Boats are small rowing, sailing and motorized vessels without deck. They are made of wood, metal, plastic and rubber fabric - inflatable. Boating contributes to the physical development of personnel, the development of strong-willed and sea qualities - an eye, observation, sharpness, instills perseverance in achieving the goal, instills a love for the sea.

In everyday life, ship's boats are used to communicate with the shore of the personnel of a ship standing in the roadstead, to perform various ship, hydrographic and diving operations, to bring in verps, to detonate floating mines, as well as for rescue purposes. Depending on the design and size, rowboats are subdivided into barges, boats, whale boats, yaly and tusiks.

Longboats are the largest boats with sailing rigging and up to 22 oars. The length of the longboat reaches 11.6 m, and the width is 3.4 m.Used to transport a large number of people, the delivery of anchors, etc. with production.

Boats - have sailing equipment and from 10 to 16 oars. The boat is 7.92 m long and 2.25 m wide. They are used to transport people and goods. Self-propelled boats with a deck are also called boats.

Whaleboats are narrow boats with a sharp bow and stern, which have high seaworthiness. They have a sail rig and six oar oars. The length of the whaleboat is 8.54 m, the width is 1.83 m. Along the sides of the whaleboat, hermetically sealed air boxes are installed, which allows them to stay afloat when completely flooded. The whaleboat is generally recognized as the best type of lifeboat. Special lifeboats of this type can be of various sizes and propelled by means of a hand screw on the shaft.

Yaly - six-, four- and two-oared boats. According to the number of regular oars, they are called: sixes, fours and two. Sixes (Fig. 40) are strong enough, light and seaworthy, have sailing gear and oars. The length of the six is ​​6.1, the width is 1.9 m. It is used to transport a small number of people (on oars - 13, under sail - 8 people with a wind of up to 5 points in areas closed from waves), cargo, as well as for sports purposes and performance of various ship works (delivery of mooring lines, yards, etc.). Fours are 5.26 m long, 1.61 m wide, equipped with sailing gear and are intended for the same purposes as sixes. Deuces do not have sailing equipment. Their length is 3.55 m, width 1.25 m. They are intended for transportation of up to three people over short distances in a sea state of up to 2 points.

Fig. 40. The device of a six-oar yala 1 - keel, 2 - stem 3 - sternpost 4 - transom board 5 - frames 6 - sheathing, 7 - fenders, 8 - gunwale, 9 - collar, 10 - underleaves. 11 - bank, 12 - bow lattice hatch 13 - stern seat, 14 - knit, 15 - rack, 16 - keelson, 17 - cork, 18 - eye, 19 - breshguk; 20 - tongue-and-groove belt: 21 - shirstrek, 22 - steering wheel, 2? - eye, 24 - falin; 25 - forging, 26 - sublock, 27 - basting, 28 - socket length of the dowel. 29 - wang-putns, 30 - shaped butt, 31 - butt with a hook, 32 - weather vane

Tuziks are short and wide boats that supply small ships and large sports yachts. They are operated by one person using two oars. The length of the tuzik is 2.45 m, the width is 1.12 m.

The main material for the manufacture of sailboats is wood. The set of longitudinal and transverse beams representing the frame of the boat is called a set. The set is based on an oak bar - keel, the continuation of which in the bow of the boat is a vertical bar - a stem, and in the stern - a vertical bar - a sternpost. On all boats, except for whaleboat boats, a transom board is attached to the sternpost.

The transverse fastening of the set is the frames, which are attached to the keel 25–30 cm from one another. Sheathing is attached to the frames with rivets. The first line of sheathing planks entering the keel tongue is called the tongue-and-groove belt, and the uppermost sheathing belt is called the shirstrek. On the inner side of the upper part of the frames, on both sides, an oak fender is laid, which gives the boat longitudinal strength. The ends of the frames, the upper line of the shirstrek and the upper part of the fender bar are covered with an oak gunwale, which is fenced off from the outside with a shoulder.

On the inside of the boat, a little higher than the design waterline, oak beams are laid along the sides - podlegars, on which banks, a bow lattice hatch and a stern seat are laid. The cans and the stern seat are attached to the podlegars and the fender using metal squares - knits. From the bottom, the banks are supported by racks. The fenders and underlocks in the bow of the boat are firmly connected to each other and to the stem, and in the stern - to the stern-post (on whaleboat-type boats) or to the transom board.

In the bow of the boat, the fenders of both sides are connected by a large metal knit - a lanyard. On top of the keel inside the boat, there is a removable oak bar - knlson, on which there are steps for installing masts and nests for racks supporting the banks. The keel is attached to the keel using pins with cotters.

The bottom of the boat is closed with removable shields - fish with rests for the rowers' feet. In the stern, the bottom is closed by a stern lattice hatch. All boats, except for lifeboats and barges, have a back board, which is installed parallel to the transom board at a distance of 30–45 cm from it.

The boat is controlled by a rudder, which is hung in the diametrical plane on a special hook and loop or on a metal rod attached to the sternpost or transom board.

The hull of the lifeboat is equipped with various metal parts that serve to fasten the parts of the boat to each other, fasten the mast, standing and running rigging, lift the boat aboard, etc. In the bottom of each boat, in the area of ​​the winch can, there is a hole with a plug, which serves to drain water when lifting the boat. The boats are equipped with lifting chain eyes, which are firmly attached through the keel in the bow and stern. Eyes are inserted into the stem and sternpost for fastening the faline. A metal strip is applied to the keel and stem - a forging that protects them from damage in case of possible impacts when mooring the boat. To install the stern flag, a clip is attached to the inside of the stern gunwale, and under it on the stern - a seat - a shoe.

Sublooks with nests are attached to the gunwale, and below the fender bar inside the boat to the side there are steps, into which the lower ends of the oarlocks enter. For fastening the masts in a vertical position, on the mast cans, the bindings are fixed, next to which the nests for the dowels are embedded. Nagels are bolts with an oblong shaped head. They serve to secure the basting and rigging tackle.

On the inner edge of the fenders, shaped butts, called shrouds, are attached. They are used to fasten the cables holding the mast. Shaped butts, used for laying and wrapping foresheets, are reinforced in the aft part on the gunwale of the left and right sides. At the junction of the gunwale with the stem, a butt with a hook is inserted to secure the tack jib.

Outside in the bow to the left and right of the stem, as well as on the transom board to the left and right of the rudder, the edging for the weather vane is strengthened. A weather vane is a figure of a certain shape and color. Each ship and organization for its floating craft has a weather vane assigned to it.

The boats are supplied with the items necessary for navigation: oars, tiller, boat hooks, oarlocks, watering cans, anchors, semaphore flags, an anchor (a drektovoy), dowels, etc.

Oars are one of the main supplies. Swing oars are used on whaleboats and lifeboats, and roller oars are used on all other types of boats. On twos and tusiks, both roller and swing double oars can be used. They are called paired because one person can row two oars.

A roll oar has the following parts names: handle, roll, spindle and blade. One side of the blade has a face - for strength, the other (working) side of the blade is smooth. The correct position of the oar when rowing is with the working side to the stern. The paddle blade has a metal fitting that prevents it from splitting. To protect the spindle from chafing, that part of it that lies on the oarlock during rowing is sheathed with leather.

All oars must be carefully matched to the banks, fitted, balanced and marked in place. The longest oars are in the middle rowers, somewhat shorter in the rowing rowers and even shorter in the bow rowers. The balancing of the oar is carried out with the help of lead poured into holes specially drilled in the shaft. A balanced oar lies horizontally in the oarlock if a weight of 4 kg is suspended on the handle. The oars are marked by applying Roman numerals on the roll. Usually the numbers are carved and painted over with red (port side) and green (starboard) paint.

The oars are placed on the banks along the sides of the boat: roller oars - with blades in the bow, swing and twin - with blades in the stern.

2. Sailing rig yala

Any sailing rig consists of a mast, rigging and sails. There are many types of sailing equipment: spruytovy (sprint), Latin, Portuguese, Bermuda, rail, etc. Each of them can be adopted for a certain type of boat. The most widespread, due to its simplicity, has received the slatted split sailing equipment, which is used on all boats, except for lifeboats and barges.

Rack split sailing equipment can be single-masted (on sixes, fours and whaleboats) and two-masted (on boats).

With a single-mast rig, the sail is called a split foresail and consists of two sails - fore and jib, mounted on a common rail (Fig. 41). On yawls, the mast is called the foremast.

The upper end of the mast is called the top; a yoke with butts is attached to it for fastening the cables. Just below the yoke, in the middle of the mast, a hole is cut into which the halyard pulley is inserted. The lower end of the mast is bound with iron and is called a spur. A hook is inserted into the mast 10 cm above the place where the basting covers it, from the rear side to fix the tack angle of the foreshortening.

Rice. 41. Sailing rig of a six-oared yala: 1 - lyctros; 2 - tack angle; 3 - clew angle; 4 - front knock-benzene corner; 5 - rear knock-benzene angle; 6 - benzene angles; 7 - krengels; 8 - weakness; 9 - benzels; 10 - bows; 11 - boats; 12 - reef lines; 13 - krengels

The shrouds are made of white vegetable rope. The upper ends of the cables have sealed eyes, with the help of which the cables are attached to the yoke. The lower ends have glasses with thimbles, into which pins are woven, which serve to fasten the cables to the cable-stayed cables.

The sails are edged with lyctros on all sides. The edges of the sails are called luffs (front, back, top and bottom). Each sail angle has its own specific name: lower front - tack angle, lower rear - clew angle, upper front at the jib - front knock-benzel angle, upper rear at the fore - rear knock-benzel angle, upper rear at the jib and upper front at the jib. fock - benzene angles.

When edging the luffs with a lyctros, the krengels with thimbles are sealed in the lower corners of the sails. The jib-tack and fore-tack tacks are embedded in the krengels of the tack corners. The jib-tack is attached to the hook at the stem, and the fore-tack is attached to the hook on the mast above the basting.

Sheets are embedded in the krengels of the clew corners: jib-sheet and fore-sheet, which are the main gear for sail control. The length of the left and right sheets should be the same and quite sufficient for different sail positions. For attaching the sails to the rail along the length of the luff, there are holes - eyelets through which the slack is threaded. Knock-benzene sails are attached to the rail with a benzel. In places of greatest tension, pieces of canvas are sewn on both sides of the sails - bows and bows, which increase the strength of the sail.

In squally winds, it is necessary to reduce the sail area. For this purpose, the sails are equipped with reef lines, which are a series of strings threaded through the sail. With reefed sails, the tacks and sheets are attached to additional, specially designed krengels, tied into the luff of the foresail and the luff of the jib.

The stern flag assigned to the boat is attached to the luff of the foresail at the top, and under it is a flag with the image of a weather vane. In the rear knock-benzene corner, quadrangular pieces of canvas are sewn on both sides, on which the boat's racing number is written in black paint.

The leech sails are attached to the rail, which has an overlay in the upper part to strengthen the strength, which is called a scale (from a scale). The rack is connected to the scale using benzels. At a distance of 1/3 of the length of the rail from the front leg, a third sling made of a flexible steel cable is attached to the rail, with the help of which the rail with the sail is raised to the mast. The fore-halyard, which serves to hoist the sail, is threaded through the cut-out with a pulley in the upper part of the mast. A rax-yoke is attached to the root end of the halyard, on the hook of which the third sling of the rail is put on. After raising the rail, the fore-halyard is attached to the left dowel inserted into the socket of the mast can.

Sheets are laid to steer the sails.

Cleaver sheets are worn outside the shrouds. Fock sheets are carried along the sides and passed through shaped butts fixed on the gunwale near the back board.

3. Initial training for rowers

The oars should be adjusted so that the rowers sitting on the same bank do not interfere with each other (the distance between the handles of the oars should be about 15 cm). When rowing, one of the rower's hand lies on the roller, and the other holds the oar by the handle. In order for the hand lying on the roller to exert more force, it needs to hold the oar more tightly. With the standard thickness of the roll, not everyone succeeds, therefore, sometimes the end of the roll is cut into a cone towards the handle.

The footrests are positioned so that the seated rower's legs are slightly bent at the knees, and the knees are slightly below the hip joints. On the stops, you can make a construction site of canvas, into which the rower could thread half a step. The line will keep the rower from falling backwards.

The oarlocks are also matched to the nests. They should enter the nests freely, rotate without jamming, but not dangle in them.

Rowers sitting on a rowing bank are called rowers. They are appointed from among the strongest and most resilient sailors. Tank oarsmen, on the other hand, must be dexterous, so as not to interfere with the action of other oarsmen by their oversight.

The rowing order of the rowers in the boat depends on the position of the boat. If she stands with her nose to the ladder, then the foreman is the first to sit in it, behind him - the rowing ones, after the rowing ones - the middle ones (rowers of the middle bank), and then - the tank ones. If the landing is made from the stern, then the tank ones come in first, followed by all the others in the order of the cans numbers. The master of the boat sits down last.

When the boat is parked with the side to the pier, when it is possible to land both from the bow and from the stern at the same time, the landing is carried out in the following order: the rowers of the starboard side enter from the stern, starting from the tank, and the rowers of the left side enter from the bow, starting from the backboard. The boat commander in all cases sits last.

The rowers exit in the reverse order.

The rowers are seated on command "Rowers - on the boat!" and leaving the boat on command "The rowers - get out of the boat!" Having taken his place in the boat, each rower cleans the line of his oarlock, at the same time they are freed from the attachment of the oar. The outboard and tank side of the side that faces the pier or the ship prepare shock hooks for pulling or pushing the boat out and put them on top of the mast cover. The second rake hangs the rudder. The foreman examines the boat's supplies, inserts the tiller into the rudder head, sits on the starboard aft square, placing his feet between the transom and back boards, and sets the flag. When towing boats, the flag is raised only on the last boat.

Exemplary order must be observed on the boat. Rowers are prohibited from walking on banks, leaning against the gunwale, putting their arms and elbows overboard, lounging on the stern seat or lattice hatch, talking and making noise. At air temperatures above +14 ° C, rowers must be without shoes. The uniform of the boat commander is mandatory for all rowers. After completing all their duties when landing, the rowers sit in their seats in the "at attention" position (facing the stern, hands on their knees). When boarding a boat, rowers are required to clean their shoes from dust and dirt.

Rowing training is carried out on a dinghy fixed with a stern halyard to a pier or barrel. Initially, the landing of the rowers, the insertion of the oarlocks, the dismantling of the oars, the skidding of the oars and the correct position of the rowers' body, the correct paddle stroke and actions at the command "Sabbath!" A more stable position of the rower's body will be if he sits on the bank, occupying 3/4 of its width.

After the rowers have mastered the correctness of all the techniques, you can continue to practice rowing on the move, at the same time acquainting the rowers with the execution of the remaining commands. In the initial stage of training, you should practice the actions of rowers in the following commands:

"Insert the oarlocks!" Rowers, half-turned To to their sides, with the outside hand, insert the oarlocks into the nests so that they are deployed along the gunwale.

Rice. 42. The position of the lighters in the boat: a - at the command “One!”; b - at the end of the stroke

"Disassemble the oars!" The rowers with their inner hand take their oar by the handle, and the outer hand is threaded under the oar so that the roller is on the elbow. Using the elbow bend as the axis of the lever, they press the handle and put the blade of the oar on the gunwale behind the second oarlock, counting their first. The rollers of the oars should be pressed against the side at the height of the gunwale. The rowers' body is turned half-round to its side, and the head is towards the blade of its oar.

"Oars!" Aligning with the rowers, the rowers raise the oars at the elbow bend, bring them perpendicular to the diametrical plane of the boat and put them in the oarlocks in the middle of the "skin". The released outer hand is placed with the palm of the hand on the roll so that the hands lie with the palms down, shoulder-width apart. The paddle blade should be turned side up and have a slight slope towards the water.

"On the water once!" (Fig. 42, a). Aligning with the rowers, the rowers tilt their bodies, stretch their arms forward, quickly move the blades of the oars towards the bow of the boat, taking a breath. To reduce the air resistance, the blades should go horizontally during skidding, and only at the end, with the movement of the hands, the oar turns away from itself so that the leading edge of the blade has a slight inclination to the water. The rower's legs are bent at the knees, the head is raised.

"Two!" The rowers simultaneously lower the blades by 2/3 into the water and, leaning backward with the body, force the blade into the water, while exhaling. When performing this technique, the back muscles take on the main load, the arms in the first phase of the stroke are in an extended state. After the torso has passed the vertical position, the arms bend and with force the handle of the oar to be pulled to the chest, the legs are straightened (Fig. 42, b).

During the stroke, the blade should go in the water in a vertical position and in the same position be removed from it. After finishing the stroke, the oar is turned towards itself so that when it is skidded for the next stroke, the edge of the blade, facing the bow, is slightly higher than the edge facing the stern. At the end of the skid, the blade turns around for a new stroke. After completing the "Two!" the command “One!” immediately follows, according to which the oars are skidded for a new stroke.

In training, gradually learning to count, they switch to rowing without separation and bring it to a normal rhythm.

The fastest rowing rhythm on sixes and fours is 30–36, and on barges and boats 26–30 strokes per minute.

When approaching the side of the ship, to the pier and in other cases, when it is necessary to remove the oars, the command is given "Sabbat!" Fulfilling this command, the rowers put the elbow of the outer arm under the shaft of the oar and, pressing the handle with the other hand, take the oars out of the oarlocks, bring them with their blades to the bow and without noise, but quickly lay them to the sides. The side oars are laid first, then the rowers of the middle bank, and finally the rowing oars.

Immediately after the oars are laid, the oarlocks are removed.

Rowers should be able to row on different banks and on both sides.

In order to give the boat forward motion when leaving the ship (pier), the command "Reach out!" At this command, the outboard and tank side of the side that is closer to the ship or pier are pulled forward with the catch hooks. When the boat has gained speed, the foreman shifts the rudder from the side of the ship or pier, gives the command Push your nose away! along which the tank, continuing to stretch with a long boom hook, pushes the nose with force, and the boom hooks are placed on the mast cover.

4. Basic commands when moving on the oars

For a trained and trained rowing crew, a command may be given as the boat departs. "Get off!" It combines the actions of the rowers in four commands: "Reach out!" and "Make out the oars!" (on boats with swing oars, at this command, the rowers perform actions and at the command "Oars!"). Having looked around the sides, the commander gives the following two commands known to us: "Oars!" and "On the water!"

The captain of the boat must give commands clearly, in a loud voice and always at the moment when the blades of the oars are in the water and have not yet been brought to the traverse. The given command is executed by the rowers after the end of the stroke.

To temporarily stop rowing, the command is given "Sushi oars!" along which rowers lift their blades out of the water and align them horizontally parallel to the surface of the water. In this case, the oars are installed perpendicular to the diametrical plane of the boat with the non-working side of the blade up.

To reduce the speed of the boat or to stop it completely, a command is given "Oars in water! " At this command, the rowers lower 1/3 of the blades edge-to-edge into the water and, holding the roll at chest height, lean against it with their body. After reaching the goal, depending on the situation, a command is given "Sushi oars!" or "Sabbat!"

"Taban both!" By To this team, the rowers simultaneously bring the oars to the stern, lower the blades into the water and begin to row in the opposite direction, giving the boat backward motion. This maneuver is also practiced on two counts: according to the "One!" the paddles of the oars are brought to the stern, according to the count "Two!" - descend into the water by 2/3 and are carried in a vertical position to the bow of the boat. This command should never be given on a boat that has forward propulsion.

"Oars on board!" At this command, the rowers at the same time and the blades are quickly brought to the stern (when the boat moves backwards - to the bow) so that they are pressed against the side in an upright position. To resume rowing, the command "Sushi oars!"

"Piled up!" or "It's easier to warm up!" These commands are given to increase or decrease the speed of the boat. When these commands are executed, the established rowing pace does not change.

"Oars on a roll!" The oarsmen, without getting up from their seats, take the oars out of the oarlocks and set them vertically with their blades up, spreading the blades along the boat. The outer arm of the rower, extended along the boat, holds the oar by the "skin", and the other hand - by the roll. In this case, the rower's body should be straight, and the head should be turned to face towards the stern. This command is served on boats with roller oars to greet the chiefs, when passing particularly narrow places, the finish line in races, as well as when a large number of people board the boat.

As soon as the need for this technique has passed, the command "Oars!"

"Take care of the oars!" The command is given when there is a concern that the oars may be damaged by hitting an object. The oarsmen carefully watch the blade of their oar, if necessary, they pull the oar into the boat a little or raise the blade, skipping the stroke.

"Oars under mast! "(on boats with rolls) or "Oars under gunwale! " (on boats with swing oars). These commands are given for rest. The rowers, without taking the oars out of the oarlocks, lay their handles under the spars cover (the handles of the oar oars are laid under the gunwale of the opposite side). The blades should be raised horizontally at the same level. Both of these commands are given from the position corresponding to the command "Sushi oars!" After rest, the command "Paddles!"

When removing the boat from the shallows or passing shallow areas, the command is given "Oars for a prick!" By To this team, the rowers lift the oars with their blades up, lower them into the water and, resting the handles of the oars against the ground, try to move the boat from the shallows. To continue rowing, the command "Oars!" etc.

A command given without indication of a side applies to all rowers, and a command preceded by the word "starboard" or "port" refers only to the rowers of the corresponding side.

5. Rowing the boat

When the boat is at the gangway, then on it with the ship is supplied with a cable, which is attached with a boat assembly to the zagrebny bank. The nasal halyard is attached with an earring to a cable supplied from the ship. When the boat departs, on the command "Give up the torch!" the tank side of the side farthest from the ship quickly gives up the earring and places the halyard on the bow lattice hatch.

On the command "Get off!" the rowers of the side closest to the ship pull the boat forward, using the cable supplied from the ship. When the boat gets the course and its stern passes the ladder, the bow hook with force pushes the bow with the buoyancy hook, puts the buoyancy hook on the mast and takes its place on the bank. At the same time, the rake of the side farthest from the ship gives up the cable supplied from the ship, and the foreman shifts the rudder to the side of the ship. The rudder is shifted with the calculation of the clean passage of the stern of the boat along the side of the ship. All the rowers insert the oarlocks and take the oars apart. When the boat moves away from the side by the length of the oar, the command "Oars!" etc.

If the boat was only secured with a bow-hanger, the rowers reach out, holding onto the ladder with their hands or hooks. Various situations may arise that interfere with the normal departure of the boat - downwind, strong swell, cramped conditions, etc. In each case, the boat commander must quickly make the right decision for a safe departure, without risking the integrity of the boat and without endangering the rowers.

When the boat is moving in a straight course, the given direction is held by a distant fixed object, by a compass or alignment. The master of the boat immediately corrects the resulting deviations from the course by a slight turn of the rudder.

Controlling a boat on a distant object means that its stem must be kept in line with the object all the time.

When you are right on the compass, you should always keep the nasal heading line at the given countdown of the card. If the heading line deviates to the right of the given course, it means that the bow of the boat is tilting to the right, and vice versa. To bring it to a given course, it is necessary to shift the rudder to the side opposite to the deviation of the heading line. When steering a boat, remember that every sudden change in course leads to a loss of speed, and every zigzag leads to a lengthening of the route.

Alignment control is considered the most accurate and convenient. As an alignment, you can use two coastal objects distant from each other, located in one line with the course of the boat. Rule so as to keep the boat in line with the chosen alignment. If leading signs or objects chosen as alignment begin to diverge, then you need to change the course in the side to which the near (front) sign moved away from the far (rear) one.

When sailing on a current, it is necessary to position the boat's course so as to reach the intended point by the shortest route. The drift angle will depend on current speed, boat speed and other factors. It is selected empirically, in accordance with the situation, but in each case the course is located at a certain angle to the current. Following the current along the alignments, the bow of the boat will not be directed towards the alignment.

It is often necessary to change course abruptly, to turn around with the oars in place, to stop the movement of the boat, etc. To make a quick turn, the command is given "Right (left) - into the water!" At the presence of movement, the steering wheel is shifted in side of the same side. At the end of the turn, the command “Both - on the water!” Is given. - If it is necessary to turn the boat on the spot, the rowers of each side can be given a separate command. The first command is usually given to starboard. In this case, commands should be given: "Right taban!" (or "Right into the water!"), "Left into the water!"

The boat approaches the ship from the stern at an angle of 30–40 ° to its centerline. Taking into account the inertia of the movement, the command "Sabbath!" and direct the boat parallel to the course of the ship.

The rake of the side closest to the ship with a recoil hook holds the stern of the boat at the ladder, and the tank ones take the cable from the ship for fastening.

The approach to the pier (wall) is carried out in the same way. Having approached the pier, they hold the boat with water hooks and send one of the tankers to the shore to receive and fasten the faline.

When approaching the ship in fresh weather, keep the boat at such a distance from the side to be able to use the oars. Team "Sabbath!" is served after the cable supplied from the ship is received and secured on the boat. It is recommended to approach the ship from the leeward side. To protect against breakage of the collar, gunwale or side, fenders are suspended in the places where the boat touches the side of the ship or a ladder, for which a command is given "Right(port) side - fenders overboard! "

In fresh weather, it is better for the boats to approach the bakshtov, which is a vegetable cable or a cable made of synthetic fiber, the root end of which is fixed at the stern of the ship. Anchorage on bakshtov is convenient because the boat is closed from the wind and swell by the hull of the ship. When several boats are moored on the backstage, each of them is attached to it independently with the help of a bow tie with a locking assembly. A reliable brand is applied to the running end of the halyard.

6. Management of the boat under sail

The setting of the spars should be carried out at a distance from the coast, ship or sandbank, so that during this time the boat will not be blown away by the wind. If, before setting the spar, the boat is rowed, then it is turned with its bow to the wind and the command "Sabbath, set the spar!"

The rowers of the Sabbath, transfer to the sides (over the heads) the recoil hooks lying on the mast cover and securely grab everything with pins, to which the oarlocks are attached.

At the command "Rangout turn over!" the rowers turn the mast 180 ° clockwise, unlace the mast cover and, on the same repeated command, turn the mast 180 ° counterclockwise again.

On the command "Take off the cover!" raise the mast from the stern, remove the cover, put it in a bag and place it on the stern lattice hatch.

By command "Disassemble the mast!" oarsmen carry a sail with a rake over their heads to the starboard side.

By command "Get ready to set up a mast!" the rowers of the mast can fold back the basting, while the others feed the foremast to the stern so that the spur of the mast falls above the step.

At the command "Rangout put! " The rowers set up the mast, fixing it with a basting with a dowel, tighten the shrouds, carry them over the heads of the sails to the middle, roll them out, put a third rail sling on the hook-yoke hook and base the sheets, passing them outside the shrouds. The chief of the boat replaces the curved tiller with a straight one and removes the flag.

When performing the above commands, the rowers are in their places.

With the help of the rudder, the boat is brought to the wind and the command is given "On the halyards!" Scheduled rowers take. in the hands of halyards, sheets, tacks and slightly tack the tack corners of the sails. By command "Raise the sails!" the halyards are selected and securely fastened to the dowel located on the mast bank, the tacks are upset, the sheets are disassembled and all the rowers sit on the fish facing the sail. One of the tank rowers is appointed a lookout, who reports on everything seen ahead along the course of the boat and from the windward side.

The chief of the boat sits on the stern seat with windward side.

When hoisting the sails, it is necessary that the sheets and tacks are pulled apart, otherwise the rails will not reach the place and the sails will not stand well.

On a boat under sail, the following basic rules must be followed:

when setting and removing sails and spars, rowers are prohibited from getting up;

all rowers, except the lookout, must sit on the fish facing the sail, in this position, in the event of the boat capsizing, the rowers will not be covered by the sail;

sheets should always be held in hand and be ready to quickly release them in the event of a squall; it is strictly forbidden to fasten the sheets.

To harvest the sails and spars, the boat is brought to the wind and commanded: "On the halyards!" At this command, the oarsmen of the mast bank carefully release the excess lines of the halyard from the dowel and hold the ends of the halyard in their hands.

By command "Sails down!" the halyards are worn out. The sails released during the descent are picked up by the rowers' hands to the rail. After lowering the sail, the rowers take their places on the banks, give the halyards, sheets, tacks and cables, grabbing the latter together with the halyards to the mast, roll the sail to the rail and carry it to the starboard side. The chief of the boat replaces the straight tiller with a curved one and sets the flag.

On the command "Throw back the outline!" the rowers of the mast can, holding the mast with their hands, take out the dowel and throw back the basting. All rowers are preparing to cut the spars.

At the command "Rangout cut!" The foremast is lowered and placed on the banks with a spur towards the bow of the boat.

At the command "Cover!" the starboard rowers put on the cover, turn the spar, lace the cover and turn the spar again, after which they carry it over their heads to their regular place.

Spars and sails must be set and cleaned quickly and accurately.

Usually the direction of the wind is determined by the compass, but regardless of this, the direction of the wind is distinguished relative to the course of the boat. When determining the direction of the wind, it must be remembered that the wind "blows into the compass", that is, the reading of its direction must be taken from the windward side of the compass card. So when determining the direction of the wind relative to the course of the boat, they look - from where the wind enters the boat. The bow of the boat is taken as zero of the reading scale (Fig. 43).

The wind blowing straight or almost straight, into the bow of the boat, is called opposite (sector 1). The wind is called sidewind if it blows within the range from 10 to 80 ° to the center plane of the boat (sectors 2 and 3). From 10 to 60 ° the sidewind is called steep (sectors 4 and 5), and from 60 to 80 ° - full (sectors b and 7). If the wind blows within an angle of 80 - 100 °, then it is called gulfwind (sectors 8 and 9). The wind blowing within an angle of 100-170 ° is called backstay (sectors 10 and 11), and the backstay is called full if the wind blows within an angle of 150-170 ° (sectors 12 and 13). The wind is called forewind if it blows aft in the range from 170 ° starboard to 170 ° port side (sector 14).

The tack name is added to the wind names listed above to indicate the position of the boat in relation to the wind direction. If the wind blows to the starboard side - the boat goes starboard tack, if the wind blows to the port side - the boat goes starboard tack.

Correct use of the wind force in any direction relative to the center plane of the boat is achieved by the most appropriate sails position. If the wind blows directly into the stern, it is advisable to set the sails perpendicular to the direction of the wind, and so that the rear sail does not close the front sail, they are placed with a butterfly - one is carried to the left and the other to the starboard. If the boat is going backstay, the sheets should be chosen so that the leechs of the sails begin to flush.

Rice. 43. Name of wind directions acting on the boat (by sector numbers): 1 - nasty; 2, 3 - beydewind; 4, 5 - steep sidewind; 6.1 - full sidewind; 8, 3 - gulfwind; 10, 11 - backstay; 12, 13 - full backstay; 14 - fordewind

When the boat moves with the wind, the galfind sails must divide the angle between the wind line and the center plane of the boat in half.

With a steep sidewind, the sheets are tightened to such an extent that they begin to flush the head leech of the sails a little. It must be remembered that when the wind is steeper than 40–45 ° to the centerline, the boat cannot go forward.

Driving a boat under sail, very; it is important to feel the wind, that is, to imagine its direction relative to the boat and strength. It is also necessary to be able to imagine the interaction of the rudder, sails and trim of the boat on the operation of each sail separately. A properly trimmed boat going sidewind or gulfwind should be barely noticeable when the rudder is positioned.

The wind direction is not constant. If the wind changes direction to the bow of the boat, they say that the wind is setting, and if to the stern, the wind is moving away. If the boat, changing its course, approaches the line of the wind direction, they say that it is driven (goes steeper, rises), and if its bow moves away from this line, it rolls away (goes more fully, descends).

You can change the direction of the boat using the rudder and sails. Suppose the boat is sailing to Gulfwind, the rudder is straight and the sheets of both sails are covered in the same way, observing the above rules. In this case, the sails, moving the boat forward, act in concert and the wind pressure on their area is balanced. If we now turn the jib sheets and choose the fore-sheets, then the coordinated action of the sails will be violated, the stern, under the influence of the wind pressure on the foreshore, will begin to roll away into the wind and the boat will be brought.

Correctly using the strength and direction of the wind, having a training team, it is quite possible to move away (approach) from the side of the ship, pier, or take off from the backstay under sails.

8. Driving a straight course and turns

The boat's route to the destination depends on the direction of the wind. In case of a weak tailwind, especially with the current, it is recommended to go full backstay, changing tacks. The speed of the boat on the fordewind course is usually less than on the backstay course. On the fordewind course, you must be very careful not to spontaneously shift the foresight to another tack, which can lead to breakage of sheets, cables, breakage of the mast and even capsizing of the boat.

In order to reduce yaw and slightly increase the stroke on long courses of fordevind, the sails can be positioned "butterfly". The butterfly sails are set in the following order. The oar handle is attached to the clew of the foresight, on which the foresight is brought to the starboard side at an angle of 90 ° to the wind line. The clew angle of the jib is fixed with jib-sheets to the bank at the mast, the jib-tack is given, the water hook is inserted into the krengel of the jib-tack and brought to the left side. The hook is attached to the jar or vait-pouten in a horizontal position.

It is not recommended to set butterfly sails at wind strength over 4 points. To set the sails on one tack, first remove the hook, attach the jib-tack in place and give the jib sheets. Then the oar supporting the foresail is removed and the boat is turned in the desired direction, tightening the jib and foresheets.

When the boat is sailing, it is often necessary to change course. If the boat then remains on the same tack, then it is said that it has gone down or ascended. If the boat has changed tack, then they say that the boat has made a turn. There are two types of turn: overtag and forward turn.

An overtag turn is a turn in which the boat, changing tack, must cross the wind line with its bow (fig. 44). This turn is safe, requires little time and space, but is not always successful in light winds or high seas. Before turning the overstag, it is necessary to give the boat as much speed as possible, for which it should be lowered a little.

Suppose the boat is going to the starboard tack (position I) and intends to make an overstack turn. At the command "Rotate overstag!" the crew of the boat increases their attention and prepares for the turn.

Rice. 44. Rotate overstag

At the command "Pull the Fock Sheets!" foresheet is tight-fitting. The steering wheel is gradually put in the direction of the turn - to the wind (position II).

The command "Tear the Cleaver Sheets!" served as soon as the bow of the boat is in the wind line (position III). At this command, the jib-sheet is pulled open and, when the bow of the boat approaches the wind line, the rudder is sharply put in the direction of the turn. When the bow of the boat is in the line of the wind, the command "Cleaver to port!" Is given, according to which the jib-sheet is selected on the side on which it was before the start of the turn (position IV). According to the report of the rower "Cleaver took" sitting on the jib-sheet, the command is given to "Tear the Fock-sheet!" The fore-sheet is pulled open, the rudder is placed straight (position V). At this time, one jib is working, pushing the bow of the boat in the direction of the turn. When the boat rolls down to full hauled, the command is given "Cleaver and foresheets to starboard, pull off the sheets!" Execution of this command (position VI) ends the overtag maneuver, the boat lays down on a new tack.

A turn through a forewind is a turn when the boat, changing tack, crosses the wind line aft (fig. 45). This turn takes more time and space, but it always succeeds. During a fresh wind, turning through the forewind is dangerous, since if the boat is not well managed, the boat can tip over.

Rice. 45. Turning through the forewind

Suppose the boat is going to the starboard tack (position I) and intends to make a turn through the fordewind. The command "Turn through the forewind!" Is given, according to which the team intensifies its attention and prepares for the turn. In order for the boat to roll faster into the wind under the action of the jib, the command is given "Fock-sheet poison!" The foresheet is hunted down and immediately the rudder is sharply turned towards the wind - to the left (position II).

When approaching a gulfwind, the command is given "Weed the cleaver-sheet!" The cleaver sheet is hauled gradually, depending on the speed at which the bow of the boat is pulled back towards the turn (position III).

When the stern approaches the wind line, the command is given "Fock mast!" At this command, the foresail is assembled to the mast behind the lower scaffold, reducing the windage, so that when the stern passes the wind line, it does not abruptly throw the sail to the other side. In a weak wind, the foresail is not taken to the mast, and when the stern approaches the wind line, the fore-sheet is pulled together so that at the moment of the wind line crossing the sail is in the center plane of the boat (position IV).

When the boat is on a different tack, the command “Cleaver and foresheets to the right! " The sails are carefully shifted to another tack (position V).

With an opposite wind, you have to go in a steep sidewind, periodically changing the tack. This movement of the boat in a zigzag pattern is called tacking. Tacking requires the ability to correctly position the tacks, walk steeply to the wind, while making turns. The art of tacking is not to deviate far from the general direction while moving against the wind on tacks, to keep the boat on the line of the passing current, not to enter the wind shadow, etc. Following as close to the wind line as possible without losing speed, it must be remembered that with a steep sidewind, the sheets should be chosen to such an extent that they begin to flush the head leech of the sails a little.

When tacking, overstay turns should be used, as this gains time and distance. It is important to be able to determine whether the boat will go on one tack to the intended point (object) or not. This is determined by conjuring up the intended object with some distant object. If the boat does not drift off the alignment line of these two objects, it means that it will follow this tack to the intended mark (object).

If, during tacking, the boat got out of the wind and lost its speed, you need to quickly select the jib-sheet from the windward side and release the fore-sheet. When the bow of the boat rolls away into the wind, they choose the fore-sheet and, having taken a course, lay down on the desired course.

Drifting means positioning the sails so that the boat does not move forward. This maneuver is applied while waiting for another boat, at the start before races, etc., and is performed as follows. To the point of refusal, the jib-sheet of the windward side is selected, and the fore-sheet - of the leeward side, then they are driven by the rudder, the tiller is removed and the rudder is left in an arbitrary position. In this position, the jib will tend to drop the bow, and the foresail will force the boat to move. When removing from the drift, the tiller is inserted and the fore-sheet is ejected. Under the action of the jib, the bow of the boat will begin to roll away. When the boat is in the sidewind position, the jib is transferred to the leeward side and the fore-sheet is pulled together.

A squall is a sudden increase in the wind. When a squall approaches, you should remove the sails and spars and meet the squall on the oars, with your nose to the wind. If the squall has flown in unexpectedly, then with the backstay course, the sheets should be ejected and descended, and with the beydewind course, it should be brought in.

When the wind increases, it is necessary to reduce the area of ​​the sails, that is, to take reefs. Taking the reefs on time means showing maritime literacy. If the boat begins to heel strongly and draw water on board, then further movement with unrefined sails becomes dangerous. To take the reefs, the boat is brought to the wind and the command is given: foresail Down with!" and then "Take two (one) reefs!" The rowers pick up the sails from the luff and tie them with reef lines, tying them with a reef knot. Tacks and sheets are shifted to the corresponding krengels of the sail. Then the foreman gives the commands "On fale! " and "Raise the sails!" The lower (rolled) cinch of the sail should be at the level of the gunwale.

You can give reefs without lowering the sails. After the reefs are released, the boat is brought to the wind and the sails are raised to the place, shifting the tacks and sheets to their regular krengels.

Blogger Alexey Izmailov writes:

After visiting the yacht port "Peski", our part of the expedition visited the wooden shipbuilding yard "Varyag". It is located next to the port in a large hangar. "Varyag" is a unique (if not the only) enterprise of its kind, here they are engaged in the design and construction of wooden ships: sea cruise sailing yachts and training sailboats, pleasure sailing and motor boats, crew and tourist boats, fishing boats, sea boats of YL types -2, YaL-4, YaL-6, pleasure sailing and rowing boats, traditional folk boats “soima”, “kizhanka”, “finca”, etc.

One of the main directions is the construction of replica ships stylized as old sailing and steam ships. During the construction process used:

• traditional and modern technologies and materials;
• equipping ships with domestic and imported equipment from leading manufacturers;
• author's design of interior finishing and exterior decoration.

Upon entering the hangar, I immediately saw a woodcarver who was carving just such a head - the bow decoration of the ship.

Over the 20 years of the shipyard's activity, several dozen motor and sail-motor ships, several hundred boats and boats have been built, including:

• copies of historical sailing ships of the XIV - XVIII centuries;
• Russian sea and river boats and plows of the XI-XV centuries;
• copies of boats I and Catherine the Great for the museums of Tsarskoye Selo and Pereslavl-Zalessky;
• copies of the Viking ships for the city;
• floating models of old sailing ships and rowing boats for the filming of the English TV series Hornblower and the Russian film The Passenger, directed by Stanislav Govorukhin.

There is another ship on the slipways of the shipyard. The shipyard has enough orders, they can't sit without work. Vessels are made not only for customers from Russia, but also from abroad, therefore they can be found in England, Spain, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Finland, in the Caribbean Sea and on the Canary Islands.

The wooden shipbuilding shipyard "Varyag" is one of the few enterprises where the traditions of domestic wooden shipbuilding are carefully preserved and developed.

Freshly painted sides.

The build quality is respectable.

Rows of rivets, carefully fitted details.

The master immediately grinds the oars under it.

Yal-6, structural drawing of the hull.

On the right with orange sides is a tourist boat of the Grumant-30T project. Designed for lovers of long sea travel and recreation on the water.

The motor-sailing vessel of the Askold-65 project is intended for use as a pleasure vessel on inland waters.

The external appearance of the vessel is an attempt to reconstruct a Russian river boat of the 15th century. It was on such a ship that the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin could begin his famous "Voyage across the Three Seas".

Another vessel is being assembled next to Askold.

In the office of "Varyag" we were told about the already implemented projects. Many private customers who ask to build a replica of some historical ship always choose a legend for it, for example, to lure tourists))

What else pleased us in the office was office furniture, all hand-made from solid wood, according to individual sizes)

On the table is a draft of a new vessel.

Inspiration is drawn from everywhere.

Here is such a tour turned out.

Fig 1. The device of the boat (according to V.I. Shatrov, 1998):

1 - stern post; 2 - hole for weed; 3 - stern eyelet for the falin; 4 - transom bar; 5 - steering head; 6 - transom board; 7 - seat for the helmsman; 8 - shaped butt; 9 - guide strips; 10 - back board; 11 - stern seat; 12 - duck for foresheet; 13 - sub-socket; 14 - chuck for a metal knit; 15 - metal knit; 16 - duck for jib sheet; 17- interbank chuck; 18 - vant-stotens; 19 - fish; 20 - medium bank; 21 - foot support; 22 - basting; 23 - dowel; 24 - mast bank; 25 - fenders; 26 - a strip with a socket for a lamppost; 27 - breshtuk; 28 - tack hook; 29 - stem; 30 - bow eyelet for falin; 31 - bow lattice hatch; 32 - gunwale; 33 - step; 34 - lamp post step; 35 - bow bank; 36 - bow chain lift; 37 - clamping nut and keelson washer; 38 - step for the mast; 39 - frames; 40 - shirstrek; 41 - collar; 42 - pillars shoe; 43 - pillers; 44 - sheathing; 45 - podlegars; 46 - zagrebnaya (feed) bank; 47 - drain brass plug; 48 - sheet pile sheathing belt; 49 - aft lattice hatch; 50 - foot support; 51 - keel; 52 - keelson; 53 - wooden lining under the knit; 54 - aft chain hoist; 55 - metal knit; 56 - weather vane; 57 - steering wheel; 58 - steering loop with fittings; 59 - rod for the steering wheel; 60 - rudder feather.

The set of longitudinal and transverse beams representing the frame of the boat is called a set. Lifeboat hull set, consists of 5 main elements: keel, stem, sternpost, frames and transom (transom board).

For the longitudinal strength of the boat's hull, an oak bar is placed in the frame - keel (Figure 1.51; Figure 2.1), ending in the bow with a vertical bar - stem (Figure 1.29; Figure 2.4), and in the stern - sternpost (Figure 1.1; Figure 2.8)... The stem is firmly connected to the keel with a wooden connecting leg - button (nose knit) (Figure 2.7), and the sternpost using steel knit (Figure 1.55; Figure 2.10) on brass bolts.

Attached to the keel from above Rezen-keel (Figure 2.2), serving as additional durability of the set. A metal strip is superimposed on the keel and stem - forging (Figure 2.5), protecting the boat from damage during mooring.

Fig 2. Six-oar YL (detailing) (according to MM Kopp, 1988):

1- keel; 2 - resen-keel; 3 - tongue; 4 - stem; 5 - keel strip, or fittings; 6 - falstem; 7 - button (nose knit); 8 - sternpost; 9 - transom board or transom; 10 - aft metal knit; 11 - wooden lining under the knit; 12 - mounting bolts; 13 - keelson; 14 - mast step; 15 - lamp post step; 16 - pillers shoe; 17 - pillars shoe fastener; 18 - pillers; 19 - nose chain lifting eye; 20 - chain nose lift; 21 - chain hoist bracket; 22 - butt of the chain hoist; 23 - keelson mounting bolt; 24 - keelson washer; 25 - keelson nut; 26 - aft chain hoist; 27 - bow chain hoist clip; 28 - feed chain hoist holder; 29 - a strip with a socket for a lamppost; 30 - bow lattice hatch; 31 - tack hook; 32 - fish; 33 - foot support; 34 - removable front part of the aft lattice hatch; 35 - aft lattice hatch; 36 - foot support; 37 - tank bank; 38 - shirstrek (upper sheathing belt); 39 - frame; 40 - fender bar; 41-gunwale; 42 — collar; 43 - podlegars; 44 - mast bank; 45 - interbank chuck; 46 - metal knit; 47 - dowel; 48 - bar with a socket for a dowel; 49 - strips of the mast basting; 50 - mast basting; 51 - sublock; 52 - oarlock; 53 - backing for the line; 54 - pin for oarlock; 55 - vant-potens; 56 - cable lanyard; 57 - thimbles; 58 - cable; 59 - drain plug; 60 - socket for drain plug; 61 - leather pad; 62 - back board; 63 - guide bar; 64 - shaped backing for the fore-rod; 65 - seat for the helmsman (stern knit); 66 - trim of the transom board; 67 - eyelet for the stern hawker; 68 - stern fallen; 69 - stern seat; 70 - flagpole holder; 71 - flagpole step; 72 - boat nail with washer; 73 - figured bar.

The transverse strength and reliability of the boat's hull set are frames (Figure 1.39; Figure 2.39), which are fastened with galvanized steel screws to the rubber keel along the entire length of the boat on both sides.

On top of the frames on the rubber keel is superimposed keelson (Figure 1.52; Figure 2.13)- removable board, which is connected to the keel brass bolts (Figure 2.23). On the keelson there are steps (Figure 1.38; Figure 2.14) for the installation of masts and socket for posts - pillers (Figure 1.43; Figure 2.18), supporting banks. The upper ends of the frames are connected by two oak curved sides of the boat fenders (Figure 1.25; Figure 2.40), which, in turn, with their bow ends are cut into the stem and are connected to it and to each other with a breast (Figure 1.27)- steel knit with a wooden lining. The stern ends of the fenders are fastened with a knit transom bar (Figure 1.4). The fender gives the boat longitudinal strength and kit reliability.

To protect the frames from damage, the bottom of the boat is closed with removable shields - fish (Figure 1.19; Figure 2.32), having footrests (Figure 1.21; Figure 1.50) rowers, and the aft part of the bottom is closed lattice hatch (Figure 1.49; Figure 2.34,2.35) in two parts.

The upper end of the pillars fits into the socket on the bank, the lower end into shoe (Figure 1.42; Figure 2.16) on the keelson. Between the banks on the sides there are spacers called inter-canal chaks (Figure 1.17; Figure 2.45).

On the inside of the boat, oak beams are laid on the sides slightly above the design waterline - podlegars (fig 1.45; fig 2.43) on which the can, stern seats and bow lattice hatch (Figure 1.31; Figure 2.30) with bar and socket for a lamppost (Figure 1.26; Figure 2.29). The lower end of the rack fits into the step nest on the stem. The cans and stern seat are attached to the podlegars and fenders with knits (Figure 1.15; Figure 2.46)... Fender bars and underlegars in the bow are firmly connected to each other and the stem, in the stern with the transom board.

Flush cut into the sternpost transom board (transom) (Figure 1.6; Figure 2. 9).

A wooden bar is attached to the transom along the perimeter from the inside - transom bar (Figure 1.4).

Parallel to the transom board, it is inserted into the vertical guide strips removable back board (Figure 1.10; Figure 2.62), which is installed parallel to the transom board at a distance of 35 - 45 cm from it.

On the inside of the transom board there is clip (Figure 2.70), and on the stern seat - socket for attaching a flagpole, (flagpole step) (Figure 1.7; Figure 2.65)

Between the dorsal and transom boards at the starboard side on a wooden pad - knice (fig 1.7; fig 2.65), resting on the fender and transom beams, is the place of the foreman of the boat.

Belts sheathing (Figure 1.44) YaLa laid in the cover. The bottom line of the sheathing boards entering the keel tongue is called tongue-and-groove belt (Figure 1.48), and the upper belt - shirstrek (Figure 1.40; Figure 2.38).

The fenders of the ends of the frames and the upper edges of the shirstrek are closed from above on both sides with oak boards - gunwale (Figure 1.32; Figure 2.41), which are fenced from the outside with a semicircular shoulder (Figure 1.41), and the lower side is located on the belt, below the shirstrek. The collars are attached to the casing with screws, they cover the groove between the gunwale and the shirstrek and protect the sides of the boat from impacts during mooring.

There is a hole in the bottom of the boat in the area of ​​the grab can with a screw-out brass plug (Fig 1.47; Fig 2.59, 2.60), which serves to drain the water accumulated at the bottom during the lifting of the boat.

The hull of the boat is equipped with various metal parts that serve to connect the parts of the kit to each other.

When lowering and lifting the lifeboat on board the vessel, chain lifts (Figure 1.36, 1.54; Figure 2.20, 2.26) which consist of butt (Figure 2.22), tightly riveted to the keel, a shackle, a piece of chain and eye (Figure 2.19)... The hooks of the boat hoists are laid behind the eyelets. So that the boat does not heel when lowering (lifting), the bow eyelet is passed through the locking bar on the bow bank, which forms clip nose chain lift (Figure 2.28), and aft through a special hole in the aft seat, which forms the clip of the feed chain volume (Figure 2.28).

For installing the mast in a vertical position and fixing it on the mast bank, the basting (Figure 1.22; Figure 2.50) and nests (Figure 2.48) for pegs (Figure 1.23; Figure 2.47), which are ordinary bolts with an oblong shaped head. They are designed to secure the basting and rigging tackle.

Steps (Figure 1.38; Figure 2.14) attaches to the keelson and serves to install the end (spur) of the mast.

On the inner edge of the fenders from the left and right sides, shaped butts are installed - vant-potens (Figure 1.18; Figure 2.55). They serve to fasten shrouds (Figure 2.58) holding the mast in an upright position, as well as for laying and tightening fock sheets (Figure 1.12; Figure 2.64), shaped backs are also available on the knits of the middle jar for bookmarking jib sheets (Figure 1.16).

Hook on the stem (tack hook) (Figure 1.28; Figure 2.31) serves for upsetting and fastening the jib-tack.

On the inside of the fender, there are ducks (Figure 1.12, 18) for jib-sheet, fore-sheet, as well as for fastening fenders when mooring.

The mooring device consists of nasal (Figure 1.30) and stern eye (Figure 1.3; Figure 2.67) to which the fire is attached falin-cable (Figure 2.68) from plant and synthetic fibers.

Attached to the gunwale sublocks (Figure 1.13; Figure 2.51) with nests for oarlocks (Figure 2.52)... There are four banks in YaL: bow (Figure 1.35), tank (mast) (Figure 1.24), middle (Figure 1.20) and stern (zagrebnaya) (Figure 1.46).

To keep the boat on a given course or change the direction of its movement, use steering device (Figure 1.57)... The steering wheel is hung in the center plane on special rod (Figure 1.59), why is it fixed on it a loop with a binding (Figure 1.58)... To prevent the tiller from falling out, it is fastened with a check connected by a chain with rudder head (Figure 1.5)... IN re-rudder (Fig. 1.60) there is weed hole (fig 1.2)- a small tench. One end of the weed, passed through the hole on the handlebars, is sealed with a knot, and the other is tied to the eye on the sternpost.

Outside in the bow of the stem, as well as on the transom board from the starboard and left sides, are reinforced edging for weather vane (Figure 1.56).

Characteristics:

Body length overall	6.1 m.
Body width overall	2.0 m.
Draft fully loaded	0.6 m.
Body weight	600 kg.
Sail area	20.4 m 2
Number of oars	6 pcs.
Passenger capacity	10 people
Price:	RUB 630,000

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Description:

Rowing and sailing boats are intended for use as training and pleasure boats on inland waters and in the coastal zone of the seas.

The most common are the six-rowed boats of the YAL-6 type. Along with them, boats of the YaL-2 and YaL-4 type, as well as sailing and rowing boats and longboats, can be produced.

Drawings of lifeboats are developed on the basis of the "Handbook of Small Vessels" published by "Sudpromgiz" published in 1950.

The hull of the boat has classic lines and traditional construction. The longitudinal set is laminated, the frames are bent. Outer cladding - clinker type (edge ​​to edge) on copper rivets.
The main material for the manufacture of the hull is selected shipbuilding pine according to GOST 8486-86.
For the manufacture of metal parts, carbon steel St3 GOST 380-2005 is used.
Copper nails, galvanized bolts and screws are used as fasteners.
In order to increase the life of the boat, its hull from the inside, as well as oars and spars, are impregnated with a non-washable antiseptic composition and covered with natural linseed oil. The outside of the body is primed with red lead and painted with oil paints.

The standard equipment of the YAL-6 boat includes:
1) Roller oars 3.9 m long - 6 pcs.
2) Oarlocks - 6 pcs.
3) Pins for oarlocks approx. 13 mm, length 1.5 m - 6 pcs.
4) Rudder blade - 1 pc.
5) Straight metal tiller - 1 pc.
6) Check - 1 pc.
7) Sailing rig - 1 set.
8) Slani (fish) - 6 pcs.
9) Removable aft floor liner - 2 pcs.
10) A support for the feet of the aft floor - 1 pc.
11) Bow lattice hatch - 1 pc.
12) Plug (screwed-in part) - 1 pc.
13) Nagel - 3 pcs.

The sailing set includes:
1) Foremast - 1 pc.
2) Rails with a scale and a third sling - 1 pc.
3) Standing rigging made of galvanized steel cable.
4) Running rigging made of synthetic ropes.
5) Sails (fore and jib) made of synthetic fabric (dacron).

Delivery of boats is carried out by road and rail to all regions of Russia, as well as near and far abroad.

To buy a wooden dinghy Yal-6, you need to contact us by phone or e-mail.

1.4. Six-oar yal arrangement

The most common type of rowing and sailing boat is the six-oared yawl (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. General view of a six-oar yala:
1 - stem; 2 - tack hook; 3 - breshtuk; 4 - a hole for a lamppost; 5, 37 - lattice hatches; 6 - locking bar; 7 - basting; 8 - vant-potens; 9 - knit; 10 - sublock; 11 - chaka; 12 is stubborn; 13 - oarlocks step; 14 - duck; 15 - bank; 16-longitudinal bank; 17 - stern seat; 18 - tiller; 19 - back board; 20 - stern pad (knit); 21 - obushok; 22 - a chain of checks; 23, 56 - falini; 24 - weather vane; 25 - transom bar; 26 - transom board; 27 - stern eye; 28 - rubbish; 29 - hole for chain lifting; 30 - steering wheel; 31 - rod; 32 - loop for steering wheel suspension; 33 - podkilny strip (forging); 34 - stern post; 35-knit; 36, 55 - chain lifts; 38 - cork; 39 - frame; 40 - keel; 41 - keelson; 42 - tongue-and-groove belt; 43 - tetrahedral nail; 44 - fish; 45 - removable rack (pillers); 46 - podlegars; 47 - filler (wood); 48 - safety bar; 49 - shirstrek; 50 - gunwale; 51, 53-collars; 52-sheathing; 54-socket for the dowel; 57 - nose ring

The frame of the body is a set consisting of longitudinal and transverse oak or ash beams. The set gives the body the required shape and ensures its strength. The main part of the set is the keel.

Keel- a solid oak or glued from two oak and three pine boards a rectilinear beam running along the entire length of the boat.

In the bow, it is fastened to the keel with brass bolts, forming the bow of the boat (Fig. 2), stem- curved beams glued from several oak planks.

The stern end of the boat is formed by a rectangular bar glued from oak planks cut into the keel at an angle of ~ 100 ° - sternpost... Achtersteven is fastened with a galvanized steel keel knit on brass bolts.

Rice. 2. Keel and stems:
1 - jib-tack hook (tack hook); 2 - stem; 3, 9, 10 - bolts; 4 - lining; 5 - knit; 6 - stern ring; 7 - sternpost; 8 - transom board; 11 - keel; 12 - podkilny strip

Flush cut into the sternpost transom board(transom) made of two or three oak planks. On the inside, along the perimeter, a wooden rim is attached to the transom - transom... An oak tree is attached to the keel from above with galvanized nails resen - keel that gives the keel extra strength.

Along the entire length of the keel, on both sides of its upper part, tongue-and-groove piles are cut to attach the first sheathing belt (Fig. 3).

The keel and stem are protected from damage by the metal a sickly strip.

Attached to the resen-keel with galvanized steel screws frames- transverse ribs made of hard wood, curved in the shape of the boat contours (Fig. 4). There are 25 frames on a six-oar yacht.

On top of the frames on the resen-keel lies keelson-removable board fastened to the keel with brass bolts (Fig. 4 and 14).

Rice. 3. Keel design:
1 - resen-keel; 2 - tongue; 3 - keel; 4 - podkilny strip

The upper ends of the frames are fastened with two oak curved sides fenders and beams.

Rice. 4. Fastening of frames:
1 - keelson; 2 - frame; 3 - a nail with a washer; 4 - sheathing; 5 - resen-keel; 6 - screw; 7 - keel

The nose ends of the fenders are cut into the stem and fastened to it and to each other breshtkom-steel knit with a wooden lining (Figure 5).

The stern ends of the fenders are fastened with steel knots with a transom bar.

Pine and oak planks are nailed to the yala set with galvanized or copper nails. The bow ends of the skin are recessed into the cut out tongue on the fore-stem, and the stern ends are fastened to the stern-post rim of the transom and the transom board. The sheathing consists of 14 belts.

Rice. 5. Fastening of fenders:
1 - stem; 2 - hook for jib-tack fastening; 3 - steel knit; 4 - wooden plate (breshtuk); 5 - nose ring; 6 - frame; 7 - fender bar; 8 - shirstrek

First belt - tongue-and-groove made of 16 mm oak planks (the thickness of the remaining planks is 12 mm). Upper planking belt - shirstrek also made of oak planks. There is a wooden filler between the shirstrek and the fenders. The yala sheathing belts are laid close to each other (Fig. 6, a).

Fenders, ends of frames and upper edges of shirstrek are closed on top of oak board - gunwale.

Two collars- semicircular oak or ash bars - protect the sides of the boat from impacts during mooring. The upper collar covers the groove between the gunwale and the shirstrek, and the lower one is located on the belt, which is below the shirstrek. The collars are attached to the casing with brass screws. The gunwale and wood filler have holes for oarlocks (three on each side) (Fig. 12).

Rice. 6. Sheathing:
a - close; b - smooth; 1 - gunwale; 2 - collars; 3 - sheathing boards; 4 - nails with washers; 5 - frame; 6 - podlegars; 7 - bank; 8 - glazing bead; 9 - fender

On longitudinal oak beams - podlegars the banks are supported, which serve as seats for rowers and elements of the transverse fastening of the boat.

There are four banks in the yala: bow, tank (mast), middle and rake (stern). Steel galvanized knits they are fastened to the fenders (fig. 7). To prevent the banks from sagging under the weight of the rowers, their middle parts are strengthened with racks - pillers. The upper end of the post fits into the socket on the bank, the lower end into the shoe on the keelson (Fig. 14). Between the banks on the sides there are spacers called chakami... On top of the cans and chuck, an oak plank is laid close to the frames - glazing bead(fig. 6 and 7).

Rice. 7. Fastening the can to the fender:
1 - metal knit; 2 - gunwale; 3 - fender bar; 4 - frame; 5 - wood filler; 6 - glazing bead; 7 - shaped backing for jib-sheet loading; 8 - podlegars; 9 - bank (medium); 10 - chaka

In the bow of the boat, a removable head rests on the podlegars bow lattice hatch with a hole for a lamp post (or race number). The lower end of the strut fits into the shoe socket on the stem.

In the aft part of the boat (Fig. 8) a seat rests on the podlegars, on which the passengers, the commander and the foreman of the boat are placed when sailing. Parallel to the transom board, a removable back board is inserted into the vertical guide shoes.

Between the dorsal and transom boards at the starboard side, on a wooden lining - a knit resting on the fenders and transom bars, there is the place of the foreman of the boat when moving on oars.

To protect the frames from damage, make it easier to move around the boat and evenly distribute the load, the bottom of the yacht is covered with removable wooden shields - fish, and between the raking jar and the stern seat - aft lattice hatch(fig. 8 and 9), consisting of two parts.

Rice. 8. Stern part of the six-oar boat:
1 - duck; 2 - guide shoe; 3 - split shaped backing for starting the foresheet; 4 - wooden knit (the place of the foreman of the boat when moving on oars); 5 - transom bar; 6 - stern eye; 7 - hole for the lifting chain eye; 8 - stern seat; 9 - aft lattice hatch; 10 - cork

On the fish and the hatch there are paddles' footrests. To drain the water accumulated at the bottom of the boat, under the aft hatch in the casing there is a hole with a screw plug (Fig. 8). When lowering and lifting the boat aboard the ship, chain lifts(lifting eyes).

Rice. 9. Rybina:
1 - fish; 2 - prop; 3 - construction

The chain hoist consists of a butt, tightly attached to the keel, a shackle, a piece of chain and an eye (Fig. 10). The hooks of the boat hoists are laid behind the eyelets.

Rice. 10. Chain hoist (chain hoist):
1 - eye; 2 -. locking bar; 3 - chain; 4 - lifting bracket; 5 - nuts; 6 -kilson; 7 - bolt; 8 - keel; 9 - butt; 10 - pin

So that the boat does not heel when lowering (lifting), the bow eyelet is passed through stopper bar on the bow can, and the stern - through a special hole in the stern seat.

Rice. 11. Steering device:
1 - steering head; 2 - check with a chain; 3, 5 - hinges with fittings; 4 - hole for weed; 6 - rudder feather; 7 - sternpost; 8 - rod; 9 eye of the stern hawker; 10 - weed; 11 - tiller

To keep the boat on a given course or change the direction of its movement, use steering gear(fig. 11), consisting of a hinged rudder, parts for its attachment and a tiller (when driving with oars, a curved tiller is used, when driving under sail - a straight one).

Steering wheel made of oak and consists of head, feather and hinges with fittings. It is hung on a galvanized steel rod, fixed on the transom board and the yall sternpost. The handlebar head has a square hole for tiller... To prevent the tiller from falling out, it is secured with a check connected by a chain to the rudder head or tiller. The rudder has a hole for weed- a small line with a circumference of 25 mm. One end of the weed, passed through the hole on the handlebars, is sealed with a knot, and the other is tied to the eye on the sternpost.

Rice. 12. Subkey:
1 - gunwale; 2 - sublock; 3 - hole for the oarlock; 4 - wood filler; 5 - fender

The following parts are available on the hull of the boat for attaching oars, mast and tackle for sail steering, as well as for other needs.

Sublocks- angled galvanized metal strips with holes for oarlocks embedded flush into the gunwale (Fig. 12).

Basting- folding metal bracket on a hinge to hold the mast in a vertical position. One end of the basting is fixed on the mast bank, the other, folding, is attached to the bank with a dowel (Fig. 13).

Steps- metal attachment attached to the keelson for the installation of the lower end (spur) of the mast. In the recess of the step there is a horizontal pin, on which the mast sits with a spur groove (Fig. 14).

Steps are also called metal trims with holes for oarlocks, which are sometimes installed below the fender.

Vantputens- metal strips with eyelets for cable stays. They are located on the inside of the fenders, two on each side (Fig. 20).

Split shaped butts serve for laying foresheets. They are located on the gunwale between the back and transom boards (Fig. 8). On the knits of the middle can there are shaped trims for the jib sheets (Fig. 7).

Rice. 13. Basting:
1 - hole for the dowel; 2 - basting; 3 - dowel

Hack on the stem (tack hook) serves for upsetting and fastening the jib-tack (Fig. 2 and 5).

Rice. 14. Keelson with steps and foot shoes:
1 - shoe for the rack (pillers); 2 - pin; 3 - step; 4 - keelson

Ducks- metal two-horned strips for fastening fenders (Fig. 8).

Mooring device consists of a bow (on the stem) and aft (on the stern) eye rings, to which they are attached with fire falini- ropes made of vegetable or synthetic fibers. Designed for mooring and towing boats.

There is a clip on the inside of the transom board, and on the aft seat - nest(or shoe) for fastening the flagpole (fig. 15).

Rice. 15. Details on the transom board:
1 - flagpole; 2 - duck on the flagpole for attaching the flag halyard; 3 - metal strips for attaching the outboard motor; 4 - shaped back for fastening the rail: 5 - transom bar; 6 - a metal plate with data on the seaworthiness of the boat; 7 - fodder fallen; 8 - shaped board; 9 - socket for a flagpole; 10 - flag call sign; 11 - clip for a flagpole

There are two metal strips installed on the transom board for the motor suspension. For fastening the handrail when covering the boat, there is shaped obushe.

To the left of the sternpost on the transom board is a metal plate with data on the seaworthiness and passenger capacity of the boat, and to the right is the flag call sign of this boat.

The flag call sign is assigned to the boat by the order of the commander of the ship (unit) and consists of a combination of two flags of the Boat Signal Book: the upper flag denotes a letter, the lower one - "Boat". Thus, flag callsigns are: A. Shl., B. Shl. etc.

Rice. 16. Location of the wind vane on the transom

In addition to the flag call sign, a weather vane and a digital call sign are assigned to the boat by the circular of the chief of staff of the fleet. The latter is painted on the racing number and sewn onto the sail. The procedure for using the callsigns is set out in the Boat Signal Book (SHSK).

In the bow, on the starboard fender, a plate is attached indicating the type of boat, manufacturer, serial number and year of construction.

Weather vane - round signs with wooden edging (Fig. 16) indicating which ship (part) the boat belongs to. They are located outside the skin in the bow and on the transom on both sides.

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