The question of how and with what to fix something on a wall or ceiling interests many people. Previously, everything was simpler - apart from nails, dowels and screws, nothing was used on the farm. Now times are different - other repair and construction technologies are used, which has led to an increase in the variety of fasteners. In this article, together with the site site, we will study all the main fasteners of our time, deal with their purpose and determine in which cases it is advisable to use one or another fastener.
Existing types of fasteners
Fasteners: varieties of self-tapping screws
There are not so many varieties of self-tapping screws. They can only be classified according to three main features: according to the material into which they are screwed, according to size and purpose.
According to the materials, self-tapping screws are divided into two subspecies:
- self-tapping screws for metal;
- wood screws.
There should be no questions here. Both those and other self-tapping screws can be produced in various lengths, diameters, and they can also have different thread pitches. As a rule, types of self-tapping screws for metal are distinguished by a fine thread pitch, while the same product, intended for fastening wooden products, has a large thread pitch.
Types of self-tapping screws photo
It should also be noted that metal screws can be of two types - self-drilling and those that require pre-drilling of the metal to tighten. The former have a small drill at the tip - its size characterizes the thickness of the metal into which these products can be screwed. A prominent representative of such self-tapping screws are the notorious "texes" that are used to connect. As for the second subgroup of metal screws, they include a black self-tapping screw used to attach drywall to the profile.
In addition to the above, all self-tapping screws can be classified according to their purpose. In a separate group, roofing fasteners of this type and general-purpose self-tapping screws can be distinguished. Roofing screws have a wide head with a press washer that seals the hole to prevent water from flowing through it. By the way, self-tapping screws for the profile, which are used in the installation of drywall structures, are general-purpose products.
Self-tapping screws for wood photo
Anchor: types and applications
Quite a lot of people are trying to use this fastener for other purposes. For example, quite often with their help they try to attach objects to. The result of this, as a rule, are frayed nerves and huge holes left after removing them from the wall. It should be remembered that the anchor is a stud and is intended for use in, and in soft materials they simply scroll.
Now let's talk about the types of anchors. It is difficult to classify them, since they have a general purpose. In this regard, only three types of anchors can be distinguished: these are the fixing anchor, the hook anchor and the loop anchor. The first can be called universal, the second are designed to hang objects on them, and to cling to something for the third.
Fasteners: anchors
All anchor screws can also be divided into two parts according to their design (the principle of their expansion). In one case, the anchor may have a bolt with a wedge at the end (they are clamped with a nut), and in the other case, the wedge itself is a nut (tightened by rotating the bolt). All anchors are produced in a fixed range of standard sizes - the smallest has a length of 50mm, and the diameter can be 6 or 8mm. The size of the largest anchor is 400mm long by 22mm in diameter.
The question of how to install an anchor bolt is solved very simply - the main thing is to choose the right size of the drill. If the anchor has a diameter of 10mm, then you need to drill a hole with a drill of the same diameter - you should not count on the fact that the anchor will be clamped in a 12mm hole. It won't happen, no matter how hard you try. Winding on anchors also costs nothing - there is no sense in this. Then it’s simple - the anchor is inserted into the hole and clamped with all the force with a screwdriver or open-end wrench.
Anchor sizes
Dowels: purpose and varieties
There are only three varieties of these fasteners - a metal dowel (familiar to almost everyone since childhood), a mounting one with a plastic stopper and a spacer, which is scientifically called the "Bierbach dowel". Let's start in order.
How to attach objects to drywall: molly
There is a single fastener that allows you to attach anything to drywall. The people call it "Molly" from the name of the manufacturer that developed this fastener. Such a mount consists of two parts - a hollow folding tube with slots and a nut at the end and a screw. As the screw is screwed in, the tube is folded and crimped on one side of the drywall and the other.
There are two types of such fasteners - a metal and plastic molly screw. Metal, of course, is more reliable - it is mounted using special tongs. To install plastic fasteners, it is enough to drill a hole with a diameter of 8 mm, insert fasteners into it and tighten the self-tapping screw.
Fastener Molly photo
It should be understood that only light products can be hung on “clean” drywall in this way. If we are talking about medium-weight objects, then in the place of their attachment it is necessary to install a mortgage profile. Things that are too heavy (such as a TV) are best installed using studs with collets or long anchor screws.
At the end of the topic, I would like to give a few words to the studs with collets, which are used to fasten something at a great distance from the plane. With their help, it is quite easy to hang large and dimensional objects on the ceiling. Such fasteners consist of two separate parts - studs and collets. As the pin is screwed into the collet, the latter expands and wedged into the pre-drilled hole. Studs can have different diameters and a standard length of 1m.
Types of fasteners molly
These fasteners are used in modern repair and construction. In addition to the fasteners described above, there are other less common, but at the same time unique products of their kind - they are called specialized, and they are used to solve narrow-profile tasks. Of course, screws with bolts should also be mentioned, but everyone knows about them, and these fasteners differ only in length, diameter and thread pitch.
It is impossible to build a house or repair an apartment on your own or with helpers without reliable fasteners. You won't be able to fasten a rafter leg to a beam, you won't be able to hang a shelf, you'll never assemble furniture. Here is a partial list of what you cannot do without a nail, screw, self-tapping screw or bolt. Many will say what this article will be about if you have just listed all the popular fasteners. In principle, it remains to add anchors, rivets, dowels, confirmations and screws. That's all, in fact, these are just the names of hardware, and fasteners have a slightly different classification.
Most likely, this concept was invented artificially in order to combine all the details that can be used to connect various building elements and.
It is precisely this group of fasteners that includes screws, self-tapping screws, nails, dowels, etc. There are also types of building fasteners, namely, dowels, anchors, metric products and self-tapping screws.
Stainless steel fasteners stand out as a separate group. As a rule, it is made according to the DIN standard (Germany). Such fasteners have an almost unlimited service life, as they are not exposed to atmospheric precipitation and are sufficiently resistant to chemical reagents. Moreover, the aesthetic appearance of this fastener will not spoil.
If there is a need for reliable fastening of something, then anchors will come to the rescue. Anchor is a special type of fastener, consisting of two parts, a pin or core and a sleeve. The use of anchor fasteners is not regulated, but, as a rule, builders use anchors for greater fastening reliability. So if you need to fix a heavy element to a hollow base or concrete, then the anchor is perhaps the only way to do it. You can often see the use of anchors when installing PVC windows. Depending on the task that needs to be solved with the help of an anchor, the desired or most suitable anchor is selected - a frame anchor, an anchor with a hook, a drive-in anchor, an anchor with a ring and an anchor bolt.
There are also dowels that have the same purpose as the anchor, but are used at lower loads.
A separate group is chemical anchors - these are devices that are structurally different from the classic anchor. A chemical anchor is more of a way of attaching a pin to a base. As a rule, such anchors are used for maximum loads that conventional anchors cannot withstand. To fix the anchor, a hole of the required diameter and depth is made. Hole sizes are strictly regulated by the chemical anchor manufacturer. Then, using a special gun, a certain amount of chemical glue is placed in the hole, then the anchor itself is inserted into the hole filled with glue. As a result of the chemical reaction of the adhesive with the base and the body of the anchor, one interpenetrates into the other. The end result is a one-piece joint capable of withstanding enormous shear, torsion and bending loads.
High strength fasteners
By and large, anchor fasteners can be attributed to this group. However, everything depends on the grade of steel used and the production technology. Required mechanical properties of high-strength class 8.8 fasteners. 10.9 and 12.9 is achieved by sequential heat treatment, a combination of heating and cooling (quenching and tempering). Also, high-strength fasteners are more resistant to atmospheric precipitation and chemical attack than conventional fasteners.
Inch fasteners
In English-speaking countries - Great Britain, Australia, USA, inch fasteners with threads of various pitches (large - UNC and small UNF) are widely used. The only difference between this fastener and the metric fastener is that the unit of measure is inch, not mm. Those. we receive fasteners that meet the standards of the countries listed above.
Almost all of its types listed above can be safely attributed to fasteners for furniture. There are also nails, bolts, screws. Only screeds are specifically used. This compound is not used anywhere else, except in the manufacture of furniture.
Weld fasteners
This type of fastener is used for various welding technologies. Structurally, nails, bolts, bushings, threaded studs are used for welding.
Brass hardware
The main advantage of this fastener is its low cost compared to stainless fasteners. At the same time, the products withstand the aggressive effects of the external environment much better. In addition, like stainless fasteners, brass has the same decorative qualities. It is also worth noting the absence of magnetization, as a result, the absence of interference when used in electronic devices.
Rigging fasteners stand out as a special group. This is a fastener that is used for rigging - lifting work. These are staples, thimbles, lanyards, belts.
Requirements for building fasteners.
1. Reliably fasten structures.
2. Have a convenient and easy way to use.
3. Fasteners should be as protected as possible from the aggressive effects of the external environment and have excellent decorative properties where required.
Types of metric fasteners used in construction and repair 
Vibroslats: types and purpose
For the use of various wood compounds in the field of construction, not only tools are indispensable, but also without appropriate experience. That is why for inexperienced craftsmen such connections are not always obtained accurately. One of the best options is for professionals to use a variety of array fasteners that are made of metal.
Many surviving architectural monuments made of wood were built without nails, using only an axe. This fact causes true pleasure to this day. However, centuries later, fasteners erected from metal, used to build solid wood structures, have changed radically, for this very reason it is pointless to repeat the experience of our ancestors today.
It is preferable to erect quickly and without difficulties. Let's talk in more detail about the fasteners offered by manufacturers, taking as an example the details that make it possible to simplify the connection of beams with floor logs or solid wall surfaces as much as possible.
Fasteners with perforation
When beams, as well as logs of the floor surface are hidden in the interior space, it is possible to connect them using beam shoes. This fastener for wood structures is suitable for fixing the array not only to wood, but also to concrete, brickwork. It is made from durable steel.
Manufacturers advise attaching such fasteners to the parts to be joined with special screws, and in case of excessive load, or fixing to stone material, use the holes for the necessary bolts. In addition to anchor shoes, today you can purchase special clamps, and much more.
tenon groove
This galvanized wood fastener consists of a tenon part and a groove part, which are joined together to ensure better transmission of horizontal as well as vertical forces.
The connection can be visible or hidden; for this purpose, steel parts are recessed in advance into special grooves.
Reiki three-dimensional
A modern Italian company produces fasteners that are placed perpendicularly and vertically at an angle, using T-type rails, created by extrusion from a high-strength steel alloy. They are produced in several modifications, provided for multi-level loads.
The fastening system must be selected according to the size range of the cross-sections of the combined beams and the dynamic and static loads acting on them.
During installation, the rack base is attached to the beam by means of self-tapping screws. Then, on the end part, attached to the base of the log beam, a groove is created of the same size as the rack shelf. In the absence of perforation, the shelf is equipped with a lag and the connection is fixed with self-tapping screws.
Hidden details Hedgehog
These connectors are steel washers, the base of which is equipped with holes drilled under the slope. These holes are for self-tapping screws. There is a threaded hole in the center of the washer into which a pin is inserted. Its free end is threaded into a special hole and fastened on the back side of the beam with a part with a washer.
The created connection works perfectly not only for pulling, but also for shearing. With excessive load in the area of \u200b\u200bthe end part of the log, it is possible to install several elements at the same time.
Fasteners with complex thread
Unusual self-tapping screws, which make it possible to save time, money, since this option does not require metal parts. The self-tapping screws are threaded to help create a high degree of pull-out resistance, and also screw tightly into an array that completely changes their traditional function.
In this case, the work of the screws is exclusively for pulling out, which gives them the opportunity to take most of the effort that falls on the connection. So, you can fasten elements at an angle, combine parts, minimizing their deflection, as in the photo of wood fasteners below.
Self-tapping screws for special purposes
Using such elements, rather massive wooden products are fastened. The hat has milled ribs and is easily recessed into the product, while the tip is created like a drill. In the middle of the screw, the cutter makes a larger hole, helping to pull the element as tightly as possible.
Self-tapping self-tapping screw will be useful for fastening door frames, window openings, solid wood sheathing to wood, metal. The self-tapping screw is screwed directly into the box, as well as the wall surface located behind it, or a power part.
The self-tapping screw acts as a weather vane for high-quality fastening of solid wood sheathing to a base made of steel. It has a tip in the form of a drill and wings placed above it to expand the hole in the tree.
When drilling metal products, the wings break. As a result, having made a thread in a metal part, the self-tapping screw fits snugly against it, while the element from the array is attracted by the cap to the metal.
Photo of wooden fasteners
Serve for connection (fastening) of elements of machines and designs. Fasteners include bolts, screws, studs, nuts, screws, wedges, rivets, etc. products, as well as auxiliary parts (for example, washers and cotter pins). * * * MOUNTING… … encyclopedic Dictionary
FASTENING DETAILS- standard, mass-produced parts for rigid fastening of machine elements and structures. K. d. include metal (see): bolts, screws, studs, nuts, screws, rivets, etc., as well as auxiliary parts, washers and cotter pins ... Great Polytechnic Encyclopedia
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Details for rigid fastening of elements of machines and structures. K. d. include bolts, screws, studs, nuts, screws, rivets, dowels, etc. products, as well as auxiliary. washers and cotter pins. K. d. are standardized and are produced mainly. ... ...
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Fasteners for special purposes are used to connect various structures, as well as in complex mechanisms where standard fasteners are not suitable. They are made of high quality hard steel, which withstands high mechanical loads. Special fasteners, like regular fasteners, have threads made in metric or inch format.
What is a special fastener
In fact, there are not so many elements of special fasteners. All available products can be divided into two categories - rigid fixation and rigging.
Rigid fixation elements are used to connect fixed products, and rigging elements are used to secure cables or ropes. Special fasteners are presented on the market with an extensive range of different variations that have the simplest design, but differ in dimensions and other non-essential characteristics, which allows them to be grouped into categories.
Hard Fixture
Rigid fixing fasteners include only three categories of products:
- Hairpins.
- Fitting.
- Bosses.
Hairpin
The hairpin is a metal rod with a thread. Such fasteners come in various sizes and are made of metals with a wide range of hardness, therefore, they differ in physical and mechanical properties. Large studs are used for foundation work. With their help, a metal frame is attached to the concrete, as well as advertising billboard racks are fixed to the blocks. There are only two main categories of studs:
- With double thread.
- Full threaded.
bilateral the studs have a clean, unthreaded area in the center. There is a right-hand thread on one end of the stud, and a left-hand thread on the other. This design is often used to mount the cylinder head in a car. Part of the fastener is screwed into the aluminum engine block, and a head is threaded onto the free end, which is clamped with nuts.
Full threaded studs have one type of thread that goes from edge to edge. You can screw a nut on them and scroll along the entire length. Classic threaded clamps work according to this principle. Such studs are widely used in construction to create various structures. In particular, they are used for mounting sandwich panels, etc.
Union
A fitting is a common special fastener that is used to connect pipes to pipes or hoses. The main condition is the presence of a thread on at least one element. Usually they are used in water and gas pipelines. Also, with the help of fittings, household appliances that use water or gas are connected. There are fittings on washing machines and dishwashers, gas stoves, boilers, etc.
There are four categories of fittings:
- Connecting.
- Welded.
- Swivel.
- Transitional.
Connective the fitting is a metal tube of various lengths, at both ends of which an external thread is knurled. The fitting is inserted between two pipes with prepared female threads and screwed onto them. Since the threads are opposite, when the fitting is rotated, it enters both ends of the pipes simultaneously. In its center there is a groove for a wrench. There are also fittings with internal threads, which, on the contrary, are screwed onto the tubes.
Welded the fitting is a metal tube, on the outer side of one of the ends of which a thread is cut. The clean edge is welded to the unthreaded pipe using electric welding. Another threaded pipe is screwed onto the second end of the fastener. The use of such an element allows you to make a water or gas branch, or simply extend the pipe. Often, such fasteners have not metric, but inch threads, which are used in engineering systems.
Turning the fitting has a movable design that allows the flange intended for fitting the hose to rotate. The use of such fasteners is very convenient in cases where it is not desirable to allow the hose to be screwed when twisting the fitting.
transitional the fitting is almost the same special fastener as the connecting one, but with a slight difference. Its ends have different diameters. This allows you to connect pipes of different thicknesses.
Bosses
The boss is a similar design on the connecting fitting, but still has some differences. It is a tall nut that is screwed onto a tube - for example, to connect measuring equipment such as a pressure gauge. A hexagonal groove runs along the entire surface of the boss for the possibility of tightening with a wrench. The connection thread is inside the tube. The diameter of the outlet holes on different sides of the fastener may vary. Threads for connecting to a pipe are often made in inch format, and for a pressure gauge in metric. Bosses are made of stainless steel or copper alloys.
Rigging hardware
Rigging special fasteners are more diverse than classic:
- Staple.
- Lanyards.
- Carabiners.
- Hooks.
- Clamps.
- Koushi.
- Blocks.
- swivels.
- Eye nuts and bolts.
brace It is a curved rod, the edges of which are connected by a finger or a transverse bolt and a nut. This is a very common fastener that allows you to securely connect the cable to various supports. It is made of solid steel and covered with a layer of zinc. There are both small brackets and quite large ones.
Lanyard is a screw tie, which allows you to create a strong tension during rotation with minimal effort. This element is a frame or ring, into the body of which metal rods are screwed. One of them ends with a hook, and the second with a ring. When the frame rotates, the rods are screwed inward, which ensures the creation of tension. This is a reusable system that can work as well as a hydraulic jack, but for tightness, not lifting.
Carbine- This is an element for quickly connecting chains and cables. It is a metal rod bent and connected by ends, at one end of which there is a special spring mechanism that holds the removable segment. By moving the segment away, you can insert a cable ring or a chain link inside the carabiner.
Hook is a metal rod, at one end of which there is a thread, and the other end is unscrewed by a semicircle. It is screwed into various materials, such as wood or dowels, and holds suspended elements. There are also designs in which a ring is used instead of a hook. Use such special fasteners with caution, since the hook can unbend under the influence of a large weight.
Rope clamp is a metal plate into which a bent rod is inserted in the form of a bracket. Nuts are screwed on its ends. The clamp allows you to create a reliable cable loop that will not break. It is enough to put the cable folded in half into the holes of the clamp and tighten the bolts.
Koushi represent an insert made of a metal rod bent in the shape of a triangle or a drop. They are used to increase the bend radius when creating rope knots. The thimbles are an alternative to clips in making loops. They are cheaper and, when properly knotted, provide a stronger connection. Their only drawback is that you need to use quite a lot of rope to prepare the knot. Often, thimbles are used in conjunction with clamps when guaranteed strength is needed.
Block is a special fastener that is used for lifting work. Its design provides a pulley into which a cable or rope can be inserted. Thanks to the receipt of the axis of rotation, it is easier to apply efforts to lift weights.
Depending on the design, the block can be solid or folding. If it is one-piece, then to carry out the work, you must first bring the end of the cable like a thread into the eye of a needle. In a folding design, everything is much simpler. On its side there is a special segment that can be pushed back to get a rope or cable without having to look for the end, which is especially convenient if a long bay is used.
Swivel It is a steel ring, in the side hole of which a metal rod is inserted, with a small ring at the end. The use of a swivel prevents the cable or rope from twisting. This fastener allows you to extend the life of the coil used and to dampen the sway. When the cable is turned out, the swivel simply turns, thereby compensating for such actions, preventing a break. Similar to a rigging swivel, but in miniature can be found on a leash for walking dogs, and bags. The swivel is also used in fishing gear.
Eye bolts and eye nuts are a bolt or nut to which a ring is welded. This design has much in common with a rigging hook, but is more reliable. All its elements are firmly welded together. This eliminates bend straightening, which is a common hook problem. Eye nuts and bolts come in a variety of sizes. They are always made from steel.