Stairs serve to provide communication between premises located at different levels (floors), as well as for emergency evacuation of people, property, equipment from buildings and to facilitate the work of fire brigades.
Also, all stairs must meet certain regulatory requirements, among which the most significant are the following:
The width of the flight of stairs for the main stairs should not be less than 0.8-1.0 meters;
Stairs should be well lit, especially the first and last steps;
All stairs with more than three steps must be equipped with strong and reliable railings, the height of which must be at least 90 cm;
The height of the step (riser) should not be more than 20 cm, and the width of the step (tread) should not be less than 25-30 cm;
The slope of the stairs should not exceed 38° for residential premises. For single-family houses, a slope of up to 45 ° is allowed. For attic stairs, the angle of inclination can be in the range of 63 ° -74 °. The slope of one flight of stairs along the entire length must be constant;
The distance between the flight of stairs and the wall "or between the landing and the wall should not exceed 5-6 cm;
When constructing buildings with two or more floors, the main stairs connecting the floors must have one common span, which is directly connected to the stairs leading to the attic;
In buildings with more than 2 floors, stairs must be made of non-combustible materials.
The main types of stairs consist of marches and platforms.
March- this is an inclined part of the stairs, along which the ascent or descent to certain levels of a building or structure is carried out. The separating structural elements between the marches are landings, located horizontally at the beginning or end of the march and serving to enter and exit the march. Landings located at the floor level are called storey, and those located between floors are called intermediate, or interfloor.
Stairwells, i.e. the actual stairs with adjacent enclosing or load-bearing walls are usually arranged in multi-storey buildings, where they serve not only to climb floors or levels, but also to safely evacuate people in case of fire or other critical situations. In individual residential buildings, it is also possible to arrange staircases, but usually, for reasons of convenience and economy, stairs in such houses are built within residential premises.
Intermediate landings are necessary for the convenience of walking up stairs with a large number of steps (more than 15-18) and especially for the convenience of walking on turning stairs, in which intermediate platforms are arranged at the turning points.
The assembled flight of stairs consists of steps and inclined beams supporting them. Beams that support steps only from below are called stringers, and the supporting steps simultaneously from below and from the ends - bowstrings. If the steps are based on three stringers, then the middle one is called intermediate.
In general, stairs can be classified as follows:
By functionality - brownies, landscape and special;
By appointment - interfloor, entrance, workers, checkpoints;
By relative position - internal and external;
According to the way of functioning - stationary, transformable and portable;
By design - with risers, without risers, with bowstrings or stringers, screw (with or without a central stand), with cantilever, hanging, retractable, winder steps, etc .; - according to the material of the supporting structures - wooden, steel, stone, reinforced concrete, concrete, combined;
In form - straight, including single-march and multi-march; broken (with a turn of marches), including swing and winder steps; single-flight stairs with a 180° turn or with one or two 90° turns; curvilinear, consisting of winders alone; screw with a middle line outline in the form of a circle and a round span; screw with a central rack that carries the entire load; two-march curvilinear with an intermediate platform;
By complexity - small-element and large-element, fully assembled.
a, b - two-march; in - the same, with crossing marches; g - the same, with a parade middle march; d - three-march; e - four-march; g - screw; h - single-march intra-apartment; and, to - intra-apartment with winder steps
Figure 7.1. Types of stairs:
The steps are divided into ordinary and frieze, adjacent to the landings.
The horizontal plane of the steps is called the tread, and the vertical plane is called the riser. The height of the steps (h) is 135-200 mm, the width (b) is at least 250 mm. Their ratio determines the slope of the march (h + b).
The dimensions of the steps are set from the average step of a person when walking horizontally (600 mm): 2h + b = 570-640 mm. This condition corresponds to the standard slopes of stairs: 1:2; 1:1.5; 1:1.75 and 1:1.25. The main stairs have a slope of 1:2 with steps 150x300 mm.
The number of steps (lifts) in one march between platforms should be from 3 to 16 pieces, and in single-march - up to 18 pieces. "
The width of the march should provide the estimated capacity for the evacuation of people. For residential buildings, the width of the march is taken according to Table. 4.2, but not less than 1.05 m for the main stairs.
Stair flights and landings must have a fence with handrails at least 1.2 m high.
The width of landings in residential buildings should be taken not less than the width of the marches and not less than 1.2 m at the entrances to the apartments and not less than 1.6 m before the entrances to the elevators. Gap between marches 1 g must be at least 0.1 m.
In the elevated floors of public buildings, the slope of the marches should be taken no more than 1: 2 (except for the stairs of the stands of sports facilities). The slope of marches leading to the basement and basement floors, to the attic, as well as stairs in above-ground floors not intended for evacuation of people, is allowed to be 1: 1.5.
The width of the flight of stairs in public buildings should be no less than the width of the exit to the staircase from the most populated floor, but not less than:
1.3.5 m - for buildings with more than 200 people staying on the most populated floor, as well as for the premises of clubs, cinemas and medical institutions, regardless of the cleanliness of places;
1.2 m - for other buildings, as well as for the premises of cinemas, clubs leading to auxiliary and service premises, not related to the stay of spectators and visitors in them, and for the premises of medical institutions not intended for stay or visiting the sick;
0.9 m - for all rooms with up to 5 people simultaneously staying in it.
The intermediate platform in a straight flight of stairs must be at least 1 m wide. The width of the landings should not be taken less than the width of the march.
The width of the flight of stairs of industrial buildings should be taken not less than the calculated width of the evacuation exit (door) from the floor with the widest door to the stairwell, but not less than 1 m.
In order to determine the dimensions of the stairs and the staircase, you need to know the height of the floor, select the staircase scheme (two-flight or three-flight), its slope and the dimensions of the steps.
In low-rise construction, the main and intra-apartment stairs are usually made of wood. wooden stairs set on bowstrings and stringers. Bowstrings can be mortise (treads and risers are inserted into slots 15-25 mm deep) and with ribs, on which the treads rest and the risers are nailed. When arranging stairs on stringers, the treads are placed on the cutouts in the stringers, extending them beyond the outer edge of the stringer by 20-50 mm for a better appearance. The fence is also made of wood.
Figure 7.3 - Structures of a wooden staircase
In intra-apartment stairs it is allowed to use winder steps and spiral staircases. According to fire safety standards, such stairs cannot serve as escape routes and therefore are not used as the main ones. When assigning the dimensions of wedge-shaped winder steps and steps of spiral staircases, their calculated values are taken in the middle of the march. Spiral staircases can be made of wood, metal, precast and monolithic reinforced concrete. The steps rest on the walls and on the central support pillar.
Stairs from small-sized elements.
They consist of separate prefabricated steps (Figure 7.2), laid on cement mortar along prefabricated stringers. The stringers are inserted into special nests of the stringer platform beams. Prefabricated platform slabs also rest on the same beams. The beams themselves rest on the longitudinal walls of the staircase. The steps come from the factory with a textured surface. When there are no standard sizes of staircases (usually during the reconstruction of buildings), stairs are used along metal stringers. In this case, the stringers are plastered over the grid to give them the required fire resistance.
1 - stairwell wall; 2 - lower frieze stage; 3 - ordinary step; 4 - fence post; 5 - upper frieze step; 6 - embedded part; 7 - metal kosour; 8 - metal platform beam; 9 - site reinforced concrete slab; 10 - site reinforced concrete beam; 11- reinforced concrete stringer a and 6 - on metal and prefabricated reinforced concrete stringers; in- types of steps for different slopes;
Figure 7.4 - Small block stairs:
Ladders from large-sized elements are solved in two constructive versions: a ladder from prefabricated marches and platforms (Figure 7.5) and a ladder from marches with two half-platforms (Figure 7.6).
a G d - with a T-shaped march; e
a- with a beskosour march; b. in - with U-shaped marches; G- the same, with overhead treads; d - with a T-shaped march; e- riser size for different floor heights
Figure 7.5 - Large-block stairs from prefabricated marches and platforms:
Figure 7.6 - Large-block stairs from marches with half-platforms:
a - plan of stairs in a frame building; b- types of flights of stairs for different floor heights; in- option for supporting a flight of stairs in a large-panel frameless building; 1 - brick walls of the staircase; 2 - Wall panel; 3 - transom with one shelf (PO grade); 4 - the same, with two (marks RD); 5 - semi-platform flight of stairs; 6 - embedding concrete
If there is more than one floor in a private house, you cannot do without stairs. But besides the fact that it must connect the floors, the staircase must also fit into the interior. Therefore, when choosing a design, it is necessary to pay attention not only not to the dimensions and how much space it takes in the room, but also to take into account the style. Then the staircase to the second floor, made with your own hands, will be not only a functional item, but also an interior decoration. The work is difficult and responsible, but it can be done.
Types of stairs to the second floor in a private house
All these structures can be made of metal, wood, concrete, glass, marble and other decorative stones, and often use combinations of these materials. But most often the staircase to the second floor is made of wood with your own hands, a little less often - from metal or combinations of metal and wood.
In addition, there are two types of degrees - open and closed. In open stairs there is only a horizontally located part - the step itself, in closed ones - there is also a vertical part - risers.
Design codes
When designing a staircase, it is important to make it comfortable and safe. There are very specific numbers and recommendations that relate to the parameters of the steps and the general angle of ascent:
The number of steps is determined by simply dividing the height of the planned staircase by the chosen height of the riser. For example, the height of the room is 285 cm. It was decided to make the angle of elevation 40°. According to the table, we see that the height of the riser is 19 cm. We divide 285 cm / 19 cm = 15 steps. If the number turns out to be even, we slightly adjust the size accordingly to get an odd number.
If one of the steps turns out to be several centimeters smaller, this height is “taken away” from the first step. All others, including the last one, should be the same.
When choosing the size of steps, comfort can be checked. If the double height of the riser is added to the selected step width, the result should be from 60 ms to 64 cm. The second test option is that the sum of the lengths of the tread and the riser is optimally 45 cm, but deviations of 2 cm in both directions are acceptable.
All these parameters should be taken into account when designing a house. If the house has already been built, you have to proceed from the fact that there is and adjust the dimensions to the existing dimensions.
Spiral staircase
As already mentioned, a spiral staircase in a private house takes up the least space. But she has a serious drawback: it is inconvenient to walk on it, and it is almost impossible to lift anything bulky to the second floor. So they are not very popular, although they look good and fit well into any interior.
Calculation features
When designing a spiral staircase, one must take into account that in some positions, there are other steps above the head. Therefore, making small risers will not work.
The next feature is that the steps all have an unequal width - narrower on one side, wider on the other. The narrow part they are attached to the central support (pillar), the wide part - to the walls or balusters. The standard for the width of the tread is measured in the middle part, and the wide one should not be more than 40 cm.
The span width is from 50 cm to 100 cm. Double the distance goes to the entire structure - a square with a side of 100 cm to 200 cm is required.
Construction on a prefabricated column
This type of spiral staircase is the easiest to make: a pipe is placed on which wooden elements are put on - steps, intermediate cylinders, etc.
If you look in more detail, then in addition to the metal pipe (in this case, 40 mm in diameter), steps and balusters (available in any design), there are turned wooden cylinders (segments) that set the distance from one step to another.
On the other hand, the distance between the steps is kept with the help of cuts on the balusters. Steps are attached to these grooves (on glue + fasteners).
Do-it-yourself installation of stairs to the second floor begins with the installation of a pillar. In the floor of the first floor and the ceiling of the second, a hole is made equal to the diameter of the pillar. We insert the pipe into the hole, put on an enlarged washer, tighten the nut. Further, the assembly is simple: the corresponding elements are mounted on the rod, in parallel with the installation of the step, the baluster is placed and fixed. The dimensions of the steps for this spiral staircase with the given parameters are in the drawing.
Steps are cut from glued board or furniture board. You can use an array, but of furniture quality, that is, without any defects and dried, with a moisture content of not more than 8-12%. Although glued wood is considered more reliable: it definitely will not lead and it will not crack during shrinkage.
An example of an assembly of such a design, see the video. It has a prefabricated post, but you can also use a solid one, although it will be inconvenient to assemble the steps - you will have to climb the stairs every time.
The design of a metal spiral staircase is presented in the following video fragment. For those who are friends with welding, this option will be easier.
Spiral staircase to the second floor: photos of interesting options
With railings or without railings, the choice is yours. In the photo on the right, a wooden spiral staircase on a bent stringer is a difficult element to perform Forged spiral staircases are a classic of the genre
Staircase to the second floor
Marching stairs are the most popular. Firstly, they are convenient to use, and secondly, the technology of their construction has long been worked out. There are few features of the calculation. It is important to determine the number of marches. In one section there should be from 3 to 15 steps. The most convenient have 11-13 pieces. If, according to the calculation, it turns out that there should be more steps, they are divided into several sections, between which platforms are made. The dimensions of the platforms are a multiple of the step length (600-630 mm). Then the ascent and descent will not cause inconvenience.
Kinds
Ladders with platforms take up quite a lot of space. If there is not enough space, add turns. The most common option is to place the stairs along two adjacent walls at the corners. Also, to save space, you can make winder (turning) steps instead of a platform. Only one point: the section with winder steps is the most traumatic. If the family has small children or elderly people, it is better to make a playground.
As mentioned earlier, mid-flight stairs are made on stringers (beams with a sawtooth edge) and on terraces (just an inclined beam). Fastening steps to bowstring beams requires more time and skill. Usually, a “seat” is cut out for each step - a groove is selected in the board. For additional reliability, bars are still nailed from below or corners are installed. The option with corners is reliable, but rather controversial from an aesthetic point of view. If the whole staircase is made of wood, the metal parts are very "cut" the look. Carefully processed bars look much more organic. However, with sufficient thickness of the boards for the steps and the width of the bowstring, you can do without additional fasteners. In this case, it is important that the steps do not bend, otherwise they may pop out of the grooves.
The assembly of steps on stringers is simpler: you have two or three supports, to which parts cut to size are attached. The main task is to correctly mark and cut out the stringers.
This is a ladder on stringers - one of the fragments of the assembly
Installation of a marching staircase with step by step photos
Stringers are made from a wide board 75-80 mm thick and 350-400 mm wide. If there is no massive dry board, glued boards can be used. How to calculate the kosour is described in the form, but it is possible to assemble a staircase to the second floor not only as a separate one.
An example of assembling a ladder on the stringers next to the wall. First, we fix the support pillars on which the winder steps will rest. We attach the upper stringers to these pillars.
Then we put the bottom. We fasten the kosour near the wall on top of a decorative board - it is easier to wash it and the dirt is less visible than on the wall.
We fasten the lower stringers - one to the pole, the second to the finishing board
Intermediate stringers are installed last. This makes it easier to connect all the elements.
The steps are being installed. After they are cut, sanded and painted, everything is simple: put in place, drill a hole for a self-tapping screw, then twist it.
The next step is attaching the balusters. In this case, they are made of stainless steel pipe with wooden inserts. A hole is drilled under each baluster, into which a tube is inserted, it is fixed on a hairpin or in any other available way.
Photos of interesting mid-flight stairs to the 2nd floor
Metal and glass - an interesting combination An interesting idea, and from the end - a pantry
In a two-level apartment or a two-story house, the staircase is one of the main elements.
Private houses of two or more floors, as well as multi-level apartments, have long ceased to be considered a luxury. Today, many property owners value convenience and comfort. Traditionally, ladder structures of various types are used to organize transitions between floors. Stairs for the house are mounted in accordance with the developed projects and drawings. Their development should be carried out at the stage of building a house. This order of work guarantees compliance with all necessary norms, rules and standards, and also allows you to build a comfortable and safe staircase in the house. Installation of stairs in a multi-level apartment is carried out by the developer. Such designs are more of a draft version.
How to choose the right type of stairs
When deciding on the construction of stairs in a private house or apartment, you need to take into account the features and specifics of different types of structures. The choice of stairs is a responsible matter, because the result will remain for years. Therefore, you should take care of the functionality and aesthetic appeal of such an important element.
The staircase should harmoniously fit into the interior, without cluttering up the room.
The choice of the type of stairs is influenced by many factors:
- Location and purpose (primary or secondary for occasional use).
- The total area of the premises.
- The space that can be allocated for the installation of the structure.
- Features of the location of walls, windows, ledges, niches, columns and other architectural elements.
- The preferences of the owners regarding the overall style of the interior.
- Desired level of safety and comfort.
An example of a competent location of the stairs in a two-level apartment. The last point is of great importance for families with children and the elderly. Some types of stairs may be somewhat inconvenient for them due to lack of railings, steep angles, narrow steps, or other reasons.
If the issue of security is really important to you, this design is not for you. The main types of stairs
Among the most common staircase structures located inside a house or apartment, the following types can be distinguished:
- Marching lines.
- Swivel with platforms or winder steps.
- Screw.
In some cases, a staircase is installed, in which all steps are running. Each of these types of staircases can be made of wood, metal, concrete, stone, plastic, or a combination of several materials. Modern manufacturers offer a large number of options for the manufacture and installation of stairs in homes. Some of them can only be made to order, and installation is carried out by specialists. Others are a typical design that can be assembled on site and installed by yourself. Stairs for a house or apartment can be made by hand. For the development of the project, the correct manufacture of all structural elements and the high-quality performance of installation work, the master must familiarize himself with the basic requirements for the construction of stair structures.
Marching stairs
Marching stairs are considered the simplest, most convenient and practical stairs for an apartment and for private houses. Their feature is the presence of a straight inclined section with steps (march). Like other types of stairs, indoor marching structures take into account the anatomical features and mechanics of the movements of the human body. The safe and comfortable movement of people is regulated by the norms of SNiP. They relate to the angle of inclination of home stairs, the height and strength of fences, the length of the march, and other parameters.
The advantage of mid-flight structures is that even such a seemingly complex staircase can be built on your own. The standards define the maximum number of steps in one march: no more than 18. With more steps, climbing the stairs can become too tiring.
The disadvantages of mid-flight structures include their massiveness and bulkiness. They are located on a fairly large area. Therefore, their installation is not possible inside houses and apartments with limited space. The solution is a turntable.
If the distance between floors is significant, then a straight staircase can occupy the entire wall in the room. Rotary staircases
An internal ladder structure, the marches of which are located at an angle to each other, is called a rotary. Based on the angle of rotation of the main structure, there are quarter-turn (90 degrees) and half-turn (180 degrees). As a rule, home stairs consist of two or three straight flights. If the area of \u200b\u200bthe room does not allow placing one large span, then it is divided into two marches and divided by a platform between them. The width of the platform should correspond to the width of the march, and the length should be commensurate with the step of an adult.
Important! The dimensions of the site must be calculated taking into account the possible movement of large objects up the stairs.
The rotary type of home stairs is usually located near the walls of the room. This placement allows you to save square meters, as well as use the space under the stairs. Depending on the needs of the owners, this place can be equipped with a pantry for household needs or a relaxation area with armchairs and a sofa. many people can do it, so this is a great option for creating with your own hands.
U-shaped stairs can also be installed in a kind of niches, like a stairwell. Winder steps in stairways
The landing is necessary to reduce the number of steps in each straight section of the stairs and to rotate the staircase structure. In some modifications of the turning stairs, the landings are replaced by winders. Their specificity is that the inner edge of such steps is significantly narrower than the outer one. The requirements of SNiP and GOST determine the depth of the inner and outer sides of the tread at the level of 10 cm and 40 cm, respectively. Otherwise, the winders will be too narrow for a stable foot position. It should be borne in mind that such a structure of stairs may not be very convenient for the movement of people with limited mobility.
Staircase with winder steps looks quite elegant. Spiral or spiral staircases
Spiral stair structures should be attributed to the most interesting and attractive types of stairs. Their steps are arranged in an ascending spiral around a central support pillar. This type allows you to save as much living space as possible. In some cases, two square meters are enough to install such a staircase in a house. You can place this design almost anywhere in the room, but often it is transferred to a corner. The screw type is a universal staircase option for an apartment. However, experts recommend that you carefully study the features of operation and the specifics of this type. The disadvantages of the design include the small width of the internal opening (on average, the radius of the structure is about 100 cm) and the shape of the steps. The steps of the spiral staircases in the house have a characteristic structure. Their asymmetric shape provides for a narrow and wide edge (minimum depth 10 cm and 40 cm). An increase in the useful area of the steps is possible by eliminating the riser (vertical element) or adding an overhanging ledge 2-3 cm wide to the horizontal plane.
Although in the mansion of a millionaire you can also find not quite compact “instances”. Ways of fastening steps of stairs
Stairs for an apartment or for a private house can have one of several options for fixing steps:
Important! The apparent fragility of the structure is deceptive. The frame of bolt ladders is able to withstand up to one and a half tons.
This is perhaps the most effective way to fasten steps. The choice of material for the manufacture of stairs
For the production of staircases, the following materials are used:
- Wood.
- Metal.
- Glass.
- Stone.
- Concrete.
The principle of combining different materials to achieve high functionality and attractiveness of stairs and their railings has become widespread.
This design combines metal, concrete, wood and glass. Wooden structures
Wooden structures are a recognized classic of style. Their presence in the interior gives it respectability and nobility. In addition to environmental friendliness, the material has an affordable price range. Wooden stair structures can be completely or partially made by yourself, which is the main argument for those who like to work with their hands. In addition to their main purpose (safety and comfort when moving up stairs), balusters of wooden structures often play the role of decorative elements. For their manufacture, various carving techniques are used, they are given different shades with the help of paints and varnishes.
True, such beauty will cost you a lot of money. Metal constructions
Metal, as the strongest of all possible materials, is widely used in the production of staircases and their individual elements. Metal structures can be classic with wrought iron railings or have a more modern, minimalist look.
Minimalistic and very original designs are obtained from bent metal. Stainless steel is extremely practical for stair railings. This technology allows manufacturers to develop new, improved and relatively inexpensive models that take their place in the interiors of a wide variety of stylistic trends. Metal stairs have numerous advantages over other types. In particular, it is strength, wear resistance and durability.
Structures from other materials
Glass is increasingly used to create staircases and their individual elements. From durable tempered or laminated glass, not only fences are made, but also the steps themselves. Due to the transparency, glass gives the design lightness and elegance.
There are also completely glass structures, where only the fastening elements are made of metal. Stone and marble buildings can afford only the owners of really spacious rooms. As a rule, such elements are appropriate in the interiors of the classical style. Massiveness and weight do not allow the use of these materials for the construction of ladder structures in apartments of multi-storey buildings.
Stairs made of natural stone should be large and luxurious. Elements made of plastic or PVC are also in demand. This is largely due to their lightness, low price and attractive appearance. Plastic balusters and plows can exactly imitate wooden surfaces, including the pattern and color of wood. The strength and durability of PVC allows you to build stair railings that meet all norms and standards.
Usually PVC is used to create beautiful curved handrails. Stair safety
According to the requirements that are regulated by GOST and SNiP, the construction of stairs in houses must be carried out in compliance with specific parameters. The development of standards governing their design and installation is designed to guarantee the safety and comfort of residents of apartments and private houses. A staircase containing more than three steps must have enclosing structures. The placement of the railing can be either on one side or on both sides. It all depends on the width of the span. Railings in the center are needed if the width of the stairs in the house exceeds 2.5 m. At the same time, the height of the building envelope should not be lower than 90 cm, for children - 110 cm. Special attention is paid to the distance between two adjacent railing balusters. In a house where there are children, they should be placed no further than 15 cm from each other. Also, for safety reasons, the filling of fences should consist exclusively of vertical or inclined elements. On horizontal supports, children can climb onto the railing and fall down.
Stair railing in a children's institution. To increase the comfort level of stairs in the house, experts recommend equipping them with local lighting sources (directly in the area of the steps) and handrails along the wall (if the railing is placed on only one side). Properly designed and installed staircase structures become a guarantee of safety and provide comfort to any home. Some more beautiful stairs
Stairs serve to communicate between floors or different levels.
By appointment stairs are divided into:
Main- employees for permanent use and evacuation;
Auxiliary - for service communication between floors;
Emergency - outdoor evacuation stairs;
Firefighters - arranged, openly, outside the building.
The structure of the staircase is from alternating platforms and marches.
March consists of a series of steps supporting them with inclined beams and fencing.
beams called stringers(if the steps rest on them from above) and bowstrings (if the steps adjoin them from the side).
The bearing elements of the march are based on the bearing elements of the platform - platform beams (fig. 100, 101, 102)
Staircases are storey(located at floor level) and intermediate.
The upper and lower steps of the march, serving as a transition to the platforms are called frieze.
Depending on the number of marches within the height of one floor, the stairs are single-march, two-march, three-march. Most often used two-march. With a three-flight staircase, it is convenient to locate elevator shafts between flights.
In residential buildings up to 5 floors the staircase leading from the level of the upper floor to the attic is arranged in the form of a steel stepladder. Over 5 floors stairs leading to the attic are a continuation of the main one.
Depending on the application of the material, the stairs are :
1. wooden;
2. from prefabricated reinforced concrete (or stone) steps on metal supporting structures;
3. solid reinforced concrete - prefabricated and monolithic;
4. steel.
wooden stairs are used in stone buildings of class III and IV, up to 2 floors high.
Stairs with metal supporting structures and monolithicreinforced concrete stairs in order to save metal and industrialization, it is allowed to use only in public buildings with a complex shape of stairs (Fig. 105).
Precast concrete stairs are applied in mass construction of typical residential and public buildings.
steel make emergency and fire ladders (Fig. 100, 101, 102, 107, 108,109)
Stair structures.
1. Stairs on steel beams:
Performed with reinforced concrete steps. Steps made of natural stone, such as granite, are mainly used for outdoor stairs and for stairs with especially heavy traffic. (Fig. 105, 106).
2. Reinforced concrete stairs:
Monolithic reinforced concrete stairs: these stairs are very strong, but require complex formwork and delay the progress of construction. Therefore, they are used very rarely.
Precast concrete: stairs from small-sized elements: connection is achieved by welding embedded elements. The steps are laid along the stringers on a cement mortar. Fences made of steel posts (embedded in steps) and inclined gratings.
Reinforced concrete stairs from large-sized elements have been very widespread. Elements (flights and platforms made at the factory) of stairs are installed by a crane in place and fastened by welding embedded parts. Such stairs are made either with textured surfaces of steps and platforms or with overhead treads (Fig. 106, 107, 109).
Stairwells should not have storage or other premises, exits from the shafts of forklifts, industrial gas pipelines and pipelines with flammable liquids.
For a sufficient passage in the stairwell, raise the floor level of the 1st floor above the floor level of the entrance area by 0.5-1.0m (Fig. 101).
Basic requirements for stairs.
This is the safety of movement and the convenience of walking on them. To this end, in addition to ensuring the strength and rigidity of structures, when designing stairs a number of rules must be followed.
The slope of the march should be taken according to SNiP (depending on the purpose and number of storeys of the building) for the main stairs 1:2 - 1:1.75, and for auxiliary stairs up to 1:1.25; all steps in the march should have the same dimensions, convenient for walking. And marches, if possible, should be unified. The number of steps in the march is assigned no more than 18, but not less than three. Usually marches have from 10 to 13 steps.
Marches and platforms are fenced with railings 0.9m high; the height of the passages under the platforms and marches is made at least 2 m; Stairwells should have natural light.
The width of flights of stairs is accepted according to fire safety requirements at the rate of at least 0.6 m per 100 people. Where there are elevators, the requirements are different.
The width of the landing of the staircase must be at least the width of the march.
For residential floors of 10 or more floors, there must be at least two evacuation routes, or the installation of so-called "smoke-free stairs" is necessary.
Smoke-free the staircase is provided by the creation of an open air zone at the entrance to it in the form of a balcony or loggia, which prevents the spread of smoke to other floors of buildings. At the same time, instead of two conventional stairs, one smoke-free staircase can be designed. (Fig. 111).
Another trick: creation of artificial air overpressure excluding the penetration of smoke into the stairwell; portable ladders communicate through a cold airlock.
In the stairwell, the external entrance doors open towards the exit from the building. Entrance doors to apartments With stairs should open inward.
The stairs are divided into ordinary and frieze adjacent to the sites; upper and lower frieze steps.
The horizontal plane is called - tread, vertical - riser. Step height 130-200mm, width not less than 250mm.
The strength and reliability of the joints of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures of stairs is achieved by welding embedded parts, which are located in the connected elements, respectively, one against the other.
Intra-apartment stairs settle down wooden. Individual steps are laid on stringers or cut into the bowstrings, starting with the lower frieze and ending with the upper frieze. The railings of the stairs are also made of wood.
In intra-apartment stairs, a device is allowed winder steps and spiral staircases.
Fire and emergency stairs in public and residential buildings are taken out.
fire escapes on the roof they make it straight and do not bring it to the ground level by 2.5 m. The width of fire escapes is taken at least 0.6 m.
emergency stairs they are structurally similar to firefighters, but they are subject to additional requirements: the slope of the stairs should be no more than 45 °; the width is assumed to be at least 0.7 m. Each floor has a dedicated area.
Ramps . For communication between different levels and floors in public buildings, along with stairs, ramps are used - flat inclined structures without steps. They are given a slope of 5 to 12 ° (1/12 - 1/5). With large slopes, it is difficult to use the ramp due to slipping. Ramps with a low slope cause a large loss of usable building space. The clean floor of the ramps must have a non-slip surface (asphalt, cement, relin, mastic, etc.).
Elevators and escalators . They refer to mechanical devices for organizing communication between floors. The most widely used elevators are intermittent (intermittent) action. Depending on the requirements, non-passage cabins with one entrance to the elevator or walk-through cabins with the location of entrances from opposite elevator shafts are used.
The machine room of an elevator can be located above the shaft (upper location) or below it (lower location).
The elevator shaft should not adjoin directly to living quarters; to locate the engine room of elevators directly above and below the living quarters, as well as adjacent to them.
At present, the so-called external suspended structure elevators, which are used in residential buildings of old construction, in public buildings for various purposes, have become widespread.
Elevators, low speed, continuously operating (not stopping) are called paternosters .
Escalator call the moving ladder related; to the class of continuous lifting devices. Buildings often use multi-flight escalator layouts.
A single-flight escalator consists of tensioned chain-steps resting on load-bearing inclined metal trusses. Traction chains and steps, each of which moves on four runners, form an escalator canvas. The upper branch of the web is working, and the lower branch is idle.
The design includes moving handrails, 90 cm high. The most common are escalators with a web width of 0.6 to 1.0 m. The angle of inclination of the canvas can be arbitrary, but not exceeding 30 degrees. Escalators in the building should be duplicated with conventional fire safety stairs.
PREFACED REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRS WITH FOLDED STEPS
CROSS SECTION
STRAIGHT ONE-MARCH
DOUBLE MARCH
PREFACED REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRS WITH HOLLOW STEPS
INTER-ROOM STAIRS
SINGLE MARCH
DOUBLE MARCH
a - tread size
in - the size of the riser
Notes:
1. internal stairs must comply with the formula 2b + a = 60-64 cm; the value of 60-64cm is the size of the average step of a person.
3. In parentheses are the dimensions for a slope of 1:1.25.
4. The minimum march width is 90 cm.
INDOOR
WITHOUT WINDER STEPS
The ancient Greeks and Romans created a whole cult of stairs, in in the Middle Ages they were treated consumerly, in the Baroque period they were made a luxury, and the architects of the era of Queen Victoria made the stairs as comfortable as possible.
Modern technologies and materials have made it possible to radically change the appearance of staircases, turning them into an architectural element worthy of admiration.
Do you have a private house in the process of construction or redevelopment?
Most likely, not you, but “specially trained people” will carry out the staircase structure :) However, when designing a house, it is important to know the configuration and dimensions of the opening of the interfloor ceiling and the staircase itself.
That is why every self-respecting private developer should familiarize himself with the basic formula for calculating the size of stairs and all possible options for their configurations.
In order not to get confused in terms, I propose to remember the names of the structural details of the ladder structure.Kosoura- these are inclined beams on which steps are attached. There may be two on the sides or one in the center. They are made of wood, reinforced concrete, metal.
Flight of stairs- this is a series of steps fastened with a kosour (string), from the beginning of the ascent to the horizontal platform and from it to the end of the ascent.
Horizontal venues the flight of stairs is divided at turning points or if the rise is too high (resting area).
railing- stair lift fencing for safety (made outside) or convenience (attached to the wall).
And now you can move on to the consideration and discussion of specific staircase structures.
TYPES OF STAIRS BY DESIGN
DIRECT (with a turn) - the most common and simple designs.
Uncomplicated and functional wood options are available for DIY, provided that you have a lot of experience with wood, a specialist in welding, or the design is really simple.
Do you think that the calculation of the ladder structure is too complicated? Then take a look at the photo on the left.
Yes, it is important to choose a minimum tread (step depth) equal to 23 cm and above and a maximum height (up to 17 cm). But to make such a ladder is quite easy.
All the "salt" lies in the method of fastening the steps: on the one hand to the wall, on the other to a solid wooden kosour, and all with the help of a metal corner.
Steps should be purchased from glued wood, because it is such a material that retains its strength and shape for a long time.
CURVED (curvilinear) stairs - spectacular, but require more careful calculation and skill of the performer
Curved structures made of reinforced concrete are more available. Again, it is impossible for a beginner to complete them on their own.
But bending a tree is possible only with the appropriate equipment.
So this type of stairs can be safely called a luxury item.
SPIRAL staircases - occupy a minimum of space, but not everyone is comfortable. And when climbing to a great height (with a ceiling height of more than 280 cm), your head may spin :)
The design feature of any spiral staircase is simple: on the one hand, the step is "strung" on the rod, on the other hand, it is either attached to a curved stringer or connected to the upper and lower rack (link).
If you have the skills to work with metal and wood, love for accuracy and accuracy, you can design and build a spiral staircase yourself.
In addition to the well-known parameters (step height no more than 17, tread depth no less than 23), it is important to know that the width of the flight of stairs of a spiral staircase should not be less than 80 cm. The presence of a railing is mandatory.
LINKS - self-supporting structures that provide visual lightness of the stairs in the interior.
They are built according to all the laws of physics about the application of forces :)
At first glance, such a staircase seems unreliable, but if you climb it once, you will be convinced of the strength of the structure.
The structures made of links are convenient in that they do not clutter up the space visually with heavy stringers.
The configuration of the stairs depends on the place where the link joints are attached: on both sides of the step - for straight stairs, in the center - for curved ones, from one edge - for screw ones.
BUTTERFLY (duck step) - the steps are adapted for the right or left legs alternately, very compact, but not convenient for everyone.
Its main advantage is the possibility of a steep descent and ascent, subject to ergonomic requirements.
Most often it is used in small-sized summer cottages and for access to the attic.
CONSOLE ladders - an ultra-modern solution. These are steps that are attached to the wall with one edge, and the second just hangs in the air. These designs are often complemented with tempered glass railings to secure movement between floors and at the same time maintain the illusion of a staircase floating in the air.
Cantilever structures are very reliable, because each step is mounted on a solid metal frame, which, in turn, is hung on the wall. Subsequently, the fasteners are disguised as cladding and it seems that the step "grows" from the wall.
A little more dry theory, without which it is impossible to plan one or another staircase design.
NORMATIVE
- The height of the stair step should not exceed 17.5-18 cm, otherwise the climb up the stairs will be very steep and traumatic.
- The tread (step depth) cannot be less than 23 cm, otherwise the foot may slip during the descent.
- There cannot be more than 15 steps in one flight of stairs, if there are more of them, then the staircase design should be divided by a platform. This item will provide comfortable movement up the stairs for the elderly, otherwise, at the first level, a sleeping room for the older generation should be included in the plan (we will all be them someday :)
- The minimum allowable width of the flight of stairs is 80 cm, provided that only one person can use the stairs at a time, for two this figure increases to 120 cm or more.
- Any staircase must be equipped with railings, these can be railings, walls on both sides, including glass ones.
The thickness of the floor is added to the height of the room and this value is divided by 0.18 m (the maximum allowable step height), the resulting value is rounded up to a larger integer.
In this way, the number of steps is obtained.
Now it remains to make sure that all these steps will fit in the size of the room. We multiply their number minus one (the top one will be the "floor" of the second level and is not included in the calculation) by 0.23m (the minimum tread).
Example: the height of the room is 2.5 m, the thickness of the ceiling is 20 cm, the width of the wall to which the ladder will be attached is 4.5 m, but in order to approach it and start climbing, you need to leave at least the width of the flight of stairs from the corner (let us have this will be 90 cm) plus the same amount from the corner on the second level. Thus, 4.4-0.9 * 2 = 2.6 m remains.
We calculate the number of steps: (2.5 + 0.2) / 0.18 = 15
In this case, it turned out to be an integer, but if you have, for example, 16.2, it is better to round up, that is, 17.
Now we check if these 14 (15-1=14) steps will fit in the specified width dimension (2.9 m). We multiply 14 by 0.23 and get 3.45. This is much more than the declared value.
In this case, the design of the stairs will need to be done with a turn. Immediately a counter question: how to calculate such a ladder?
We take the entire width of the wall (4.4 m), subtract from it the width of the turn, which is equal to the width of the flight of stairs (at least 0.8 m, we have 90 cm) and another such width to exit the stairs at the upper level. We consider: 4.4-0.9 * 2 \u003d 2.6 m
Divide the resulting value by 0.23 and round down. It turns out: 2.6 / 0.23 \u003d 11.3, that is, 11 steps.
So, in the original size of the wall, a turn of 90 cm, an exit of 90 cm and 11 steps are placed.
In terms of height, we should have 14 steps, 11 of them we have already “attached”, 3 remain, but one step will be at the level of the site, which means 3-1 = 2, in total three steps should be attached to the turntable, but additional length will be required only two.
To find out whether it is possible to inscribe the turn of the stairs to the adjoining wall, we calculate its minimum size. It consists of the width of the turn (the width of the march), we have it 90 cm, and the total width of the remaining steps 0.9 + 2 * 0.23 = 1.36 m.
So, in order to make a staircase in the room in question, it is necessary that a 1.36 m turn be placed at the adjacent wall.
If we make a plan for the development of the walls in question, then our design will look like in the diagram above.
Another important point: the hole in the interfloor ceiling must have a size. sufficient for the safe lifting of a tall person, this is 2 m from the lower edge of the ceiling to the step located below it.
For this very reason, the design and location of the stairs are designed at the design stage of the house, and do not adjust to what is later.