Sometimes for redevelopment in an apartment or a private house, it is necessary to make a new door or window opening. Creating an opening in the load-bearing wall of an apartment brick building is not an easy task. Things are easier with redevelopment in a private house, here everyone is his own boss.
What is a doorway? This is a hole in the wall designed to install the entrance blocks. A fixed fixed element in the interstitial space is called a door frame. Often, an arch is made as a decorating element of the interior.
The device of a doorway in a bearing brick wall
Before starting work, you need to contact a specialist who will make a demonstration project with all the calculations based on the wishes of the client. To implement the project, significant costs are required, which start from the amount of 30 thousand rubles. So if you get down to business, you need to foresee a lot. Independent work on arranging a doorway will help the owner save money - it will cost about 15 thousand rubles.
The device of a new opening
- it must comply with building codes;
- it is desirable to locate the hole in the central part of the supporting structure;
- it is necessary to match the upper part with the cement joint of the masonry;
- the interwall space up to 0.9 m wide does not need reinforcement operations.
When creating an inter-wall space in a supporting wall, it is necessary to correctly create a reinforcement. Important when changing the design of the walls is the safety of life of other residents of the apartment building and the preservation of the structure of the building itself.
Work order
First of all, you need to decide on the place of organization of additional space for entry and exit. It all starts with markup. You need to decide on the width of the hole, and then begin to determine its future location with a pencil. From the outer wall, you need to measure the distance and make a mark - from here we begin to draw the outline of the future intra-wall space.
A thick wall structure is cut on both sides, so markings on the reverse side will also be necessary.
For their exact match, it is necessary to drill several holes according to the pencil marking (Fig. 1). And then on the other side connect all the holes with a pencil line.
Rice. one The above manipulations should be carried out when using the building level, triangle and ruler.
Since we will make space in the load-bearing wall of a brick house, it is necessary to take care of auxiliary partitions and lintels in advance (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2 Removing a wall section
Fig.3 Before starting work, it is necessary to free the supporting wall structure from the plaster layer along the drawn line so that the masonry seams are visible. However, it is necessary to remove the plaster with extreme caution, because most likely, there is wiring under it - damage can lead to the failure of the entire power supply system.
When the seams in place of the future empty space are visible, you can get to work. It is necessary to start removing bricks from the very top. First, the top row of bricks is removed, which will be the width of the entire door space.. A jumper is inserted here, on which the structure will be held.
Further, more holes are made above the jumper. In the resulting hole, it is necessary to mount a beam, which will act as a support. The support beam must be supported with a jack so that the structure does not collapse during operation. The beam and jack will support the weight of the entire wall structure (Fig. 3).
Jumper from the channel Then all holes are smeared with a concrete solution. After the concrete mixture has dried, you can continue to work on knocking out bricks.
The structure should be strengthened if the width of the door space is more than one meter.
To protect the floor from falling bricks, it is necessary to make flooring from boards. Bricks should be removed with diamond drills to minimize damage to the wall structure.
Violation of brick removal technology can lead to weakening of the structure, its premature wear and deformation.
It should be noted that the space under the door must be made 10-20 centimeters larger than the door or window frame. This gap can be filled with mounting foam.
Strengthening the opening
Strengthening works take the maximum amount of time, as they are painstakingly carried out. The organized empty space under the door or arch must be reinforced with channels. It is advisable to use a channel jumper with vertical posts. Channels are mounted on both sides, which are screwed into the previously installed wooden jumper with the help of bolts (Fig. 4).
Rice. four If the space in the wall structure has a large width, then it is reinforced not only in the upper part, but also on the sides (Fig. 5).
Rice. 5 How to determine the load-bearing wall in a brick house?
The most elementary way to determine the supporting wall is to familiarize yourself with the floor plan of the dwelling. Such a plan is necessarily available in the data sheet or house book. To understand the diagrams and drawings, you need to have little drawing skills. Experience in construction would not be superfluous. Then you can easily distinguish a supporting wall from a regular partition.
Rice. 6 Typically, interior walls have a thickness of no more than 18 centimeters. The smallest thickness of the supporting wall is 38 centimeters - three-brick masonry. A four-brick masonry is possible, which forms a wall 51 centimeters thick. Often the thickness of the walls in brick houses is 64 centimeters - a five-brick masonry (Fig. 6).
If the plan could not be found, then you should use the general rules for determining the bearing walls in the house:
- if the walls face the street, we can definitely say that they are supportive;
- walls shared with neighbors;
- the wall thickness is more than 380 mm, as mentioned earlier;
- walls leading to the landing.
Exterior finish
After completing work on the formation of an opening in a brick load-bearing wall, everything must be decoratively finished (Fig. 7). What is needed for this? First of all, you need to decide on the choice of finishing material. Will it be wood, plastic or decorative stone - you decide. Next, you need to show a little imagination and create decorating elements in the formed space of a brick wall.
Rice. 7 For self-cladding, you should have basic knowledge in the field of finishing work, and you also need a special tool.
If you need to arrange the space under the door without its presence, then you should use additional boards. It will add elegance to your new room decor and add sophistication to the interior. You can create such a lining yourself.
The opening, made in the form of an arch, looks beautiful. As a rule, arches are round or lancet. To determine the shape of the arch for the client, check out the design catalogs. The most common today is the Byzantine and Greek style. In some cases, the arch can be made backlit.
When it comes to redevelopment of an apartment, the owner of the house may think about carrying out large-scale work. You can make a doorway in the bearing wall. However, to carry out such work, one desire is not enough. Load-bearing walls are considered the key elements of any building. In order not to violate the integrity of the house, you need to obtain permission and properly carry out construction work.
Before creating a new doorway in the load-bearing wall of a panel house, you need to carefully prepare for your plan. First of all, you need to take into account some features:
- Talk to the residents of the lower and upper apartments. Ask them about the presence of additional doorways in the load-bearing walls - to preserve the integrity of the house, you need to try to make sure that they match.
- We must not forget that with the number of floors, the load on the supporting structures increases. When creating a doorway in multi-storey buildings, you need to make additional reinforcement of the wall.
- Prepare a draft of the future passage in advance. You can simply move an existing opening to the side, make a passage of a rectangular or arched shape.
However, before carrying out such full-scale work, it is necessary to obtain permission from the administration, under whose control the panel or brick house is located.
Coordination of redevelopment
The question of whether it is possible to make a doorway in the load-bearing wall should be decided by the administration of the housing complex in which the apartment is located. There is a law that obliges any person who owns an apartment to coordinate major redevelopment with the administration. This applies to the addition of new thermal units, plumbing work and capital construction.
Performing work without the consent of higher authorities can lead not only to administrative responsibility, but also to the destruction of supporting structures.
The owner of the apartment must draw up a plan in which the process of creating a doorway will be outlined in stages, its shape is indicated and. In addition to this, you need to indicate all the little things so that in the future you will not encounter serious problems. And also we must not forget about the description of the reinforcement with decorative columns or lintels, if they are planned.
Getting permission to work on creating new openings in load-bearing structures is more likely for people living on the upper floors.
Examples of openings in a load-bearing wall
Before a person knows whether it is possible to cut through a door in a load-bearing wall, it is required to create a project for the future opening. This applies to shape, location and size. In this case :
- Standard pass. Rectangular opening for the installation of a door with a frame. When creating a new opening, it is necessary to take into account the fact that an already existing passage affects the distribution of the load. It can be left or bricked up.
- Arch. A non-standard form of the doorway, which is common in apartments with a classic interior style. When choosing this form, it is necessary to take into account the features of the bends. If the house is brick, only a professional can do the work. This is due to the fact that you need to take into account the location of the seams in the masonry.
- Moves an existing passage a short distance to the left or right. It is considered the easiest and safest type of work. The existing opening is cut in the selected direction, and its old part is laid with a brick partition.
After choosing a shape, you need to set the dimensions. The smaller the width of the passage, the greater the chance of obtaining permission to create it. This also applies to his height.
Necessary equipment and tools
If permission is received from the administration, you need to prepare tools to create a passage. In this case, you can use power tools and specialized equipment. The second option includes:
- Diamond drilling. Special equipment is used, which is equipped with diamond drills. Their shape can be conical or square.
- Rope cutting. Special equipment, the essence of which is the movement of cutting ropes coated with diamond coating.
- Cutting the supporting structure with a diamond-coated saw blade. Additionally, a spray gun is installed in the cutters. The water cools the disc and nails the dust.
Advice! It makes no sense to purchase expensive installations to create an opening. They can be rented from construction organizations or hire a work team that will have similar equipment.
And you can also make an opening with power tools. For independent work you will need:
- Perforator, large grinder or jackhammer when working in a monolithic building.
- Chainsaw when working in an aerated concrete or wooden house. It is good for sawing beams or cellular blocks.
- Measuring tools.
- Sledgehammer, hammer.
- A small grinder for cutting the connecting fittings.
Before using a power tool, it is advisable to use a hidden wiring sensor so as not to get into wires, pipes or fittings.
Stages of transferring a doorway in a load-bearing wall
There is a certain procedure, under which a doorway can be made by a person who does not have specific skills. It is important to prepare tools and materials in advance so as not to be distracted in the process.
Strengthening the future opening
Strengthening the future structure is the most important stage. It will save a person from a sudden collapse of a wall or ceiling near the place of work. For this, temporary supports are created. A support is made of a metal support and two plates that rest against the floor and ceiling.
Cutting a load-bearing wall
To maintain the integrity of the walls, it is advisable to abandon the jackhammer and perforator. These power tools create a powerful shock vibration, due to which the opening can turn out to be larger than necessary, and cracks can go along the walls.
It is better to use specialized equipment, a power cutter or a large grinder. Before starting cutting, a contour of the future opening is outlined with a measuring tool. The markup needs to be deepened with a grinder on both sides. Then, you can start cutting through the wall through.
Advice! Experienced finishers recommend dividing the opening into several zones, each of which needs to be cut out separately. Thus, the work can be made easier.
Fixing the opening
After creating the passage, it must be strengthened. For this, metal channels are used. If the house is brick, it is enough to install one channel at the top of the opening. If the house is panel, you need to fix 3 metal elements - on top and on the sides.
Expansion of the opening in the load-bearing wall
Many of the beautiful doors made today do not fit the standard Soviet passageways in apartments. Because of this, expanding the opening will help solve the problem. To carry out the work, you will need a large grinder with diamond-coated discs. performed on the same principle as the creation of a new one.
Do not forget about the initial strengthening of the wall and ceiling, so that collapse does not occur.
Before starting work, it is important to carefully listen to the recommendations of experienced finishers:
- You can start using a power tool only after checking the wall with a hidden wiring sensor.
- You can not start work without the consent of the administration.
- If cracks appear on the walls or ceiling, work must be stopped.
- Additional temporary reinforcement can be made from a jack, two wooden shields and a metal pipe. It is necessary to fix the pipe on a jack, put one wooden shield under its base, and a second one at the end of the pipe.
- In a wooden or aerated concrete house, openings can be made either during construction or after its completion. In the second case, building materials will be spent uneconomically.
If you need to make a passage of a complex shape, then it is better to entrust the work to professionals.
Finishing the appearance of the opening
After creating the opening. If a door frame will be installed, it is necessary to prepare platbands and doborniki.
If the owner has made an arched passage or does not want to install a door, the finish must be done using plaster and putty. Step by step:
- Before finishing, the work surface is cleaned of debris and dust.
- The places where the plaster will be applied are covered with a primer.
- After the soil has dried, perforated corners are fixed at the corners of the opening in compliance with the level.
- The first layer of coarse-grained plaster is applied.
- A reinforcing mesh is laid on the applied layer.
- A layer of fine-grained plaster is applied to the grids.
- The prepared surface is cleaned before finishing work (decorative plaster, putty).
It is worth making every effort and carefully monitoring the application of each layer, so that the result is worthy.
Conclusion
In conclusion, we can say that before making a doorway in a load-bearing wall, you need to weigh all the risks. If the idea is interesting, then you need to contact the administration for permission. The correct sequence of actions and the use of specialized equipment will help to avoid the destruction of walls and ceilings.
We note right away that it is not recommended to carry out such work on your own, because the internal walls in panel houses are predominantly load-bearing, so unskilled intervention in the capital structures of the house can violate the stability and strength of the entire building and lead to collapses.
Therefore, if you plan to make an opening in the wall of a panel house, then you should know that this event refers to redevelopment, which must first be coordinated with supervisory authorities - with local governments in the Moscow region and housing inspection in Moscow.
In order to make an opening in the load-bearing wall of a panel house according to the law, in the redevelopment project that will be submitted for approval, engineers will include a special section for strengthening the opening made with metal structures (drawings of the opening, a diagram of metal structures, cuts, sections, assemblies, a bill of materials, conditions and sequence of work ).
As we have already noted, most typical panel high-rise buildings have internal walls that are load-bearing, made of reinforced concrete. Therefore, if you are going to make an opening in the load-bearing wall of a panel house, you need to take care of compensating for the weakening of loads by installing a reinforcement frame.
For reference: to make an opening in the non-bearing wall of a panel house, additional reinforcement of the wall panel is not required.
Therefore, in order to make an opening in the wall of a panel house, it is necessary to invite specialists in diamond cutting with SRO approval. Since after the work they will need acts of hidden work to strengthen the opening to present them to the commission, which will accept the repair. And these documents can be drawn up and signed only by a licensed contractor.
Now a few words about the progress of the work. You can make an opening in the wall of a panel house using diamond cutting. This technology for processing hard materials has a lot of advantages compared to a percussion tool - a hammer drill, a sledgehammer or a jackhammer.
Firstly, when working with a diamond tool, a perfectly smooth cut is obtained along the entire contour of the opening, which further simplifies the installation of the U-shaped reinforcement frame.
Secondly, the technique of diamond cutting of an opening in the wall of a panel house significantly reduces the time of construction work - everything is done much faster.
Thirdly, the minimum vibration exerted on the treated surface does not have a devastating effect on the entire wall panel.
Fourth, when processing a panel wall with a diamond tool, much less construction dust and debris is produced.
In addition, the design documentation for redevelopment always indicates the way in which an opening can be made in the load-bearing wall of a panel house. And this method is diamond cutting.
Before proceeding directly to the opening device, temporary racks are installed between the floors. This will allow you to correctly redistribute the loads exerted on the panel wall before they are taken over by the reinforcement frame.
The removed part of the plate is cut into segments convenient for transportation, which are removed one by one. However, depending on the situation, other methods of dismantling may be used.
As an option, removing a large fragment of the wall at once, laying it on a shock-absorbing material (for example, on tires from a car) and breaking it into smaller blocks using a percussion tool.
After the dismantling of the opening is completed, the builders begin work on strengthening the remaining part of the wall panel. To do this, a frame is mounted, consisting of metal profiles, selected in accordance with the dimensions of the opening and rigidly connected to each other and to the wall panel.
To strengthen the opening in the wall of a panel house, different types of structures are used - it depends on the type of house and the thickness of the wall. And the method of strengthening, when an opening is made in the wall of a panel house, is determined by the author of the house project.
In Moscow, the authorship of most panel residential buildings belongs to JSC MNIITEP. This design institute strongly recommends reinforcing the openings in the houses designed by it with a frame of unequal corners, which, compared with channels closer to the edges of the opening. Accordingly and mint the design of the corners is much simpler.
The corners are attached to the wall with reinforcing bars or anchors and welded together using transverse steel wedges. The vertical components of the frame are mounted on steel sheets - support feet, anchored to the ceiling.
All voids between the frame and the panel wall are filled with cement and sand mortar to ensure that the concrete and metal structures work together.
It would not be superfluous to remind you once again that in order to make an opening in the load-bearing wall of a panel house, you need a technical opinion from the author of the house project and redevelopment project from any design bureau with a license (SRO approval).
If necessary, in the process of redevelopment, to arrange a new doorway in the load-bearing wall, you will have to go through more than one instance. Permission to make openings in load-bearing walls is not given to everyone, and the house and the new entrance must meet many requirements in order for the Housing Inspectorate to give the go-ahead for redevelopment.
A new opening in the load-bearing wall may be needed in several cases:
- unification of the room and kitchen;
- expansion of the bathroom through a corridor leading to the kitchen and, as a necessity, an opening between the kitchen and the living room;
- demolition of the window sill part of the wall to combine the loggia and the room;
- association of adjacent apartments, etc.
IMPORTANT! It is forbidden to arrange a doorway in a load-bearing wall without prior approval. This can be fraught with accidents, fines and an order to bring the apartment in line with the plan at your own expense.
In what cases is it possible to obtain a permit for redevelopment?
The Housing Inspectorate, in the process of making a decision, considers the following characteristics of the apartment and house:
- The floor on which the apartment is located, and the total number of storeys of the house - the higher the apartment is located, which means that the lower the load on its floors, the higher the likelihood of obtaining permission.
- The year the building was built - if the building is old, its structures have dilapidated due to natural wear and tear, the opening device in this case can be dangerous.
- Opening size - the future opening should not be too large, the standard width is 90 cm.
- The condition of the walls in apartments above or below (visible on the floor plan of all apartments in the riser from the first to the last floor) - if your riser neighbors have already made an opening in this wall, the likelihood of obtaining permission is reduced. There is a loophole - the opening device is exactly under the neighbor's opening.
- Coincidence of the opening with the junction of the ceilings - it is forbidden to make openings in such parts of the wall.
- The presence of an indent from the outer wall of at least 1 meter.
Most of these situations are not hopeless. Our specialists will find an opportunity to legally coordinate redevelopment in the city of Moscow.
The approval of the opening and its subsequent punching are carried out only if the owner has a project for future redevelopment in his hands. Before looking for a design organization, you need to find out if it is possible in principle to make an opening in your house.
Since 2007, in houses designed by the State Unitary Enterprise "MNIITEP" it is forbidden to install new openings in the load-bearing walls. An exception is some three-room apartments with a transforming wall, in which an opening is provided between the room and the kitchen.
Reinforced opening in a load-bearing wall
Approval procedure
Coordination of the opening in the load-bearing wall is possible only after a technical survey and preparation of a project for future redevelopment.
Actions for approval:
- Obtain a technical passport for the premises.
- Contact the organization that designed the house, order a technical examination of the load-bearing structures, and obtain a conclusion on the possibility of opening openings. If the author of the project is no longer there, you must contact MosZhilNIIProekt or a design organization with access to such work.
- Departure to the site of a design engineer to take measurements and prepare a redevelopment project by a design organization.
- Coordination of the project with DEZ, Rospotrebnadzor, Gospozhnadzor.
- Collecting the necessary package of documents and sending it for consideration to the Moscow Housing Inspection (for residential premises) or to the Prefecture (for non-residential premises).
- Getting permission.
Subsequently, on the basis of the project, an opening is made. Re-planning can be carried out only by an organization that has a permit for such work. Upon completion of the repair, the company must provide the Journal of repair and construction works and the Certificate of hidden work. The design organization carries out architectural supervision, makes sure that the openings are strengthened.
Legalization of the opening in the load-bearing wall
If you have already completed the work at your own peril and risk, it will be very, very difficult to legitimize the opening in the load-bearing wall.
First of all, it will be necessary to contact the organization that is the author of the project, or, if it no longer exists, MosZhilNIIProekt, so that they, based on the project documentation, make a conclusion about the possibility of opening the opening.
If possible, a specialist will visit the site and check the design of your opening and the feasibility of installing it in your chosen location. In most cases, the reinforcement of the opening in the load-bearing wall is not done correctly, which leads to the need for additional work.
One way or another, you cannot avoid the need to pay a fine. If the opening device, according to the results of the technical report, turns out to be impractical, it will have to be laid.
So that you do not have problems with redevelopment, and permission for the device of the opening has been received with a high degree of probability - contact our company. We can take care of all the work from coordination to preparation of a project for an opening in a load-bearing wall and its installation.