Continuation
63. The teacher was malyavaya pamada and urinated with perfume (Essay on the topic "My favorite teacher")
64. While Pavel Vlasov spat on the decaying corpse of tsarism at the trial, his mother threw leaflets on this corpse in the street
65. Andriy! - cried Taras. - Than I gave birth to you, so I will kill!
66. Dubrovsky had intercourse with Masha through a hollow
67. Before us is Vasnetsov's painting "Three Heroes". Looking at the horse of Dobrynya Nikitich, we see that he is from a wealthy family. But the face of the horse Alyosha Popovich is not visible - he bent down
68. Someone walked in the bottom of Dubrovsky!
69. Warriors of Alexander Nevsky fought with knight-dogs with rubber swords
70. Lenin arrived in Petrograd, made a speech from an armored car, then sat on it and went to storm the Winter Palace
71. In 1968, the peasants were given passports and they began to travel around the country
72. The army of Ivan the Terrible approached Kazan and surrounded it
73. In the cave of primitive man, everything was made of animal skins, even the curtains on the windows
74. When gas was supplied to our village, all residents were connected to the gas pipeline
75. The girl ate the pie with the dog that was running after her
76. During the riot, women stole the entire seed fund of Davydov (From the essay on "Virgin Land Upturned")
77. The elk went to the edge of the forest and howled in frustration
78. Chelkash was walking along the road. His ripped pants showed his proletarian origins
79. Swallows flew across the sky and croaked loudly
80. Otelo went mad and killed Desdemona
81. Dubrovsky stood near the window, hands folded
82. A milkmaid spoke on the podium. Then the chairman climbed on it
83. The Seven Dwarfs loved Snow White very much, because she was kind, clean and did not refuse anyone
84. Raskolnikov woke up and sweetly reached for the ax. A corpse was lying on the floor and barely breathing, the wife of the corpse was sitting next to it, and the brother of the corpse was lying unconscious in another room.
85. On the river bank a milkmaid was milking a cow, but the opposite was reflected in the water.
86. Anna Karenina did not find a single real man and therefore lay down under the train
87. The poem is written in rhyme, which is often observed in the poet
88. Suvorov was a real man and slept with ordinary soldiers
89. Pushkin was sensitive in many places
90. The great Russian artist Levitan was born into a poor Jewish family
91. Of all the feminine charms, Maria Bolkonskaya had only eyes
92. Anna got along with Vronsky in a completely new, unacceptable way for the country.
93. Pushkin did not have time to dodge, and Dantes discharged the whole clip into him
94. The bears saw that the bear cub's bed was crumpled, and understood: Masha was here
95. It was quiet all around, as if everyone had died out ... What a beauty!
96. The sundial was ticking loudly in the room.
97. Since Pechorin is an extra person, writing about him is a waste of time
98. The train driver himself could not really explain how he found himself on Anna Karenina
99. Old Prince Bolkonsky did not want his son to marry Natasha Rostova, and gave him a year on probation
100. I really like the heroine of Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", especially when she dances at the ball with Stirlitz
101. Chickens, ducks and other household utensils walked around the yard
102. Denis Davydov turned his back to the women and shot twice
103. When the Russian warriors entered the battlefield, the Mongol-Tatar yoke jumped out from behind the mound
104. Prince Oleg was predicted that he would die from a snake that would crawl out of his skull
105. Pierre Bezukhov wore pantaloons with a high frill
106. The rider pinned the horse
107. Grandfather cured the hare and began to live with him
108. His eyes looked at each other with tenderness
109. Papa Carlo knocked out Buratino
110. Trinity was characteristic of Gogol's work. He stood with one foot in the past, with the other he entered the future, and between - he had a terrible reality
111. My feathered friend, a hamster, sits in a cage
112. It was quiet in the forest, but wolves howled around the corner
113. Vasya got himself a dog when he was still a puppy
114. The eyes of the goalkeeper, like the legs, ran after the sword
115. The girls walked and crunched their feet together
116. Anya, sitting on a chair, slept, and in passing ate a roll
117. A cow is a large animal with four legs at the corners.
118. We slept, but we could not sleep
119. Arsenic is used as a good sedative.
120. At the balls, he courted the ladies, but soon he got tired of these jokes
121. There were many pigeons on the roof. Sorok man
122. On a thin neck, entwined with sinews, an ordinary head was dangling
123 Scattered Dirty Footprints Scattered On The School Floor
124. Our distant ancestors made the revolution naked, barefoot, in bast shoes.
La guerre de cent ans is a tragic period in French history that claimed the lives of many thousands of French people. The armed conflict between England and France, which lasted with interruptions for 116 years (from 1337 to 1453), and if not for Jeanne D'Arc, who knows how it could have ended.
Today we will try to understand the causes and consequences of this war, which ended with the victory of France, but what did it cost her? So, we get comfortable in the time machine and go to the past, to the XIV century.
In the first half of the XIV century, namely after the death of the last representative of the royal dynasty of the Capetian (Les Capétiens) Charles IV in 1328, a difficult situation developed in France: the question arose, to whom to transfer the throne, if not a single Capetian remained in the male line?
Fortunately, the Capetian dynasty had relatives - the Counts of Valois (Charles of Valois was the brother of Philip IV the Fair). A council of representatives of noble French families decided that the crown of France should be transferred to the Valois family. So, thanks to the majority of votes on the Council, the Valois dynasty ascended to the French throne in the person of its first representative, King Philip VI.
All this time, England closely watched events in France. The fact is that the English king Edward III was the grandson of Philip IV the Fair, so he considered that he had the right to claim the French throne. In addition, the British were haunted by the provinces of Gien and Aquitaine (as well as some others), located in France. Once these provinces were the domain of England, but King Philip II Augustus took them back by recapturing them from England. After Philip VI of Valois was crowned in Reims (the city where the French kings were crowned), Edward III sent him a letter in which he expressed his claims to the French throne.
At first, Philip VI laughed when he received this letter, because the mind is incomprehensible! But in the fall of 1337, the British launched an offensive in Picardy (French province), and in France no one laughs anymore.
The most striking thing about this war is that throughout the history of the conflict, the British, that is, the enemies of France, from time to time support various French provinces, looking for their own benefit in this war. As the saying goes, "To whom the war, and to whom - the mother is dear." And now England is supported by the cities of the south-west of France.
From all of the above, it follows that England acted as the aggressor, and France had to defend its territories.
Les causes de la Guerre de Cent ans: le roi anglais Eduard III prétend àê tre le roi de France. L'Angleterre veut regagner les territoires françaises d'Auquitaine et de Guyenne.
French Armed Forces
Knight of the Hundred Years WarIt should be noted that the French army of the XIV century consisted of a feudal knightly militia, whose ranks included both noble knights and commoners, as well as foreign mercenaries (famous Genoese crossbowmen).
Unfortunately, the system of universal conscription, which formally existed in France, practically disappeared by the beginning of the Hundred Years War. Therefore, the king had to think and wonder: will the Duke of Orleans come to my aid? Will any other duke or count help with his army? However, the cities were capable of fielding large military contingents, which included cavalry and artillery. All soldiers received payment for their service.
Les forces armées françaises se composaient de la milice féodale chevaleresque. Le système de conscription universelle, qui existait formellement en France, au début de la guerre de Cent Ans presque disparu.
The beginning of the war
The beginning of the Hundred Years War, unfortunately, was successful for the enemy and unsuccessful for France. France suffered several defeats in a number of significant battles.
The French fleet, which prevented the landing of British troops on the continent, was almost completely destroyed in the naval battle of Slays in 1340. After this event, until the end of the war, the British fleet had supremacy at sea, controlling the English Channel.
Further, the troops of the French king Philip attacked Edward's army in the famous Battle of Crecy August 26, 1346. This battle ended in a disastrous defeat for the French forces. Philip then remained practically completely alone, almost all the army died, and he himself knocked on the doors of the first castle he came across and asked for an overnight stay with the words "Open the unfortunate king of France!"
The troops of England continued their unhindered advance to the north and laid siege to the city of Calais, which was taken in 1347. This event was an important strategic success for the British, it allowed Edward III to keep his forces on the continent.
In 1356, the battle of Poitiers... In France, King John II the Good is already ruling. The 30,000-strong English army inflicted a crushing defeat on France at the Battle of Poitiers. The battle was tragic for France also because the front ranks of the French horses were frightened by the volleys of guns and rushed back, knocking down the knights, hooves and armor crushing their own soldiers, the crush turned out to be incredible. Many soldiers died not even at the hands of the British, but under the hooves of their own horses. In addition, the battle ended with the capture of King John II the Good by the British.
Battle of Poitiers King John II is sent to England as a prisoner, and confusion and chaos reign in France. In 1359, the Peace of London was signed, according to which England received Aquitaine, and King John the Good was released. Economic hardships and military setbacks led to popular indignation - the Paris uprising (1357-1358) and Jacquerie (1358). With great effort, these unrest were pacified, but, again, France was worth significant losses.
British troops moved freely throughout France, demonstrating to the population the weakness of the French government.
The heir to the French throne, the future King Charles V the Wise, was forced to conclude a humiliating peace for himself in Bretigny (1360). As a result of the first stage of the war, Edward III acquired half of Brittany, Aquitaine, Calais, Poitiers, and about half of the vassal possessions of France. The French throne thus lost a third of the territory of France.
The French king John had to return to captivity, as his son Louis of Anjou, who was the king's guarantor, escaped from England. John died in English captivity, and King Charles V, whom the people would call the Wise, came to the throne of France.
La bataille de Crécy et la bataille de Poitiers se termèrent par une défaite pour les Français. Le roi Jean II le Bon est capturé par les Anglais. Le trône français a perdu un tiers du territoire de la France.
How France lived under Charles V
King Charles V of France reorganized the army and carried out important economic reforms. All this allowed the French to achieve significant military successes in the second stage of the war, in the 1370s. The British were driven out of the country. Despite the fact that the French province of Brittany was an ally of England, the Breton dukes showed loyalty to the French authorities, and even the Breton knight Bertrand Dugueclin became the constable of France (commander-in-chief) and the right hand of King Charles V.
Charles V the Wise During this period, Edward III was already old to command an army and wage war, and England lost her best military leaders. The constable Bertrand Dugueclin, following a cautious strategy, in a series of military campaigns, avoiding clashes with large English armies, liberated many cities, such as Poitiers (1372) and Bergerac (1377). The allied fleet of France and Castile won a landslide victory at La Rochelle, destroying the English squadron.
In addition to military successes, King Charles V of France was able to do a lot for his country. He reformed the taxation system, managing to reduce taxes and, thereby, make life easier for the common population of France. He reorganized the army, putting it in order and making it more organized. He carried out a number of significant economic reforms that made the life of the peasants easier. And all this - in a terrible war time!
Charles V le Sage a réorganisé l'armée, a tenu une série de réformes économiques visant à stabilizer le pays, a réorganisé le système fiscal. Grace au connétable Bertrand du Guesclin il a remporté plusieurs victoires importantes sur les Anglais.
What happened next?
Unfortunately, Charles V the Wise dies, and his son Charles VI ascends the French throne. At first, the actions of this king were aimed at continuing the wise policy of his father.
But a little later, Charles VI goes crazy for unknown reasons. Anarchy began in the country, power was seized by the uncles of the king, the dukes of Burgundy and Berry. In addition, a civil war broke out in France between the Burgundians and the Armagnacs over the murder of the king's brother, the Duke of Orleans (Armagnacs are relatives of the Duke of Orleans). The British could not help but take advantage of this situation.
England is ruled by King Henry IV; v battle of Agincourt On October 25, 1415, the British won a decisive victory over the superior forces of the French.
The English king captured most of Normandy, including the cities of Caen (1417) and Rouen (1419). Having entered into an alliance with the Duke of Burgundy, in five years the English king subdued about half of the territory of France. In 1420, Henry met in negotiations with the insane king Charles VI, with whom he signed a treaty at Troyes. According to this agreement, Henry V was declared the heir of Charles VI the Mad, bypassing the legitimate Dauphin Charles (in the future - King Charles VII). The following year, Henry entered Paris, where the agreement was officially confirmed by the States General (French parliament).
Continuing hostilities, in 1428 the British laid siege to the city of Orleans. But 1428 marked the appearance on the political and military arena of the French national heroine Jeanne D'Arc.
La bataille d'Azincourt a été la défaite des Français. Les Anglais sont allés plus loin.
Jeanne D'Arc and the victory of France
Jeanne D'Arc at the coronation of Charles VII Having besieged Orleans, the British realized that their forces were not enough to organize a complete blockade of the city. In 1429, Jeanne d'Arc met with the Dauphin Charles (who at that time was forced to hide with his supporters) and persuaded him to give her troops to lift the siege from Orleans. The conversation was long and sincere. Karl believed the young girl. Jeanne managed to raise the morale of her soldiers. At the head of the troops, she attacked the British siege fortifications, forced the enemy to retreat, lifting the siege from the city. Thus, inspired by Jeanne, the French liberated a number of important fortifications in the Loire. Soon thereafter, Jeanne and her army defeated the British armed forces at Path, opening the road to Reims, where the Dauphin was crowned under the name of King Charles VII.
Unfortunately, in 1430, the folk heroine Jeanne was captured by the Burgundians and handed over to the British. But even her execution in 1431 could not affect the further course of the war and pacify the fighting spirit of the French.
In 1435, the Burgundians went over to the side of France, and the Duke of Burgundy helped King Charles VII to capture Paris. This allowed Charles to reorganize the army and government. French commanders liberated city after city, repeating the strategy of Constable Bertrand Dugueclin. In 1449 the French conquered the Norman city of Rouen. At the Battle of Formigny, the French utterly defeated the British forces and liberated the city of Caen. An attempt by the British troops to recapture Gascony, which remained loyal to the English crown, failed: the British troops suffered a crushing defeat at Castiglion in 1453. This battle was the last battle of the Hundred Years War. And in 1453, the surrender of the British garrison in Bordeaux put an end to the Hundred Years War.
Jeanne d'Arc aide le Dauphin Charles et remporte plusieurs victoires sur les Anglais. Elle aide Charles aê tre couronné à Reims et devenir roi. Les Français continuent les succès de Jeanne, remportent plusieurs victoires et chassent les Anglais de France. En 1453, la reddition de la garnison britannique à Bordeaux a terminé la guerre de Cent Ans.
What are the consequences of the Hundred Years War?
As a result of the war, England lost all of its possessions in France, except for the city of Calais, which remained part of England until 1558 (but then he returned to the fold of France). England lost vast territories in southwestern France, which it had owned since the 12th century. The madness of the English king plunged the country into a period of anarchy and internecine conflicts, in which the warring houses of Lancaster and York were the protagonists. The War of the Scarlet and White Roses began in England. In connection with the civil war, England did not have the strength and means to return the lost territories in France. On top of all this, the treasury was devastated by military spending.
The war had a significant impact on the development of military affairs: the role of the infantry increased on the battlefields, which required less costs in creating large armies, and the first standing armies appeared. In addition, new types of weapons were invented, favorable conditions for the development of firearms appeared.
But the main result of the war was the victory of France. The country felt its power and the strength of its spirit!
Les Anglais ont perdu les territoires françaises. La victoire définitive de la France.
The theme of the Hundred Years War and the image of the national heroine Jeanne D'Arc became fertile ground for the works of cinema and literature.
If you are interested in how it all began, what was the situation in France before the Hundred Years War and its first period, then be sure to pay attention to the series of novels "Damned Kings" by Maurice Druon. The writer describes with historical accuracy the characters of the kings of France and the situation before and during the war.
Alexandre Dumas also writes a series of works about the Hundred Years War. The novel "Isabella of Bavaria" - the period of the reign of Charles VI and the signing of the peace in Troyes.
As for the cinema, you can watch the film by Luc Besson "Jeanne d'Arc", based on the play "The Skylark" by Jean Anouille. The film does not quite correspond to the historical truth, but the scenes of the battles are shown on a large scale.
The Hundred Years War is more likely not a war between England and France, but a series of conflicts that lasted from 1337 to 1453, mainly on the territory of the Kingdom of France.
The war lasted 116 years, and it was not permanent, as it continued intermittently. The entire Hundred Years War can be divided into four periods:
- The Edwardian War (the period lasted from 1337 - 1360);
- Carolingian War (lasted from 1369 - 1396);
- Lancaster War (lasted from 1415-1428);
- and the final period of the Hundred Years War (from 1428 to 1453);
Causes of the Hundred Years War
The war began over disputes over the succession to the throne of the Kingdom of France. King Edward of England claimed his rights to the throne of France in connection with the Salik law. In addition, the English king wanted to regain the lands lost by his father. The new French king Philip VI demanded that the English monarch recognize him as the sovereign ruler of France. Also, the warring parties had a constant conflict over the possession of Gascony, the British retained the right to its possession in exchange for the recognition of Philip as the sovereign king.But when Edward went to war against France's ally Scotland, the French king began to prepare a plan to capture Gascony and land his troops on the territory of the British Isles.
The Hundred Years War began with the landing of the British army on French territory, and their further offensive on Picardy (territory in the North-East of France).
The course of the Hundred Years War
As already mentioned, the first move was made by the English king Edward, who invaded the territory of Picardy in 1337. During this period, the French fleet completely dominated the English Channel, which did not allow the British to act more confidently. They constantly had a threat that the French army would land on the territory of England and, moreover, in such a situation it was impossible to undertake massive transfers of troops to the territory of France. This changed in 1340 when the English fleet defeated the French at the naval battle of Slays. Now the British completely controlled the English Channel.In 1346, Edward led a large army and landed near the city of Caen, and then during the day captured the city itself, which shocked the French command, no one expected that the city would fall in just one day. Philip moved towards Edward and the two armies clashed at the Battle of Crécy. On August 26, 1346, the famous battle took place, which is considered to be the beginning of the end of the era of chivalry. The French army, despite the numerical advantage, was completely defeated, the French knights could do nothing against the English archers, who showered them with a real hail of arrows, both from the front and from the flank.
Due to the plague epidemic, the countries stopped fighting, as the disease claimed hundreds of times more lives than the war. But after the epidemic stopped raging, in 1356 the king's son Edward the Black Prince invaded Gascony with a new, even larger army. In response to these actions, the French led their army to meet the British. On September 19, both armies met in the famous Battle of Poitiers. The French again outnumbered the British. However, despite this advantage, the British, thanks to successful maneuvers, were able to the French army and even capture the King of France, John the Good, son of Philip VI. To buy back its king, France paid a ransom the size of the country's two-year income. It was a crushing defeat for French military thought, finally, they managed to understand that it is not the numerical advantage that decides the outcome of the battle, but the successful command and maneuvers on the battlefield.
The first stage of the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Breton in 1360. As a result of his campaign, Edward received half of the territory of Brittany, all of Aquitaine, Poitiers, Calais. France, on the other hand, lost a third of its entire territory.
The peace lasted nine years, until the new king of France, Charles V, declared war on England, wanting to return the previously lost territories. During the armistice, the French managed to reorganize the army and rebuild their military power. The English army was carried away by the war in the Iberian Peninsula, from which the French achieved a number of important victories in the seventies of the fourteenth century, thereby reclaiming a number of previously occupied territories. After the death of King Edward and his son the Black Prince, the young King Richard II took the throne. Scotland took advantage of the king's inexperience, thereby starting a war. The British lost this war, suffering a heavy defeat at the Battle of Otterburn. England was forced to conclude a peace that was unfavorable for her.
After Richard, Henry IV ascended the throne of England, planning to take revenge from the French. But the offensive had to be debugged due to the difficult situation in the country, it was mainly a war with Scotland, Wales. But when the situation in the country returned to normal, a new offensive began in 1415.
Henry himself was unable to carry out his invasion of France, but his son Henry V. The English king landed in France and decided to move to Paris, but he did not have enough food and the French put forward a large army to meet him, outnumbering the British. Heinrich was forced to prepare for defense at the small settlement of Agincourt.
There the famous battle of Agincourt began, as a result of which the English archers utterly defeated the heavy French horsemen and inflicted a crushing defeat on France. As a result of this victory, the king of England managed to capture the territory of Normandy and the key cities: Caen and Rouen. Over the next five years, Henry managed to capture almost half of all French lands. To stop the capture of France, King Charles VI concluded an armistice with Henry, the main condition was the succession to the throne of France. From that moment on, all the kings of England had the title of King of France.
Henry's victory ended in 1421, when Scottish troops entered the battle, defeating the English army at the Battle of God. In this battle, the British lost their command, which is why they lost the battle. Soon after, Henry V dies, and his young son rises to the throne.
Despite the defeat, the British quickly recovered and already in 1423 responded to the French with revenge, defeating them at the Battle of Kravan, once again destroying the outnumbered army. It was followed by several more important victories for the British army, and France found itself in a serious, difficult situation.
In 1428, the crucial battle of Orleans took place. It was on the day of this battle that a bright figure appeared - Jeanne D'Arc, who broke through the British defenses and thereby brought an important victory for France. The following year, Jean D'Arc's French army defeated the British again at the Battle of Path. This time, the numerical advantage of the British played a cruel joke on them, this battle can be called a mirror of the Battle of Agincourt.
In 1431, Jeanne was captured by the British and executed, but this could no longer affect the outcome of the war, the French rallied and continued to attack decisively. From that moment on, the French army began to liberate one city after another, displacing the British from their country. The final blow to the power of England came in 1453 at the Battle of Castiglion. This battle became famous for the first successful use of artillery, which played a key role in the battle. The British were utterly defeated and all their attempts to turn the tide of the war were completely over.
This was the last battle of a hundred-year war, followed by the surrender of the Bordeaux garrison - the last key focus of the British defense in Gascony.
The aftermath of the war
A formal peace treaty was not signed for a decade, but the war ended and the British abandoned their claims to the throne. The British could not achieve their goals, despite the initial success of the campaigns, only one large city of Calais and the surrounding territories remained in their possession. Because of the defeat in England, the War of the White and Scarlet Rose began.The role of the infantry on the battlefield was increased, and chivalry gradually declined. For the first time, standing regular armies appeared, instead of the militia. The English bow demonstrated its advantage over the crossbow, but most importantly, the development of firearms in Western Europe began and for the first time artillery firearms were successfully used.
In the XIV century, the largest and longest confrontation between England and France began, which later became known as the Hundred Years War. This is the most important part of European history, the study of which is included in the mandatory minimum of knowledge required to successfully pass specialized exams. In this article, we will briefly review the causes and outcomes, as well as the chronological sequence of these significant events.
The material in this article is important, because in 1 and 11, and sometimes in 6 tasks, to successfully complete them, you need to know the material of World History.
Causes and the beginning of the war
The name implies a reasonable question: "How long did the main battle of the Middle Ages actually last?" An armed confrontation was fought between two powerful European powers and formally lasted more than a hundred years (1337-1453). The conflict was provoked by the clash of political interests of the royal families. In fact, this event included three stages that occurred at different time intervals.
It all began with the death of the French monarch Charles IV (the Handsome), who was the last legitimate heir to the Capetian ruling dynasty. According to the rules of succession to the throne, power was taken over by Charles' cousin, Philip VI of Valois. However, the current king of England, Edward III, was the grandson of the deceased king, which gave him the authority to claim the French throne. France, of course, was categorically against the foreign ruler. This is the official reason for the start of the conflict.
Charles IV Handsome. Lived 1294 - 1328
In fact, it was a struggle of interests for the French lands. The British wanted to take possession of Flanders, an industrial region with a developed economy, and also to reclaim the lost territories that had previously belonged to the English crown.
In turn, France claimed its former possessions - Guienne and Gascony, which at that time were under the rule of the British. The parties could not find official reasons for resolving mutual claims until the English king Edward III officially declared his rights to the French throne, backing up his intentions with military actions in Picardy.
Chronology of events
First step
The first part of the Anglo-French confrontation began in 1337 and is referred to in some sources as the Edwardian War.
England began her confident attack on French lands. Excellent combat readiness and the confused state of the enemy helped the British to easily seize the territories of interest to them. In addition, some of the local population, tired of war and poverty, was on the side of the invaders.
Edward III. Lived 1312 - 1377
However, the successful conquests, oddly enough, had a negative impact on the economic state of England. Having entered into an unprofitable military alliance with the Netherlands, and irrationally disposing of income in general, Edward III soon brought the English treasury to a state of ruin. This fact significantly slowed down the course of hostilities and in the next 20 years, events developed as follows:
- 1340 - the defeat of the French fleet, the capture of the English Channel.
- 1346 - Battle of Crecy. The turning point in the course of the war. The decisive victory of the British and the total defeat of the French army. King Edward III gains dominion over northern France.
- 1347 - the date of the conquest of the French port of Calais and the signing of a formal truce. In fact, hostilities continued from time to time.
- 1355 - the son of Edward III, nicknamed the "Black Prince", again launched an offensive against France, thereby finally annulling the concluded peace agreement.
Meanwhile, the French economic situation is in a state of utter decline. The authority of the crown has been unconditionally undermined, the country is ravaged by war, and the locals suffer from poverty and hunger. In addition, taxes were getting higher - somehow it was necessary to feed the army and the remnants of the fleet.
All these events and the stalemate in France led to the signing of several peace agreements in 1360, according to which England gained dominance over almost a third of the French lands.
Second phase
After nine years of a humiliating truce for France, its new ruler Charles V decided to try to recapture the occupied territories, unleashing a new military conflict in 1369, called the Carolingian War.
During the years of the armistice, the French state restored its forces and resources, and reorganized the army.
At this moment, England launched a military campaign in the Iberian Peninsula, experienced a popular uprising and bloody clashes with Scotland. All these factors played into the hands of the recovered France, and she managed to gradually (in the period from 1370 to 1377) return almost all of its occupied cities. In 1396, the parties again concluded an armistice.
Third stage
Despite its internal fragmentation, England did not want to be the loser. At that time, Henry V. was king. He thoroughly prepared and organized the first attack after a long armistice, which no one expected. In 1415, the decisive battle of Agincourt took place, where France was forced to surrender. In subsequent battles, the entire northern part of France was captured, which allowed the British to dictate their terms. Thus, in 1420 a peace treaty was signed, according to which:
The current king of France, Charles IV, abdicates the throne.
Henry V marries the sister of the French monarch and becomes heir to the throne.
The population of the defeated side was divided into two warring camps. The part that supported the British was exhausted by high taxes, robberies and robberies. Nevertheless, all large territories of France were conquered over time by the occupiers.
The end of the war
A decisive role in the further course of history was played by the famous Maid of Orleans - Jeanne D "arc. A simple village girl led the militia and led the defense of the city of Orleans from the siege of the British. She managed to awaken the fighting spirit of the French, tired of endless battles, and thanks to her, a large part of the conquered territories in less than a year.The French again believed in themselves and in their independence.
Zhanna D "Ark. Reconstruction
The British tried at all costs to deprive their opponents of their inspired leader, and in 1430 Jeanne was captured and burned at the stake.
Contrary to expectations, the French citizens did not lose their fighting spirit after the death of Jeanne, but on the contrary continued the offensive with fury and ferocity. In this regard, the religious aspect played a significant role, since D "ark was considered a saint, a performer of God's providence, after being burned she was ranked among the martyrs. In addition, the people were tired of poverty and suffocating taxes, so the return of independence at any cost was a matter of life and death.
Until 1444, armed clashes continued, both sides suffered from raging epidemics of cholera and plague. It is not hard to guess who won this protracted battle.
In 1453, the war finally ended with the surrender of the British.
Outcomes
England lost all of its conquered territories in France, with the exception of the port of Calais.
Both sides carried out domestic military reforms, completely changing army policy and introducing new types of weapons.
Relations between England and France for several centuries could be described as "cold". Until 1801, English monarchs formally bore the title of kings of France.
Expert opinion
"... The people who lived in Europe between 1337 and 1453 did not even suspect that they were living in the era of the Hundred Years War ..."
Historian Natalia Basovskaya
“Everything perishes when feeble-minded people are at the head of the state, replacing each other. Unity disintegrates on the debris of greatness. "
Maurice Druon "When the King Ruins France".
In conclusion, I would like to say that this topic is just a drop in the ocean of World history. We analyze all topics both in the history of Russia and the World in the form of video lessons and presentations, info cards in our preparation courses for the Unified State Exam.
What could be worse than a war, when hundreds of thousands of people die for the interests of politicians and those in power. And all the more terrible are the protracted military conflicts, during which people get used to living in conditions where death can overtake them at any moment, and human life has no value. This was precisely the reason, stages, results and biographies of the characters of which deserve careful study.
Causes
Before studying what were the results of the Hundred Years War, one should understand its premises. It all started with the fact that the sons of the French king Philip the Fourth did not leave behind male heirs. At the same time, the native grandson of the monarch from Isabella's daughter, the English king Edward III, who ascended the throne of England in 1328 at the age of 16, was still alive. However, he could not claim the throne of France, according to the Salic law. Thus, in France, she reigned in the person of Philip the Sixth, who was the nephew of Philip the Fourth, and Edward the Third in 1331 was forced to take his vassal oath for Gascony - a French region considered the personal property of English monarchs.
The beginning and the first stage of the war (1337-1360)
6 years after the events described, Edward III decided to fight for the throne of his grandfather and sent a challenge to Philip the Sixth. Thus began the Hundred Years War, the reasons and results of which are of great interest to those who study the history of Europe. After the declaration of war, the British launched an offensive against Picardy, in which they were supported by the inhabitants of Flanders and the feudal lords of the southwestern counties of France.
In the first years after the outbreak of armed conflict, hostilities proceeded with varying success, until the naval battle of Slice took place in 1340. As a result of the victory of the British, the English Channel was under their control and remained so until the end of the war. Thus, in the summer of 1346, nothing could prevent the troops of Edward III from crossing the strait and capturing the city of Caen. From there, the British army followed to Crécy, where the famous battle took place on August 26, which ended in their triumph, and in 1347 they captured the city of Calais. In parallel with these events, hostilities unfolded in Scotland. However, fortune continued to smile on Edward III, who defeated the army of this kingdom at the Battle of Neville's Cross, and eliminated the threat of war on two fronts.
The plague pandemic and the conclusion of peace in Bretigny
In 1346-1351, the "Black Death" visited Europe. This plague pandemic claimed so many lives that there could be no question of continuing hostilities. The only outstanding event of this period, sung in ballads, was the Battle of Thirty, when English and French knights with squires staged a massive duel, which was watched by several hundred peasants. After the end of the pestilence, England resumed hostilities, which were mainly led by the Black Prince - the eldest son of Edward III. In 1356 he defeated and captured the French king John II. Later, in 1360, the Dauphin of France, who was to become King Charles the Fifth, signed the so-called Peace in Bretigny on very unfavorable terms for himself.
Thus, the results of the Hundred Years War at its first stage were as follows:
- France was completely demoralized;
- England acquired half of Brittany, Aquitaine, Poitiers, Calais and almost half of the enemy's vassal possessions, i.e. John II lost power over a third of the territory of his country;
- Edward III pledged, on his own behalf and on behalf of his descendants, to no longer claim the throne of his grandfather;
- the second son of John II - Louis of Anjou - was sent to London as a hostage in exchange for the return of his father to France.
Peaceful period from 1360 to 1369
After the cessation of hostilities, the peoples of the countries involved in the conflict received a respite that lasted 9 years. During this time, Louis of Anjou fled from England, and his father, being a knight true to his word, went into voluntary captivity, where he died. After his death, he ascended the throne of France, which in 1369 unjustly accused the British of violating the peace treaty and resumed hostilities against them.
Second phase
Usually those who study the course and results of the Hundred Years War characterize the time interval between 1369 and 1396 as a series of constant battles, in which, in addition to the main participants, the kingdoms of Castile, Portugal and Scotland were also involved. During this period, the following important events took place:
- in 1370 in Castile, with the help of the French, Enrique II came to power, who became their loyal ally;
- two years later, the city of Poitiers was liberated;
- in 1372, at the battle of La Rochelle, the Franco-Castilian combined fleet defeated a British squadron;
- the Black Prince died 4 years later;
- Edward III died in 1377, and a minor Richard II ascended to the throne of England;
- from 1392, the king of France began to show signs of insanity;
- four years later, an armistice was concluded, caused by the extreme exhaustion of the opponents.
Truce (1396-1415)
When the madness of the king became obvious to everyone, civil strife broke out in the country, in which the party of Armagnacs won. The situation was no better in England, which entered a new war with Scotland, which was also supposed to pacify the rebellious Ireland and Wales. In addition, Richard the Second was overthrown there, and Henry the Fourth, and then his son, reigned on the throne. Thus, until 1415, both countries were unable to continue the war and were in a state of armed truce.
Third stage (1415-1428)
Those who study the course and consequences of the Hundred Years War usually call it the most interesting event the emergence of such a historical phenomenon as a woman warrior who was able to become the head of an army of knights-feudal lords. We are talking about Jeanne d'Arc, born in 1412, whose personality formation was greatly influenced by the events that took place in 1415-1428. Historical science considers this period to be the third stage of the Hundred Years War and identifies the following events as key:
- the battle of Agincourt in 1415, in which Henry the Fifth won;
- the signing of a treaty in Troyes, according to which the distraught King Charles the Sixth declared the King of England his heir;
- the capture of Paris by the British in 1421;
- the death of Henry the Fifth and the proclamation of his one-year-old son king of England and France;
- the defeat of the former Dauphin Charles, whom a significant part of the French considered the rightful king, at the Battle of Kravan;
- the British siege of Orleans, which began in 1428, during which the world first learned the name of Jeanne d'Arc.
End of the war (1428-1453)
The city of Orleans was of great strategic importance. If the British managed to capture it, then the answer to the question "what are the results of the Hundred Years War" would be completely different, and the French could even lose their independence. Fortunately for this country, a girl who called herself Jeanne the Virgin was sent down to her. She arrived at the Dauphin Charles in March 1429 and announced that the Lord had commanded her to stand at the head of the French army and lift the siege of Orleans. After a series of interrogations and tests, Karl believed her and appointed the commander-in-chief of his troops. As a result, on May 8, Orleans was saved, on June 18, Jeanne's army defeated the British army at the Battle of Path, and on June 29, at the insistence of the Virgin of Orleans, the Dauphin's “Bloodless campaign” to Reims began. There he was crowned as Charles the Seventh, but soon after that he stopped listening to the warrior's advice.
A few years later, Jeanne was captured by the Burgundians, who handed the girl over to the British, and they executed her, accusing her of hereticism and idolatry. However, the results of the Hundred Years War were already predetermined, and even the death of the Orleans virgin could not prevent the liberation of France. The last battle in this war was the Battle of Castiglion when the British lost Gascony, which had belonged to them for more than 250 years.
Results of the Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
As a result of this protracted inter-dynastic armed conflict, England lost all of its continental territories in France, leaving only the port of Calais. In addition, in response to a question about the results of the Hundred Years War, experts in the field of military history answer that as a result of it, the methods of warfare have radically changed, and new types of weapons have been created.
Aftermath of the Hundred Years War
The echoes of this armed conflict predetermined relations between England and France for centuries to come. In particular, until 1801, the English and then the monarchs of Great Britain bore the title of kings of France, which in no way contributed to the establishment of friendly ties.
Now you know when there was the Hundred Years War, the reasons, course, results and motives of the main characters of which have been the subject of study of many historians for almost 6 centuries.