of view, stereotypes are even more unreliable. A person who bases his decisions on mass perceptions rather than facts is at serious risk. Probably the most capacious falsity of stereotypes was articulated by basketball star Charles Buckley, who stated: “You understand that the world is not what you thought when you learn that the best rapper is white (meaning the singer Eminem), the best golfer is black, the tallest basketball player is Chinese (NBA superstar Yao Ming, 2m 29cm), and the Germans don't want to fight in Iraq. "

Fred Jandt, professor at California State University at San Bernardino and author of An Introduction to Intercultural Communication, notes that in most cases stereotypes are misused. Stereotypes are often a weapon of propaganda for racism and xenophobia. For example, anti-Semitic propaganda based on stereotypes was actively carried out in Germany in the 1920s-1930s - as a result, the German people were rather indifferent and even approving of the extermination of 6 million Jews.

For a long time in the United States, negative stereotypes towards blacks prevailed in the media (similar views can be traced in many works of literature and cinema - for example, modern African Americans have an extremely negative attitude towards the image of the protagonist of the famous novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe “Uncle Tom's Cabin "). Therefore, the struggle of African Americans for their civil rights was accompanied by a fight against habitual stereotypes: Martin Luther King actively opposed the prejudices against his race that had developed in American society. His secret opponent, FBI director Edgar Hoover, on the other hand, tried to reinforce negative stereotypes about blacks.

In 2002, Columbia University published the results of its research on the use of the death penalty in the world. As it turned out, the courts are initially biased towards certain groups of people. For example, death sentences in North America and Europe are more often imposed in regions where the percentage of blacks is higher. A black American is more likely to be sentenced to capital punishment than a white person who has committed a similar crime. The racial stereotypes of the jury are believed to be one of the reasons for this.

The stereotype tends to change depending on changing conditions. Gregory Tillett, author of Resolving Conflict. A hands-on approach notes that prejudice against migrants and immigrants tends to be based on two different stereotypes. During an economic downturn, the population perceives newcomers as invaders, taking away jobs from local residents. During the period of economic recovery, local residents pay attention primarily to the customs of migrants, which contradict local traditions. Whatever stereotype the hatred is based on, it makes it impossible to establish trusting and productive relationships with hated groups of the population. It is most difficult to combat the stereotypes prevailing in relations between two ethnic groups that have a long history of conflicts with each other.

Benjamin Barber, author of Jihad Against McMeer, believes that the current wave of international terrorism is largely driven by stereotypes. The Islamic world perceives the West as a world of materialism, consumerism, narcissism, immorality, etc. Naturally, such views are a breeding ground for the emergence of terrorists.

Stereotypes also exist in relations between peoples, which, in general, know each other well enough and have a common historical past. For example, such prejudices once again showed their strength in a situation where France did not support the United States on the Iraqi issue. Publications in both countries immediately appeared, recollecting old prejudices against the Americans and the French.

Pascal Baudry, a professor of business administration and head of the WDHB Consulting Group, a longtime US based, published the book “The French and the Americans. Another Shore ", in which he gave a list of qualities that, in the opinion of the French, a typical resident of the United States possesses. The American is friendly and outgoing, noisy, rude, intellectually underdeveloped, hardworking, extravagant, self-confident, full of prejudice, underestimating the achievements of other cultures, rich, generous, promiscuous and always in a hurry somewhere.

In turn, Harriet Rochefort, an American living in France, in the book "French Toast" gave a list of typical American ideas about the French. The French have a reputation for being lazy and not speaking English for ideological reasons. They are self-righteous, impolite and unpredictable, nevertheless, very helpful to the ladies and artistic. It is very difficult to get close to them. The French live in a bureaucratic socialist state and are completely dependent on officials. They do not know how to fight and the Americans had to save France twice in the 20th century. In addition, the French are unscrupulous, they eat snails and frogs.

What are stereotypes? I think that these are some generalizations (generalizations) of a certain human experience, and they arise due to the fact that we live in society. By the way, initially this concept came from the ancient Greek and consisted of two words "hard" + "imprint". This was the name of the printing device in the printing house, and then this concept began to be used in relation to the ways of thinking. After such analysis of the origin of the meaning of the word - it already becomes extremely unpleasant! No, I agree that stable life positions are very important for personal development and just for a normal human life. But this is in the case when you have fully thought them over, realized and can even justify. However, stereotypes are usually a rigid phenomenon, often very unconscious and, meanwhile, durable - a kind of ingrained part of thinking. Stereotypes do not even need to be specially trained, unlike other knowledge.

Examples of stereotypes

Simple common examples: "A beautiful and interesting woman already has a man", "By the age of 25, every normal girl should already be married and have a child", "Men don't cry", "A man should be the first to invite and confess his love." , "What is expensive is necessarily better than what is cheaper," "Every normal person should go to work," etc. and. etc. You yourself can remember more than one or two such examples, and maybe even talk about cases in your life when you suffered from the influence of stereotypes. For example, if a girl is already about 30 years old, then she is probably tired of hearing from friends and not so much, from close and distant questions on the topic: "When will a stork visit you?" Unfortunately, this happens all the time, influencing our life in a variety of ways - someone in a hurry gets married, someone cannot get to know someone they like (since that person: “Too handsome / rich / old / young ... "), someone literally drags their feet every day to boring work - and all this in order to be like everyone else, to save themselves from puzzled conversations and looks. As a result, many people feel unhappy ... In addition, if you do something that does not give you pleasure, but cannot stop, because you are afraid of judging others, then very soon you risk losing yourself among these others - Alas.

What can you recommend in order to get rid of the influence of stereotypes? Many psychologists will give very simple advice, which at first glance seems difficult: "Be yourself!" What does it mean? It means to believe in yourself, trust the world and, instead of listening to others, do what you think is right (unless, of course, this is connected with something socially dangerous). Hear yourself, your needs, use creativity and, most importantly, be happy! An unhappy person is incapable of developing, and without development there is no life. Therefore, discard all the stereotypes that prevent you from being happy! Although, if you really want to, then leave a couple of useful ones - protecting you from something bad (if you are really sure that it is bad)

And, finally, I will add - take responsibility for your life. to myself!

“Do not meet with him - he is good for you as a father”, “I need to lose weight, my waist is 3 centimeters more than normal”, etc. ... Before you are typical stereotypes that can often be found in modern society. Because of such prejudices, great love can be destroyed by a banal age difference, girls undermine their health, following the standards of 90-60-90, people prefer not to make friends with foreigners. The power of stereotypes is enormous. Let's see what it is, what harm a stereotype can do to personality development, and what benefit can be derived from this phenomenon.

What is a stereotype?

The etymology of this word goes back to typography. This was the name of the special clichés that were used in typewriters. Today, of course, everyone knows this word from another area closer to man - psychology. Depending on the scientific school, modern stereotypes can be interpreted in different ways. However, their general idea is the same - it is an established opinion about people, nationalities, actions or actions. The first scientist to use the word "stereotype" in relation to a psychological phenomenon was journalist Walter Lippmann. His work was written back in the 20s of the last century, during which time the methods of assessing stereotypes have changed.

What creates stereotypes of people? Where do they come from? Undoubtedly, a person uses his own experience, generalizes it, turns it into a stereotype. We are afraid to make another mistake, so we may, for example, not start business with people of a different nationality after a negative experience of communication with one of them. However, there is also a broader concept of social stereotypes. They are also created on the basis of experience, only this experience lasts for several centuries. It is experience and time that are the main sources of stereotypes. A social stereotype is not created in one day, but it is impossible to destroy it in one day. This takes a long time.

Features of stereotypes

According to Walter Lippmann's research, all stereotypes have four characteristics:
they are schematic, do not reflect reality in full;
they are false, do not give a real idea of ​​a person or an object;
they are tenacious, it takes time to destroy the stereotype;
they are rarely recreated by one person, they are usually the fruit of the work of society as a whole.

Types of stereotypes

An autostereotype is a person's idea of ​​himself, and a heterostereotype is an opinion about a large group of people, about a nationality or race. Heterostereotypes can change in different social groups. For some people, excessive economy may be considered prudence or thrift, while for others it will be greedy.

Individual stereotypes apply to only one person. They can be derived from negative or positive experiences. Social stereotypes are a fairly broad category, including political, ethnic, and gender stereotypes that accompany society as a whole.

Should you be afraid of stereotypes?

Naturally, an unmotivated fear of people of a different race, an unreasoned desire to look like catwalk stars is an ambiguous phenomenon that can scare us. The word has a negative connotation. However, a stereotype is a way to classify the modern world. Humanity is accustomed to distinguishing its own from others, these categories work not only to the detriment. We try to generalize our environment so as not to waste mental resources for constant assessment. Therefore, behavioral stereotypes are incredibly important. We immediately see whether a person belongs to the category of friends or foes, we understand what to expect from him. This economy, on the one hand, has a positive effect on our personality, we devote time to something else. But it is precisely in it that the negative influence of stereotypes on self-development lies.

Cons of stereotypes

A progressive person who pays attention to the development of his personality will certainly say that stereotypes are nonsense, that he will never give preference to a young person solely because of his age, will never refuse to help people of a different nationality. All this can be said with pathos and zeal, but after 5 minutes the same promising and self-developing person will laugh at the anecdote about blondes. Yes, the association of hair color with intelligence is also a stereotype. One gets the feeling that at some point, stereotypes cease to function as a filter, and begin to project negativity, distrust on people or actions that are considered “alien” in the value system. This is due to the fact that stereotypes are in the same chain with prejudices and prejudices. The last two concepts are already more negative, they can cause discrimination.

Stereotypes are our shield from reality... It protects us from grief or worries that we may have towards people marked in our minds as "strangers." That is, we cease to sympathize with people of a different race, religion, nationality solely because of the pressure of stereotypes. Naturally, such an approach is impossible for humanity, because stereotypes of society really become an excuse for insensibility.
However, not only a negative attitude towards a phenomenon or a social group can be called a minus of stereotypes. Positive biases lead to excessive gullibility, error, and deformation of the interpretation process. An elderly person may be more capable of work, but often they refuse to interview him, giving preference to a young specialist. Naturally, this bias negatively affects the company's success.

Where do stereotypes come from?

It is believed that social stereotypes are a long-standing phenomenon, carried through a generation. This is partly true, but a person absorbs all information about them from the environment, upbringing, stories and parental attitudes. Often a stereotype can be imposed by society. A person may not feel fear or dislike for a certain category of people and actions, but adopts alertness due to the fear of making a mistake. Although society tends to change its attitude towards stereotypes. Some phenomena can change dramatically over the years and centuries.

One of the visual ways to study your own stereotypes, based on implicit associations, is the Harvard University website. The tests are divided into categories - race, skin color, nationality. Simple tasks allow you to reveal your preferences. Probably, someone will be surprised by the data obtained, while someone, on the contrary, expects a similar result. It's worth trying, maybe the tests can open your eyes to many things.

Yes, it takes quite a long time to break stereotypes. It is likely that you may be wary of your colleague of a different nationality. But for the full development of personality, it is not necessary to give stereotypes power over common sense. Perhaps this colleague is able to work great with you as a team, as soon as you open up to him. And you can, breaking stereotypes, get rid of unmotivated negative attitudes.

Why are they so different? How to understand and form the character of your child Korneeva Elena Nikolaevna

Life stereotypes

Life stereotypes

Life stereotypes are a chain of habits, associated forms of behavior and the resulting character traits. They arise under the influence of the external conditions of life and activity, social prohibitions and freedoms, modes of work and rest, generally accepted ways of satisfying urgent needs, common among members of a given community of options for structuring time, the nature of their social activity.

The lifestyle and habits of the townspeople differ from the lifestyle and habits of the rural residents. The accelerated rhythm of life of the former, the saturation of each period of time with various events give rise to vanity and aloofness. Communication between residents of large cities is often superficial, rather ritual in nature: "Hello!" - "Hey! What's up?" - and fled. The spatial remoteness of their places of residence, partially compensated by technical means of communication, leads to the replacement of direct contacts with telephone conversations, "text messages", and the like. Warmth and soulfulness leave the relationship of people. It is one thing to "call back" and congratulate, say, a happy birthday or anniversary, and quite another to spend the evening together over a cup of tea and a birthday cake.

The way of life also determines the behavior of children and adolescents. Different external circumstances give rise to their own peculiar ways of satisfying the needs for new impressions, activity, communication, and the acquisition of social status.

Typical situations

We moved to the regional center about a year ago. In the village, it was very tight with work.

And here my husband immediately got a job at the firm, I entered graduate school. We bought an apartment. But the children cry, for all the holidays they are asked to send them back to their grandparents. There, everyone had their own company. From morning to night, they ran somewhere. And here they are sitting on the couch watching the TV. We ask: “Are there really no good guys at school? You don't have to be so arrogant! " And they just shrug their shoulders.

Until the age of five, Igor sat at home with his grandmother. Well, you know, age, the last grandson, the rest are almost adults. He adapted well in the garden, he likes it. It's more fun with the guys. But how has he changed: before he was quiet, meek, sat, constructed something. But now it's some kind of hurricane. Only that he does not walk on his ears! And you will not calm down in any way. Shouts, rushes, rattles. On weekends I would like to rest, but we have Sodom and Gomorrah. We are waiting - we can’t wait for Monday to send them back to the garden.

Let's take a look at the given examples.

The breakaway from the usual way of life led to the clash of children with new life stereotypes of their peers, but spending their time somehow differently. The alienness and incomprehensibility of these stereotypes determine in children an internal protest, possible aggressiveness, which parents take for conceit. These guys intuitively try to stick together, although the age difference used to lead to the fact that each had his own company. Their cohesion, affection for each other is caused rather not by mutual sympathy, but by the commonality of memories and the similarity of sensations from what is being experienced at the moment. A sad nostalgic mood, longing for what has been lost is nothing but a reaction to the breaking of the habitual stereotype of life.

Imagine that you had to spend a day at the train station or at the airport. You will also be overwhelmed by melancholy. You will also be wandering around recklessly, although the employees of these institutions will not experience anything like that. They, being in the same conditions as you, will be full of strength and energy, because the station life is familiar and understandable to them. As for the family that moved to the regional center, if there was one child in it, he would rather adapt to a new life, rebuilding his ideas and mastering new stereotypical forms of behavior. In this situation, children cling to each other like a saving straw and firmly believe that the old life was better than the current one.

In the second case, a change in the child's lifestyle is associated with a rather late admission to kindergarten. Before that, it was mainly my grandmother who was engaged in it, who had already managed to raise more than one grandchild. The position of the youngest in a large family clan, most likely, led to the fact that the child is accustomed to being in a special position, which implies permissiveness, the presence of privileges, universal love and adoration. Parents saw the child only in the evenings, when he, having run over and played enough, satisfying his curiosity, spends the rest of the day playing board games. It is no coincidence that a phrase about grandmother's old age sounded in the story. She, as an elderly person, with all her love for her grandson, could no longer satisfy his need for active cognitive activity, noisy ball games, agility and pranks, normal for the boy's age.

And now the child, after a riotous home life, when his habits to sleep late, eat what you want, do what your heart desires, has already formed, gets into a children's institution, where the regime is in the first place, in the second place is the group lessons conducted according to the schedule. There is one teacher for twenty-five to thirty children. Her task is to organize joint play activities of children, and not indulge the willful antics of everyone. And since it is precisely at the age of four to five that preschoolers have the most pronounced need for the approval of adults, then, most likely, in the kindergarten, the boy behaves in accordance with the requirements. But following the new stereotypes (being neat, polite, restrained, doing what they say, getting along with the children, not causing complaints) led to the fact that the child's behavior at home changed dramatically. Not a trace remained of the former calm. Since there are fewer restraining factors at home, because here he is still in a special position, Igor screams and rages, indulges in noisy pranks and antics. His behavior at home and in kindergarten is essentially the opposite. The old position in the new social conditions led to a change in the character of the child.

Life stereotypes give rise to socially typical forms of behavior and character traits of people. The presence of typical features does not deny our individuality, but makes us members of one social community, a group. This group can be quite large or small, but it necessarily has its own norms. Implemented over and over again by its members, they acquire the character of stereotypes.

Why, then, the participants in the same situation, the members of the same group, do not become an exact copy of each other? Because the strength of the same needs is not equal for different individuals. And natural prerequisites play an important role. But, nevertheless, it is safe to say that certain life stereotypes give rise to peculiar types of characters, as it were, they produce people with a certain mental makeup. Breaking stereotypes is inevitably reflected in the character traits of children, as well as older people.

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Part 3 STEREOTYPES

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Types of stereotypes

There are stereotypes-representations, stereotypes-behavior, stereotypes-situations and stereotypes-images.

Stereotype-representationthere is a certain structure of the mental-lingual complex, formed by an invariant set of valence bonds attributed to a given unit and representing an image, a representation of the phenomenon behind a given unit in its [image, presentation] national marking with a certain predictability of directed associative links (association vectors) ...

A stereotype, from the point of view of "content", is a certain fragment of the picture of the world that exists in the mind. This is some image-representation , it is a mental "picture", a kind of stable, minimized-invariant, due to the national-cultural specifics of the idea of ​​an object or a situation. And not about a specific object or situation that ever took place, but about an object or situation "in general."

Stereotypes of behavior represent invariants of activity, determine communicative behavior in a particular communicative situation and are stored in consciousness in the form stamps acting as canon. In other words, they dictate certain behavior.

Representation stereotypes are stored as cliche consciousness and function as etalons... They are also associated with speech behavior, characterizing it and manifesting in it, that is, they dictate not so much behavior itself as a set of associations and predetermine language shape expressing them. And since such stereotypes have a certain idea of ​​an object or a situation, they stand out, respectively, stereotype image (storage form - cliché) and stereotype-situation (the form of storage is a cliché, but the latter can be actualized in communication and as a stamp). Thus, at the first level, a stereotype of behavior (a stamp of consciousness) and a stereotype-representation (cliche) are distinguished; at the second level - a stereotype-situation (cliche / stamp) and a stereotype-image (cliche). Examples of such stereotypes include the following:

Image stereotypes: bee – hard worker; French – grace, exquisite, graceful; ram – stubborn; lemon– sour, yellow, and so on.

Stereotypes-situations: ticket – punch; stork – cabbage and so on.

Stereotypes-situations include certain (predictable, expected) behavior of communication participants. Thus, we can say that a stereotype-situation in some way predetermines a stereotype of behavior (for example, a stereotype-situation: transport - ticket; behavior stereotype: addressing the nearest passenger " Punch / Punch / Pass, Please " etc.).

The integrity of culture presupposes the development of stereotypes of culture - stereotypes of behavior, perception, understanding, communication, that is, stereotypes of the general picture of the world. Stereotypes have much in common with traditions, customs, myths, rituals, but they differ from the latter in that traditions and customs are characterized by their objectified significance, openness to others, and stereotypes remain at the level of hidden mindsets that exist among their own.

The set of stereotypical forms of behavior developed in each society is not limited to the sphere of ritual and custom. Standards of behavior are typical for many areas of activity, and, first of all, communication (etiquette), socialization of individuals, technological processes (work methods and skills), game behavior, etc. Human behavior in society is typified, that is, it obeys the norms developed in society, and therefore in many respects it is standard. The set of typical behavioral programs is specific for each team. Standardized behavior has its own variations. In accordance with the characteristics of social organization in the sphere of a given behavior, various types are distinguished: the behavior of a peasant, a warrior, a hunter, an intellectual, etc. In accordance with the criteria of biosocial division of the life path, the behavior of children, adults, old people, men, women differs.

Thus, in the culture of a particular people, stereotypes cover:

Verbal behavior;

Non-verbal behavior (facial expressions, gestures, etc.);

National character and ideas about it by other countries and peoples;

Social situations, behavior in social situations;

Features of life and Everyday life nation;

National cuisine;

Religious and national ceremonies.

So, since all people act in accordance with the expectations of their society, their behavior can be called stereotyped speech behavior. Stereotypes become such after repeated repetition and fixation in the minds of many people. Once formed, they acquire a high degree of stability and are difficult to modify.

At the communicative level, stereotyping occurs on the basis of:

1) accents (for example, the well-known Georgian accent in Russia or the southern accent in the USA: "Boy, I'm gonna book you for sassin 'a law officer");

2) manners of pronouncing words and setting stress;

3) features of intonation;

4) the rate of speech (for example, the speech of southerners in the United States is slower than northerners);

5) manners of speaking loudly or softly (Americans speak louder than most Europeans, for which the latter condemn them);

6) choice of vocabulary (there are certain words and phrases characteristic of certain groups of the population, such as words brother, goof and others in the speech of the "new Russians");

7) clichéd phrases;

8) syntactic features;

9) speech strategies;

10) communication distance (for example, the Russians and Americans have it less than the British, as a result of which the Russians perceive the Americans as more cordial, and the British as more detached).

There are various types of stereotypes at the language level that can interfere with intercultural communication:

1) racial;

2) ethnic;

3) geographical;

4) gender;

5) social;

6) political;

7) professional, etc.

In intercultural communication, stereotypes are the result of an ethnocentric reaction - an attempt to judge all groups of people from the standpoint of only their own culture. Often, when joining the MC and assessing their communication partners, communicants are already deliberately guided by previously established stereotypes. However, the degree of stereotyping is lower among individuals with experience of intercultural communication, who had the opportunity to be convinced of the falsity of certain stereotypes. In most cases, the degree of stereotyping is inversely proportional to the experience of intercultural interaction. However, this rule does not always work due to the individual characteristics of the communicants and can be aggravated by traits that are unfavorable for communication (ill will, bias, a tendency to criticism, etc.).

With regard to MK, there are exostereotypes, that is, external stereotypes that have developed among representatives of one culture about another, and endostereotypes, that is, myths about themselves that exist within a given culture.