Interior decoration of premises: types, norms, recommendations. Finishing work, how to do it correctly and inexpensively What is included in finishing work

In this article, you will learn:

What are the standards for interior decoration
What includes rough finishing of premises
What is the finishing of the premises
What you need to remember when decorating premises

Repair in Moscow must be taken seriously. During the construction of any object, its foundation is first laid, walls are erected, after which floors and a roof are arranged. But the appearance of all these structures is rough, the house in this state is not very suitable for further use. The interior decoration of the premises is carried out in order to make the object comfortable for living. Today, a wide range of finishing materials and the latest technologies are presented on the construction market, which gives you the opportunity to choose the most optimal ones for yourself.

Interior decoration of premises and its regulatory framework

Some home owners, with the appropriate skills and abilities, make repairs on their own. Others prefer to go to experienced craftsmen. However, in both cases, you need to know the key requirements for interior decoration. They are spelled out in special regulatory documents - SP (Code of Rules). All work carried out as part of the decoration of the premises must comply with the established standards and in no case deviate from them.

Regulatory documentation has been developed with requirements for each type and type of finishing work. You need to follow the rules written in it if:

you are going to build a building or structure;
in your plans, reconstruction of existing premises or alteration of a certain part;
you are going to restore your object.

The main focus of these regulations is on safety.

There is the Law of the Russian Federation No. 384-F3 dated 30.12.2009 "Technical regulations on the safety of buildings and structures." This is the main normative act, the fulfillment of the conditions of which is mandatory for all construction organizations.

Note that the interior decoration of the premises is carried out in accordance with SP 71.13330.2011. Sanitary networks are arranged and installed on the basis of SP 73.13330.2016. The rules for conducting power supply and electrical network systems are specified in SP 76.13330.2016. Repair work standards for private customers are spelled out in GOST R 52059-2003.

If you order interior decoration from a construction company, be sure to conclude a contract. In the contract, indicate that the work performed must necessarily comply with building codes.

The quality of the final finishing of the premises must meet the requirements of SP 71.13330.2011. Since this document is quite large, we suggest that you read the instructions, which indicate the main permissible deviation limits for all surfaces of the interior.

Gender tolerances:

thickness - no more than 10% of that specified in the project;
unevenness of the screed surface for decorative coatings - no more than 2 mm by 2 m;
flatness when laying parquet - no more than 2 mm per 2 m length;
joint width when laying ceramic tiles - no more than 6 mm;
flatness of the surface when laying ceramic tiles - no more than 1 mm.

Besides:

during visual inspection, chips, potholes, protrusions, depressions and cracks are unacceptable;
the flatness of the surface is checked using a rail 2 m long. The permissible clearance over the entire length should not be more than 4 mm;
voids under the tile when tapping it are unacceptable. If voids are found, the tiles are re-laid.

Wall tolerances:

when applying plaster to walls, it is necessary to ensure that the deviation from flatness does not exceed 2 mm over a length of 1 m, and in high buildings - by 1 cm;
wall decoration is performed only on surfaces with a moisture content below 8%;
painting work is also carried out on surfaces with a moisture content of no more than 8%;
paint and varnish coatings are applied with a thickness of at least 25 microns;
on the painted surfaces there should be no smudges, splashes, stains, color drops;
wallpaper can be glued only at a humidity level not higher than 8%;
the width of the seam between the wallpaper stripes should not exceed 0.5 mm;
the surfaces should be free from stains, bubbles, peeling of wallpaper;
wallpapering of skirting boards, doorways, electrical devices is prohibited;
the pattern on the wallpaper must be the same along its entire length.

Before the direct interior decoration of the room, decide how you see the final result. Of course, you can try to make repairs on your own. But it is much more convenient to use the help of professionals, especially if you are interested not only in interior decoration of premises, but also in redevelopment.

What does the interior decoration of the premises consist of? The craftsmen carry out a number of activities: they level, putty and plaster surfaces, perform work on floor screed, finish walls and ceilings with plasterboard. In an additional order, surface cladding is carried out, workers install windows, doors and slopes. Interior decoration of the premises also involves electrical work, installation of insulation material and laying of floors.

The general appearance of the premises and the result of the repair depend on how well the finishing works are carried out. That is why it is very important to use high quality finishing materials.

Interior decoration of premises is carried out in 3 stages:

Ceiling repair.
Wall work.
Floor finishing.

Note! The works are carried out in this sequence.

Rough interior finishing

The following types of interior decoration are distinguished:

Roughing. Craftsmen prepare indoor surfaces for the application of finishing materials. Usually, with a rough finish, the base is strengthened, defects are eliminated and the surfaces are leveled using different methods.
Finishing. Finishing / decorative materials are applied to the previously prepared surface.

Let's dwell on the general rules of rough finishing.

Rough interior decoration of premises usually means carrying out work on leveling floors and walls in various ways. In accordance with SP 29.13330.2010 and SP 71.13330.2011, the subfloor is arranged on a capital basis using multi-layer technology.

If the floor is laid on a soil base (often the owners of private houses do this), then the soil is necessarily stabilized and fixed in order to avoid subsidence and swelling. At this stage, drainage works are also carried out.

Note! Work on compaction of the soil foundation is carried out in accordance with SP 71.13330.2011, which describes the requirements for earthworks.

The floors should only be equipped at the appropriate temperature. The minimum air temperature for filling sand, gravel or other earthworks is 0 0 C. At +5 0 C, bituminous compositions are applied and cement mortars are poured. Polymer compositions are used at +15 0 С.

The humidity level in the room should not be higher than 60%. In addition, before proceeding with the arrangement of the floor, it is better to finish the work on plaster and putty, accompanied by an increase in humidity.

On the base of the soil, an underlay of sand, gravel, slag or similar materials is laid. As for the thickness of the sub-base, it is determined by the expected load, but it should not be less than 60 mm if it is sand, and 80 mm if it is larger bedding.

If necessary, within the framework of the interior decoration of the premises, waterproofing of the floor is also carried out - a number of measures to protect the screed and floor covering from contact with moisture. In this case, such waterproofing materials as bitumen-based mastics, polymeric materials for painting, as well as PVC film and membrane with similar characteristics are used.

For interior decoration, the floor is leveled, pipelines and other communications are masked, the load is evenly distributed on the supporting elements and other types of work are carried out. In all these cases, the masters use screeds. The most common type is filler screeds from a solution, which includes cement and sand (with or without reinforcement).

The minimum screed thickness for floor slabs is 20 mm, and for the backfill layer (as well as for bulk sound and heat insulation materials) - 40 mm. When pouring over pipes, the screed must be at least 10-15 mm thicker than the diameter of the pipeline.

Instead of cement-sand mortar screeds, prefabricated structures made of plywood, fiberboard and similar materials are allowed. When installing such a coating, its elements are fixed on the base, using adhesive solutions or mechanical fasteners for this.

Before final finishing, the craftsmen plaster the walls and ceilings. In this regard, the following rule is spelled out in SP 71.13330.2011.

The walls on which the finishing is provided must have a strength of at least 65% of the design value.

To repair all cracks, cracks and other defects, special solutions must be used.

The concrete surface is scored to ensure adhesion. Surfaces made of bricks and blocks must be processed without notching, but it is imperative to fill the seams with a special compound.

When plastering, a multi-layer method is used. In this case, the thickness of each layer must correspond to the value prescribed in this table:

The application of each subsequent layer of plaster is permissible only after the previous one has dried.

Nothing is said about how to level the plaster, but it is best to carry it out along the beacons. For this, lighthouse profiles are installed on the base in advance, serving as a support for distributing plaster and removing its excess.

Instead of plastering, as part of the interior decoration of the premises, cladding or sheathing of plasterboard sheets is performed. The sheets are attached directly to the base using an adhesive mass, using a special metal frame or a timber bar.

By arranging the cladding on the frame, you can lay hidden wiring without violating the integrity of the wall. Of course, to ensure safety, all wires must be laid in cable ducts made of non-combustible material. If the building is made of concrete or brick, you can use plastic corrugations. If the building is wooden, a metal hose or steel pipes are used.

Often, after finishing plastering or installing gypsum plasterboards, the surface must be putty. In these cases, a special composition (usually based on gypsum) is applied to the walls with a thin layer, after which it is leveled, waited until it dries, and then sanded with abrasive materials.

Fine interior decoration of premises

Upon completion of the preparatory work, the craftsmen proceed to the finishing of the walls. The choice of materials is usually determined by the purpose of the room. Both specialists in the field of repair and decoration, and the owners of houses and apartments themselves pay great attention not only to the aesthetic component, but also to the safety of materials for decoration.

Premises are residential (this is a bedroom, living room, children's room), non-residential (kitchen, corridor, bathroom, etc.) and production. For each type, materials with specific markings are used, intended for the repair of these rooms. The interior decoration of living quarters is carried out with materials marked E1. The E2 mark indicates that the material is intended for non-residential premises, and E3 is only for industrial premises.

Ceramic tile

Decorative finishing of interiors with a high level of humidity (bathroom, kitchen, toilet) should be carried out using ceramic tiles. This material has excellent characteristics. It is durable, practical, moisture resistant, easy to care for, practically no dirt remains on it, it has a long operational period. A wide range of shades and textures allows you to choose ceramic tiles for any interior style in accordance with your wishes.

But ceramic tiles also have disadvantages, the main of which is their high cost. It should also be noted that self-laying tiles is a rather difficult process, and therefore it is better to use the services of an experienced specialist.

Care must be taken when transporting ceramic tiles, as this material is quite fragile. You also need to remember that the hardness of the floor tiles is different from the hardness of the wall and ceiling tiles.

PVC and MDF panels

Wall panels made of plastic or MDF for interior decoration of residential premises are not the best option. This material is used in the repair of non-residential premises due to its low environmental friendliness. Moreover, MDF furniture is in many apartments and houses. But still, if you care about your health and the well-being of loved ones, you should give preference to a different material for decoration.

Interior decoration of premises with such panels looks very dignified. The material also has enough advantages: it is strength, ease of use, no need for additional processing of the walls. In this regard, the panels can be used in rooms with unprepared walls. Attach them to wood planks mounted on the wall.

Plastic panels for interior decoration cost less than MDF, but the environmental characteristics of the latter are much higher.

Wallpapers and their varieties

Interior decoration of premises with wallpaper is perhaps the most common option for walls, which has been preferred by millions of people for many years. Wallpaper is the most optimal solution for renovating living rooms in a house. The choice is very large today. You can give preference to wallpaper of any texture and design on a fabric, vinyl, non-woven base.

The advantages of paper wallpaper are environmental friendliness and low cost. Wallpaper made of fabric and cork material has excellent safety performance. Among the disadvantages can be noted fragility - over time, wallpaper loses its color. In addition, they are easy to tear or scratch.

Papered with wallpaper should only be smooth walls, previously treated with a primer.

If the drawing is complex, the wallpaper must be carefully adjusted when pasting.

Different adhesives are used for different types of wallpaper.

Decorative plaster

There are different types of plaster for interior decoration. Decorative plaster is especially popular today, allowing you to create a beautiful and unusual design in a house or apartment. Fillers for decorative plaster are different, due to which you can achieve any textures and decorate the room in the desired color scheme.

A significant disadvantage of such interior decoration is the high cost and high labor costs.

Paintable walls

Often, for interior decoration, the walls of the premises are painted. The advantage of this method is the simplicity of execution. The downside is the large labor costs for leveling the base, since even the smallest wall defects are clearly visible when painting.

The paint is very easy to apply to dry primed walls using a roller. The method is very economical: to renew the appearance of surfaces, it is enough to roll over them with a roller again.

Interior wood trim

Owners of country houses and summer cottages often use materials imitating timber, as well as lining and eurolining for interior decoration of their premises. It is also very common in wood, the advantages of which are high environmental friendliness, practicality and a pleasant appearance.

Such finishing materials as wane board, wood cuts, parquet board are also widely used today.

Interior decoration of premises with wood cuts assumes the same (or approximately the same) thickness of the cut elements. Slices are formed using a miter saw - a tool that allows you to get aesthetic polished elements.

Parquet board is not the most favorable material for the price, but its design fully justifies all financial investments. The interior decoration of the premises with a parquet board always looks great.

Interior decoration of the premises is also carried out using natural wood panels. The advantages of such a finish are environmental friendliness, practicality and excellent appearance.

Decorative rock

Decorative stone is tiles made from natural stone, gypsum or plastic concrete. In appearance, artificial and natural stones are almost completely identical to each other.

Decorating interiors with stone allows you to create spectacular designs in absolutely different styles.

But it is worth noting that decorative stone is almost never used as the main material. As a rule, it is combined, for example, with plaster, wallpaper, etc. The decorative stone itself is used to decorate certain areas in the room - corners, doorways, etc.

Among its advantages, in addition to the beautiful design, are:

high strength;
practicality - the material is resistant to high humidity (with the exception of gypsum stone), it is easy to wash and clean, and therefore it is ideal for laying in the kitchen as an apron;
easy installation - standard tile adhesive is used for wall cladding with stone. It is very convenient that you do not have to worry about the uniformity of the seams and the alignment of the tiles on the level, and therefore even an inexperienced person can do the finishing.

The disadvantage of decorative stone is the high price.

Clinker tiles

Interior decoration of premises using clinker tiles is also quite common. Clinker is a ceramic material, for the manufacture of which shale clay is used and a special technology is used.

Clinker tiles resemble brick in shape and are perfect for imitation of brickwork in the interior.

Clinker tiles have several advantages:

looks very presentable;
resistance to moisture, detergents and other negative factors. In this regard, it is often used to decorate kitchen aprons;
has a long service life: the tile is able to maintain its original appearance for several decades.

It is easy to install tiles. The process is similar to the installation of ordinary tiles. But in order to qualitatively lay the clinker with your own hands, of course, you need to have certain skills.

In the modern building materials market, you can find clinker tiles for both walls and floors. Tiles are even presented in sets for finishing stair steps.

It is worth emphasizing that clinker cannot be called a budget material; its price is quite high.

Do not start renovating all the rooms in the house at the same time, as in this case the process will be delayed. Interior finishing should start from the farthest room in the house. Once you complete the work in this room, you can start repairing others.

Remember to paint and whitewash the walls only from top to bottom. Always start at the ceiling and finish at the baseboard level.

When repairing walls and ceilings, use rags and special paper. They should be used to cover furniture and surfaces to protect them from possible contamination. In addition, this way you will save time on cleaning the house or apartment.

Do not forget that before proceeding with the interior decoration of the premises, you should make sure that all communications are installed efficiently. This is an important rule that should never be forgotten.

To keep freshly painted or plastered walls from collapsing, close all doors and windows immediately after finishing. There should be no draft in the house or apartment.

Before starting repairs, decide where the sockets and switches will be installed.

If the condition of the walls and ceilings is unsatisfactory, sheathe them with plasterboard, which will greatly facilitate your work. The walls and ceiling will be perfectly level. You can mount drywall either using a special profile or using glue for mounting the material.

When fitting sheets of drywall to each other, joints are formed that need to be plastered.

After installing drywall, you can paste over it with wallpaper or paint.

For the floor today, special self-leveling mixtures are very often used. Only when they are completely dry, the selected material is laid on them, for example, linoleum or laminate.

Remember that a large amount of moisture should not get on the laminate, and therefore this is far from the best option for the kitchen. If manufacturers say otherwise, don't believe it. Moisture causes the laminated coating to swell, deteriorate and cannot be restored.
It is also better not to lay parquet flooring in the kitchen, since it is absolutely not intended for this room.
If you are laying massive parquet on the floor, there should be no heating under it, as this will negatively affect the quality of the material.
When completing the interior decoration of the room, install not only hydro, but also sound insulation.
If you carry out the interior decoration of an apartment in a new building, apply the screed again.

If your house is less than 3 years old, it is better to preserve the ceiling cracks with plasterboard material, hemming the ceiling with it.
We recommend that you give preference to drywall and profiles of imported rather than domestic manufacturers, since the quality of Russian materials today leaves much to be desired.
In some walls, after applying the putty, bulges form at the points of contact with damp building material. The volume of the gypsum increases, the deformation of the profiles occurs.

Places that are leveled with gypsum mortar with asbestos are best re-plastered over the beacons using only environmentally friendly plaster. Considering the price of the material used, the work is much cheaper.
Brick walls have higher sound insulation properties than standard plasterboard partitions.
Uneven walls must be plastered with a mortar of cement and sand before laying the tiles.
Do not buy expensive paints from foreign manufacturers. In this very issue, Russian counterparts are no worse. Even if you buy the most expensive Russian paint, compared to the cost of foreign paint, you will save almost twice.

Do not connect aluminum wiring to copper wiring. Don't skimp on this - run copper wires everywhere.
It is forbidden to conduct power wiring around the bathroom. Statistics show that this causes about 60 deaths every year.
If you live with small children, use a differential circuit breaker for protection. On contact with a person, it works. Its counterparts are not always.

It is reliable and prestigious to cooperate with the My Repair Company. The specialists working here are professionals of the highest level. The company "My Repair" works throughout Moscow and the Moscow region.

There are several successive stages in construction, and finishing work is one of them, because in the construction of a building, the construction of a box is essential, but not final.

For example, the most that is not a simple redecoration of an apartment usually consists only of finishing work. While the capital, which includes several stages, finishing work is being completed.

Value

Finishing work is the most important stage in construction and in any repair, since the appearance of the room, its atmosphere, and, as a result, the mood of the people in it depends on the quality of this type of work.

The impression received by those present in the room, their feelings, as well as convenience, comfort and time savings depend on the correctly selected palette of colors, their combination, the quality of materials and the performance of the work itself.

Internal finishing works in overhaul

Over time, all buildings and structures need major repairs, this is an action that requires a serious approach, high-quality materials and the latest equipment, since this type of repair in terms of its importance and volume of work performed is more like reconstruction of a building.

Finishing work is the final stage in a major overhaul, which is usually preceded by activities such as:

strengthening the foundation and supporting structures (walls and beams);
a set of actions related to waterproofing and designed to protect the room from moisture.

Alternatively, the cost of finishing the premises is included in the price of the overhaul. But at the request of the customer, the estimate for finishing work can be made in a separate document in order to detail material and financial costs.

Finishing work. Kinds

These works are carried out in a certain sequence, depending on the wishes of the customer or the owner of the property and on the specific tasks assigned to the performers.

Finishing work is a complex of actions that can be conditionally divided into several groups:

floor finishing;
ceiling decoration;
wall decoration.

All components of the stages of finishing activities can have a wide price and quality range. You can also always invite an interior designer to decorate a room in a specific style or to acquire the maximum practicality, style and aesthetics of the area. But this should be done before the repairmen begin their work. After all, the cost and duration of the execution of ideas depends on the selected type of finish and materials for its implementation.

Wall decoration

Usually, this is where internal finishing work begins, which consist of the following stages:

preparation of walls - includes actions for leveling or giving them the necessary shape, for this they use plaster, plaster or drywall;
then there is the stage of puttying or finishing leveling of the walls;
then decoration is carried out (for example, painting walls or pasting them with wallpaper).

Wall preparation is of paramount importance in wall decoration, as flat wall surfaces are very rare in most homes. And the way the coating will lay on the walls depends on this action, and the general appearance of the room also largely depends on the relief.

At this time, the most common type is wallpaper, staining comes on the heels.

But there are lovers of interesting solutions who are ready in their homes with various panels.

It happens that the interior decoration of walls includes the installation of decorative panels, which include plastic, MDF or fiberboard. For this type of work, the task of the wizards is greatly simplified, because the procedure does not require alignment.

Ceiling decoration

With the surface of the ceilings, the situation is slightly better than with the walls, sometimes there may be irregularities at the joints of panels or beams, but all this is well corrected with professional tools in combination with skills. But if there is a problem with the relief of the ceiling, then special types of coatings come to the rescue, which can easily mask all the shortcomings of the builders.

But first things first.

Interior finishing works of the ceiling depend on the coating chosen by the customer for it, as well as the way in which they will be carried out.

At this time, there are several types of ceilings:

tension;
painted;
hinged;
pasted over.

The most popular one, which is usually recommended by the decorator, is the painted ceiling. It does not require special physical effort, material costs and time. The only thing that precedes painting the ceiling, and even then not always, is the preliminary leveling of its surface.

Papered ceilings are in second place in popularity. These can be panels of various materials or any type of wallpaper. This type of ceiling is inexpensive, simple and aesthetic.

The estimate for finishing work of a stretch or suspended ceiling can unpleasantly surprise with its considerable result, but if the question of saving material resources is not worth the owner of the room, then this option is very good.

There is a wide variety of color options to which you can add a share of creativity and originality (different levels, relief, combination of shades and textures).

Floor finishing

It includes a number of works on leveling the floor and installing a concrete screed, the final stage here is the installation of the floor covering, which must be chosen by the owner of the room. It can be laminate, parquet, linoleum, tiles or boards.

As for the laying of ceramic tiles and tiles, then you will need a finishing master who specializes in this. Since laying tiles is a job that requires certain experience and skills. In this way, you can decorate not only the floor, but also the walls in the bathroom, shower, or lay out a working apron in the kitchen. Sometimes the laying of tiles is placed in a special category and in a separate price list for repair and finishing work.

Who should you trust?

If the prices for finishing work are intimidating, or you have some knowledge and skills in finishing the premises, then you can do this on your own. But there is no execution, coverage of additional costs or payment of penalties and solution of the problems encountered at the stage of execution of finishing works.

But in most cases, property owners resort to the help of professionals, among whom it is possible to find those who offer affordable prices for finishing work, their high-quality performance and a guarantee.

Advantages of repair and finishing firms

Most of the organizations that specialize in renovation, construction and finishing work provide:

detailed development of a plan and estimate;
an individual approach to each order;
modern equipment and advanced technologies;
highly skilled workers;
finishing in rooms of any complexity;
execution of works on time;
a guarantee for the types of work performed, which is provided after their completion.

Calculation of the cost of repair and finishing work

As for the prices for finishing work, they differ significantly in different regions of the country. For example, in Moscow, the Moscow region, St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, the cost is much higher than in Saratov, Tomsk or Cherepovets.

Also, the price of finishing largely depends on the materials, the complexity of the work and the timing of their execution. But in all cases, there is one principle: the larger the area of \u200b\u200bthe premises, the higher the price for the services provided.

In most companies, the operation to calculate the cost of finishing can be done online; for this, there is a special calculator on the organization's website, with which you can easily find out how much the planned event will cost.

There is another way - very often on those very sites of repair and construction companies there is an opportunity to use the services of an online consultant for free, who will help to make preliminary calculations and guide you on other basic issues.

The quality of finishing work largely depends on the level of training of young workers. They need to know information about modern methods of finishing buildings and structures, about new materials used in construction, combining simplicity and manufacturability, comparative cheapness and economic efficiency, quality and durability, about how to reduce labor costs, improve the quality of finishing, reduce the lead time finishing works. The tutorial covers the basics of finishing work: plastering work, putty work, painting work, wallpaper and facing work, flooring, parquet work. A feature of this book is that it describes new building finishing materials and production technologies for working with them. The publication is intended for students of vocational schools and technical schools.

Chapter 1. Purpose and types of finishing works

1.1. Appointment of finishing works

Finishing work in construction is a complex of construction processes associated with interior and exterior finishing of buildings and structures, the result of which is an increase in their protective, operational, architectural and aesthetic qualities.

Their purpose is to give structures, buildings and structures such qualities as durability, fire resistance, resistance to environmental influences and decorativeness.

Finishing work is carried out during construction or after the completion of the installation of buildings and structures, or during the renovation of apartments, offices, redevelopment of premises, etc.

Prior to their implementation, all major construction and installation, repair and sanitary work must be completed.

During the construction, repair and reconstruction of buildings and structures, special attention is paid to the quality of finishing works, which create a unique appearance of the object and give individuality to its interior and exterior.

1.2. Types of finishing works

Finishing works include plastering, plastering, painting, wallpapering, facing, including finishing with decorative facing stone, floor and ceiling installation, glass works and art painting. They also include the device of prefabricated frame sheathing and light-transmitting partitions, built-in furniture, balconies and loggias fences.

Not only the visual and aesthetic perception depends on the choice and quality of the finish, but also the durability of operation, air exchange, noise and heat insulation, protection from moisture, sanitary and hygienic properties and a number of other indicators.

Finishing work is carried out both inside and outside buildings and structures.

Facade decoration inthey are performed either in the factory during panel construction, or in the process of erecting brick, large-block and wooden buildings, or during the repair or reconstruction of buildings and structures. They use the decoration of facades with ordinary or colored decorative plaster, artificial and decorative stone, tiles or panels, etc.

Interior decoration is determined by the purpose of the premises, the type of structures that form it, the conditions of its operation and the capital of the building. This takes into account not only the physical durability of the coatings, but also the terms of obsolescence, ease of use, conditions of sanitary and hygienic maintenance, etc.

Finishing works are divided into two groups: the actual finishing and finishing and assembly.

The actual finishing work - it is a device of protective and decorative coatings on the surface of building structures. These include plastering work (coating with mortar), painting work (coating with paints and varnishes), facing work (covering with finished products of artificial or natural origin), wallpapering (pasting with wallpaper or films).

Finishing and assembly works Is an assembly of building elements that simultaneously play a constructive role and serve as a finishing coating. These include:

1) the device of prefabricated frame sheathing and sliding partitions;

2) the device of built-in furniture;

3) facing of walls and partitions with large-sized prefabricated sheet and slab products;

4) the device of light-transmitting partitions made of glass blocks and shaped glass;

5) installation of floors made of parquet boards, panel board parquet, chipboard and fiberboard;

6) installation of false ceilings;

7) filling of light openings (windows, doors, transoms, showcases) with sheet window, showcase, mirror and decorative glass;

8) installation of front panels with full factory finish;

9) installation of fences for balconies and loggias with asbestos-cement sheets, aluminum, plastic and other products.

Finishing coatings have two functions: technical and decorative.

Technical function is aimed at improving sanitary and hygienic, technological, fire-prevention and other properties during the operation of buildings and structures.

Decorative function - giving uniqueness and completeness to the architectural appearance of the building and the interior of the premises.

Depending on the ratio of these functions, coatings are classified as ordinary, special, decorative and architectural-artistic.

Conventional coatings are used prand construction and repair of buildings and structures of all types.

Special coatings used mainly in industrial buildings where technical function predominates.

Decorative and architectural - artistic coatings used in civil and industrial buildings, in the construction and reconstruction of unique buildings and structures, decoration of restaurants, clubs, etc.

The coatings obtained in the process of finishing work can consist only of the front layer and the front and one or several preparatory layers (covering, priming, leveling, etc.) In the front layer of coatings, both liquid materials (varnishes, paints, mastics) and products with a finished front surface (tiles, wallpaper, facing panels, glass). For the device of preparatory layers, materials are used, as a rule, in a liquid or plastic state (solutions, primers, primers, putties, adhesives, mastics).

Test questions:

1. What is finishing work and their purpose?

2. What are the finishing works?

3. What applies to finishing and installation works?

4. What are the functions of finishing coatings?

Introduction

Capital construction is the most important branch of the country's economy, which ensures the creation and accelerated renewal of fixed assets for production and non-production purposes.

The main task of capital construction is to increase the country's production potential on the basis of scientific and technological progress, the construction of residential buildings, public utilities and socio-cultural facilities.

In the total volume of construction and installation work, an important role belongs to the finishing of buildings, which is the final stage of construction.

Finishing works (plastering, painting, facing, etc.) give buildings and structures a finished look, and the structural elements of the building - protective, sanitary and hygienic and decorative qualities.

Despite the relatively low cost, finishing works are the most labor-intensive in construction and are distinguished by high material consumption. When erecting residential and office buildings, the labor intensity of finishing works reaches 30–40% of the total labor intensity of construction.

For finishing work in construction, high costs of manual labor are still characteristic, which can amount to 60–90%, depending on the type of work.

Reducing the labor intensity of finishing work can be achieved only by increasing the level of mechanization of processes and the introduction of industrial methods of surface finishing using products and parts of factory production. The use of individual elements of industrial production allows to reduce the "wet" processes in building conditions, to increase the productivity of finishing workers, to reduce the cost of manual labor and the timing of finishing work, to improve the quality of finishing and production culture.

However, at the current level of construction, it is impossible to become an experienced finisher without systematic professional development without studying advanced technologies and work organization. Every worker needs to deeply master the basics of professional knowledge, gain practical experience and creatively use progressive methods of labor and the experience of innovators in the construction industry. The power of the country and the well-being of each of us will depend on the effective work of each in his place.

Chapter 1. Purpose and types of finishing works

1.1. Appointment of finishing works

Their purpose is to give structures, buildings and structures such qualities as durability, fire resistance, resistance to environmental influences and decorativeness.

Prior to their implementation, all major construction and installation, repair and sanitary work must be completed.

1.2. Types of finishing works

Finishing work is carried out both inside and outside buildings and structures.

Finishing works are divided into two groups: the actual finishing and finishing and assembly.

Finishing and assembly works Is an assembly of building elements that simultaneously play a constructive role and serve as a finishing coating. These include:

1) the device of prefabricated frame sheathing and sliding partitions;

2) the device of built-in furniture;

3) facing of walls and partitions with large-sized prefabricated sheet and slab products;

4) the device of light-transmitting partitions made of glass blocks and shaped glass;

5) installation of floors made of parquet boards, panel board parquet, chipboard and fiberboard;

6) installation of false ceilings;

7) filling of light openings (windows, doors, transoms, showcases) with sheet window, showcase, mirror and decorative glass;

8) installation of front panels with full factory finish;

9) installation of fences for balconies and loggias with asbestos-cement sheets, aluminum, plastic and other products.

Finishing coatings have two functions: technical and decorative.

Technical function is aimed at improving sanitary and hygienic, technological, fire-prevention and other properties during the operation of buildings and structures.

Decorative function - giving uniqueness and completeness to the architectural appearance of the building and the interior of the premises.

Depending on the ratio of these functions, coatings are classified as ordinary, special, decorative and architectural-artistic.

Conventional coatings are used prand construction and repair of buildings and structures of all types.

Special coatings used mainly in industrial buildings where technical function predominates.

Test questions:

1. What is finishing work and their purpose?

2. What are the finishing works?

3. What applies to finishing and installation works?

4. What are the functions of finishing coatings?

Chapter 2. Plastering work

2.1. Types of plastering work

Plaster Is a finishing layer on the surfaces of various structures of buildings and structures (walls, partitions, ceilings, columns), which evens them out and gives them a certain shape, protects structures from moisture, weathering, fire, increases resistance to heat transfer, reduces air permeability and sound conductivity of enclosing structures.

All types of plaster are divided into monolithic, which is obtained by applying plaster solutions to the surface, and dry (facing with prefabricated gypsum plasterboards).

Monolithic plaster closes all the cracks in the structure, forming a single whole with it. It can be used in damp and wet areas. It is characterized by high labor intensity, duration of drying, difficulties in performing work in winter, the need for special equipment for the preparation and transportation of the solution to the place of work. This limits its use.

Dry plaster does not have such disadvantages. After sealing the seams between the plasterboard sheets, the surface can be finished the next day. It is cheaper than monolithic, but inferior to it in terms of reliability. Dry plaster is used mainly in residential buildings, where the humidity does not exceed 60%.

According to their purpose and properties, monolithic plasters are divided into ordinary, special and decorative.

Conventional plasters are intended for use in normal temperature and humidity conditions (can be painted or pasted over with wallpaper).

Special plasters perform protective functions in relation to the base (waterproofing and hydrophobic, thermal insulating, acoustic, chemically resistant, X-ray protective).

Decorative plasters are used for finishing facades and some premises of public buildings (lobbies, staircases, halls). They can be smooth, colored, imitate decorative natural and artificial facing stones.

Conventional plasters are divided into three categories, depending on the level of care they are given: simple, improved and high quality.

Simple plaster is made of two layers of mortar (spray and soil with a total thickness of up to 12 mm), the surface of which is leveled with the edge of a falcon without further finishing with other tools (in this regard, it is called plaster "under a falcon"). It is used in temporary, basement, warehouse and other non-residential buildings, as well as in utility rooms of public and industrial buildings.

Improved the plaster is made of three layers (spray, soil and cover) with a total thickness of 15 mm. The final finishing - leveling and smoothing the surface - is carried out by the rule (plaster under the rule). It is used in residential, hospital, school and other public buildings of mass construction.

High quality plaster consists of a spray, two layers of soil and a covering layer with a total thickness of 20 mm. The soil is leveled over the beacons, the covering layer is rubbed with a float. In this regard, this type of plaster is called lighthouse. It is used to decorate theaters, train stations, hotels, museums, and apartment buildings.

2.2. Preparation of materials for plastering

For plastering brick walls, lime-sand mortars are usually used with a composition of 1: 3 and 1: 4 (parts by volume), concrete surfaces are complex mortars of cement, lime and sand in a ratio of 1: 1: 8, rooms with high humidity (bathrooms, cellars, baths), as well as on a metal mesh - cement-sand mortar of grade 75-100 of the composition 1: 4, gypsum concrete and wooden surfaces - lime-sand mortar with the addition of gypsum. For plastering concrete and gypsum concrete surfaces, polymer-cement and gypsum-polymer-cement solutions are also widely used, which include a polyvinyl acetate emulsion or synthetic latex in a ratio of 0.2: 1 to cement.

The mortars used for plastering should have the following properties: sufficient strength, the ability to adhere to the surface to be plastered, frost resistance, sufficient mobility for pumping through pipes and hoses, workability, setting times necessary for plastering work, constant volume during setting (no significant shrinkage). For the layers of spray and soil of internal premises with normal humidity conditions, solutions of the following compositions are used:

1) on stone surfaces - lime: sand - 1: 2.5 to 1: 3; lime: clay: sand - 1: 0.4: 5, clay: sand: fibrous additives - 1: 3: 0.5;

2) on concrete surfaces - cement: sand - 1: 4 (to increase the plasticity of the solution, lime is added in an amount of 20–30% by weight of the cement); cement: lime: sand - 1: 1: 6; on wooden surfaces - lime: sand - 1: 2 to 1: 4.5: gypsum (added per 1 part of lime from 1 to 1.5 parts of gypsum); lime: clay: sand: fibrous additives - 1: 3: 3: 0.5;

3) on a metal mesh - cement: sand - 1: 3 to 1: 4, while for the 1st layer a fibrous substance is added in an amount from 0.5 to 1 part of cement.

For spraying and soil of internal plasters exposed to moisture, one of the following solutions is used: cement: sand - 1: 3 to 1: 4; cement: lime: sand - 1: 1: 4 or 1: 1: 6.

The compositions of solutions for the covering layer are selected depending on the type of plaster. If the soil is made on a lime, lime-gypsum or lime-clay binder, then solutions of the following compositions are used for covering: lime: gypsum: sand - 1: 1: 1 or 1: 1: 2.

For soils on a cement or lime-cement binder, solutions of the following compositions are used for coating: lime: cement: sand - 1: 1: 2, 1: 1: 3 or 1: 1: 4.

Sand for plaster mortar is used such that there are no more than 0.1 part of large particles larger than 1.5 mm in size with clay impurities in an amount of 10-12% of the total mass. Clean river or sea sand is unsuitable for a solution applied by a mechanized method. Before preparing the solutions, clay milk is added to these types of sand (in the drum of the mixer) at the rate of 9 parts of sand 1 part of clay (by dry volume). The volume of voids in the sand is no more than 40%. For pumping through pipes, a solution is used in which the voids in the sand are 2-3% filled with lime dough, as well as a solution containing at least 1/4 of the lime dough.

For the preparation of solutions, a mixture of 60% fine and 40% coarse sand is used. Coarse sand should be added to sand of medium size in the amount of 30% of the total volume.

Gypsum solutions should be used only with setting retarders (carpentry glue, sulphite-yeast mash, BS retarder, etc.), which delay the onset of setting by 20-30 minutes.

Depending on the type of mortar, volumes and nature of construction, the preparation of plaster mortars is carried out:

1) at the work site - in freestanding small-capacity mortar mixers (mixing drum capacity up to 100 l) and in small plastering units equipped with the same mixers;

2) at facilities under construction - at on-site mortar units and in mobile plastering stations equipped with medium-capacity mortar mixers (mixing drum capacity 150, 325 l);

3) centrally - at central mortar units and factories equipped with large-capacity mortar mixers (mixing drum capacity 1000, 1500 l).

2.3. Tools, fixtures and equipment for plastering

Tools for applying and leveling mortar (fig. 2.1) Plastering trowel consists of a steel sheet up to 1.2 mm thick, a handle with a knee 50 mm high and a wooden handle attached to the handle. Trowels are made with a blade length of 190 mm. The handle is welded to the canvas, less often riveted. The handles are made in one standard size.

Figure: 2.1. Tools for applying and leveling mortar: a - plastering trowel; b - cutting; в - bucket; d - a scoop with a swinging handle; d - shovel-shovel and falcon-bucket; c - rectangular falcon; g - dish-shaped falcon, h - half-cakes; and - collapsible duralumin falcon

Various materials are poured with plaster trowels and approximately dosed, dry mixtures and solutions are mixed, they are thrown, spread, leveled, smoothed, cut off solutions, cleaned tools, inventory and devices from the solution.

Cuts are small trowels with thin steel sheets 140 mm long and 56 mm wide. For some works, the canvas is shortened in length up to 50 mm, in width up to 10-15 mm. Cuts are used for cutting architectural details, cleaning tools, cutting cracks in plaster, greasing, cutting and fixing the solution when cutting corners in rods, ironing plaster.

Ladle for finishing work consists of a cup (bucket), a handle, a wooden handle and a hook with which the bucket is hung on the side of the box. Bucket capacity 0.6; 0.8; 1.0 l. Buckets are made of sheet structural steel with a thickness of 0.8–0.9 mm. Buckets made of aluminum and various alloys are of little use, since the solution strongly adheres to them, which reduces its slip when throwing. Buckets are used to apply mortar to various surfaces and meter materials.

Falcon Is a shield made of wood or sheet aluminum alloy 2 mm thick, measuring 400 × 400 or 350 × 350 mm with a handle in the middle. From the falcon, the solution is applied to the surface with a spatula or it is smeared directly with the falcon and leveled over the surface.

Half-cakes consist of a canvas and a pen. They are made from non-knotty wood or extruded aluminum profiles. Depending on the purpose, they come with a canvas 150–2000 mm long, 20–150 mm wide, and 5–30 mm thick. The wooden canvas should be planed evenly, and best of all, planed. Half-rubbers are used for leveling, spreading mortar, rubbing architectural elements.

Plaster finishing tools (fig. 2.2). Graters used for grouting the plaster layer. They consist of a canvas and a pen. The canvas and the handle are made of non-knotty and resin-free pine or spruce wood, or the canvas is made of duralumin or galvanized steel, and the handle is made of wood. Wooden slats, felt, polystyrene, foam, felt are attached to the duralumin canvas.

Figure: 2.2. Plaster finishing tools:

graters: a - wooden; b - universal metal for attaching felt to it; в - universal metal for fastening a wooden canvas; g - trowels; d - brush (okamelok); e - bouchard; g - chisel; h - Trojan horse and gear; and - shaped half-rags; k - steel brush; l - cycles; m - nail brush; n - plaster ruler; o - rustication

Ironers used for smoothing plaster. Trowels are available in steel or wood. Wooden trowels are half-trowels, the fabric of which is covered (upholstered) with rubber. The length and width of the ironing cloths are different.

Brush intended for wetting surfaces and dried plaster with water, washing tools and other purposes. Brushes come in different sizes and shapes, from hair, seaweed, bristle. In plastering works, maklovitsy brushes are used, the overall dimensions of which are 250 × 180 × 80 mm.

Bouchard - metal hammer weighing up to 1.5 kg. On the front sides of the bush hammer, from 16 to 36 pyramidal teeth are notched. Instead of teeth, there can be cutting in the form of straight blades. When treating surfaces with bush hammers, holes remain on them from the teeth, and stripes (strokes) from the blades. Bouchards are used for forging decorative plaster on a cement binder (stone and terrazite) and for the preparation of stone, brick, concrete and similar surfaces.

Chisels are used for sampling seams in masonry, notching decorative plaster, surface preparation.

Trojan horse and cog serve the same purpose as chisels. The Trojan horse has three teeth on the blade, and the tooth has several. Chisels, trojans and gears are made of steel.

rules are intended for leveling the primer and topcoat layers of plaster, for finishing husks, sutures and checking the verticality of the surface to be finished.

Rules, depending on the purpose, are made:

1) straight lines - from an aluminum profile with a length of 1200, 1600, 1800 mm, a handle from wood;

2) toothed - from special aluminum profiles with two stiffeners, handles - from wood;

3) forged (one-sided and two-sided) - slats made of coniferous wood and plates of sheet steel attached to them with screws; length 1200 mm;

4) husk - from an aluminum profile; wood handle, length 804 mm, truncated - leaf and aluminum profile post, wooden handle, length 804 mm.

Steel brushes (wooden handles, into which a steel wire is inserted) are intended for cleaning various surfaces, cleaning some types of decorative plaster.

Cycles - steel plates up to 200 mm long with denticles of different heights and widths; are used for scraping decorative plasters, especially terrazzite ones.

Nail brush - a piece of board or a float with nails stuffed into the canvas, the ends of which protrude from the plane of the board by 3–10 mm, which depends on the size of the texture to be obtained. Nails are stuffed at a distance of 5-10 mm in rows or staggered.

Plaster ruler serves for cutting corners, ripping, i.e. cutting off the mortar applied above the thrust level. The rulers are made of wood. Their length, thickness and width are different. A long ruler is more convenient to work with as it provides a more accurate cut of the mortar. One or two ends of the ruler are cut at an angle of 45º and a steel cutter is nailed down flush with the working plane of the ruler. The edge of the ruler can be flat - for cutting rectangular architectural breaks or rounded - for cutting curved breaks.

Rustovki designed for cutting rustic materials when finishing joints between floor slabs. Steel or wooden rustications are made with a length of 250–300 mm. They have a cutout at the end and an attached steel strip in the form of a semicircle, which is a cutter and serves to cut the mortar between the floor slabs.

Surface preparation and inspection tools. Plaster hammer at one end it has a backing measuring 25 × 25 mm, at the other - curved horns with slots for pulling out nails. The hammer is mounted on a 300 mm long handle. The weight of the hammer is 600 g and the handle is designed to hammer plaster nails in two strokes.

Cam hammer with a wide backbone weighing up to 2 kg is used when working with a chisel, a trojan.

Plastering hammer with metal rubberized handle with a mass of 1 kg, it is used for striking when notching small concrete surfaces.

Knife for finishing works, it is used for the manufacture of tool handles, splitting chippings, trimming the edges of a matting, cutting drywall sheets, cutting out a profile board. The knife blade is up to 150 mm long and has a narrow end. The handle should not be round, otherwise it will rotate in the hands.

Hand scissors for metal cutting, they are used to cut steel profiles to templates, cut the mesh. Scissors with curved handles are more convenient and safe to use.

Construction plumb line used to hang surfaces and check their horizontality. It consists of a weight and a cord. A plumb line in the form of a cylinder with a pointed end weighing at least 200 g. The diameter of the load is 10–20 mm, which allows you to hang surfaces under plaster with a thickness of 5 mm or more. Cord length 20 m.

Building levels for checking vertical and horizontal surfaces are of different lengths, wooden and metal, with one or two sighting devices.

Plumb rail (spirit level) - the simplest wooden level of two slats, set at right angles to each other. Short plumb bobs are 600-750 mm long, medium ones - 1000-1500 mm. Plumb lines are simple - only for checking vertical surfaces and combined - for checking vertical and horizontal surfaces.

Flexible level (water) used for hanging horizontal surfaces or drawing horizontal lines on walls. This level consists of a 10-15 mm thick rubber tube of the required length. At the end of the rubber tube, glass tubes 200–300 mm long with divisions are inserted. If the level is filled with water and the tubes are brought closer to each other at the same level, then the poured water should stand at the same divisions.

Squares there are wooden and metal, preferably with a movable bar (special), with which it is easier to measure the angles of dawn of slopes. Their sizes are different. Squares are necessary for markings, checking rip-offs, corners, making profile boards.

For plastering work, a saw, an ax, a meter, pliers, pliers, a file, bars, etc. are also used.

Fixtures and fittings.

Steel grades - thick short steel nails 50–70 mm long, up to 10 mm thick with square or round heads with a diameter of at least 30 mm. They are used instead of mortar grades when installing beacons. Steel grades are easily hammered into the seams of brick and other masonry, as well as cinder concrete and other difficult to nail surfaces.

Lighthouses there are mortar, wood and metal. Mortar beacons are the most labor intensive. Wooden beacons are slats-rules with a cross-section from 40 × 40 to 50 × 50 mm.

Inventory metal beacons are made of steel, duralumin or other rigid corners with a section of 25 × 25, 30 × 30 and 35 × 35 mm. With their help, plaster is applied with a thickness of 18, 22 and 25 mm, respectively.

Malky used for leveling mortar between wooden beacons on walls, ceilings, slopes, plugs. To level the mortar between wooden beacons, which are higher in height than the thickness of the plaster, use simple or sliding beacons with cutouts of such a depth that corresponds to the thickness of the mortar. Sliding beacons make it possible to level the mortar between the beacons located at a distance of 1.2–2 mm.

Clamps are intended for attaching rules to surfaces. Simple clamps fix the rules when pulling the rods, finishing window and door slopes. They consist of a pin with a square or rectangular cross-section with a length of 150 to 200 mm and a tab with a pin-shaped hole that fits over the pin. Complex clamps consist of a pin, a bracket and two screws. The pin is driven into the surface, a bracket is put on it, fastened to the pin with a screw, a rule or a wooden beacon is placed in the bracket and fixed with another screw.

Templates serve for pulling rods (cornices, belts, platbands). They come in a variety of sizes and designs.

Mortar boxes are intended for preparation and storage of dry mixtures and solutions. They are metal and wooden. A small metal plaster box for storing mortar in the workplace has dimensions of 600 × 400 × 220 mm. To receive and store the solution on the floors, a metal container for the solution with a capacity of 0.35 cubic meters is intended. m.

The most convenient inventory metal carts with a container for the solution. They consist of a trolley with a handle, two legs and two wheels, on which removable boxes with a capacity of up to 0.09 cubic meters are installed. m.

Sita serve for sieving bulk materials and filtering solutions. The sieves can be pulled on a round frame (shell), or stuffed onto a rectangular wooden frame with handles, or simply tie the ends of the mesh, tie them with matting or cloth.

Details Posted on 03/04/2015 07:03

An important factor in the construction is correct and high-quality finishing work. They are classified according to the types and types of work performed.

Exterior decoration of buildings and structures is carried out outside, and interior decoration, respectively, is carried out inside the premises.

Also, the classification of types of finishing work is subdivided into painting, plastering, tiling, facing, flooring, installation of windows and doors, and wallpaper.

Exterior decoration of buildings and structures

The type of this category includes the following types of work; painting, tile, facing, as well as installation of windows and doors.

Facing works include siding walls of buildings, as well as clapboard or slit cladding. This type of work is designed to protect the walls from the adverse effects of climate, and also gives the building a unique look and beauty.

The essence of painting work is to paint the building with various paints, but only if the facing work was done with materials made of wood. This type of work provides additional protection for the cladding, and also gives the building its own individuality.

Tile works are carried out around the perimeter of the building at the base of the foundation, as well as the foundation itself to protect it and last. To avoid subsidence, the tiles are laid on a pre-rammed and leveled surface at the base of the foundation. Installation of windows and doors is carried out in pre-cut openings, and is the initial stage in finishing work.

Interior finishing works

This type of work includes the arrangement and installation of the floor, painting and painting works, plastering ceilings and walls, laying tiles, as well as wallpapering and many other types of finishing work.

The flooring is made using boards on pre-installed or embedded massive logs or beams. Here, equal-level laying should be taken into account, which is achieved by an equal thickness of boards and correctly laid beams. When the boards are evenly distributed, various insulation materials are applied, and painting work is also performed. Do not forget about the fact that the water supply and sewerage system must be installed before the floor is laid.

Plastering of ceilings is carried out in two ways, namely, laying clay with various binding admixtures on a pre-finished wall with a spatula, or by applying dry asbestos sheets. Recently, the second method is the most common, since it does not require a specific skill. Applying wallpaper to a plastered wall is the final stage in wall decoration.

It should also not be forgotten that the installation of electrical wiring must be carried out before starting work on plastering walls and ceilings. Tiling works are done mainly in the bathroom and occasionally in the kitchen. The bottom line is to apply tiles to both the floor and walls.

Conclusion

At the initial stage of finishing work, a certain sequence of actions must be followed:

The first step in finishing work is the installation of windows and doors into pre-prepared openings.

When plastering walls and ceilings, an electrical wiring system must be installed.

When installing the floor, the sewerage and drainage system must be made.

Adhering to these rules will exclude the possibility of additional costs for material, as well as a reduction in the time of work. You can find out the current prices for finishing at the link