High-risk HPV. What is HPV high oncogenic risk - treatment. How dangerous is HPV for women

HPV (Human Papillomavirus) is a common infection that affects approximately 90% of the population. The causative agent (there are more than 100 species of them) can be in the human body without showing symptoms for a long time until internal or external factors provoke its activation.

According to the degree of danger, viruses are divided into 3 types (with a low, medium and high risk of the likelihood of degeneration into oncogenic cells).

HPV develops under the influence of different strains of the virus, which can be expressed on the skin or mucous membranes in small formations of a different nature (from flat spots to warts). The possibility of transformation of cells into malignant ones depends on the type of pathogen. That is, the virus can exist in the human body without causing much tissue changes.

With an oncogenic type, the pathogen affects the nuclei of cells, provoking a change and mutation in them at the genetic level, as a result, the likelihood of tissue degeneration into cancer cells increases. With HPV of a non-oncogenic type, immunity can independently eliminate the virus. This period can take up to 2 years.

What types of HPV are classified as high oncogenic risk and where are papillomas located?

HPV of high oncogenic risk can be observed in about 2-3 people out of 20. In other cases, the virus may be absent or have a low or medium probability of degeneration into oncological formations.

Characteristics of HPV by risk groups:

Risk group	HPV numbering	The characteristic of the probability of rebirth
Low	1, 2, 3, 4	The likelihood of degeneration into HPV into oncology is practically absent. Pathology is expressed by the appearance of small single growths on the skin, which mainly cause a cosmetic defect.
Average	6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 52, 58	The risk of HPV becoming cancer cells is 1%.
High	16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73, 82	The probability of cell degeneration into malignant cells is more than 50%. 16 and 18 species took a special place. They are the most dangerous and cause the development of cervical oncology in women after 40 years in 70% of cases. Their danger lies in the absence of symptoms.

HPVs of the 3rd group carry the greatest danger, although the 2nd is also oncogenic. Therefore, if they are available, constant monitoring of their external condition and general well-being is required. The research method revealed about 130 types of viruses, among which only 80 stamps were studied (on the effect on the body). To detect HPV, it is important to know their external characteristics.

In appearance, HPV has the following division:

HPV numbering	Appearance characteristics and localization zone
1, 2, 3, 4, 63	It is expressed by the appearance of warts, similar in characteristics to a corn. Localized mainly on the sole.
10, 28, 49	Flat warts appear on the skin. They can be located on any part of the epidermis.
27	Convex warts of different colors and shapes can also be localized on any part of the skin.
6, 11, 13, 16, 18, 30, 33, 35, 39	The skin and mucous membranes of the genitals are affected in the form of common or genital warts.

HPV can be located on any part of the skin, but with oncogenic risk they are mainly localized:

near the anal area and in the rectum;
on the cervix and vaginal mucosa;
labia or penis with scrotum;
lips and mucous membranes in the mouth.

To determine the type of virus, it is important to undergo a full examination with the delivery of specialized tests. Visual examination and delivery of urine or blood do not give accurate results and do not determine the type of pathogen.

Infection methods

HPV is an infectious disease and can develop when the pathogen enters the body in the following ways:

Importantly, animals do not carry HPV.

Reasons for activating papillomavirus

HPV of high oncogenic risk after entering the body can remain in it secretly, without showing symptoms (the period can take from 3 weeks to 10 years). At this time, the immune system fights the pathogen. Complete recovery is possible without taking medication (by the body's own forces).

If the immune system weakens, then the pathogen is activated and begins to multiply, which is expressed by the appearance of formations on the epidermis. With the further development of the pathology, the affected cells can develop into malignant ones, that is, cancer will begin to develop.

Possible reasons for the activation of HPV:

Prolonged depression, constant stress, irregular sexual activity (or frequent change of sexual partners) also contribute to the activation of HPV reproduction.

When does cancer develop?

The most important reason for the development of cancer cells in the presence of HPV with a high oncogenic risk is a strong weakening of the immune system. After the pathogen enters the body, its DNA penetrates to the nuclei of human cells and disrupts the division process.

As a result, damaged cells begin to divide chaotically, forming neoplasms containing a virus (warts of various shapes and textures are formed). These neoplasms are benign, but with a combination of the above factors, the likelihood of cells becoming cancerous increases.

High-risk HPV is more likely to cause the following cancers:

To avoid the development of oncology, it is necessary to timely diagnose the degeneration of HPV into cancers.

High-risk HPV symptoms in women and men?

HPV can be accompanied by different symptoms depending on gender and severity of oncogenic risk (symptoms are most pronounced when cells are prone to degeneration into cancer with a high probability).

Symptoms characterizing the presence of HPV in the body (in men and women):

the presence on the skin or mucous membranes (genitals, mouth) of growths in the form of warts, especially with an irregular shape;
a sudden change in color in the formations, their uncharacteristic growth, the appearance of redness and signs of inflammation near the growths (there may be slight bleeding from them);
painful urination;
in women, abundant discharge between periods with blood impurities is possible;
feeling of discomfort in the lower abdomen;
discomfort in the vagina or on the penis during or after sexual intercourse, as well as during hygiene procedures;
soreness in the groin;
itching or burning sensation on the genitals.

Analyzes

A specialist performs a visual examination of the formations in order to determine their condition (appearance, location), and also clarifies additional symptoms. To confirm the presence of HPV in the body and determine its type, it is required to undergo tests, which are described below.

PCR

PCR (polymerase chain reaction) does not require special preparation. To diagnose the virus, blood and urine samples are taken, as well as a scraping / smear from the urethra and vagina.

Based on the results of studies of these materials (prepared from 1 to 3 days), it is possible to confirm or deny the presence of HPV, as well as determine the type of virus. But it is impossible to determine the amount of the pathogen in the body. Therefore, additional examination will be required.

Digene test

The survey is carried out after 30 years. For its implementation, preparation (except for hygiene procedures) is not required. During the test, mucus is taken from the cervix in women or from the urethra in men. As a result of the study of the material, it is possible to confirm or exclude HPV, as well as to identify the oncogenicity of the virus.

If the indicator is in the range from 0.1 to 3, then the likelihood of developing cancer is practically absent. If the value is from 3 to 5, then the risk of developing cancerous papillomas is more than 50%. An indicator above 5 means a high probability of HPV degeneration into oncology or the beginning of the development of a cancerous process. The examination results are ready only on the 8th day.

PAP test

The examination reveals HPV with medium oncogenicity in the body. The test is used primarily to diagnose women. No preparation required (only hygiene procedures).

For the study, mucus is taken from the cervix. The result can be seen in 2-3 days. There is a possibility of examining men; for diagnosis, a material is taken from the anus.

Genotyping

It is carried out mainly using a PCR test. The purpose of the survey is to identify only the most dangerous HPVs in the body (these are 16 and 18).

ELISA

For diagnostics, blood is taken. The examination is aimed at detecting antibodies to HPV, and not the virus itself. This allows you to determine not only the presence of the pathogen in the body, but also to assess the degree of neglect of the pathology (that is, how long the infection has been in the body).

The procedure does not require special preparation. It takes 2-3 days to get results. The method is used to control the dynamics of therapy.

Additional analyzes

If the above analyzes did not give the necessary results, then the specialist may prescribe additional procedures:

colposcopy. It is used for women. Using a colposcope, the gynecologist assesses the external condition of the cervix and detects the presence of abnormalities. The survey does not accurately confirm or deny the presence of HPV;
biopsy. An examination of the tissues of papillomas is carried out to identify cancer cells in them. The duration of the diagnosis can take up to 14 days.

Additionally, urine, feces and blood tests are prescribed to determine the general state of the body (identification of chronic pathologies and assessment of the state of immunity).

Conservative treatment

HPV of high oncogenic risk at the initial stage can be detected only after undergoing a course of tests. When confirming its presence, a doctor may prescribe a complex treatment with the use of medicines, apparatus therapy, or using folk remedies. Self-medication is prohibited.

Antiviral drugs

HPV is an infectious disease of a viral nature, therefore, antiviral drugs may initially be prescribed by a specialist.

For example:

The type of antiviral drugs and the course are prescribed by the attending physician according to the dynamics of therapy.

Immunostimulating drugs

HPV can be present in the body for a long time during the incubation period, but with a decrease in immunity, it immediately begins to multiply.

Therefore, to prevent the activation of the virus, it is necessary to take medications to strengthen the immune system:

Immunal. The solution and tablets have an immunostimulating effect, and also has a weak antiviral effect. Approved for use from 1 year. With pathologies of the lungs and allergies, the remedy is not prescribed. The drug must be taken from 2 to 8 weeks;
Lavomax. The tablets have antiviral and immunomodulatory effects. Up to 18 years of age and with allergies, the medication is not used. Course 1 month;
Isoprinosine. The tablets destroy viral infections and help strengthen the immune system. Up to 3 years old and with kidney pathologies, use is prohibited. The duration of therapy is 5-14 days.

Ozone therapy

Ozone therapy is a physiotherapeutic treatment based on the disinfecting effect of ozone. With HPV, therapy can reduce the activity of the virus and increase immunity. The method has no contraindications and side effects. Ozone can be administered intravenously with special formulations or external irrigation.

Radical treatment

HPV of high oncogenic risk in its advanced form is difficult to drug therapy, so a specialist can prescribe more radical methods of treatment.

Laser excision of the build-up

With the laser method, the beam excises the formations and seals the vessels without leaving scars. To prevent the re-development of HPV, it is necessary to drink a course of antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs.

Cryodestruction

Cryodestruction is based on burning papillomas with liquid nitrogen. It freezes the formations, which gradually disappear on their own (you cannot tear them off). The procedure can cause skin burns and scars (depending on the qualifications of the specialist). But due to the deep effect on the tissues, the likelihood of a relapse of the disease decreases.

Electrocoagulation

The method is similar to cryodestruction, but instead of nitrogen, a high-frequency current is used for cauterization. The procedure can also cause burns with the subsequent development of scars.

When choosing this method, give preference to modern devices that minimize the risk of developing a negative reaction, even with a low qualification of a specialist.

Radiotherapy

For the processing of the formations, X-rays are mainly used, which destroys the HPV cells. The method is practically painless, the likelihood of scar formation is minimal, thanks to the sealing of the vessels, rapid tissue recovery is noted.

Surgery

With the surgical method, papillomas are removed by cutting. The method has contraindications, as well as the risk of blood loss and scarring. During surgery, it is likely that HPV cells will be partially removed, so a relapse of the disease is possible in a short time.

Folk remedies

Traditional compositions are possible for use only in the absence of contraindications, consultation with the attending physician is necessary.

The most effective and popular recipes:

dandelion. You can lubricate the build-up 4 times a day with fresh dandelion juice. It disinfects and burns HPV cells. The juice should not get on healthy cells due to the likelihood of developing a burn;
chamomile and St. John's wort... Steam 10 g of chamomile and St. John's wort in 1 liter of boiling water. Insist. Use for sitz baths (to get rid of HPV on the genitals and rectum) or for foot baths. Before use, it is required to dilute the composition with 2 parts of water;
aloe... Squeeze fresh aloe juice and make lotions with it for 10-15 minutes 3-4 times a day.

The duration of treatment is determined individually according to the dynamics of therapy.

Forecast

It is almost impossible to completely eliminate HPV from the body. After elimination of formations from the skin (by medication or hardware), the likelihood of a relapse is more than 50%. To prevent the occurrence of malignant tumors due to the degeneration of HPV of high oncogenic risk, timely relief of the pathology is recommended.

HPV is a viral pathology that is manifested by the appearance of formations on the skin. Papillomas (with an average and high risk of oncogenicity) can have a different structure and can degenerate into malignant cells. Therefore, it is necessary to promptly examine the formations and pass tests to reduce the likelihood of the risk of developing cancer.

Article design: Lozinsky Oleg

High risk HPV videos

HPV high oncogenic risk, what is it, description:

There are over a hundred strains. A number of them do not pose a particular danger to the human body, but some species carry a significant risk of developing a cancerous tumor. These types of HPV are called oncogenic, that is, they contribute to the degeneration of neoplasms. These forms of the disease must be treated and kept under strict control by doctors. What strains of papillomavirus are oncogenic, can they be recognized at early stages of development and how easy are they to treat?

After entering the body, the virus enters the cells of the body. It develops rapidly, multiplies rapidly, but in most cases it is asymptomatic - the person does not even suspect that he is a carrier of a rather dangerous disease. But the main danger of oncogenic HPV lies in the fact that it changes the structure of the DNA of the affected cells - they begin to multiply uncontrollably, which ultimately leads to cancer.

The greatest risk is those forms of the disease that cause genital warts and papillomas. They are not always located outside, often they can only be found in the vagina, on the cervix and in the urinary tract. At the same time, at least 50% of women around the world are in potential danger - the infection is very contagious, it easily passes from one person to another.

Oncogenic HPV types

The main thing that the doctor is trying to find out when carrying out diagnostic measures is not the fact of the presence of an infection in the body, but its type. Since there are a lot of papillomavirus strains, it makes no sense to give each of them its own name; in medicine, a quantitative designation is used. According to this classification, oncogenic types of HPV include:

This is not a complete list, but these strains carry the highest risks.

Their prevalence complicates the situation. Approximately 30% of those infected with HPV encounter the types listed above. The secrecy of the disease and the absence of symptoms make such patients "ideal" carriers of the disease. Most of them are not even aware of their illness. They do not take any preventive measures.

In addition to the high risk of developing cancer, these strains of papillomavirus have a detrimental effect on the entire body. For example, among the complications of the disease, problems with hearing and vision are distinguished.

Transmission methods

The routes of infection with these dangerous strains practically do not differ from the routes of infection with representatives of safer varieties. The speed of their spread and the probability of transmission of infection is much higher. The main methods of infection include:

unprotected sex with carriers of the infection (while the introduction of the virus occurs not only during classic sex, but also during anal and oral intercourse);
interaction with the mucous membranes of infected citizens;
contact with vector secretions;
the use of someone else's underwear and bedding (the latter option is especially relevant for hotels);
eating food from poorly washed dishes in catering establishments (infection is unlikely).

In addition, self-infection is possible in case of violation of personal hygiene rules. If the virus gets on the skin of a person's hands, then its introduction into cells is unlikely. But if then a person touches his genitals, the development of the disease will not be long in coming.

A woman with oncogenic HPV is more likely to transmit the disease to her baby during childbirth. This happens at the time of the passage of the fetus through the birth canal.

HPV of high oncogenic risk in women

Women are much more at risk of developing cancer than men. The reason for this lies in the structural features of their reproductive system and immunity. Despite the fact that the symptoms in most cases of infection do not appear in any way, occasionally signs can still be found:

numerous genital warts and papillomas throughout the body, especially in the genital area and anus;
decreased sex drive;
painful urination, accompanied by a burning sensation (associated with the ingress of urine on the warts);
vaginal discharge with pus and blood impurities, which have a characteristic unpleasant odor, somewhat reminiscent of fish;
pain during sexual intercourse, aggravated during orgasm;
painful sensations in the lower abdomen and lower back.

Since the virus causes an inflammatory process (in the later stages), sometimes there are clear signs of intoxication: dizziness, fever up to 37.5 (sometimes up to 38.5), weakness, headache. Symptoms in men are somewhat different, and the disease is less dangerous for representatives of the strong half of humanity.

These signs of HPV are not a direct indication of the disease. They overlap with symptoms of other genital infections, such as chlamydia.

Diagnostics

It is almost impossible to make an accurate diagnosis on your own. Most information about the disease is "obtained" by doctors through special tests in the laboratory. But even these methods do not always allow us to immediately establish the exact picture of the disease, which is necessary for the appointment of therapeutic measures:

Digest test. A fairly accurate method for determining the presence of HPV in the body. He also establishes the type of microorganism, which makes it possible to distinguish relatively safe strains from oncogenic ones.
Bacterial culture. It is believed to be the most accurate way. The virus is grown in an artificial environment and carefully studied. Not only the type of the virus is established, but also the degree of its sensitivity to various antibiotics.
PCR. It gives fairly accurate results, but it is better to combine it with other diagnostic measures.
Colposcopy. This is a visual examination of the cervix, which can detect warts and other changes caused by the disease.

A general blood test is rarely used - it is of little use. If he helps to find a virus, then it will definitely not be possible to establish its type, and even more so to assess the sensitivity to medicines.

A biopsy is used only when there is suspicion of the onset of cancer. In other situations, doctors avoid this diagnostic method.

Treatment

Remember - complete elimination of HPV from the body is impossible, regardless of the degree of its danger and level of sensitivity to medications. You can only limit its harmful effects on organs and systems, "taming" its activity. The same applies to folk remedies, so beloved by our patients. Only a few antibiotics can alleviate the situation and reduce the risks:

Acyclovir from 26 to 221 rubles;
Hyporamine about 140 rubles;
Alpizarin about 195 rubles;

from 169 to 554 rubles

Panavir, from 164 to 3,532 rubles;
Isoprinosine. From 620 to 1,689 rubles.

However, without their own immunity, the fight against the disease will not be as successful as we would like. To strengthen it, you need to take immunomodulators prescribed by a doctor, as well as vitamin complexes.

You should also remove overgrown condylomas. To do this, doctors use both conventional surgical intervention (rarely) and more advanced methods:

chemical exposure;
cryodestruction (destruction of the structure of the neoplasm using extremely low temperatures);
electrocoagulation;
laser removal.

Only a doctor should choose all the ways of treatment and draw up a therapeutic strategy. Independent attempts to cope with oncogenic HPV will lead to disastrous consequences.

Consequences and prevention

The most dangerous consequence is cervical cancer. However, men can also face cancer of the genital organs caused by the papilloma virus. Other complications include:

infertility;
visual impairment;
hearing impairment;
impotence;
the development of other infectious diseases due to the harmful effects of HPV on immunity.

The conclusion suggests itself - this disease is easier to prevent than to cure. Prevention measures are quite simple:

no unprotected sex with unverified partners;
compliance with the rules of personal hygiene;
caution when visiting places such as swimming pools, solariums, beauty salons;
do not use someone else's underwear;
you need to strengthen the immune system.

The fulfillment of these conditions will reliably protect against oncogenic HPV infection. This will save you from serious problems, including such as cancer. You can also find out by watching this video when HPV causes cancer, and who should be vaccinated, and why should be vaccinated?

When they start sex, men and women are almost immediately exposed to the human papillomavirus (HPV). This infection is one of the most widespread in the world, and once it gets into the body, it remains there forever. The virus has over 100 varieties. When activated, it provokes the growth of warts, papillomas and condylomas. Initially, all growths are benign. But almost all of them are prone to degeneration into cancer cells. The group of HPV strains of high oncogenic risk (VOR) poses the greatest danger to humans.

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is extremely small and consists of a double DNA chain in a protective protein coat. The virus also contains special genomes that subdue healthy cells in the human body, provoking their abnormal growth and division. Due to its tiny size, HPV easily penetrates deep into the mucous membranes of the human body, and also penetrates into the epidermis through minor skin lesions.

Infection can enter the body in the following ways:

Contact and household. It involves the use of common personal hygiene items with the carrier of the infection and any tactile contact with foci of the virus. This can be either a handshake with a sick person, or the use of any object after him;
Sexual. The infection is transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral contact. Also, the virus, due to its size, easily penetrates into the DNA of other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and is carried with them into the body;
Infection in infancy. Transmission of the virus from an infected mother to a newborn is possible or in the case of using non-disinfected instruments.

From the moment of infection until the first signs of infection appear, it can take from 1 week to 1.5 years or more.

The duration of the incubation period is due to the fact that the virus is in a dormant state in the human body. Its activation occurs only with a significant decrease in immunity.

Virus strains with high oncogenicity

When a pattern was found between the occurrence of cancer and the presence of human papillomavirus infection in the body, the studied HPV types were divided into groups according to the degree of cancer risk. The following strains were included in HPV of high oncogenic risk: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68. Among all highly oncogenic HPV, the most common are types 16 and 18.

All these types of HPV with a high carcinogenic risk (HCR) contribute to the appearance of genital growths, warts, in such places:

the area around the anus;
mucous membrane of the vagina and uterus;
outer labia;
the penis, including the shaft, glans, frenulum, and foreskin;
the mucous membrane of the urethra in the penis;
scrotum;
oral mucosa.

It is also possible that genital warts of HPV VKR strains appear in the skin folds of the armpits, under and on the breast, on the eyelids and neck.

Symptoms

Highly oncogenic types of the virus, when activated, contribute to the emergence of specific pointed growths. This phenomenon is the main symptom of the presence of HPV VOR in the body. However, there are also indirect signs of infection.

For men and women, the symptoms of pathology are also:

discomfort in the lower abdomen, turning into pain;
burning sensation and itching of the genitals;
discomfort when urinating;
pain during intercourse;
the occurrence of unnatural discharge from the genitals (the liquid may have blood impurities, as well as an unpleasant odor).

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are often an indirect sign of the presence of HPV in the body. Since these infections are much larger in size than the papilloma virus, it is able to attach to various genital infections and penetrate with them into the human body.

Additional signs of the disease in women

Being in a woman's body, the papillomavirus of a high carcinogenic risk is able to strongly influence the state of her genitals. It manifests itself with the following symptoms:

painful and heavy menstruation;
the occurrence of non-menstrual bleeding throughout the cycle;
obstruction of the fallopian tubes and ectopic pregnancies;
ovarian dysfunction;
infertility.

All these conditions occur against the background of the development of cervical dysplasia.

Danger of carcinogenic strains

Due to the protected mucous membrane of the genital organ in men, they are less susceptible to infection with HPV BKR. But even if an infection occurs, the disease rarely progresses to penis cancer. Usually the disease causes the following pathologies:

erectile dysfunction;
acute inflammatory processes in the urinary tract;
the appearance of erosion on the shaft of the penis (usually occurs as a result of damage to genital warts and the addition of infection);
infertility.

In women, the activation of a carcinogenic virus leads to the development of cervical dysplasia. The disease has 3 stages of development. At the initial stage, a third of the uterine mucosa is destroyed and single growths appear. With a moderate severity of pathology, more than half of the mucous membrane is destroyed. At the 3rd stage of the disease, the process of transformation of growth cells into oncogenic begins. The woman may subsequently develop cervical cancer.

Dysplasia of the cervix is \u200b\u200bnot direct evidence of the presence of oncology in the body. Pathology comes to stage 3 only 3-4 years after the activation of the virus. And the transformation of genital warts into a carcinogenic genotype lasts up to 5 years from the moment dysplasia becomes severe.

Diagnostics

The primary determination in the body of a papillomavirus of high oncogenic risk occurs in this way:

external examination of pathology (in women it is carried out by a gynecologist, in men - by a urologist or dermatovenerologist);
conducting a liquid cytological examination by the Papanicolaou method (PAP test).

The PAP test is carried out by taking a scraping from the church canal. The material obtained during the examination is cleared of blood and mucus particles. Only epithelial cells are left for study. After that, their step-by-step staining and isolation of pathological genotypes are carried out.

A negative PAP test indicates the absence of obvious pathological changes in the studied epithelial layers. In this case, the next examination can be carried out after 1 year. A positive test means the presence of unnatural processes on the surface of the mucous membrane and inside it. Therefore, for genotyping the infection and assessing the existing cancer risk, additional diagnostics are required.

PAP - the test is a mandatory analysis at the annual visit to the gynecologist. For men, the examination can be taken every 2 years.

Infection typing and risk identification

Extensive screening for HPV infection is carried out if the PAP test is positive, as well as in the case of genital warts. This examination includes:

typing of the existing papilloma virus by the method of polymer chain reactions (PCR);
digene test;
biopsy of tissue growth.

PCR screen allows you to detect the presence in the body of the HPV virus, both low and high oncogenicity. For research, both scraping from the church canal and venous blood can be used. In the received material, a search for HPV DNA is performed. The decoding of the analyzes indicates the presence of a specific strain of infection. The disadvantage of the procedure is the impossibility of determining the viral load on the human body. The results of the screen do not contain exact data on the amount of each of the detected strains.

The Digene test is a detailed screening for high risk of cancer. It allows not only to carry out genotyping of the infection, but also to determine the quantitative load of each type of HPV in the body. Such a detailed examination result enables the selection of the most effective treatment.

Tissue biopsy of genital warts can detect carcinogenesis at the beginning of cell transformation. At the same time, the nature of changes in the studied cells is considered. The method is able not only to indicate the oncogenic processes present, but also to determine the increased risk of cancer.

Positive tests for carcinogenicity of formations and a high level of the virus in the body are not a sign of cancer.

The cost

The cost of each of the diagnostic procedures primarily depends on the clinic and the equipment used. So, a visual examination and a doctor's consultation with the collection of smears for the PAP test in public medical institutions is free of charge. The PAP examination and biopsy of the growths are also not paid for. However, when visiting a private clinic, the cost of these services is:

doctor's consultation 106-426 rubles (50-200 UAH);
collection of tests for biopsy or PAP smears 106-212 rubles. (50-100 UAH);
PAP test or tissue biopsy study 318-636 rubles. (150-300 UAH).

PCR analysis and Digene test are carried out exclusively in private laboratories. The prices for PCR typing are 860-1200 rubles. (404-565 UAH). The highly informative Digene test will cost 6350-6800 rubles. (UAH 2985-3200).

Treatment

It is necessary to treat HPV VOR in a complex manner, however, the nature of the drugs used depends on whether carcinogenic processes are found in the body. In general, therapy includes:

taking immunomodulatory and antiviral drugs (Allokin, Isoprinosine, Cycloferon);

removal of genital warts.

When cancer processes are detected, chemotherapy drugs are also used for treatment, which can stop carcinogenic processes and prevent relapses after successful therapy.

The removal of growths can be carried out in several ways:

cryodestruction or freezing with liquid nitrogen;
electrocoagulation;
laser destruction;
radio wave destruction;
classical surgery using a scalpel (the method is used in especially severe cases in the presence of oncological processes).

The most effective methods for removing growths of high oncogenic risk are electrocoagulation and laser destruction methods.

Video in the topic

Lives well in the body of almost any representative of humanity. Not everyone is a threat; HPVs of high oncogenic risk pose a particular danger, which often lead to the appearance of papillomas of a malignant nature.

What do we know about HPV

More than a hundred varieties of HPV are distinguished, which appear in the form and on the skin or mucous surfaces. The most dangerous types of human papillomavirus of high carcinogenic risk are: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 51, 56, 59, 66, 68. When these strains are activated, a precancerous clinical picture is observed, which, in the absence of appropriate therapy, progresses to oncology ... Viruses can cause cancer of the cervix, breast, malignant warts near the anus, in the bladder.

Infection routes

The most likely high risk of cancer is unprotected sex with an infected person. It is also possible that the virus will move from mother to baby during childbirth, in everyday life. The incubation period of the papillomavirus lasts for several years, the rate of development of the provocateur depends on the level of the immune system of the human body. The higher it is, the more actively the fight against the "unexpected guest" takes place. Among the factors contributing to the development of viral particles:

addiction to cigarettes and alcohol;
damage to the skin;
chronic inflammation;
radiation therapy;
inappropriate environmental conditions;
hormonal imbalance;
overweight;
Sedentary life;
endocrine system diseases.

Among the alternative factors causing the spread of the virus are physical fatigue and nervous breakdown, dysbiosis of the genitals and intestines. During the period of bearing a child in a future mother, HPV of the oncogenic type 56 often "wakes up", since the degree of its activity directly depends on the concentration of estrogen in the blood of the pregnant woman.

For reference. Adherents of psychosomatics argue that oncology in the case of high-risk HPV appears in people with no life goals, suffering from depression. This condition depresses the immune system, which is unable to resist even the most primitive atypical cells.

Features of the clinical picture

Most often, the process of infecting men and women does not give itself out with any specific symptoms. Among the patients suffering from vivid manifestations of the disease, representatives of the weaker sex are often found. When the human papillomavirus of high oncogenic risk settles and successfully develops in the host's body, a person observes the following symptoms:

the formation of warts on the mucous surface and skin;
vaginal bleeding or unusual discharge;
soreness in the lower abdomen, in the vagina during and after having sex;
feeling unwell;
transformation of the tissue structure of the cervix, inflammation (identified during a visual examination by a gynecologist).

Subject to the presence of provocative conditions (weakened immune system, trauma, promiscuous sex life), the process of degeneration of benign cells is observed. A malignant wart begins to form. Over time, warning signs may appear:

dark color of papilloma;
uneven ground, inflammation in the affected area;
visualization of hardened crusts in formations;
rapid tumor growth.

Sometimes, as an indirect presence in the body of oncogenic HPV strains, there are ailments transmitted during unprotected sexual intercourse. These types of infections are significantly larger in size than the described virus, so it can attach to various sexually transmitted infections and, together with them, reach the intended goal.

Other signs of pathology in both sexes

Highly oncogenic HPV types, present in a woman's body, have a huge impact on the state of the patient's reproductive system. The following are specific symptoms:

profuse menstruation, accompanied by an unpleasant cynical picture (pain in the lower abdomen, chest, lower back, etc.);
unscheduled appearance of blood from the vagina in the middle of the menstrual cycle;
obstruction of the fallopian tubes, ectopic development of the fetus;
disorders in the functioning of the ovaries;
infertility.

Against the background of these symptoms, cervical dysplasia develops.

As a reaction of the male body to the invasion of viral particles, multiple papillomas on the penis, soreness and burning sensation act. The characteristic symptoms manifest themselves brighter in the process of intimacy and during hygiene procedures.

Danger of HPV

In case of damage to oncogenic HPV strains, a failure in the cellular processes of the body is observed. Papilloma viruses have their own DNA, which integrates with the human genome, there is a failure in the division process. Cells start chaotically during the multiplication process, neoplasms are formed, which concentrate a large number of viral particles.

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By themselves, papillomas of high oncogenic risk cannot cause oncological diseases, however, as a result of a decrease in the level of the immune system, various failures appear that provoke the formation of warts.

If a patient has good immunity, then most often his body independently copes with papillomavirus of high oncogenic risk.

The protected mucous membrane of the penis in men explains the rather rare cases of infection with the virus by representatives of the strong half of society. Even in the case of infection, the development of pathology extremely rarely develops into oncological diseases.

Usually, the development of pathology in men entails the following complications:

erectile dysfunction;
inflammation of the urinary tract;
the formation of erosions on the penis (observed due to a violation of the integrity of the warts and the development of infection);
infertility.

Oncogenic HPV, subject to its successful development in a woman's body, leads to the appearance of cervical dysplasia. The disease has three stages. Immediately the mucous membrane of the genital organ begins to collapse, single formations appear. At the next stage of the development of the disease, more than half of the uterine mucosa is destroyed. The third stage is accompanied by the transformation of tumor cells into malignant ones. In the future, there is a possibility of developing cervical cancer.

Diagnosis of cervical dysplasia is not a direct consequence of the presence of viral particles in the patient's blood. Stage 3 disease occurs only several years after the activation of viral particles. And condylomas are transformed into malignant formations within 5 years from the period of the transition of the disease into a severe form.

Diagnostic measures

HPV test in the male body it is carried out once every 3 years, women after 45 years should resort to a similar procedure every six months. Diagnostics is carried out at two levels - the strain of the virus, its oncogenicity, as well as the viral load, which reveals the number of viral particles in the patient's blood, is determined. The table below provides a list of the main clinical trials and their interpretation:

Analysis	Description
General blood analysis	With an illness, it shows an overestimated rate of lymphocytes and monocytes. A similar can be observed with alternative infections, therefore this method is not considered sufficiently informative.
PCR	The most effective diagnostic method, determines the virus strain. The study helps to identify HPV DNA even in the case of a small number of molecules in the patient's body. The analysis result is provided within a few hours. When decoding PCR, the viral strain, its presence or absence in the blood, and oncogenicity are mentioned.
Digene test	A quantitative type of screening. It also determines the viral strain, oncogenicity and the amount of antibodies produced. The new analysis is not carried out in all medical institutions. The 3 Lg designation indicates a small amount of viral particles in the patient's blood, the probability of an unfavorable outcome of events is minimal. The indicator from 3-5 Lg indicates a high probability of the formation of warts, the patient is indicated for treatment, supervision by a specialist. When designating more than 5 units, we are talking about the possibility of the appearance of a malignant formation. In the most favorable case, antibodies in the patient's blood are not detected, the result is negative.
Pap test	A preventive measure that makes it possible to identify the papillomavirus before the formation of growths. Such a study is resorted to every six months in the case of women who have given birth and once a year for preventive examinations of girls
Genotyping	The method determines the types of human papillomavirus, which at a certain moment "live" in the patient's body. They are especially attentive to HPV with a high carcinogenic risk (the most dangerous strain is 16, as well as 18).
ELISA	Demonstrates the degree of viral load, the level of antibodies, the real duration of infection. If lgA antibodies are found in the patient's body, the patient has recently become infected; in the presence of lgG antibodies, they speak of a long course of pathology. Usually, research is used to monitor the clinical picture and determine the result of treatment.

The human papillomavirus of high oncogenic risk is subdivided into 100 varieties. These strains differ in their degree of risk. There are 13 known strains leading to the formation of cancerous neoplasms. After treatment, a person is able to get sick again.

The human papillomavirus is transmitted through unprotected intercourse with multiple partners. The child becomes infected from the mother during childbirth or through contact in the home. The incubation period for pathology lasts for years. The rate at which viral cells spread depends on the immune system.

Strong immunity helps the body to better fight the damaged tissues. Immune functions block the pathways for the spread of viral elements and prevent modification into a malignant form. The papilloma virus is activated when:

the presence of bad habits - smoking, taking alcoholic beverages or drugs;
overheating or hypothermia;
systematic injury and damage to the integrity of the skin;
ongoing chronic inflammatory lesions or HIV;
regular colds;
conducting radiation therapy;
manifestation of depression and stress;
harmful working conditions at work;
excessive physical exertion;
autoimmune and endocrine diseases, imbalance in hormone levels;
overweight, inactive mode of life.

The intensive development of atypical tissues occurs under the influence of nervous and physiological stress, dysbiosis of the intestinal tract and genitals. During pregnancy and menopause, the 56th type of infection is more likely to wake up. The type of work is based on the hormone estrogen. Psychosomatics notes that HPV cancer develops in people who feel they are useless. A person loses the meaning of life, dreams and goals. Prolonged depression weakens the immune system, the body is not able to overcome single oncogenic cells.

HPV symptoms

When infected with a virus, patients do not experience noticeable discomfort, the disease does not manifest itself with a clear picture of the disease. In women, an infectious cell appears more often than in men. HPV with high oncogenic DNA leads to dysplasia and uterine cervix cancer. Development is based on cell division under the influence of a group of factors. Symptoms of the viral process:

warts and papillomas on the skin surface and mucous tissues;
atypical discharge, vaginal bleeding;
pain in the abdomen and vagina during and after intercourse;
general weakness in the body, malaise;
during a gynecological examination - the uterine neck changes, the process of inflammation develops.

Papillomas are included in the HPV group of non-oncogenic or low oncogenic nature. The process of transmission of viruses to others occurs with close household contacts. Education does not require removal. Papilloma does not harm and discomfort the patient.

Condylomas cause viral pathology when infected during sexual intercourse. Condyloma is indicated for removal. The growth destroys the mucous membranes, is regularly injured and has a high probability of relapse. The papillomavirus rarely affects men. Most often they are the carrier of HPV. 0.3% of cases of bacterial infection with high oncogenic risk end in the formation of genital warts, cancer of the genital organ and perianal area. Homosexuals and bisexuals are on the danger list.

A viral infection is common among heavy smokers. When viruses appear in nonsmokers, the disease is associated with the activation of oncogenic HPV. The main signs of infection are the appearance of a formation of the type of warts, papillomas, and cervical dysplasia. Applied signs of pathology are inherent in patients. Penetrating into the female body, the papillomavirus of high carcinogenic risk significantly changes the tissue structure of the genitals. The following signs are noted:

uncomfortable manifestations during menstruation, heavy menstrual bleeding;
the appearance of non-menstrual bleeding between menstrual cycles;
obstruction of the fallopian tubes and ectopic pregnancies;
ovarian dysfunction;
impossibility of conceiving a fetus.

Types of papillomavirus

More than 130 HPV species are known in nature. Of these, about 80 types have been studied in detail. The DNA structure of viruses is constantly changing. This occurs as a result of a combination of different strains, provoking the formation of many combinations and mutations of the affected tissues. As a result, a number of updated genotypes of the virus are formed.

The patient notes the appearance of discomfort, a precancerous condition develops. To establish the prognosis, minimize recurrence and select the appropriate treatment method, typing is performed using PCR diagnostics, Digene test and PAP method. The current classification divides the existing strains into 4 HPV groups:

1-4 - warts are formed, resembling the structure of a corn;
10, 28, 49 - flat-shaped warts appear on different parts of the body;
27 - habitual warts;
6, 11, 13, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39 - soft tissues and epidermis on the genitals are affected by papillomas and genital warts.

Strains 1 to 4 are characterized by a low degree of oncogenicity. The papillomavirus does not develop into a cancerous lesion. Stamps with 6, 11, 42-44, 52, 58 types of viruses begin to mutate under the influence of stimuli. As a result, a malignant cell type is formed.

The types of pathology reveal a serious danger - 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 51.56, 59.66, 68. Activation of these strains is the basis for the development of a precancerous state. In the absence of suitable treatment, the growths are modified into oncological pathology. The consequence of viral papillomas is considered to be cancer of the cervix, mammary glands, malignant tumor in the anus and bladder.

Diagnostics

The analysis for the presence of HPV in men is submitted once every 3 years, in women over 40, the diagnosis is carried out 2 times a year. The analysis proceeds in three stages: the viral strain is correlated, the oncogenicity is revealed, the viral load is calculated, which determines the volume of viral elements in the patient's blood. Basic medical tests consist of research:

Complete blood count - reflects an increased level of lymphocytes and monocytes. A similar result is observed with the development of alternative infections. The technique is considered insufficiently informative.
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) - highly efficient. The method detects a virus strain. The procedure is capable of detecting HPV DNA in a small molecular volume in the patient's body. The final information is prepared in a couple of hours. When decrypting, the strain is indicated, the existence of the virus in the blood and the oncogenic degree are described.
Digene test - quantitative screening. Determination of the strain, a check is carried out for the oncogenic level and the degree of antibodies produced. 3 Lg means a small amount of viral elements in the blood, a high probability of a favorable outcome. If the indicator fluctuates from 3 to 5 Lg, the risk of developing warts increases. The patient is prescribed treatment and medical supervision. If the designation has increased to 5 units, there is a possibility of the formation of a malignant neoplasm. A positive prognosis is characterized by the absence of antibodies in the blood.
Pap test is a preventive measure that provides an opportunity to detect papillomavirus before tumors appear. The study is carried out once every 6 months for patients who have given birth and once a year to prevent the disease in girls.
Genotyping - the method determines the types of viral cells of the human papilloma living in the patient's body. The emphasis is on HPV with a high carcinogenic risk. The hazard is present in types 16 and 18.
ELISA - indicates the value of the viral load, the rate of antibodies and the period of infection. The presence of an lgA indicator on the patient's body indicates a recent human infection. The long-term course of the pathological deviation is indicated by antibodies of the lgG type. The study is intended to monitor the clinical picture and predict the outcome of therapy.

If the PCR analysis revealed the presence of HPV cells, this is not a 100% statement about the development of an oncological neoplasm in the body and does not indicate the imminent formation of pathology. The malignant process occurs under the influence of certain types of the virus. In addition to these examination methods, there are gynecological diagnostic methods - a smear from the cervical canal for cytological and histological examination, biopsy of biological samples. Colposcopy is performed, the uterus is assessed, the state of the epithelial structure, possible signs of dysplasia are detected. In men, smears are collected from the urethra, scraping from the tissues of the epithelium of the penis for cytological diagnostics. In case of pain during trips to the toilet, urethroscopy is performed.

HPV treatment

If the diagnosis has revealed the development of HPV of high oncogenic risk, treatment is carried out even if there are no symptoms. For therapy, they resort to an integrated approach consisting of conservative and invasive techniques and traditional medicine. The patient undergoes a course of medication aimed at destroying viral cells and inhibiting the spread of affected tissues. For the purpose, medicines from the group are used:

Antiviral - Acyclovir, Ribavirin, Tsidofovir, interferons.
Immunostimulants - Immunal, Lavomax.

The therapy necessarily includes taking the drug of combined effects Isoprinosin or an analogue of Groprinosin. The substance inhibits cell division, improves antiviral functions, enhances the protective functionality of the body itself. If there is a suspicion of the intensive spread and multiplication of viral cells, cytostatic therapy is performed to stop the process:

Podophyllin;
Vinblastine;
5-fluorouracil.

Effectiveness has been seen for general and topical medications. Local are used to treat tumors formed on the epidermis and epithelium. Mechanical removal of neoplasms by modern methods is called an effective technique in treatment:

electro excision - with the help of an electric current, growths are burned;
radiotherapy - the tumor is excised by the method of exposure to waves of different frequencies;
laser removal - a cancerous growth is cauterized by a group of rays;
cryodestruction - removal of growths with liquid nitrogen.

The chemical method is widely used - tumor tissues are treated with potent substances that provoke the destruction of the affected cells. For these purposes, drugs are prescribed - Solkoderm, Ferezol and Kondilin. To prevent burns, the medicine is applied only to the membrane of the neoplasms. As a prevention of secondary formation of papillomas, it is recommended to use transdermal immunostimulating cream Aldara (Imiquimod).

Folk ways

Traditional medicine can be used as adjunctive therapy. In the absence of specific contraindications, traditional methods show significant effectiveness in the fight against HPV. The "people's first aid kit" offers the following recipes for papillomas on the body:

Celandine juice. A small stem of the plant is squeezed out to extract juice. 2-3 drops are enough. The juice is applied directly to the growths. Before using the substance, the skin is pre-steamed to soften the structure of the papilloma. The procedure is carried out 3 times a day. The method cannot treat warts in mucous tissues.
Kalanchoe leaf. The plant is effective in combating formations on the genitals. Kalanchoe is cleaned and applied to the surface of the tumor. It is better to use plasters for fixing. After 4 hours, the leaves change. The course of procedures is 10 days.
Chestnut bath. For treatment, you need green foliage of the tree. A little raw material is poured with boiling water. The broth needs to be cooled, and then cooked over low heat. The tincture is sent to a cool and dark place for 12 hours. The patient takes a bath once a day with a break for a day for 14 days.

Preventive measures

To provide a 100% guarantee that antibodies to HPV will not be produced in the body in the next 10 years, no preventive measure is capable of. However, there is a preventive measure that can reduce the likelihood of the formation of secondary infectious foci. Vaccination is carried out at the request of people.

Foreign countries have been prescribing recombinant vaccines to strengthen the immune system for 10 years:

Cervarix - intended for women;
Gardasil is prescribed for the prevention of infections with viruses in patients of both sexes.

Both vaccines have an affordable price tier. Substances include an inactivated virus that protects against strain types 16 and 18. In fact, the funds show effectiveness in the treatment of other dangerous types of microbacteria. The vaccine is prescribed for adolescents from 9 to 14 years old and women under 30 years old.

The procedure is carried out within six months in three stages. Vaccines have individual drug administration schemes that allow you to achieve the maximum result from the properties of vaccinations. General preventive measures involve strict adherence to the doctor's recommendations:

Refusal of casual sexual contacts, it is recommended to stick to monogamy.
The use of barrier methods of contraception.
Refusal from addictions.
Strengthening the immune defense while weakening the body after fighting disease.
Full rest.
Healthy food filled with vitamins and minerals.
Regular physical activity.
Gynecological examination. A woman should be examined by a gynecologist 2 times a year and take a smear to check the condition of the body, the presence of characteristic elements in the smear.
Compliance with hygiene, especially when visiting a bath, sauna or pool.

Among the negative consequences of HPV, there are systematic violations of the level of hormones and the use of immunosuppressants, which have a detrimental effect on the state of immunity.

Danger of HPV

In men, the mucous tissues of the penis are protected. Therefore, the likelihood of a man's disease with HPV VKR is low. When a viral infection enters the cells of the mucous membrane, the pathology rarely develops into penile cancer. The formation of tumor growths provokes the development of:

erectile dysfunction;
an acute process of inflammation in the urinary tract;
erosions are formed on the shaft of the penis after injury by genital warts and the ingress of bacteria;
infertility.

The spread of carcinogenic viruses in the female body can cause cervical dysplasia. The disease develops in 3 stages. At an early stage, 1/3 of the mucous tissues of the uterus are destroyed and separate growths are formed. The course of the middle stage is characterized by the destruction of more than 50% of the mucous membrane. At the last stage, the pathology takes on a malignant character. As a result, women experience cervical cancer.