For those who have been studying German for a long time, the declension (decl.) Of nouns (n.) In general is not particularly difficult. The case system consists of four cases (pad.): Nominative (Nominativ), Genitive (Genitiv), Dative (Dativ), Accusative (Akkusativ). Many nouns do not have special case endings (ending), only their articles change. However, there are also a few points to note here.
There are three types of warehouses. noun masculine and neuter: strong (s-Deklination), weak (n-Deklination) and mixed (gemischte Deklination). There is also a so-called. female wc.
Almost all words in the Dative pad. plural end. –N:
das Buch (N. singl.) - die Bücher (N. pl) - den Bücher-n (D. pl),
die Mutter (N. singl) - die Mütter (N. pl) - den Müttern (D. pl),
der Vater (N. singl) - die Väter (N. pl) - den Vätern (D. pl).
In the words of the feminine gender, in which the form of the Nominative pad. plural ends in –n, Dative pad form. matches it (the new letter -n does not appear):
Die Studentin (N. singl) - die Studentinnen (N. pl) - den Studentinnen (D. pl).
Die Leserin (N. singl) - die Leserinnen (N. pl) - den Leserinnen (D. pl).
Generally, n. the feminine gender is usually inclined according to the so-called. female declension... Its main feature is that all forms of the singular coincide with the Nominative pad., And the end. in all plural cases - en.
| Kasus | ||
| Nominativ | ||
| Genitiv | ||
| Dativ | ||
| Akkusativ |
To n., strong-leaning, include masculine and neuter words and some feminine words that are in the Nominative Pad. pl. h. have an ending. -er, -e, or null.
der Baum - die Bäume, die Erkenntnis - die Erkenntnisse, das Volk - die Völker, der Meister - die Meister.
Exs. male and neuter genders Genitive pad. units h end-s or – es:
der Baum - des Baums, der Meister - des Meisters.
Finish -es joins:
- Usually to monosyllabic nouns. (for euphony): das Volk - des Volk (e) s, der Tag - des Tag (e) s. Although in these cases it is possible to use and finish. –S: des Volks, des Tags.
- Nouns ending in -s, -ss, -ß, -tz, -x, -z . Das Haus - das Hauses, der Kuss - des Kusses, das Gesetz - des Gesetzes.
Thus, the table is finished. strong wkl. as follows:
| Kasus | ||||
| Nominativ | ||||
| Genitiv |
+ (e) s |
+ (e) s |
||
| Dativ | ||||
| Akkusativ | ||||
Sometimes in the Dative pad. nouns ending in a consonant may have an ending. –E. For example, im Jahre ..., dem Tage, dem Volke. Such forms are obsolete and are sometimes used in written speech (official documents).
A separate subspecies of strong scl. is considered to be skl. nouns with ending –S plural
Das Auto - die Autos, der Job - die Jobs, das Cafe - die Cafes.
Like the words of the "usual" strong spell., They have an ending. –S in Genitive pad. singular, but do not end. –N in the dative pad. plural
| Kasus | Singular | Plural |
| Nominativ | das Cafe | die Cafes |
| Genitiv | des Cafes | der Cafes |
| Dativ | dem Cafe | den Cafes |
| Akkusativ | den Cafe | die Cafes |
The main difference between a weak skl. is the end. –En, which appears in all forms except Nominative pad. units h To a weak skl. are usually n. masculine, which denote living creatures of the masculine gender, nationality and profession that end in -e, -af, -and, -ant, -ent, -ist, -loge, etc.
Schematically, the endings can be represented as follows:
| Kasus | ||||
| Nominativ | — | — | — | + (e) n |
| Genitiv | + (e) n | — | — | + (e) n |
| Dativ | + (e) n | — | — | + (e) n |
| Akkusativ | + (e) n | — | — | + (e) n |
To a variety of weak skl. are words that in the Genitive pad. end. –Ens . This group of words is not numerous - these include words der Name, der Buchstabe, der Glaube, der Wille, der Friede, der Gedanke, der Same, der Funke and also singular noun. neuter on this list - das Herz . Accordingly, in the Genitive Pad. these words will look like: des Namens, des Buchstabens, des Glaubens, des Willens, des Friedens, des Gedankes, der Samens, des Funkens, des Herzens.
To a weak skl. also applies to skl. the noun der Herr, although its ending. in the singular are slightly different from the usual:
| Kasus | Singular | Plural |
| Nominativ | der Herr | die Herren |
| Genitiv | des Herrn | der Herren |
| Dativ | dem Herrn | den Herren |
| Akkusativ | den Herrn | die Herren |
Consideration of the topic “German language. Declination of nouns "would be incomplete if we did not consider mixed declension... Its peculiarity lies in the fact that noun. in the singular declined according to the strong word. (acquired in the Genitive pad. singular ending -s or -es), and in the plural - by the weak scle. (in all pad. have the ending -en).
| Kasus | ||||
| Nominativ |
+ (e) n |
|||
| Genitiv |
+ (e) s |
+ (e) s |
+ (e) n |
|
| Dativ |
+ (e) n |
|||
| Akkusativ |
+ (e) n |
|||
To this skl. include words: der See, der Staat, der Direktor, der Staat, der Schmerz, der Vetter, der Motor, das Ohr, das Drama, das Bett, das Auge, das Ohr, der Mast ...
Declination is a change in parts of speech for cases and numbers. Nouns, articles, pronouns, adjectives (if they come before a noun) are declined according to cases in German.
Important!
Master the topic " Declination»Knowledge will help cases in German... Unlike Russian, in German there are only four cases: Nominativ, Genitive, Dative, Accusative.
|
Nominativ |
Wer? (who) Was? (what) |
|
Wessen? (whose) |
|
|
Wem? (to whom) Wo? (where) Wann? (when) Wie? (how) |
|
|
Akkusativ |
Wen? (whom) Was? (what) Wohin? (where) |
Declination of adjectives in German
The way of declension of adjectives is closely related to the article. From the presence or absence of an article in front of the adjective, as well as from its type (definite or indefinite), it depends on which type the adjective will be inclined - strong, weak or mixed.
- Declination of adjectives
- Strong declination
- Weak declension
- Mixed declension
Gender, number, case are shown in a phrase only once (or an accompanying word - an article, a numeral, or an adjective)!
As you can see from the table, with a strong declension, the adjective gets the generic / case ending of the definite article. Exception: Genetiv singular, masculine and neuter. In this form, the adjective ends with -en.
Weak declension of adjectives
In the nominativ unit. hours (all genus) and Akkusativ singular (except for m) the adjective gets an ending -e, in all other singular and plural cases - ru.
|
Der gut e |
Das gut e |
Die gut e |
Die gut ru |
|
|
Des gut ru |
Des gut ru |
Der gut ru |
Der gut ru |
|
|
Dem gut ru |
Dem gut ru |
Der gut ru |
Den gut ru |
|
|
Den gut ru |
Das gut e |
Die gut e |
Die gut ru |
|
|
Vater |
Kind |
Mutter |
Eltern |
Mixed declension of adjectives
The sign of mixed declension of adjectives can be not only the indefinite article ein / eine but also possessive pronouns ( mein, dein etc.), as well as a negative pronoun kein / keine... If the gender, number and case can be determined by the accompanying word (article, pronoun), the adjective is declined according to the weak type. If the number, gender and case cannot be determined - by the strong.
Ein guter vater
(good father, Im.p.)
By the article ein (it can be both in the m and in the middle word) it is impossible to understand what gender the noun Vater belongs to. Therefore, the generic ending -er gets the adjective guter in this case. Strong declination.
Meinen guten vater
(my good father, V. p.)
The possessive pronoun meinen can be used to determine gender, number and case of the noun Vater. In this case, the adjective guten gets the ending -en and is inflected weakly.
We have covered the declension of adjectives in German. The specifics of the declension of German nouns are presented in the table:
Declination of nouns in German
|
Gen. / genus. |
-s des Vater s |
-s des Kind es |
||
|
Dat./ dat.p. |
-n den Bücher n |
|||
|
Akk. / vin.p. |
||||
In the masculine and neuter genitives, the ending is added to the noun -s, in the dative plural, the ending is added -n... Otherwise, the noun remains unchanged. Weak nouns are an exception.
Declension of weak nouns
Weak nouns are masculine nouns that receive the plural ending - (e) n... The same ending is typical for all cases of the singular, except for the nominative. These nouns include:
- Words ending in -e (der Junge - boy);
- Words with Latin or Greek suffixes denoting the type of activity (der Student - student);
- Some inanimate nouns of foreign origin (der Automat - automaton);
- Several German words that require memorization (der Mensch - person, der Nachbar - neighbor, etc.)
|
Sg. / unit h |
Pl. / plural |
|
|
Nom. / Im.p. |
Der Student (student) |
Die student ru |
|
Gen. / R. p. |
Des student ru |
Der student ru |
|
Dat. / D.p. |
Dem student ru |
Den student ru |
|
Akk. / V. p. |
Den student ru |
Die student ru |
For those who study German, the weak declension (dec.) Of nouns (n.) Is one of the many "little things" that, despite their seeming simplicity, cause a lot of trouble.
On the one hand, everything is clear: the peculiarity of this skl. is that noun. in all case forms, except for the nominative singular (num.), acquire the ending -en. The articles are inclined as usual.
On the other hand, remember which words belong to this word. at the moment of speaking, it can be difficult. First of all, it should be noted that all these nouns. masculine (except for das Herz). So, to a weak skl. in German include:
- Nouns, denoting male creatures (humans and animals) that end in -e: der Kollege, der Zeuge, der Kunde, der Knabe, der Sklave, der Geselle, der Hase, der Drache, der Affe, der Löwe, etc.
- Monosyllabic noun with the same meaning: der Graf, der Held, der Mensch, der Fürst, der Prinz, der Zar, der Bär, etc.
- All nationalities ending in -e: der Russe, der Pole, der Chinese, der Grieche, der Türke, etc.
- Foreign (usually Greek and Latin) words with the -and- / -ant- suffix: der Doktorand, der Proband, der Elefant, der Musikant, etc.
- Foreign words with the -ent- suffix for males: der Student, der Absolvent, der Produzent, der Präsident, etc.
- Foreign words with the -ad- / -at- suffix: der Kamerad, der Demokrat, der Diplomat, der Soldat, der Automat, etc.
- Foreign words with the -ist- suffix: der Polizist, der Journalist, der Tourist, der Egoist, etc.
- Foreign words with the -loge- suffix: der Psychologe, der Philologe, der Biologe, der Pädagoge, etc.
- Foreign words with the -eut-, -aut- suffix: der Therapeut, der Pharmazeut, der Astronaut, der Kosmonaut, etc.
- Foreign words with the -graf- / -graph- suffix: der Telegraf, der Fotograf, der Geograph, der Paragraph, etc.
- Foreign words with the -t- suffix: der Architekt, der Athlet, der Satellit, der Ästhet, etc.
- Some words that do not fit into the classification above: der Astronom, der Philosoph, der Katholik, der Monarch, der Komet, der Planet, der Tatar and others. In total to this store. include about four thousand noun.
Somewhat apart in this list are the words der Name, der Buchstabe, der Glaube, der Wille, der Friede, der Gedanke, der Same, der Funke and also singular noun. neuter on this list - das Herz . Their peculiarity lies in the fact that in the Genitive case of the singular number. they acquire the ending -ens, that is, they look like this: des Namens, des Buchstabens, des Glaubens .... In all other forms they have a characteristic ending -en.
Exs. das Herz has no -en ending in the Accusative:
Particular attention should be paid to the pronoun Herr, despite the fact that it refers to a weak word, its forms are somewhat different from the usual ones:
To a weak skl. applies to n. Ungar, although with scl. it takes on the -n ending:
Studying the topic “German. Weak declension of nouns ”, you need to remember that there is a mixed word, and not to confuse one with the other. To the mixed warehouse include words that are singular. lean on strong slope. (in the Genitive case, the singular endings -s), and in the plural - in the weak. This includes the words der See, der Staat, der Vetter, das Auge, das Ohr, etc. This also includes noun. der Bauer, der Nachbar, etc., although they can also bend along a weak slope. (with the ending -n), and mixed:
|
Kasus / case |
Singular / singular |
Plural / plural |
|
Nominativ / Nominative |
Bauer | Bauern |
| Nachbar | Nachbarn | |
|
Genitiv / Genitive |
Bauers, Bauern | Bauern |
| Nachbars, Nachbarn | Nachbarn | |
|
Dativ / Dative |
Bauer, Bauern | Bauern |
| Nachbar, Nachbarn | Nachbarn | |
|
Akkusativ / Accusative |
Bauer, Bauern | Bauern |
| Nachbar, Nachbarn | Nachbarn |
The German language in the matter of declension of nouns in case is very similar to Russian, and there and there there are strict rules that you need to know by heart so that your speech looks natural and you are understood. For example, in the Russian phrase "I am a student" (who?) the ending is zero, but in “I see a student a" (whom?) the ending appears a because the word student already answers the question "whom? what?" (accusative), but not "who? what?" (nominative).
In german endings of nouns can also change in different cases. Also, in German, the declination is articles... We will consider changing the articles first.
Declination of articles
There are 4 cases in German. They are very similar to the Russians and answer the same questions: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative (Akkusativ)... You need to know by heart the forms of German articles in different cases.
Let's start with the forms certain articles der(masculine), die(feminine), das(neuter gender), die(plural).
Having learned the forms of the definite articles, it will be much easier for you to understand and memorize the forms of the indefinite articles, as well as the declension of adjectives and some pronouns.
Declension of the definite article
* We will consider the system of noun endings below.
Indefinite article- this is ein(masculine and neuter) and eine(feminine). The indefinite article does not have a plural form, since literally ein (eine) means "One" ("one")... By analogy with the indefinite article, the possessive pronouns will change in the singular (mein, dein, sein ...) and denial kein.
Declension of the indefinite article
Declination of nouns (endings system)
Endings of nouns in the singular and types of declension of nouns
In the singular, there are 4 types of declension, according to which the endings of nouns change: strong, weak, feminine and mixed.
Type 1 - strong declension... This includes most nouns. male and all neuter nouns(except das Herz, see mixed declension).
The peculiarity of the strong declension is in Genitiv number unit appears ending -es /-s .
Type 2 - weak declension, or N-declension... This is a row of nouns only male, denoting mainly living things.
The peculiarity of the weak declension - in singular numbers the ending -en / -n in all cases except the nominative. Dictionary plural form the number of such nouns is always formed by adding -en / -n.
This group includes:
- All masculine nouns ending in -e, with the exception of words from mixed declension (written about them below): der Junge - des Junge n, der Kollege - des Kollege n etc.
- Masculine words ending in -and, -ant, -ent, -ist:der Doktorand - des Doktorand ru, der Elefant - des Elefant ru, der Student - des Student ru, der Kapitalist - des Kapitalist ru etc.
- Some borrowed names of professions and occupations of the masculine gender ending in -at, -ekt, -ograph / -ograf, -ologe, -onom, -osoph: der Diplomat - des Diplomat ru, der Architekt - des Architekt ru, der Demokrat - des Demokrat ru, der Journalist - des Journalist ru, der Philosoph - des Philosoph ru, der Photograph / Fotograf - des Photograph ru/ Fotograf ru, der Psychologe - des Psychologe n, der Astronom - des Astronom ru etc.
- And also some borrowed names of things: der Automat - des Automat ru, der Satellit - des Satellit ru, der Diamant - des Diamant ru, der Planet - des Planet ru etc.
- Some exceptions not in the groups above: der Mensch - des Mensch ru, der Herr - des Herr n, der Bär - des Bär ru etc_.
Type 3 - feminine declension... it all nouns are feminine... The peculiarity of the feminine type of declension is in all cases of singular. the number has no ending.
4 type - mixed declension... This is a very short list of exceptions.
Mixed declension feature - ending - (e) n in units Dativ and Akkusativ and ending - (e) ns in units Genitiv... Thus, the mixed declension combines the endings of the weak and strong declensions.
Nouns change according to mixed declension: der Buchstabe - des Buchstabe ns- dem Buchstabe n der Gedanke - des Gedanke ns- dem Gedanke n der Friede - des Friede ns- dem Friede n der Funke - des Funke ns- - dem Funke n der Glaube - des Glaube ns- dem Glaube n der Name - des Name ns- dem Name n der Wille - des Wille ns- dem Wille n der Same - des Same ns- dem Same n das Herz - des Herz ens- dem Herz ru
Plural endings of nouns
In plural there is only one case ending: in Dativ the ending is added to the dictionary plural form -n.
However, the additional ending in Dativ does not appear if:
- the plural form of the noun already ends in -n... These are many feminine nouns and all weak and mixed nouns: die Studenten - den Studenten, die Frauen - den Frauen, die Namen - den Namen;
- the plural form of a noun ends in -s: das Auto - den Autos.
So, if we talk about the declension of nouns in German, then we should first say about the features of the language itself. And in this case there are a lot of them.
Cases, masculine and feminine declensions
In this language of the Romano-Germanic group, there are four types of declensions of these independent parts of speech. They are divided into mixed (special), feminine, weak and, accordingly, strong. The main task is to determine the pattern in the declension process in each of the four cases in the German language. Nominative (translated - Nominativ) answers questions such as "wer?" and "was?" The genitive, which translates as Genetiv, is the answer to the question “wessen?”. It is followed by the dative, Dativ, - "wem?", "Wo?", And also the accusative, Akkusativ, - "wen?", "Was?", "Wohin?" The strong declension is determined by the ending "s"; in this case, most of the nouns that are representatives of the masculine gender, as well as all belonging to the neuter gender. The exception is the “heart” - Das Herz. If we talk about the weak declension of nouns in German, then in this case the sign will be the ending e (n) - it concerns all cases. Exceptions are nouns m.r., which define living beings. The easiest case is with the feminine declension - there are no endings.
Special type and plural
It was said that the German language differs in some peculiarities. of the previously mentioned mixed type, refers to one of those. Here only a few words stand out, you should list and remember them! Das Herz (translated as "heart"), der Schaden ("damage"), der Frieden (translated as "Peace", although there is a synonym for Welt, changing according to all the rules), der Wille ("Will"), der Same (" seed), der Glaube ("faith"), der Gedanke (translated as "thought", but can be replaced by a synonym idea), der Funke ("spark"), der Buchstabe ("letter"), der Name ("name" ). The listed words have the following declension of nouns in German: in e (ns) they end in the genitive case, and in e (n) in the dative and accusative. It is a little easier to declare in the plural. Everything follows one rule here: in Dativ, the ending with n, with only one exception. If a noun is transformed from singular. h., then it receives the suffixes s or n.
On the strength of declination
So, in this language, unlike Russian, there are only four cases. If we talk about declension, then there are three types in which words change. It is a strong declension, weak and mixed. In German, s-Deklination, n-Deklination and gemischte Deklination. Many nouns have no endings; only the article changes in the word. Almost all words end in n, the same goes for feminine nouns. There is a peculiarity here, though. Nouns R. and change according to the feminine declension. All forms of the singular are exactly the same as and the plurals end in any case with en.
The strong type has its own characteristics. The fact is that the words of the middle, as well as masculine, are inclined according to this type. It should be noted here that the listed words in Nominativ have either -er, -e. The weak declension is distinguished by the -en ending. It stands in every form, with the exception of the Nominativ. The masculine names ending in -loge, -ant, -e, -and, -ist, -af, etc. are changed according to the weak type. These are mainly words denoting professions, nationality and living beings.
How to remember
The declension of nouns in German is a complex topic. And very important, because in order to speak normally, so that native speakers can understand the speaker, you need to be able to change words by declension. Exercises will help to master the topic "Declination of nouns." The table can be drawn up in the following way (for example, the words “person”, “master”, “student”, “name” are taken):
N: der: Mensch, Herr, Student, Name.
A: den: Mensch (en), Herr (n), Student (en), Name (n).
D: dem: Mensch (en), Herr (n), Student (en), Name (n).
G: des: Mensch (en), Herr (n), Student (en), Name (ns).
Even proceeding from such a simple example, you can see that learning and memorizing using such a table is quite simple. The most important thing, as in any other language, is to find a pattern according to which the memorization process will look logical and consistent.