26.10.2017

Kindergarten drawings. The correct layout of the kindergarten

The development of standard design is one of the priority tasks set for the professional community by the President of the Russian Federation.

The advantages of using standard projects in construction practice are obvious. First of all, this is a reduction in the cost and design time, as well as the time for consideration in the state expertise of linking a project to a specific address. The promising architectural and technological, constructive and engineering-technical solutions applied at the facilities have already passed the examination as part of standard projects. Also important when applying standard projects of social facilities is the possibility of using federal subsidies in construction.

Deputy Minister of Construction, Housing and Utilities of the Russian Federation Yuri Reilyan at a round table on March 24, 2015 noted that a decrease in the average cost of building one place in preschool educational organizations can be carried out by forming a register of standard project documentation. The register includes information on projects of residential and office buildings, social facilities, in the preparation of which modern technological and organizational solutions were applied.

The Ministry of Construction of Russia approved the Plan for the formation of a standard design system in the construction sector, which is aimed at creating conditions and methodology for the application of standard design documentation and design documentation for reuse. “In accordance with the plan, the Ministry of Construction of Russia will continue to work on the formation and maintenance of the corresponding register. At present, information on the design documentation of 92 capital construction objects has been entered into the register, of which 50 are objects of preschool institutions ", - emphasized Yuri Reilyan.

The Deputy Minister drew attention to the fact that the main problem for the inclusion of projects in the register is the lack of exclusive rights for the regions to the submitted project documentation. To solve this problem, as well as to minimize the cost of reusing documentation developed at the expense of or with the involvement of funds from the federal or regional budgets, it is proposed to supplement Federal Law 44 with provisions on the possibility of multiple use of project documentation without the consent of the contractor (author of a work of architecture, urban planning, author of design documentation), as well as the transfer of exclusive rights to the created project documentation to the constituent entity of the Russian Federation or a municipal formation, on behalf of which the state or municipal customer acts.

"Completion of the activities provided for by the plan for the formation of a typical design system in the construction sector is planned by 2016", - said Yuri Reilyan.

• Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2011 No. 791 "On the formation of a register of typical project documentation and amendments to some Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation"
• Order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated February 13, 2015 No. 108 / pr "On entering information on standard design documentation into the register of standard design documentation"
• Order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated March 13, 2015 No. 170 / pr "On approval of the Plan for the formation of a typical design system in the construction sector"
• Extract from the minutes of March 25, 2015 No. 118-prm-jur of the meeting of the regulatory and technical council on the selection of standard design documentation under the Ministry of Construction of Russia

In the regions of the Russian Federation, catalogs of standard projects began to be created. At the federal level, the album of standard projects is formed by the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation.

In April 2015, the Main Directorate of Architecture and Urban Planning of the Moscow Region published a catalog of reusable (standard) projects of social infrastructure buildings, which included projects for kindergartens with a capacity of 100 to 320 places, schools from 450 to 1600 places, sports and recreation centers and polyclinics. These typical projects are recommended to developers for reuse in the region.

Buildings will not completely copy each other. “Reusable projects today are objects with an addressable architecture,- noted the head of the Glavarkhitektura of the Moscow Region Vladislav Gordienko. - The finished project must be tied to a specific site, and therefore, create its individual appearance, taking into account the surrounding buildings, cultural and historical features of the territories ".

When choosing projects for the catalog, their architectural and artistic, planning, technological solutions were assessed, the estimated cost, characteristics of building materials and structures were considered.

The use of standard projects, according to the calculations of officials, will reduce the design time of buildings and save funds from the regional budget for the approval of new construction. As the representative of the press service of the Glavarkhitektura of the Moscow Region told RBC-Real Estate, the savings can be up to 20% of the cost of the object.

A re-use project is documentation for a capital construction object, for which a positive conclusion of the state examination was received, the object was built and put into operation not earlier than seven years before the day the decision was made to reapply this project documentation.

The construction of reusable facilities is beneficial for the developer in that the costs of design and expertise are minimized. The reuse design can be modified. But these changes should not affect the structural and other characteristics of the reliability and safety of the capital construction facility. The expertise of such a project is carried out according to a simplified scheme and its cost is much less.

The current legislation on urban planning activities in order to intensify the capital construction of objects for various purposes provides for the possibility of using standard design documentation (design documentation for reuse). The advantages of its use are:

• using already tested and proven design solutions;
• reducing the cost of designing an object;
• reduction of design time;
• partial exemption of design documentation from the state examination in case of repeated application.

At the same time, typical design documentation has significant restrictions for reuse, which are associated with:

• the suitability of design solutions for implementation in a new site (for example, based on the natural and climatic characteristics of the territory, the engineering and geological characteristics of the area (including seismic characteristics) and the land plot (including the relief, the bearing capacity of soils, the presence of flooding, permafrost phenomena, etc.) .);
• the rights to use the "primary" design documentation, including its reuse and modification.

Sample reuse projects from the catalog

Implementation at the address: Moscow region, Volokolamsk, per. Novo-Soldatsky

Developer of design and working documentation: Grazhdanproekt-plus LLC

Customer of design documentation: Administration of the Volokolamsk municipal district

Children's preschool institution for 100 places. Moscow region, Volokolamsk, per. Novo-Soldatsky

Indicators:

• capacity - 100 seats
• number of groups - 5 groups
• adapted for MGN
• number of floors - 3 fl.
• land area - 0.4068 hectares
• building area - 1,005.86 m2
• total area (without basement) - 1,397.25 m2
• • total - 12,300,000 rubles.
  • 1 place in basic prices - 123,000 rubles.
• cost (at current prices for the 4th quarter of 2012 without improvement and external networks):
  • total - 78,000,000 rubles.
  • 1st place - 780,000 rubles.
• constructive solution - enclosing structures - brick walls, ceilings
  • precast concrete, pitched roof

Children's preschool institution for 100 places. Moscow region, Volokolamsk, per. Novo-Soldatsky. 1st floor plan

Children's preschool institution for 100 places. Moscow region, Volokolamsk, per. Novo-Soldatsky. 2nd floor plan

Children's preschool institution for 100 places. Moscow region, Volokolamsk, per. Novo-Soldatsky. 3rd floor plan

Children's preschool institution for 120 places

Implementation at the address: Moscow region, Domodedovo, md. "Vostryakovo"

Developer of design and working documentation: State Enterprise MO "Institute" Mosgrazhdanproekt "

Customer of design documentation: municipal preschool educational institution No. 12 "Berezka"

Indicators:

• capacity - 120 seats
• number of groups - 6 groups
• adapted for MGN
• number of floors - 2 fl.
• land area - 0.6 hectares
• building area - 1,319 m2
• total area - 2,000.5 m2
• (without improvement and external networks):
  • total - 12 412 906 rubles.
  • 1 seat in basic prices - 103,440 rubles.
• cost (at current prices for the 1st quarter of 2015, without improvement and external networks):
• • total - 94 141 740 rubles.
  • 1st place - 784,510 rubles.
• constructive solution - walls - brick, floor - prefabricated reinforced concrete

Children's preschool institution for 120 children. Moscow region, Domodedovo, md. Vostryakovo. 1st floor plan

Children's preschool institution for 120 children. Moscow region, Domodedovo, md. Vostryakovo. 2nd floor plan

Kindergarten for 150 places with a swimming pool

Realization to the address: Moscow region, Shchelkovsky district, Oboldino village

Developer of design and working documentation: LLC "PromStroyEngineering SPb"

Customer of design documentation: MKU Shchelkovo municipal district "Construction and Investments"

Indicators:

• capacity - 150 seats
• number of groups - 8 groups
• adapted for MGN
• number of floors - 2 fl.
• land area - 0.8603 ha
• building area - 1,835.5 m2
• total area (without basement) - 4,373.6 m2
• • total - 28 123 730 rubles.
  • 1 place in basic prices - 187,491.53 rubles.
• cost (at current prices for the 2nd quarter of 2014, without improvement and external networks):
  • total - 157 533 420 rubles.
  • 1st place - 1,050,222.80 rubles.
• constructive solution - the stability and immutability of the building is ensured by the joint work of the vertical frame elements and stiffening diaphragms

DDU for 150 places with a swimming pool. Moscow region, Shchelkovsky district, Oboldino village. 1st floor plan

DDU for 150 places with a swimming pool. Moscow region, Shchelkovsky district, Oboldino village. 2nd floor plan

Children's preschool institution for 150 places

Implementation at the address: Moscow region, Ramenskoye, st. Instrument-makers

Developer of design and working documentation: Project 18 Design Workshop LLC

Customer of the project documentation: UKS of the Administration of the Ramensky municipal district

Indicators:

• capacity - 150 seats
• number of groups - 8 groups
• adapted for MGN
• number of floors - 3 fl.
• land area - 1.4 hectares
• building area - 1,908.3 m2
• total area (without basement) - 3,152 m2
• cost at basic prices in 2000 (without improvement and external networks):
  • total - 28 241 130 rubles.
  • 1 place in basic prices - 188,274 rubles.
• • total - 151,201,220 rubles.
  • 1st place - 1 008 010 rubles.
• constructive solution - monolithic reinforced concrete frame

Children's preschool institution for 220 places

Implementation at the address: Moscow region, Naro-Fominsk, st. Bryanskaya, plot number 12

Developer of design and working documentation: Era Project LLC

Customer of the project documentation: Administration of the Naro-Fominsk Municipal District

Indicators:

• capacity - 220 seats
• number of groups - 4 groups (including 1 compensatory group for 10 places) and 160 children of preschool groups
• adapted for MGN
• number of floors - 3 fl.
• land area - 0.9469 hectares
• building area - 2 593 m2
• total area (without basement) - 4,983 m2
• cost at basic prices in 2000 (without improvement and external networks):
  • total - 37 929 220 rubles.
  • 1 place in basic prices - 172 405 rubles.
• cost (at current prices for the 3rd quarter of 2014, without improvement and external networks):
  • total - 221,019,820 rubles.
  • 1st place - 1 004 635 rubles.
• constructive solution - consists of a system of external and internal brick walls, as well as monolithic structures (walls and columns), rigidly connected by floor disks

Preschool institution for 320 children

Implementation at the address: Moscow region, Odintsovo, st. Verkhne-Proletarskaya, 37

Developer of design and working documentation: Techno-Aritek LLC

Customer of the project documentation: Education Department of the Administration of the Odintsovo municipal district

Indicators:

• capacity - 320 seats
• number of groups - 16 groups
• adapted for MGN
• number of floors - 3 fl.
• land area - 1.2061 hectares
• building area - 2,288.5 m2
• total area (without basement) - 5,481.1 m²
• cost at basic prices in 2000 (without improvement and external networks):
  • total - RUB 61,225,360
  • 1 place in basic prices - 191,329 rubles.
• cost (at current prices for the 3rd quarter of 2012, without improvement and external networks):
  • total - 352 843 240 rubles.
  • 1st place - 1 102 947 rubles.
• constructive solution - a monolithic frame consisting of a system of external and internal walls (stiffening diaphragms), columns and rigidly connected disks of floors and coverings

Comprehensive school for 450 places with a swimming pool

Implementation at the address: Moscow region, g. Odintsovo, p. Romashkovo

Indicators:

• capacity - 450 seats
• number of classes - 18
• adapted for MGN
• number of floors - 3 fl.
• land area - 1.456 hectares
• building area - 4,506 m2
• total area - 14 620 m2
• swimming pool - 16.6 x 8.0 m
• total cost (at current prices for 2014):
  • total - RUB 665,000,000
  • 1st place - 1,477,777.8 rubles.
• constructive solution - walls - monolithic reinforced concrete, brick, block; floors - monolithic reinforced concrete, corrugated boarding on trusses, porcelain stoneware

Secondary school for 1510 places with a swimming pool

Realization to the address: Moscow region, Krasnogorsk district, Putilkovo settlement

Developer of design documentation: State Enterprise MO "Institute" Mosgrazhdanproekt "

Customer of design documentation: Leader Development LLC

Indicators:

• capacity - 1510 seats
• number of classes - 60–61
• adapted for MGN
• number of floors - 4 floors
• land area - 2.66 hectares
• building area - 8 670 m2
• total area - 31,609 m2
• swimming pool - 25.0 × 11.0 m
• estimated total cost:
  • total - 1,736,500,000 rubles.
  • 1st place - 1,150,000 rubles.
• constructive solution - ceilings and walls - monolithic reinforced concrete, metal. farms, corrugated board, ventilation facades, porcelain stoneware

The layout of a kindergarten, boarding school, or complex must first of all comply with hygiene standards. In any childcare institution, the maximum safety for the health and life of children must be ensured. For the aesthetic design of such premises, there are standards that must be adhered to. A child care facility can be set up in a purpose-built building or a ready-made building can be re-planned for this.

An example of a typical kindergarten plan

The main tasks of a private kindergarten are to educate children, teach them the basic skills of being in a team, communication, and social behavior. Primary preschool education and preparation for school is another important task of modern day care centers.

In addition, in kindergarten classes can be held in all kinds of creative circles. In them, children will learn to draw, sculpt from plasticine, etc. The main thing is to initially determine the main directions of the kindergarten's work, the range of services provided. This will help with childcare. In kindergarten, children are brought up in different age groups.

The layout of the kindergarten with the designation of the premises

Each group needs a separate space in which the children will study with their teacher according to the main program, relax, and communicate with each other.

When planning kindergartens or centers, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between rooms for children and office premises.

Premises for different purposes (children's, administrative, service, utility, etc.) must be located separately from each other. It is advisable to equip utility, utility rooms in a separate building. All interior decoration of the premises of children's centers is made only from high quality environmentally friendly materials. In addition, the premises should be easy to clean. All surfaces should be made durable and easy to clean. This will keep children from accidental injury and the spread of infection.

Kindergarten project and layout option

Cleaning should be done only with chemicals approved for use in children's rooms. and should be carried out on the basis of the main purpose of the child care institution.

Hygiene requirements and safety standards

A kindergarten or boarding school should be located in a residential area among residential buildings. It is strictly forbidden to equip childcare facilities near parking lots, roadways, boiler houses or industrial facilities.

Basic hygiene standards prescribe the following:

The main and additional premises of the kindergarten

The main premises in kindergarten buildings are:

The conditions for a full day's sleep can be created in group rooms. In this case, it is better to purchase rollaway beds. You will need a built-in wardrobe or a small pantry to store beds and bedding. For a small kindergarten (no more than 30 children), you can equip a common dining room. For more children, it is more convenient to organize a place for eating in a group room. The dining tables can also be used for classes or board games.

A medical office with an isolator is compulsory for kindergartens, in which children will be kept throughout the day or around the clock. If the institution operates on a “short day” basis, you can refuse from the first-aid post. It will be enough to conclude an agreement with a nearby clinic for the provision of medical assistance if necessary.

Group and sleeping quarters

Kindergarten group rooms should be isolated. It is advisable to equip each group room with a separate entrance from the adjacent territory. It is possible to arrange a common entrance for two or three groups of different ages. It is advisable to equip a dressing room for outerwear and outdoor shoes near the common entrance.

Children should be received in a separate room or dressing room. In the latter case, it is necessary to provide conditions for examining children. Parents are not recommended to enter group rooms in order to prevent infection and keep the room clean.

In the group room, it should be planned to arrange a sufficient number of window openings of the required size. This will provide good ventilation, natural light and access to ultraviolet rays, through which the room will be insolated.

It is preferable to equip the bedroom on a covered, insulated and or. You can allocate a place to sleep in the main room of the group, separating it with a sliding partition. For children aged 5-6 years, bunk beds are allowed. On the upper berth, it is necessary to equip a protective side.

Toilet rooms and pool

The dressing room is adjacent to the playroom. It is advisable to equip a small dividing corridor between them. For toddlers in nursery groups, pots are used. For older children, toilet bowls are installed in open booths. The dimensions of the cabin are 80 x 80 cm, the height of the dividing wall is 120 cm.
When arranging a swimming pool in a kindergarten building, it is necessary to plan the arrangement of a shower cabin, dressing room and toilet rooms.

Equip a special bathtub for swimming training with an area of ​​3 by 7 m or slightly larger.

Kindergarten layout in buildings of various shapes

The simplest layout option for a small kindergarten in a square building is done according to the following principles:

• the front door leads to the hall;
• the entrance to the hall leads to the catering unit, the first-aid post and the manager's office;
• an external exit is required from the catering unit for the delivery of groceries;
• a corridor from the hall leads to group rooms (no more than 4);
• group rooms are located around a multipurpose room.

Additional group rooms are located on the 2nd floor. In a 3-storey kindergarten building on the top floor there are only utility rooms. In this case, the attic can be additionally involved. Here you can arrange a pantry. The layout of the elongated kindergarten building assumes the presence of a central corridor passing between the end walls.

Design and layout of a kindergarten for 150 children

The central entrance is located closer to the end wall. The manager's office is located nearby. Further along the corridor, on one side, there are utility rooms: a dressing room, a kitchen, a first-aid post, a toilet room for staff, a pantry for things and food. Along the opposite wall is a multipurpose room opening onto a lobby. Further along the corridor, rooms for children are arranged: group and sleeping rooms, toilets for girls and boys, a washroom, etc. At the end of the corridor, you can equip another large room for sports activities, dancing or active games.

Play and sports grounds

A playground for games and sports activities needs sufficient space to ensure the comfort and safety of children. For each group of children of younger preschool age (up to 3 years old), it is necessary to equip a separate playground for games and walks with a size of at least 150 m².

An example of equipment for a playground in a kindergarten

For children from older groups (up to 7 years old), the size of the playground is increased to 180 m².
The playground needs protection from direct sunlight. This is done with awnings. Garden figures, play equipment, green spaces are used to decorate the playground.

All items used in the arrangement of landscape design must be made of high quality and environmentally friendly materials. For green spaces, you should choose safe plants: without thorns, poisonous fruits and allergenic substances.

On each playground, it is necessary to provide a special place for the teacher. It is positioned so that the entire site falls into the field of view of the teacher.

This will allow you to control the behavior of children and prevent unwanted situations. From the building of the kindergarten to the walking areas, it is necessary to equip straight paths, asphalted or lined with special tiles. The paths to the utility rooms should be located separately.

For sports activities on the territory of the kindergarten, you can equip a separate sports field with a size of approximately 250 m². On it you can put a small pool with a depth of no more than half a meter and an area of ​​about 30 m². Children from different groups should use these objects at different times, according to the schedule.

Service premises

The catering unit, laundry, refrigeration room for fresh food, pantries for dry food and storage for linen and necessary things in the kindergarten building are located separately. You will also need a room for drying and ironing bed and kitchen linen. A special entrance is required for these premises.

Arrangement of the territory

The territory of the kindergarten must be fenced. The height of the fence is at least 2 m. It is necessary to equip at least 2 entrances: central and auxiliary. The central entrance is for parents with children and staff. Auxiliary entrance - for the delivery of food, garbage disposal, etc. Here you will need an entrance and a turning platform for vehicles.

The entrance gate must be equipped with an intercom. They should only open when needed. This will exclude the entry of strangers and stray animals into the territory of the kindergarten.

Kindergarten territory improvement project

If the size of the common area allows, you can arrange a living corner. It is advisable to plant vegetables, fruit and berry trees and bushes near the kitchen. All external utility rooms, a drying area, etc., must be equipped at a distance from the building of the kindergarten and the playground.

In 2014, an important social task was solved in Moscow: every resident of the city between the ages of 2.5 and 7 now has the opportunity to visit. Mayor Sergei Sobyanin announced this in his report on the results of the activities of the Moscow Government and the main parameters of the draft city budget for 2015-2017. But no less important is the fact that the increase in the number of places in the capital's kindergartens is accompanied by their radical modernization, taking into account the new requirements for the design of preschool educational institutions.

Back in 2010, a third of young Muscovites were deprived of the opportunity to attend kindergartens. From 2010 to 2013, the number of places in the capital's preschool educational institutions has almost doubled - from 288 to 415 thousand. This year, the city plans to build 34 more gardens: 24 at the expense of the budget (4,270 places) and 11 more are being built at the expense of private investors. The normative indicators have also changed - today Moscow is successfully mastering the norm of 50 places for every thousand inhabitants.

Although the standard has been fulfilled, the construction of kindergartens in the city will continue in the future. In 2014-2016, according to the Targeted Investment Program (AIP), that is, at the expense of the city budget, it is planned to build 60 more kindergartens for 12 thousand places in Moscow. These plans correspond to the demographic forecast, and also allow providing places in kindergartens for residents of new areas of complex development.

Exemplary, unique

The first standard projects for preschool institutions in the USSR were developed in the 1930s. In the 60s, during the period of mass industrial housing construction, which coincided with the almost universal employment of women in the national economy, panel uniformity spread to educational institutions: the ranks of the same type of schools and kindergartens followed each other through the same faceless residential neighborhoods.

In the 1990s, many kindergarten buildings (mainly the so-called departmental kindergartens) changed their profile from educational to office, and those that remained faithful to preschool education became obsolete morally and physically. Therefore, when the question of increasing the number of places in preschool institutions was again acute in Moscow, the city government made a far-sighted decision to develop a new generation preschool educational institution.

To speed up the process of modernizing kindergartens without losing quality in 2012-2013, by order of the Moscow Committee for Architecture and Urban Development, the Department of Urban Development Policy of the city, as well as a number of large private developers, new kindergarten projects were developed for Moscow.

These projects have been updated in accordance with modern ideas of society about the content and forms of preschool education, and also meet the new architectural and urban planning requirements for the urban environment, adopted in the capital in recent years.

New projects are collected in the Album of basic kindergarten projects recommended for construction in Moscow. If someone dislikes such definitions as "typical project" or "re-use project", you can use the phrase "exemplary project", because in fact, according to these "album" projects in Moscow, outwardly very NOT similar to each other children are being built kindergartens. The practice of working examinations by the chief architect of the city, Sergey Kuznetsov, is aimed at individualizing the appearance of each new building of the kindergarten. Designers are strongly encouraged to develop and submit for consideration options for facade solutions that correspond to the nature of the surrounding buildings and allow individualizing the appearance of the building, so that each child eventually has his own image of the garden - not boring, friendly and memorable.

Architecture and coloring is also a tool for aesthetic education and emotional impact on a little person. Therefore, by giving young Muscovites the right guidelines in the perception of the architecture of the city, we, thereby, show concern for the future appearance of Moscow.

Gardens for new generation Muscovites

What is the fundamental difference between the new kindergarten projects and the previous ones? One of the main requirements of modern society is the upbringing of a healthy generation. Therefore, in the new projects of kindergartens, not only medical blocks are provided, but also special rooms of a psychologist, speech therapist, as well as specialized sports and gyms, swimming pools. On the adjacent territory, in addition to traditional walking areas with verandas, mini-stadiums, football and volleyball grounds, etc. are being designed.

Designing a developing educational environment conducive to the diversified development of a child's personality is another trend of the times. In new projects of kindergartens, special rooms are created for circles of various orientations, music lessons, choreography, and theater.

The typology of preschool education itself is expanding, so-called preschool educational institutions of a complex type appear. In their planning structure, as a rule, on the lower floors, special rooms for short-stay groups, counseling and rehabilitation centers are provided.

Another most important difference in modern design practice for Moscow is the creation of a barrier-free environment in kindergarten, accessible for people with disabilities - both for pupils and for visitors - parents, grandmothers, grandfathers, etc. All premises of the new generation kindergarten on any floor are accessible for people with disabilities. To move between floors, modern preschool educational institutions are equipped with elevators - as a rule, there are no elevators in old kindergarten projects.

The accessible environment, meanwhile, provides for the development of the so-called. inclusive forms of upbringing, that is, opportunities for children with some health problems to attend a regular kindergarten with healthy children. Kindergarten projects are already being implemented in Moscow, taking into account inclusive preschool education. We will tell you more about such preschool educational institutions in the following materials.

Another new trend is the creation of educational complexes in which the educational process lasts from 2-3 to 18 years. Such an educational center includes one or more kindergartens (preschools), a unit of elementary grades (BMC) and a secondary school. (By the way, the first kindergartens, which appeared in Russia at the end of the 19th century, were created mainly at gymnasiums, so that everything new is well forgotten old). It is assumed that such multifunctional educational complexes can become cultural centers of micro-districts, which should also be reflected in their architectural appearance.

To kindergarten - next to the house

The principle of commissioning housing simultaneously with social and cultural facilities is accepted as one of the fundamental in the capital. Moreover, today there are already examples of the advanced commissioning of social infrastructure. One such example is the 32nd microdistrict Zeleny Bor in Zelenograd. A full-fledged educational center for children from 3 to 18 years old has already been commissioned on the territory of a new microdistrict that is still being built up with residential buildings. It includes a school, a block of primary classes and a kindergarten for 280 children (12 groups).

The architects of the Zelenograd AM design bureau have developed an individual project for the school and the elementary school block (GAP Madi Agadzhali).

The kindergarten was built according to a standard "album" project developed by the State Unitary Enterprise MNIITEP in 2012, but at the suggestion of Sergei Kuznetsov, the authors came up with an individual facade solution. The striped colored fiber cement slabs gave a typical kindergarten building in Zelenograd a cheerful, positive and very “preschool” look.

According to the author of the project, architect Madi Azhigali, the kindergarten delights children, their parents and grandparents. “It is amazing that by changing only the facades of a typical garden, we were able to bring such joy to the residents of the microdistrict,” the architect is surprised.

Private Equity Leads By Example

Private investors are also actively involved in solving the problem of kindergartens in Moscow. So, this year in the city it is planned to put into operation 11 kindergartens, built at the expense of private investors, this program has already been partially completed.

As a rule, large construction and development companies that are engaged in the integrated development of urban areas are ready to invest in social infrastructure. Thus, one of the first preschool educational institutions of a new generation in Moscow was the children's educational center (DOTS) built by the KROST concern (82nd quarter, Tukhachevskogo street, 45). In addition to a kindergarten for 150 children (6 groups), the complex includes 4 classes of an elementary school for 100 children. The main space-planning solutions were developed by the design bureau of the KROST company - "A-Project". The original facades and interiors were created by the Dutch architectural bureau 70 ° N arkitektur, which became the winner of a closed international architectural competition organized by the concern.

The preschool educational center was conceived as a social and cultural family center, where sports activities, parents 'meetings, psychologists' consultations, children's parties, open creative studios and technical circles are held. Well-known child psychologists and teachers took part in the development of its concept.

The educational complex includes several functional blocks grouped around a courtyard - an atrium and a detached kindergarten block. Thanks to this arrangement, kids and younger students live according to their own schedule, without interfering with each other, and at the same time they can communicate at common events.

In the interior layout, modern technology was used to transform the premises, which allows more flexible use of the compact interior space, combining or zoning it as needed. Specialized premises are provided for theatrical and choreographic studios, there are children's workshops for sculpture and pottery, a painting studio, linguistic classes, a natural science class, equipped in accordance with modern teaching methods.

The educational complex also has a library with a media library, spacious play areas with a variety of means for intellectual development. The music hall with artistic rooms and a transformable stage space is equipped with modern means of organizing show programs.

The pool's two bowls are designed for swimming training and synchronized swimming.

The goal of the project was to create a bright and modern educational environment that takes into account the child's needs in sports and art, and contributes to the development of multifaceted independent personalities, says a representative of the KROST concern.

The creators of the complex took care of the physical and psychological health of the staff of the educational institution. Two halls are equipped for group sports activities and are equipped with the necessary service facilities.

The educational complex "Khoroshevskaya Gymnasium", thanks to its diverse functionality, technological equipment and high-quality architectural "packaging" that meets the general style of the surrounding buildings, has become the town-forming socio-cultural and architectural center of the Union Park quarter.

Images: Moskomarkhitektura, JSB "Zelenograd AM", concern "KROST"

• Themes:

• Developer - State Unitary Enterprise MNIITEP.
• Customer -.

Typical project of a kindergarten for 250 children (code VI-71)

• Developer - State Unitary Enterprise MNIITEP.
• The constructive solution is a monolith. The capacity of the main group cells is 25 people.

Access for people with limited mobility is provided on all floors. Developed in 2012 - 2013. Recommended for use.

Re-use project for a kindergarten for 220 children

• Customer - Moskomarkhitektura.

Access for people with limited mobility is provided on all floors. Developed in 2010. Recommended for use in AIP for 2013 and subsequent years.

Land area	0.63 - 0.68 ha
Built-up area	1727.8 sq. m
	3733.7 sq. m
Number of storeys	3 floors
Capacity	220 seats
Cost at 2000 base prices	RUB 40.602 million
	172.154 million rubles.
Total area for 1 seat	16.9 sq. m
	RUB 0.184 million
	0.783 million rubles.
Cost of sq. m of total area at basic prices in 2000	RUB 0.007 million
	RUB 0.031 million

Re-use project for a kindergarten for 190 children

• The developer is LLC PPF "PROEKT-REALIZATION".
• Customer - Department of urban planning policy of the city of Moscow.
• The constructive solution is monolithic.

Land area	0.45 - 0.5 ha
Built-up area	1250.0 sq. m
	2935.3 sq. m
Number of storeys	3 floors
Capacity	190 seats
Cost at 2000 base prices (without improvement and external networks)	28.635 million rubles.
Cost in prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	RUB 121.414 million
Total area for 1 seat	15.4 sq. m
The cost of 1 seat at basic prices in 2000	RUB 0.151 million
The cost of 1 seat in the prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	0.639 million rubles.
	RUB 0.007 million
Cost of sq. m of total area in the prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	RUB 0.031 million

Typical project of a kindergarten for 120 children (code VI-70)

• Developer - State Unitary Enterprise MNIITEP.
• Customer - Department of urban planning policy of the city of Moscow.
• Constructive solution - large-panel. The capacity of the main group cells is 25 people.

Access is provided for people with limited mobility to all floors. Developed in 2012. Recommended for use in AIP for 2013 and subsequent years.

Land area	0.42 ha
Built-up area	881.0 sq. m
Total area (without basement)	2410.0 sq. m
Number of storeys	3 floors
Capacity	120 seats (5 groups)
Cost at 2000 base prices (without improvement and external networks)	RUB 22.379 million
Cost in prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	95.27 million rubles.
Total area for 1 seat	20.08 sq. m
The cost of 1 seat at basic prices in 2000	RUB 0.186 million
The cost of 1 seat in the prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	RUB 0.794 million
Cost of sq. m of total area at basic prices in 2000	RUB 0.009 million
Cost of sq. m of total area in the prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	RUB 0.039 million

Re-use project for 115-seat kindergarten

• Customer - KROST LLC.
• Constructive solution - large-panel.

Land area	0.56 ha
Built-up area	1274.7 sq. m
Total area (without basement)	2180.5 sq. m
Number of storeys	2 floors
Capacity	115 seats
Cost at 2000 base prices (without improvement and external networks)	RUB 22.347 million
Cost in prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	RUB 73.968 million
Total area for 1 seat	18.9 sq. m
The cost of 1 seat at basic prices in 2000	RUB 0.194 million
The cost of 1 seat in the prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	0.642 million rubles.
Cost of sq. m of total area at basic prices in 2000	RUB 0.010 million
Cost of sq. m of total area in the prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	RUB 0.034 million

Reuse project for 90-place kindergarten

• The developer is LLC PPF "PROEKT-REALIZATION".
• Customer - Moskomarkhitektura.
• The constructive solution is monolithic.
• The capacity of the main group cells is 20 people.

Access is provided for people with limited mobility to all floors. Developed in 2010 Recommended for use.

Land area	0.3 - 0.4 ha
Built-up area	1073.0 sq. m
Total area (without basement and terraces)	2167.2 sq. m
Number of storeys	3 floors
Capacity	90 seats
Cost at 2000 base prices (without improvement and external networks)	RUB 25.707 million
Cost in prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	RUB 108.997 million
Total area for 1 seat	24.0 sq. m
The cost of 1 seat at basic prices in 2000	0.286 million rubles.
The cost of 1 seat in the prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	1.211 million rubles.
Cost of sq. m of total area at basic prices in 2000	RUB 0.008 million
Cost of sq. m of total area in the prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	RUB 0.032 million

Project for the reuse of a kindergarten for 168 places (correctional type)

• The developer is LLC PPF "PROEKT-REALIZATION".
• Customer - Moskomarkhitektura.
• The constructive solution is monolithic.
• Access is provided for people with limited mobility to all floors.

Land area	0.85 ha
Built-up area	2328.9 sq. m
Total area (without basement and terraces)	4374.5 sq. m
Number of storeys	2 - 3 floors
Capacity	168 + 12 seats
Cost at 2000 base prices (without improvement and external networks)	RUB 53.777 million
Cost in prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	RUB 228.01 million
Total area for 1 seat	24.3 sq. m
The cost of 1 seat at basic prices in 2000	RUB 0.299 million
The cost of 1 seat in the prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	1.267 million rubles.
Cost of sq. m of total area at basic prices in 2000	RUB 0.008 million
Cost of sq. m of total area in the prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	RUB 0.035 million

An individual project of a kindergarten for 350 children (15 groups) with a room for variable forms of preschool education (a group of short-term stays for 20 places) at the address: Moscow, Biryulyovo Vostochnoye, Zagorie, microdistrict. 3

• Customer - KP "UGS" of the Moscow Department of Construction.
• The constructive solution is monolithic.
• The capacity of the main group cells is 25 people.

Land area	0.95 ha
Built-up area	1834.65 sq. m
Total area (without basement)	4701.03 sq. m
Number of storeys	3 floors
Capacity	350 + 20 seats
Cost at 2000 base prices (without improvement and external networks)	RUB 48.597 million
Cost in prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	RUB 219.574 million
Total area for 1 seat	12.7 sq. m
The cost of 1 seat at basic prices in 2000	0.131 million rubles.
The cost of 1 seat in the prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	RUB 0.593 million
Cost of sq. m of total area at basic prices in 2000	RUB 0.008 million
Cost of sq. m of total area in the prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	RUB 0.036 million

An individual project of a kindergarten for 350 places (14 groups) with a room for variable forms of preschool education (group of short-term stay for 20 places) at the address: Moscow, TyNAO, pos. Voskresenskoe, der. Yazovo

• Developer - PPF "PROJECT-REALIZATION" LLC.
• Customer - CJSC "Yazovskaya Sloboda Invest".
• The constructive solution is monolithic.
• The capacity of the main group cells is 25 people.

Access is provided for people with limited mobility to all floors. Developed in 2012 - 2013. Recommended for use.

Land area	0.86 ha
Built-up area	1782.29 sq. m
Total area (without basement)	4344.53 sq. m
Number of storeys	3 floors
Capacity	350 + 20 seats
Cost at 2000 base prices (without improvement and external networks)	RUB 45.542 million
Cost in prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	205.772 million rubles.
Total area for 1 seat	11.7 sq. m
The cost of 1 seat at basic prices in 2000	RUB 0.123 million
The cost of 1 seat in the prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	RUB 0.556 million
Cost of sq. m of total area at basic prices in 2000	RUB 0.008 million
Cost of sq. m of total area in the prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	RUB 0.035 million

Individual project of a kindergarten for 125 children (Southern Administrative District, Chertanovo Yuzhnoye, microdistrict 18, building 5)

• The developer is Mosproekt OJSC.
• The customer is the investor's funds.
• The capacity of the main group cells is 20 people.

Access is provided for people with limited mobility to all floors. Developed in 2011-2012. Recommended for use.

Land area	0.54 ha
Built-up area	1400 sq. m
Total area (without basement)	3940 sq. m
Number of storeys	3 floors
Capacity	125 seats
Cost at 2000 base prices (without improvement and external networks)	RUB 37.0 million
Cost in prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	180.4 million rubles
Total area for 1 seat	31.5 sq. m
The cost of 1 seat at basic prices in 2000	0.333 million rubles.
The cost of 1 seat in the prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	1.4 million rubles
Cost of sq. m of total area at basic prices in 2000	RUB 0.0094 million
Cost of sq. m of total area in the prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	RUB 0.045 million

Individual project of a kindergarten for 115 children (South-West Administrative District, Nametkina St., intersection with Kherson St.)

• The developer is NABAD Design LLC.
• The customer is the investor's funds.
• The constructive solution is prefabricated and monolithic.
• The capacity of the main group cells is 20 people.

Access is provided for people with limited mobility to all floors. Developed in 2011 Recommended for use.

Land area	0.56 ha
Built-up area	1274.7 sq. m
Total area (without basement)	2180.5 sq. m
Number of storeys	2 floors
Capacity	115 seats
Cost at 2000 base prices (without improvement and external networks)	RUB 20.559 million *
Cost in prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	RUB 68.051 million *
Total area for 1 seat	18.9 sq. m
The cost of 1 seat at basic prices in 2000	RUB 0.179 million *
The cost of 1 seat in the prices of the 1st quarter of 2012	RUB 0.592 million *
Cost of sq. m of total area at basic prices in 2000	RUB 0.009 million *
Cost of sq. m of total area in the prices of the 1st quarter of 2012 * - preliminary data of the investor	RUB 0.034 million *

Individual project of a kindergarten for 95 children (Southern Administrative District, Vostochnoye Biryulyovo, 6th Radialnaya st., 7, building 9)

• Developer - JSC TsNIIEP of residential and public buildings.
• Customer - JSC "Moscow Combine of Bread Products".
• Constructive solution - monolithic, attached to the individual. The capacity of the main group cells is 20 people.

Access for people with limited mobility to the first floor is provided. Developed in 2009 Recommended for use.

Land area

Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of May 15, 2013 N 26, Moscow
"On the approval of SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13" Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the device, content and organization of the mode of operation of preschool educational organizations "
Published: July 19, 2013 in "RG" - Federal issue No. 6133
Effective: July 30, 2013
Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on May 29, 2013.
Registration N 28564

(Excerpts)

2.From the date of entry into force of SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13, the sanitary and epidemiological rules and standards shall be considered invalid:
- SanPiN 2.4.1.2660-10 "Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements for the Arrangement, Content and Organization of the Mode of Operation in Preschool Organizations", approved by the Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of 22.07.2010 N 91 (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 27.08.2010, registration number 18267);
- SanPiN 2.4.1.2791-10 "Amendment N 1 to SanPiN 2.4.1.2660-10" Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the device, content and organization of the operating mode in preschool organizations ", approved by the decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of 20.12.2010 N 164 (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on December 22, 2010, registration number 19342).

1.3. Preschool educational organizations operate in the mode of short-term stay (up to 5 hours a day), reduced day (8-10-hour stay), full day (10.5-12-hour stay), extended day (13-14-hour stay) and round-the-clock stay of children.
These sanitary rules do not apply to family groups located in residential apartments (residential buildings).

1.4. These sanitary rules are binding on all citizens, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs whose activities are related to the design, construction, reconstruction, operation of facilities of preschool educational organizations carrying out educational activities, as well as for preschool educational organizations providing services for the development of children (hereinafter - preschool educational organizations).

1.5. These sanitary rules do not apply to objects that are in the design, construction, reconstruction and commissioning stages at the time these sanitary rules come into effect.
The previously constructed buildings of preschool educational organizations are operated in accordance with the project according to which they were built.

1.8. The preschool organization accepts children aged 2 months to 7 years. The selection of a contingent of a different-age (mixed) group should take into account the possibility of organizing a daily regimen in it, corresponding to the anatomical and physiological characteristics of each age group.

1.9. The number of children in the groups of a preschool educational organization of general developmental orientation is determined based on the calculation of the area of ​​the group (play) room - for early age groups (up to 3 years) at least 2.5 square meters per child and for preschool age (from 3 to 7 years) - not less than 2.0 square meters for one child actually in the group.

4.1. Newly constructed facilities of preschool educational organizations are recommended to be located in a separate building.

The buildings of preschool educational organizations can be detached, attached to residential buildings, administrative and public buildings (except for administrative buildings of industrial enterprises), as well as built into residential buildings and built-in-attached to residential buildings, administrative public buildings (except for administrative buildings of industrial enterprises). enterprises).

It is allowed to place preschool educational organizations in premises built into residential buildings, in built-in and attached premises (or attached), if there is a separately fenced area with an independent entrance for children and an exit (entrance) for vehicles.

4.3. The building of a preschool educational organization must have a maximum of three storeys.

On the third floors of buildings of preschool educational organizations, it is recommended to place groups for older preschool children, as well as additional rooms for working with children.

4.4. When designing preschool educational institutions, the following set of premises is envisaged: group cells (isolated rooms for each children's group); additional rooms for classes with children (music hall, gym, speech therapist's office and others); related premises (medical unit, catering unit, laundry room); service and household purposes for personnel.

4.5. Accommodation in the basement and basement floors of buildings of premises for the stay of children and premises for medical purposes is not allowed.

4.6. Buildings of preschool educational organizations can have various configurations, including: compact, block or pavilion structure, consist of several buildings-pavilions, detached or interconnected by heated passages. Unheated walkways and galleries are allowed only in climatic subarea III B.

4.8. In order to preserve the air-thermal regime in the premises of preschool educational organizations, depending on the climatic regions, the entrances to the buildings should be equipped with vestibules.

4.9. Space-planning solutions for the premises of preschool educational organizations should provide conditions for observing the principle of group isolation. Group cells for infants and young children must have their own entrance to the play area.

4.10. In the building of a preschool educational organization, it is allowed to equip a single entrance with a common staircase for groups for infants, young children and preschool children - no more than 4 groups, regardless of their location in the building.

When placing preschool educational organizations in educational organizations, in buildings of social and cultural purposes, attached to residential buildings, administrative and public buildings, it is allowed to equip a single entrance to the preschool organization without dividing into groups.

4.11. The group cell includes: a dressing room (reception) (for receiving children and storing outerwear), a group (for playing games, classes and eating), a bedroom, a pantry (for preparing ready-made dishes for distribution and washing tableware), a toilet ( combined with a washroom).

It is allowed to use a group to organize sleep using pull-out beds or folding beds with a hard bed.

4.12. The areas of the premises included in the group cell are taken in accordance with the recommended areas of the premises of the group cell (Table 1 of Appendix N 1).

For newly constructed buildings of preschool educational organizations, the optimal area of ​​group and bedrooms is recommended to be taken based on the area standard per child (taking into account furniture and its arrangement) and based on the rate of air exchange.

4.13. In preschool educational organizations for group cells located on the second and third floors, dressing rooms for children may be placed on the first floor.

In preschool educational organizations (groups), conditions must be provided for drying outerwear and shoes.

4.17. In the newly constructed and reconstructed buildings of preschool educational organizations with the number of pupils over 120, it is recommended to provide two halls: one for music lessons, the other for physical education. The halls should not be walk-through.

In newly built and reconstructed buildings of preschool educational organizations with a number of pupils up to 120 and existing buildings, one common hall for music and physical education is allowed.

4.22. For newly constructed buildings of preschool educational organizations, regardless of their capacity, a medical block is provided, consisting of a medical and treatment rooms, a toilet. The recommended area of ​​the premises of the medical unit is shown in Table 1 of Appendix N 1.

The toilet provides a place for preparing disinfectant solutions.

The medical block (medical office) must have a separate entrance from the corridor.

For temporary isolation of the sick, it is allowed to use the premises of the medical unit (medical or procedure room).

4.24. In newly built and reconstructed facilities of preschool educational organizations, it is necessary to provide for a catering unit operating on raw materials or semi-finished products, or a buffet-distributor intended for receiving ready-made dishes and culinary products from public catering organizations and distributing them into groups.

The composition and area of ​​the premises of the catering unit (buffet-handout) are determined by the design assignment.

Space-planning solutions of the catering unit premises should provide for a sequence of technological processes that exclude counter flows of raw and finished products.

It is allowed to place the premises of the catering unit on the first and second floors, provided that it is designed in a separate block (building). Premises for receiving food products, a pantry for vegetables, primary processing of vegetables (including for peeling potatoes), washing containers and a waste chamber are being designed on the ground floor.

Storerooms are not located under washing, shower and sanitary facilities, as well as production rooms with ladders.

In basements, it is allowed to store food (vegetables, canned food), provided the necessary storage conditions established by the manufacturer are provided.

Food storage areas should be rodent-proof.

4.25. When designing a catering unit operating on raw materials, it is recommended to provide the following set of premises: hot workshop, distribution room, cold workshop, meat and fish workshop, workshop for primary processing of vegetables, washing kitchen utensils, pantry for dry products, pantry for vegetables, room with refrigeration equipment for storage perishable food, loading.

In the hot shop, a functional division of the premises is allowed with the allocation of zones: processing of vegetable, meat and fish products and a zone of cold snacks, subject to compliance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements for technological processes of cooking.

4.26. When designing a catering unit operating on semi-finished products, it is recommended to provide for the following set of premises: loading, finishing workshop, hot workshop, cold workshop, distribution room, a room for storing bulk products, a room with refrigeration equipment for storing perishable food, washing kitchen utensils. Finishing, hot and cold shops can be combined in one room and separated by a partition.

A food unit operating on semi-finished products should receive washed and / or peeled vegetables, semi-finished products of a high degree of readiness (meat, fish).

4.27. The serving buffets should provide space-planning solutions, premises and equipment that allow the reception of ready-made meals, culinary products and their distribution to group cells, as well as the preparation of hot drinks and individual dishes (boiling sausages, eggs, dressing salads, cutting ready-made products). Hand-washing facilities should be provided for hand washing.

4.28. When designing a catering unit in the building of a preschool educational organization, the staff room, changing room and room for the preparation of washing and disinfecting solutions can be located outside the catering unit.

Catering workers are allowed to use the office (staff room, changing room) and sanitary (shower and toilet for staff) premises of the preschool educational organization.

Joint storage of cleaning equipment and preparation of washing and disinfecting solutions intended for the catering unit and other premises of the preschool educational organization is allowed.

4.35. In preschool educational organizations, it is recommended to provide a laundry room. Washing and ironing rooms should be adjacent. The entrances (pick-up and drop-off windows) for the return of dirty and for the receipt of clean linen must be separate.

4.37. In the absence of a laundry in a preschool educational organization, it is possible to organize a centralized washing of bed linen in other laundries.

4.38. When organizing the work of groups of short-term stay of children, premises should be provided for:

A room or place for undressing, equipped with lockers or hangers for outerwear and shoes of children and group staff. In the room, conditions must be created for drying clothes and shoes of children;
- a group room for training sessions, games and meals for children;
- a room or place for cooking, as well as for washing and storing tableware and utensils;
- children's toilet (with a washroom) for children.

It is allowed to equip a sanitary unit for personnel in a children's toilet in the form of a separate closed toilet cubicle.

The children's toilet should be provided with personal pots for each child actually in the group, a preschool educational organization, and for children aged 5-7 years with personal toilet seats made of materials that are harmless to children's health, allowing them to be treated with detergents and disinfectants , or disposable toilet seats.

6.16. Toilet facilities are divided into a wash area and a sanitary unit area. The washbasin area contains children's washbasins and a shower tray. Toilet bowls are located in the area of ​​sanitary facilities.

In previously constructed buildings of preschool educational organizations, it is allowed to use the toilet room in accordance with the project.

6.16.1. A toilet for young children is equipped in one room, where 3 washbasins with hot and cold water for children are installed, 1 washbasin for staff, a cabinet (rack) with cells for storing individual pots and a drain for their processing, a baby bath, a household closet. The pots must be labeled.

In the washrooms, hot and cold water is supplied to washbasins; water is supplied through a mixer.

6.16.2. In the toilet of the junior preschool and middle group, in the wash area, there are 4 washbasins for children and 1 washbasin for adults, 4 toilets for children.

6.16.3. In the toilets of senior and preparatory groups, washbasins with hot and cold water supply for children are installed in the washroom at the rate of 1 washbasin for 5 children, 1 washbasin for adults, children's toilet bowls or at the rate of 1 toilet for 5 children. It is recommended to install children's toilet bowls in lockable cabins, the height of the cab fence is 1.2 m (from the floor), not reaching the floor level by 0.15 m.

When designing and reconstructing preschool educational institutions in rural areas, the equipment of toilet and washroom zones may be determined by a design assignment.

6.16.4. In the design and reconstruction of preschool educational institutions in senior and preparatory groups, separate toilet rooms (booths) for boys and girls are provided.

6.17. When children stay around the clock, it is recommended to equip bathrooms for washing children, equipped with shower cabins (bathtubs, trays with hot and cold water supply with a mixer).

Appendix N 1
to SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13

Type of premises	Areal indicators (not less)
Group cells
dressing room	18 sq. m; for groups with a capacity of less than 10 people, the area of ​​the dressing room may be determined at the rate of 1.0 sq. m for 1 child, but not less than 6 sq. m
group	2.5 sq. m per 1 child in groups for infants and young children; 2.0 sq. m for 1 child in preschool groups
pantry	3.0 sq. m
bedroom	1.8 sq. m per 1 child in groups for infants and young children, 2.0 sq. m for 1 child in preschool groups
toilet	12 sq. m for groups for infants and young children; 16 sq. m for preschool groups
Medical unit
medical office	not less than 12 sq. m
treatment room	not less than 8 sq. m
toilet with a place for preparing disinfectant solutions	not less than 6 sq. m

Premises
	up to 80 (1 - 4)	up to 150 (5 - 6)	up to 240 (7 - 12)	up to 350 (13 - 18)
Manager's office
Office of the supply manager
Methodical office
Utility pantry
Pantry of clean linen
Castellan's room
Carpentry workshop
Staff canteen
Staff toilets

Premises	Area (m2) depending on the capacity and number of groups
	up to 80 (1 - 4)	up to 150 (5 - 6)	up to 240 (7 - 12)	up to 350 (13 - 18)
Washing
Ironing
Total

Premises	Violations
	hearing	vision		intelligence
		visually impaired	squint and amblyopia
Dressing room
Group
Bedroom
Pantry
Dressing	12 sq. m for groups for infants and young children; 16 sq. m for preschool groups
Pleopto-orthoptic room
Speech therapy room

Table 5
Recommended composition and area of ​​premises
group preschool educational organizations for children
with a violation of the musculoskeletal system in sq. m
for 1 child

Premises	Group cells for children under 3 years old	Group cells for children from 3 to 7 years old
Dressing room (reception)
Room for personal belongings of children
Playing (dining room)
Bedroom
Room for serving food and washing dishes (pantry)
Toilet (potty)	0,25	0,25
Speech therapist room	0,83	0,83
Veranda unheated (for 50% of children)

Appendix N 4
to SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13
RECOMMENDED LIST OF FOOD ROOM EQUIPMENT

The name of a room	Equipment
Warehouses (storerooms)	Shelves, podtovariy, medium and low temperature refrigerating cabinets (if necessary)
Vegetable workshop (primary processing of vegetables)	Production tables (at least two), potato-peeling and vegetable-cutting machines, washing baths, hand washing sink
Vegetable workshop (secondary processing of vegetables)	Production tables (at least two), washing tub, universal mechanical drive and / or vegetable cutting machine, sink for hand washing
Cold shop	Production tables (at least two), checkweighers, medium-temperature refrigerating cabinets (in an amount that ensures the possibility of maintaining the "commodity neighborhood" and storing the required volume of food products), a universal mechanical drive and / or a vegetable cutting machine, a bactericidal installation for air disinfection, a washing machine a bathtub for the reprocessing of non-heat-treated vegetables, herbs and fruits, a sink for washing hands
Meat and fish shop	Production tables (for cutting meat, fish and poultry) - at least two, checkweighers, medium-temperature and, if necessary, low-temperature refrigerating cabinets (in an amount that ensures the possibility of observing the "commodity neighborhood" and storing the required volume of food products), electric meat grinder, deck for cutting meat, washing tubs, hand wash sink
Hot shop	Production tables (at least two: for raw and finished products), electric stove, electric frying pan, oven (roasting) cabinet, electric drive for finished products, electric boiler, checkweigher, sink for hand washing
Washing kitchen utensils	Production table, washing tubs, rack, hand wash sink
Washing containers	Washing bath

SanPiN 2.4.1.3147-13

Sanitary and Epidemiologicalrequirements for preschool groups located in residential premises of the housing stock

1.2. These sanitary rules apply to the following types of preschool groups:
- groups of general developmental orientation, in which the implementation of the educational program of preschool education is carried out;
- groups for supervision, care and development, in which the implementation of the educational program of preschool education is not carried out;
- family preschool groups in order to meet the needs of the population in preschool education services in families of general developmental orientation or providing childcare and supervision without implementing an educational program of preschool education.
Accommodation is allowed in residential premises:
- preschool groups of a compensatory orientation for children with disabilities, in which the implementation of an adapted educational program of preschool education and / or supervision and care is carried out;
- preschool groups of a combined orientation, in which joint education of healthy children and children with disabilities and / or supervision and care is carried out.

1.4. Living quarters, when placing preschool groups in them, must meet the sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions in residential buildings and premises and these sanitary rules.

1.5. Children under the age of 8 are admitted to preschool groups. The number of children is determined based on the calculation of an area of ​​at least 2.0 square meters in the playroom for one child who is actually in the group. The formation of groups of different ages is allowed.

2.3. The levels of natural and artificial lighting in the premises of children must comply with the sanitary and epidemiological requirements for natural, artificial and combined lighting of residential and public buildings.
With one-sided lighting of a room, the depth of which is more than 6 meters, places for games and classes for the implementation of educational programs for preschool education should be provided with additional sources of artificial lighting.

2.5. The set of premises for preschool groups and their equipment is provided taking into account the mode of their functioning.

2.5.1. For preschool groups with a short-term stay of children up to 5 hours, the following set of premises is provided or places in the premises are allocated:


and storage of dishes, cutting equipment and cutlery when organizing food;
- storage space for towels;

- toilet;
- washroom.
It is allowed not to organize meals during the day and not equip the kitchen, as well as the room (place) for sleeping, for preschool groups in which children stay up to 4 hours and in which the organization of meals and sleep of children is not provided.

2.5.2. For preschool groups of reduced, full and extended day of stay of children (from 5 to 14 hours), the following set of premises and / or places is provided:
- a place (room) equipped with lockers or hangers for outerwear and shelves for shoes;
- game room for classes, games;
- room (place in the playroom) for sleeping;
- kitchen for storing food, cooking, washing
and storage of dishes, cutting equipment and cutlery;
- a room (a place in the playroom or in the kitchen) for children to eat;
- a place (in the kitchen or playroom) for organizing a drinking regime;
- room (place) for storing linen;
- a place (cabinet) for storing cleaning equipment;
- toilet;
- washroom.
It is allowed to equip a place for eating in the playroom and / or kitchen.
It is allowed to use the toilet and washroom by the staff of the preschool group.
2.5.3. The toilet for children is equipped with a toilet bowl. Every child in the preschool group at the age of 5 - 8 is provided with a personal (or disposable) toilet seat made of materials that are harmless to human health and can be treated with detergents and disinfectants. Children under the age of 5 who are actually in the preschool group are provided with personal pots. It is allowed to provide children aged 4 to 5 years with a personal (or one-time) toilet seat.
It is possible to combine a toilet for children and staff of a preschool group in one toilet room.
2.5.4. Towel racks are installed in the washrooms. Each child actually in the preschool group is provided with an individual hand towel, and when organizing sleep - with an individual foot towel. Disposable hand towels are allowed.
It is possible to combine a toilet and a washroom in one room.

The development of standard design is one of the priority tasks set for the professional community by the President of the Russian Federation.

The advantages of using standard projects in construction practice are obvious. First of all, this is a reduction in the cost and design time, as well as the time for consideration in the state expertise of linking a project to a specific address. The promising architectural and technological, constructive and engineering-technical solutions applied at the facilities have already passed the examination as part of standard projects. Also important when applying standard projects of social facilities is the possibility of using federal subsidies in construction.

Deputy Minister of Construction, Housing and Utilities of the Russian Federation Yuri Reilyan at a round table on March 24, 2015 noted that a decrease in the average cost of building one place in preschool educational organizations can be carried out by forming a register of standard project documentation. The register includes information on projects of residential and office buildings, social facilities, in the preparation of which modern technological and organizational solutions were applied.

The Ministry of Construction of Russia approved the Plan for the formation of a standard design system in the construction sector, which is aimed at creating conditions and methodology for the application of standard design documentation and design documentation for reuse. “In accordance with the plan, the Ministry of Construction of Russia will continue to work on the formation and maintenance of the corresponding register. At present, information on the design documentation of 92 capital construction objects has been entered into the register, of which 50 are objects of preschool institutions ", - emphasized Yuri Reilyan.

The Deputy Minister drew attention to the fact that the main problem for the inclusion of projects in the register is the lack of exclusive rights for the regions to the submitted project documentation. To solve this problem, as well as to minimize the costs of reusing documentation developed at the expense of or with the involvement of funds from the federal or regional budgets, it is proposed to supplement Federal Law 44 with provisions on the possibility of multiple use of project documentation without the consent of the contractor (author of a work of architecture, urban planning, author of design documentation), as well as the transfer of exclusive rights to the created project documentation to the constituent entity of the Russian Federation or a municipal formation, on behalf of which the state or municipal customer acts.

"Completion of the activities provided for by the plan for the formation of a typical design system in the construction sector is planned by 2016", - said Yuri Reilyan.

• Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2011 No. 791 "On the formation of a register of typical project documentation and amendments to some Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation"
• Order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated February 13, 2015 No. 108 / pr "On entering information on standard design documentation into the register of standard design documentation"
• Order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated March 13, 2015 No. 170 / pr "On approval of the Plan for the formation of a typical design system in the construction sector"
• Extract from the minutes of March 25, 2015 No. 118-prm-jur of the meeting of the regulatory and technical council on the selection of standard design documentation under the Ministry of Construction of Russia

In the regions of the Russian Federation, catalogs of standard projects began to be created. At the federal level, the album of standard projects is formed by the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation.

In April 2015, the Main Directorate of Architecture and Urban Planning of the Moscow Region published a catalog of reusable (standard) projects of social infrastructure buildings, which included projects for kindergartens with a capacity of 100 to 320 places, schools from 450 to 1600 places, sports and recreation centers and polyclinics. These typical projects are recommended to developers for reuse in the region.

Buildings will not completely copy each other. “Reusable projects today are objects with an addressable architecture,- noted the head of the Glavarkhitektura of the Moscow Region Vladislav Gordienko. - The finished project must be tied to a specific site, and therefore, create its individual appearance, taking into account the surrounding buildings, cultural and historical features of the territories ".

When choosing projects for the catalog, their architectural and artistic, planning, technological solutions were assessed, the estimated cost, characteristics of building materials and structures were considered.

The use of standard projects, according to the calculations of officials, will reduce the design time of buildings and save funds from the regional budget for the approval of new construction. As the representative of the press service of the Glavarkhitektura of the Moscow Region told RBC-Real Estate, the savings can be up to 20% of the cost of the object.

A re-use project is documentation for a capital construction object, for which a positive conclusion of the state examination was received, the object was built and put into operation not earlier than seven years before the day the decision was made to reapply this project documentation.

The construction of reusable facilities is beneficial for the developer in that the costs of design and expertise are minimized. The reuse design can be modified. But these changes should not affect the structural and other characteristics of the reliability and safety of the capital construction facility. The expertise of such a project is carried out according to a simplified scheme and its cost is much less.

The current legislation on urban planning activities in order to intensify the capital construction of objects for various purposes provides for the possibility of using standard design documentation (design documentation for reuse). The advantages of its use are:

• using already tested and proven design solutions;
• reducing the cost of designing an object;
• reduction of design time;
• partial exemption of design documentation from the state examination in case of repeated application.

At the same time, typical design documentation has significant restrictions for reuse, which are associated with:

• the suitability of design solutions for implementation in a new site (for example, based on the natural and climatic characteristics of the territory, the engineering and geological characteristics of the area (including seismic characteristics) and the land plot (including the relief, the bearing capacity of soils, the presence of flooding, permafrost phenomena, etc.) .);
• the rights to use the "primary" design documentation, including its reuse and modification.

Sample reuse projects from the catalog

Implementation at the address: Moscow region, Volokolamsk, per. Novo-Soldatsky

Developer of design and working documentation: Grazhdanproekt-plus LLC

Customer of design documentation: Administration of the Volokolamsk municipal district

Children's preschool institution for 100 places. Moscow region, Volokolamsk, per. Novo-Soldatsky

Indicators:

• capacity - 100 seats
• number of groups - 5 groups
• adapted for MGN
• number of floors - 3 fl.
• land area - 0.4068 hectares
• building area - 1,005.86 m2
• total area (without basement) - 1,397.25 m2
• • total - 12,300,000 rubles.
  • 1 place in basic prices - 123,000 rubles.
• cost (at current prices for the 4th quarter of 2012 without improvement and external networks):
  • total - 78,000,000 rubles.
  • 1st place - 780,000 rubles.
• constructive solution - enclosing structures - brick walls, ceilings
  • precast concrete, pitched roof

Children's preschool institution for 100 places. Moscow region, Volokolamsk, per. Novo-Soldatsky. 1st floor plan

Children's preschool institution for 100 places. Moscow region, Volokolamsk, per. Novo-Soldatsky. 2nd floor plan

Children's preschool institution for 100 places. Moscow region, Volokolamsk, per. Novo-Soldatsky. 3rd floor plan

Children's preschool institution for 120 places

Implementation at the address: Moscow region, Domodedovo, md. "Vostryakovo"

Developer of design and working documentation: State Enterprise MO "Institute" Mosgrazhdanproekt "

Customer of design documentation: municipal preschool educational institution No. 12 "Berezka"

Indicators:

• capacity - 120 seats
• number of groups - 6 groups
• adapted for MGN
• number of floors - 2 fl.
• land area - 0.6 hectares
• building area - 1,319 m2
• total area - 2,000.5 m2
• cost at basic prices in 2000 (without improvement and external networks):
  • total - 12 412 906 rubles.
  • 1 seat in basic prices - 103,440 rubles.
• cost (at current prices for the 1st quarter of 2015, without improvement and external networks):
• • total - 94 141 740 rubles.
  • 1st place - 784,510 rubles.
• constructive solution - walls - brick, floor - prefabricated reinforced concrete

Children's preschool institution for 120 children. Moscow region, Domodedovo, md. Vostryakovo. 1st floor plan

Children's preschool institution for 120 children. Moscow region, Domodedovo, md. Vostryakovo. 2nd floor plan

Kindergarten for 150 places with a swimming pool

Realization to the address: Moscow region, Shchelkovsky district, Oboldino village

Developer of design and working documentation: LLC "PromStroyEngineering SPb"

Customer of design documentation: MKU Shchelkovo municipal district "Construction and Investments"

Indicators:

• capacity - 150 seats
• number of groups - 8 groups
• adapted for MGN
• number of floors - 2 fl.
• land area - 0.8603 ha
• building area - 1,835.5 m2
• total area (without basement) - 4,373.6 m2
• cost at basic prices in 2000 (without improvement and external networks):
  • total - 28 123 730 rubles.
  • 1 place in basic prices - 187,491.53 rubles.
• cost (at current prices for the 2nd quarter of 2014, without improvement and external networks):
  • total - 157 533 420 rubles.
  • 1st place - 1,050,222.80 rubles.
• constructive solution - the stability and immutability of the building is ensured by the joint work of the vertical frame elements and stiffening diaphragms

DDU for 150 places with a swimming pool. Moscow region, Shchelkovsky district, Oboldino village. 1st floor plan

DDU for 150 places with a swimming pool. Moscow region, Shchelkovsky district, Oboldino village. 2nd floor plan

Children's preschool institution for 150 places

Implementation at the address: Moscow region, Ramenskoye, st. Instrument-makers

Developer of design and working documentation: Project 18 Design Workshop LLC

Customer of the project documentation: UKS of the Administration of the Ramensky municipal district

Indicators:

• capacity - 150 seats
• number of groups - 8 groups
• adapted for MGN
• number of floors - 3 fl.
• land area - 1.4 hectares
• building area - 1,908.3 m2
• total area (without basement) - 3,152 m2
• cost at basic prices in 2000 (without improvement and external networks):
  • total - 28 241 130 rubles.
  • 1 place in basic prices - 188,274 rubles.
• • total - 151,201,220 rubles.
  • 1st place - 1 008 010 rubles.
• constructive solution - monolithic reinforced concrete frame

Children's preschool institution for 220 places

Implementation at the address: Moscow region, Naro-Fominsk, st. Bryanskaya, plot number 12

Developer of design and working documentation: Era Project LLC

Customer of the project documentation: Administration of the Naro-Fominsk Municipal District

Indicators:

• capacity - 220 seats
• number of groups - 4 groups (including 1 compensatory group for 10 places) and 160 children of preschool groups
• adapted for MGN
• number of floors - 3 fl.
• land area - 0.9469 hectares
• building area - 2 593 m2
• total area (without basement) - 4,983 m2
• cost at basic prices in 2000 (without improvement and external networks):
  • total - 37 929 220 rubles.
  • 1 place in basic prices - 172 405 rubles.
• cost (at current prices for the 3rd quarter of 2014, without improvement and external networks):
  • total - 221,019,820 rubles.
  • 1st place - 1 004 635 rubles.
• constructive solution - consists of a system of external and internal brick walls, as well as monolithic structures (walls and columns), rigidly connected by floor disks

Preschool institution for 320 children

Implementation at the address: Moscow region, Odintsovo, st. Verkhne-Proletarskaya, 37

Developer of design and working documentation: Techno-Aritek LLC

Customer of the project documentation: Education Department of the Administration of the Odintsovo municipal district

Indicators:

• capacity - 320 seats
• number of groups - 16 groups
• adapted for MGN
• number of floors - 3 fl.
• land area - 1.2061 hectares
• building area - 2,288.5 m2
• total area (without basement) - 5,481.1 m²
• cost at basic prices in 2000 (without improvement and external networks):
  • total - RUB 61,225,360
  • 1 place in basic prices - 191,329 rubles.
• cost (at current prices for the 3rd quarter of 2012, without improvement and external networks):
  • total - 352 843 240 rubles.
  • 1st place - 1 102 947 rubles.
• constructive solution - a monolithic frame consisting of a system of external and internal walls (stiffening diaphragms), columns and rigidly connected disks of floors and coverings

Comprehensive school for 450 places with a swimming pool

Implementation at the address: Moscow region, g. Odintsovo, p. Romashkovo

Indicators:

• capacity - 450 seats
• number of classes - 18
• adapted for MGN
• number of floors - 3 fl.
• land area - 1.456 hectares
• building area - 4,506 m2
• total area - 14 620 m2
• swimming pool - 16.6 x 8.0 m
• total cost (at current prices for 2014):
  • total - RUB 665,000,000
  • 1st place - 1,477,777.8 rubles.
• constructive solution - walls - monolithic reinforced concrete, brick, block; floors - monolithic reinforced concrete, corrugated boarding on trusses, porcelain stoneware

Secondary school for 1510 places with a swimming pool

Realization to the address: Moscow region, Krasnogorsk district, Putilkovo settlement

Developer of design documentation: State Enterprise MO "Institute" Mosgrazhdanproekt "

Customer of design documentation: Leader Development LLC

Indicators:

• capacity - 1510 seats
• number of classes - 60–61
• adapted for MGN
• number of floors - 4 floors
• land area - 2.66 hectares
• building area - 8 670 m2
• total area - 31,609 m2
• swimming pool - 25.0 × 11.0 m
• estimated total cost:
  • total - 1,736,500,000 rubles.
  • 1st place - 1,150,000 rubles.
• constructive solution - ceilings and walls - monolithic reinforced concrete, metal. farms, corrugated board, ventilation facades, porcelain stoneware

Svetlana Yakhkind, Cand. architecture, deputy. early Department of Science and Technology Policy - early. of the Typical Design Department of the Moscow City Planning Policy Department

Moscow experience

Built-in kindergartens in residential buildings offer a number of advantages. Thanks to them, the network of preschool educational institutions can accommodate even more children, the area of ​​the building is used as efficiently as possible, the first floors of residential buildings are rationally involved in operation.

Also, built-in kindergartens are distinguished by a compact location, a smaller area of ​​the technical underground (non-residential lower floor through which pipelines and other engineering networks pass), short external engineering communications and access roads.

An investor spends an order of magnitude less on a built-in kindergarten than on a preschool educational organization in a separate building, since separate communications are not required during construction, which simplifies compliance with SanPiN in an educational organization. Moreover, the reduced area of ​​such premises makes it easier to maintain them, especially in winter.

Housing in houses with built-in kindergartens is often chosen by families with small children, since the preschool educational institution and its playgrounds are located nearby.

Built-in kindergartens: basic requirements

Preschool educational organizations that occupy the first floors of residential buildings have been designed and equipped in Moscow for several decades. But in 2009 the set of rules SP 4.13130.2009 “Fire protection systems. Limiting the spread of fire at the objects of protection. Requirements for space-planning and structural solutions ", approved. by order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia dated March 25, 2009 No. 174, limited the equipment of built-in kindergartens in residential buildings for fire safety purposes. Since that time, the design of the built-in kindergartens has ceased, and those projects that have already been transferred to the state examination have been changed.

The joint work of the Department of Urban Development Policy of Moscow and the federal body of the EMERCOM of Russia led to the fact that the restriction was lifted in June 2011, since Amendments No. 1 to SP 4.13130.2009 were introduced, approved. by order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia dated 05/27/2011 No. 266.

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In 2013, the order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia dated 04.24.2013 No. 288 regulated the updated set of rules SP 4.13130 ​​“Fire protection systems. Limiting the spread of fire at the objects of protection. Requirements for space-planning and structural solutions. " This set of rules allows the arrangement of kindergartens in the first floors of residential buildings.

In Moscow, in the period from 2008 to 2013, 17 built-in-attached preschool organizations were equipped, 15 of them at the expense of investors.

SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the device, content and organization of the mode of operation of preschool educational organizations", approved. by the decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of 05/15/2013 No. 26 (hereinafter - SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13) made it possible to create design solutions for built-in preschool educational institutions and those that are equipped in residential buildings.

Rospotrebnadzor and a number of federal executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, including the Department of Urban Development Policy of Moscow, took part in the development of the document. So, it was possible to take into account the proposals of the Department of Urban Development Policy of Moscow in SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13:

• on the location of preschool educational institutions that are built-in (built-in-attached) into residential buildings, using the height of the residential floor;
• the capacity of the preschool educational institution no longer has restrictions (both free-standing preschool educational institutions and built-in-attached ones).

The updated requirements otherwise regulate the height of the ceilings in the preschool educational institution, which, according to the old rules, should have been at least 3 m, now must meet the hygienic indicators of air exchange (clause 4.7 of SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13). Therefore, in residential buildings, where the ceiling height is usually 2.8 m, the height from floor to ceiling in the room of the preschool educational institution can be 2.65 m.

Built-in kindergartens: definition of roominess

According to clause 4.2 of SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13, the capacity of kindergartens should be regulated by the design assignment, which is especially important for urban planning policy.

Previously, the kindergarten was not supposed to have more than 80 places, and in the built-in-attached preschool educational institutions - 150 places. Modern designers are guided by the conditions of the building site when planning the capacity of the kindergarten. Therefore, if it is possible to arrange grounds for a preschool organization for 200 places on a plot adjacent to a residential building, such an object will be designed. In this case, the size of the plot is regulated by Appendix G "Standards for the calculation of institutions and service enterprises and the size of their land plots" to SP 42.13330.2011 "Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements ", approved. by order of the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia dated December 28, 2010 No. 820 and must correspond to 30-40 m2 per seat.

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Preschool educational institutions can be detached, as well as attached to residential buildings and public buildings, as well as preschool educational institutions can be built into residential buildings, be built-in and attached.

SP 4.13130. Section 5.2.2

Design of built-in kindergartens

By order of the Department of Urban Development Policy of Moscow, research work was carried out, which showed that it is more reasonable to design kindergartens with a capacity of 150 places or more as built-in and attached ones.

The built-in part accommodates the rooms of one group, while the functional blocks and other group rooms are located in the annexed part. So, in typical residential buildings on the first floors, preschool educational institutions of a combined orientation with small groups can be located.

The changes made allowed the Department of Urban Development Policy of Moscow in 2013 to carry out a competition for the design of built-in-attached and built-in preschool educational institutions. In preparation for the competition, it was decided to design small kindergartens with a capacity of 35-79 places and the number of groups from 4 to 6.

In the competition task, it was necessary to start from the fact that the first non-residential floors have premises with an area of ​​18-22 m2, and therefore it was necessary to design a kindergarten with groups of 8-20 people. It is important that the conditions for children with disabilities are thought out in groups: one or several preschoolers with visual, musculoskeletal or hearing impairments.

The length of typical houses affects the possibilities of placing built-in preschool educational institutions. Therefore, a requirement was made on the competition project, according to which the designer, in the process of developing the project, determines the types and number of block sections.

The winner of the competition proposed design solutions that proved the possibility of placing kindergartens with a capacity of 35 places in 5-6 block-sections, including one corner and five ordinary block-sections, as well as a preschool educational institution with a capacity of up to 79 people in 7 block-sections, including one corner and six privates.

The winner of the competition developed an architectural and technical solution that made it possible to build a preschool educational institution on the first floors of residential buildings of the P44T and P46M series for 35, 39, 55 and 79 places.

Options for the placement of kindergartens of various occupancy, built into residential buildings:

1. Kindergartens built into block sections of the P-46M series:

• for 35 places (3 groups - 1 younger for 11 people; 2 older ones, 12 people each);
• for 55 places (4 groups - 1 younger for 11 people; 1 older for 20 people; 2 older ones, 12 people each);
• for 79 places (6 groups - 1 younger for 20 people; 5 older for 12 people)

2. Kindergartens built into block sections of the P-44T series:

• for 35 places (4 groups - 1 younger for 11 people; 3 older ones, 8 people each);
• for 39 places (3 older groups of 13 people);
• for 55 places (4 groups - 1 younger for 16 people; 3 older ones, 13 people each);
• for 79 places (6 groups - 1 younger for 14 people; 5 older ones, 13 people each).

The designer, with the support of the Moscow Department of Education, carefully thought out the aspect of the technological composition of the premises for the preschool educational institution. It was decided that if a sports hall and a music hall are envisaged in the design process, then they should be added. According to this decision, in one of the proposed projects, a block for music and sports activities was provided with an area of ​​121.6 x 22.6 m and a height of 3.3 m.

If preschool groups that are part of a kindergarten in a separate building are accommodated in a built-in room, a sports and music hall will not be provided, since classes will be held in the central building.

Compliance with regulatory requirements when opening built-in kindergartens

When developing projects for preschool educational institutions built into typical residential buildings, every regulatory aspect was taken into account, including sanitary-epidemiological and fire safety, the availability of facilities for low-mobility groups of the population, and building codes.

Fire safety requirements for the design of kindergartens are regulated by a number of documents, including:

• Federal Law of 22.07.2008 No. 123-FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements";
• SP 2.13130.2012 “Fire protection systems. Ensuring fire resistance of objects of protection ", approved. by order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia dated November 21, 2012 No. 693;
• SP 4.13130 ​​“Fire protection systems. Limiting the spread of fire at the objects of protection. Requirements for space-planning and structural solutions. " According to the requirements of these documents, the projects of kindergartens for 35, 39, 55 and 79 places provide:
• fire fighting equipment access to a residential building with a built-in preschool educational institution;
• on the site of a preschool educational institution, the economic and play areas must be delimited;
• the entrance to the preschool organization should not be the entrance to a residential building;
• scattered evacuation exits from the premises of the preschool educational institution and similar exits from the bedrooms of group cells to the street should be organized.

In order to meet the requirements of SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13:

• the height of the group rooms in different projects is 2.8 m or 3.3 m;
• to provide additional space for games, roll-out beds or transforming beds can be used in the bedrooms, which is part of the concept of a transforming kindergarten;
• for the arrangement of a built-in kindergarten for three groups, a minimum of 0.15 hectares of land are required, taking into account urban development and the design of play and walking areas, an economic zone, a preschool educational institution for 6 groups can be located on an area of ​​0.36 hectares.

There is a set of rules that regulate, in the design and construction process, the accessibility of preschool educational institutions for the disabled and other low-mobility groups of the population:

• SP 59.13300.2012 "Accessibility of buildings and structures for people with limited mobility" (updated edition of SNiP 35-01-2001), approved. by order of the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia dated December 27, 2011 No. 605;
• SP 35-101-2001 “Design of buildings and structures, taking into account accessibility for people with limited mobility. General provisions ", approved. by order of the director of the State Unitary Enterprise "Research and Design Institute of Educational, Educational, Commercial, Household and Leisure Buildings" (Institute of Public Buildings) dated 20.06.2001 No. 5a;

There are a number of measures that can be taken to help meet regulatory requirements:

• ramps should be in front of the entrance to the group cells and the main entrance;
• drainage systems, sheds, a heating system for preventing slipping should form part of the entrance areas;
• a universal bathroom and wardrobe should be placed in the lobby-entrance area;
• group cells should be designed in such a way that they comfortably accommodate children with disabilities.

According to the set of rules SP 118.13330.2012 "Public buildings and structures" (updated edition of SNiP 31-06-2009), approved. By order of the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia dated December 29, 2011 No. 635/10, the engineering systems of the preschool educational institution should be designed autonomously in relation to the engineering communications of a residential building.

If there is a separate entrance for children in a fenced-in area, as well as an entrance / exit for vehicles, the preschool educational institution can be located in built-in or built-in-attached premises.

SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13. Section 4.1. Abs. 2

Planning solutions for built-in kindergartens

When planning preschool educational institutions that are built into typical residential buildings, several important aspects should be taken into account:

• buildings have load-bearing walls and openings in them;
• it is necessary to correctly position the staircase-elevator block and the vestibule-entrance group, technical premises of the residential and non-residential part of the house;
• sewerage, ventilation and water supply risers are located vertically.

The technical and planning options for built-in kindergartens for 35, 39, 55 and 79 places take these features into account.

When developing the plan for the built-in preschool group, the general structural diagram of the first floor of residential buildings of the P44T and P46M series remains unchanged, but the openings in the load-bearing panels and their locations were changed without loss of stability and taking into account technological requirements.

The planning solution of the built-in kindergarten should contain the following blocks:

• lobby-hall, stroller, security room, cloakroom and universal bathroom for visitors;
• group cells (ordinary, built-in corner sections);
• a catering unit, located in an isolated compartment, connected through a distribution room with a corridor and with a loading one from the economic zone of the site;
• switchboard with an entrance from the street;
• administrative block;
• medical unit;
• bathrooms for staff, room for cleaning equipment;
• specialized rooms (hall for physical education and music lessons with dressing rooms and equipment);
• a household block (with an ironing room, a bathroom with a shower for staff, a storage room for soft equipment, household equipment, detergents, etc.).

Provided with some abbreviations

When designing preschool institutions, it is necessary that the premises meet their purpose and meet pedagogical and hygienic requirements.
Anything that interferes with the implementation of the regime violates the principle of group isolation, deprives children of full-fledged light and air, makes it difficult to care for children, cannot be considered acceptable. It is necessary to take into account such an important factor as the climatic features of the area.
To a certain extent, they determine the nature of the design and construction of buildings for children's institutions.
The entire territory of the Soviet Union is divided into four climatic regions on the basis of average temperatures (isotherms) of the coldest (January) and the hottest (July).
The buildings of preschool institutions, built without taking into account climatic conditions according to standard projects in the middle zone of the Soviet Union, for example, in Central Asia or in the Far North, cannot meet the basic requirements of this climatic region.
It is known that solar energy, light and heat increase the vital activity of the human body. The growing body of a child especially needs sunlight. However, excessive exposure to sunlight, as well as a lack of them, can have an adverse effect on the child's body (burns, overheating, etc., on the one hand, lack of ultraviolet radiation, on the other).
Meanwhile, in a hot climatic region in summer, the indoor air temperature under unfavorable conditions can reach + 40 ° and higher. Such temperature indicators, which are close to the human body temperature and even exceed it, place increased demands on the body, the most important function of which is to maintain normal body temperature.
Some rooms, for example, the glazed verandas provided for the middle zone, are not used in southern conditions due to strong overheating since May.
For hot areas, open verandas, terraces, awnings are more acceptable, allowing you to organize sleep, games and outdoor activities for children. Green climbing plants covering terraces and awnings also serve as reliable protection from the sun in a hot climatic zone.
In a hot climatic region, in order to protect children's rooms from excess sunlight and, therefore, from overheating, protective devices are needed on window openings in the form of shutters, blinds, and visors.
At an outside air temperature of +35, + 40 °, the room temperature is reduced thanks to closed shutters by 4-4.5 °, blinds by 3-4 °, visors by 1-1.5 °. In their absence, the temperature in the rooms by the evening can rise by 7 °.
When designing buildings for preschool institutions in the southern zone, it is also necessary to provide for the orientation of children's premises only to the south; convenient connection of children's premises with the site; increased requirements for natural aeration of the building; allocation of kitchen, laundry and other utility rooms in a separate block.
The most successful solution should be considered a one-story pavilion layout, which ensures the fulfillment of the above requirements.
The specificity of the microclimatic and meteorological conditions of the Far North (strong winds, blizzards and snow drifts; low outside temperature from November to March (from -40 to -45 °); polar night and day, permafrost, etc.) projects of buildings intended for the central zone of the USSR.
For example, in order to create normal temperature conditions in children's institutions in the Arctic, in addition to a rational heating device, it is necessary to provide for reliable thermal insulation of the floor of the first floors of buildings and place not children's, but utility rooms on them.
When planning preschool institutions in the Far North, it is necessary to provide for some additional premises, as well as an increase in the size of the existing ones.
Sufficient drying rooms are required for clothing and footwear of children and staff.
It should also not be forgotten that in children's institutions of the Far North, it is necessary to allocate space for a supply of food and fuel. In the Arctic, the polar night lasts for several months, which causes ultraviolet deficiency. In these cases, it is necessary to use artificial ultraviolet irradiation of children. To this end, in all children's institutions of the Far North, appropriate devices should be provided for irradiating children with mercury-quartz lamps of the PRK-7 type or photonia (rooms intended for mass exposure of children).
You can use ultraviolet irradiation of a child from the age of one and a half months.
In preschool institutions of some cities of the North, such photos are available. The area for them is determined by the equipment required for this. To install a PRK-7 quartz lamp, the minimum area should be 4X5.4 m. Then the whole group (25 children) can be placed in a circle at a distance of 2.5 m from the lamp.
To maintain the appropriate air temperature (25 °) when children are irradiated in the photo room, "Sollux" lamps or ordinary incandescent lamps with reflectors are mounted on the ceiling.
Central exhaust ventilation should be provided in the photorea room and enhanced ventilation should be carried out to remove harmful gases formed during irradiation - nitrogen oxides and ozone.

BUILDING CAPACITY

Due to the fact that the nursery-kindergarten is a new type of kindergarten, when designing, questions arise that need a hygienic justification: what should be the maximum capacity of the building, its number of storeys, what is the most rational arrangement of premises intended for groups of children of early and preschool age.
In order to check the hygienic feasibility of building preschool institutions designed for a large number of children, we carried out a comparative analysis of morbidity in institutions of different capacities: in six-group institutions for 140 places (7 child care institutions) and in twelve-group institutions for 280 places (4 child care institutions).
In institutions with a larger capacity, the incidence was significantly higher than in institutions with fewer children. In such institutions, in addition, great difficulties arise in the organization of the educational process and in the work of the head. She must know the life of children, the work of staff, first of all, as a teacher, in order to provide assistance or make certain amendments if necessary.
Thus, for hygienic and pedagogical reasons, the maximum capacity of the combined preschool institutions should not exceed 160 places (3 groups of early children and 4 groups of preschool children).
Building standards (1972) provide for the following types of nursery-garden buildings: for 25, 50 and 90 places (with an increase in the number of places for the summer) and for 90, 140, 160, 280 and 320 places. In some cases (with the permission of the ministries of education and public education), it is allowed to construct buildings of nursery gardens for 560 and 640 places (the so-called complexes of nursery gardens).
It was decided to design such complexes in the form of separate buildings, with rooms for no more than 8 groups in each and an administrative building for servicing the entire complex. Heated passages are usually planned between buildings. Unheated passages and galleries between buildings are allowed only in warm and hot climatic regions. The height of covered walkways and galleries (from floor to ceiling) is 2.2 m.
In the nursery-gardens of rural settlements, it is planned to increase the number of places for the summer (from 25 places to 50, from 50 places to 95, from 90 places to 180) in new buildings, due to the use of bedroom-verandas (with a round-the-clock stay of children, bedrooms-verandas used for their intended purpose); in the existing buildings of nursery gardens located in warm and hot climatic regions - due to the additional construction of summer pavilions. Summer pavilions for 1-2 groups are supposed to be built unheated.

FLOOR OF THE BUILDING

It is recommended to build preschool buildings with 1-2 floors. Observations have shown that the rise of children and staff to the second and third floors tires them and leads to dysfunctions of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
Children climb the stairs every day at least 2-3 times a day, and, moreover, in outerwear, which, especially in winter, complicates their ascent to the third floor. As a result, the respiratory rate and ventilation of the lungs increase almost threefold against going to the upper floor in room clothes.
Recovery of pulse and breathing after climbing the stairs to the third floor and a three-minute rest of a calm state in most cases does not occur. By the end of the fourth minute, the respiratory rate is restored only in 40%, and ventilation of the lungs in 13% of children. For the rest, by this time, breathing remains quickened or slowed down.
During the working day, the personnel of children's institutions also often have to climb the floors, and almost always with all sorts of weights: with children, food, linen, equipment.
It is very difficult to climb stairs with babies in your arms. Observations of physiological shifts in adults who climbed from the first to the second and third floors with children in their arms showed that the nature of the load depends not only on the age and weight of the child, but also, to a large extent, on the weight of his clothes and the height of his rise.
Children waiting to be pulled down or carried down the stairs require supervision, which is difficult to ensure. Dressed children sweat after being indoors for a long time. Thus, it is physically difficult and organizationally difficult to ensure that young children leave the third floor for a walk and return after it.
Children should go up and down the stairs in an orderly manner, slowly enough, not to run or overtake each other. It is good if, when lifting, the children take off their galoshes and carry them in their hands, unbutton their coats, and untie their scarves. On the site you need to stop for a short respite.
To avoid disturbing proper breathing, it is better for children not to talk when climbing stairs.
Ladders should be comfortable to climb and descend. The most appropriate step width is 28-30 cm, with a staircase slope of 1: 2, and in each of them there are no more than 12 steps.
Straight vertical slats on which the railings are located should be no more than 10 cm apart so that children cannot climb between them; above the railing, an additional railing with a height of 0.5 m should be made. To ensure that children climb the stairs in accordance with their height below the railing for adults and at the walls at a height of 50-55 cm, additional rails are made for children. They should be perfectly smooth.

ACCOMMODATION OF GROUP ROOMS

When planning a kindergarten, the question arises: what is the principle of placing groups of children on the floors? Some educators (and even doctors) and architects argue that it is warmer on the upper floors; therefore, it is necessary to place small children there so as not to expose them to colds.
We studied the microclimate on all three floors of a children's institution with central water heating. Temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, temperature of enclosing surfaces (floor and walls) were measured. The temperature of the water in the boiler and the temperature of the outside air were also taken into account.
The measurements were made at two levels: at a height of 1.5 m and 1 m from the floor, i.e., the height of an adult and the height of a child. It turned out that the air temperature at both levels has a slight tendency to decrease from the third to the first floor, both during ventilation and with closed windows.
The temperature of the enclosing surfaces (walls and floor) changes in the same direction, i.e. on the lower floors it is slightly lower than on the upper ones.
Inspections of the thermal state of children on different floors showed that the average skin temperature of both children is almost the same.
The analysis of the illness of children with influenza, catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, bronchitis showed that the number of storeys does not have a noticeable effect on the number of colds.
Thus, it is not necessary for young children to be placed on the upper floors to create the best temperature conditions for young children. When placing the smallest on the ground floor, it is necessary to provide for a rational heating system and reliable protection against the penetration of currents of cold outside air into the children's rooms.
In childcare facilities, the floors of group rooms on the first floor must be heated up to + 22 °.

ISOLATION OF AGE GROUPS

Young children are highly susceptible to contagious diseases. But if kids under 3 years old do not communicate much with adults and older children, then the communication of children from 3 to 7 years old is much wider. Therefore, they are more likely than babies to become a source of infections.
Taking this into account, it is necessary to provide for two isolated sections in the united preschool institution: for children under 3 years old and for children from 3 to 7 years old.
Nursery gardens can be designed in one or more buildings connected by closed passages. In hot climates, these crossings are not necessary.
When placing a child care facility in the same building, it is most advisable to place groups of young children and groups of older children in different wings of the buildings or floor by floor in order to exclude the possibility of contact.
In order to check the epidemiological feasibility of such a placement, observations were carried out in a three-story building of a united children's institution. Younger and older children were housed in different wings of the buildings. Children under 3 years old were housed in one wing on all three floors of the building, one group on each floor. In the other wing, groups of children from 3 to 7 years old were in the same way. The wings of the building on all three floors are connected by corridors. On the first floor of the central part of the building there was a kitchen and an isolation ward, on the second - the offices of the doctor and the manager, and on the third - a hall for music lessons and gymnastics.
An analysis of the incidence of children showed that due to the unsuccessful layout of the building (connecting the wings by corridors, the absence of group isolation in four of the six groups), some infectious diseases spread from group to group, from floor to floor. The "chain" in the children's institution lasted four months, covering all groups, in both wings of the building, on three floors. With this layout, it was difficult to isolate the affected group, since the premises for the children were connected by a corridor.
We call the transmission of infection from one age group to another by a chain.
Obviously, the layout of nursery gardens along the wings of the building in the presence of transit corridors and communication between them does not provide the necessary isolation of groups. The arrangement of groups on floors, when there are no separate entrances for each of them, also does not prevent the spread of infection.
It is best to place young and older children in separate buildings connected by covered walkways. When designing a preschool institution in one building, premises for young children should be separated from those for older children, placing them in different wings of the building that do not communicate with each other.
According to the existing sanitary norms and rules in nursery-kindergartens, each group of young children should have a separate entrance. The device of a common entrance into two groups is allowed only when they are located on the second floor. For children from 3 to 7 years old, a common entrance for no more than 3 groups is allowed.
Group isolation not only reduces infectious diseases in children's institutions, preventing the transfer of infection from one group to another, but also helps to protect the health of children, ensuring their greater organization and peace.

ROOM PLANNING AND EQUIPMENT

One of the main hygienic and pedagogical requirements for the design of buildings for preschool institutions should be considered the correspondence of the set and size of premises to the actual need for them.
When the norms of areas are underestimated, and even more so in the complete absence of the necessary premises, difficulties arise that interfere with the fulfillment of various hygienic and pedagogical requirements for the care and upbringing of children. In this regard, large funds are often spent on all sorts of alterations and adaptations of some premises to the actual needs of the children's institution.
Each age group in a childcare institution should have its own set of premises, isolated from the premises of other groups. Currently, the buildings of kindergartens-kindergartens are designed as universal (for day and round-the-clock stay of children). In such children's institutions, the group cell for young children is isolated and consists of a reception room (16 m2), a playing-dining room (50 m2), a bedroom-veranda (36 m2), and a toilet (12 m2).
In the buildings of the complexes, it is allowed to design a common entrance for 4 group cells of preschool age.
The composition of the premises for each group of children from 3 to 7 years old includes a dressing room (16 m2), a group room (50 m2), a bedroom-veranda (50 m2), a toilet (16 m2).
In each group cell there is a pantry (3 m2) located on the area of ​​the group in an isolated room.
A convenient (without going through the premises of other groups) internal communication of each group with the hall, the room of the sick child (isolation ward), and administrative premises is envisaged.
The following should have a direct connection with each other: in group cells of toddlers - a playing-dining room with a reception room, a bedroom-veranda or a bedroom, a toilet and a pantry; in group cells of preschool age - a group with a dressing room, a bedroom-veranda or a bedroom, a toilet and a pantry. It is allowed to connect a bedroom-veranda or bedroom with a dressing room and a dressing room with a dressing room.
Notes.
1. Between the bedroom-veranda (or bedroom) and the playing-dining room or reception room, a glazed partition is allowed.
2. Between the group and the bedroom-veranda (or bedroom), it is allowed to install a non-combustible or non-combustible sliding partition.

Reception for young children and dressing room for preschool children

In the waiting room and dressing room, children are received and examined, their outerwear is stored, children are dressed for a walk and undressed upon return. In the morning, a nurse in young children measures the temperature daily, and in case of suspicion of a disease, talks to the child's parents.
It is not recommended to use a common reception (or dressing room) for two or more groups, since with an increase in the number of children in the room, the possibility of various kinds of infections in the preschool institution increases.
In addition, the concentration of a large number of children inevitably increases their nervous excitement, causes a deterioration in the air in the room, an increase in the amount of dust and microorganisms.
The floors in the reception area and dressing room should be smooth but not slippery; the best covering is linoleum. Painting the walls with light washable oil paint will keep them clean at all times.
For a better arrangement of furniture, it is desirable that the reception is rectangular.
The main equipment of the reception (or dressing room) can be both built-in, attached, and free-standing wardrobes for storing children's clothes.
An individual locker is allocated for each child under the age of three. It consists of three compartments: the upper one - for linen and room clothes, the middle one - for a coat, leggings, headwear, and the lower one - for shoes, preferably with a hinged lid on which children can sit while shoeing. Holes are cut in the drawer door at the top and bottom for air movement.
For drying children's clothes, lockers are equipped with heating devices (they are connected to the hot water supply system) and an extractor hood (from general ventilation).
This equipment eliminates the need for special drying cabinets.
For preschool children (3-7 years old), open hangers can be used. In this case, clothes are not hung on hooks, as usual, but on hangers; shoes are placed below, in boxes.
On open hangers, coats on "hangers" are well dried and ventilated. The bottom wall (the bottom of the hanger), intended for shoes, is not made solid, but made of rails so that moisture and sand from the shoes do not linger in the cell. The bottom is raised 10-15 cm above the floor to make it easier to wipe the floor under the hanger.
The height of hangers and lockers from floor to top is 115-120 cm. The length of an open hanger for seven coats is 127 cm, a locker with five nests is 126 cm. In any case, you need to provide individual storage of children's clothes.
In the dressing room, you must also have a wall mirror. For self-shoeing children in the dressing room, low (15-20 cm high) sofas or steps (2X1 m) are required; they are placed in the middle of the reception (or dressing room), after use they can be pushed under the children's coat hangers.
In the waiting room, changing tables are placed for examining, undressing and dressing young children and a well-lit place for breastfeeding children is allocated, where there is a table, chairs, footrests, hangers for robes and outerwear for mothers, washbasins with soap and a towel rack.
The reception area for older groups should also have a sink for washing the hands of the healthcare professional after examining the children.
The dressing room should keep brushes for cleaning clothes and shoes, brooms for sweeping them in snowy weather. They should have closed boxes.
When entering the dressing room, there should be a foot mat, and in dry weather it is good to use a special device made of brushes to remove dust from shoes.

Group room and its equipment

The group room is the main room where most of the child's day passes: eating (feeding), staying awake, playing, playing, working, and in the absence of verandas or bedrooms, sleeping. The area of ​​the group room should provide the arrangement of the necessary furniture, building materials, large toys, as well as aids for the development of children's movement. Group rooms are designed at the rate of 2.5 m2 for a child under 3 years old and 2 m2 for preschool children.
The height of the premises in preschool institutions must be at least 3 m.
The air in low rooms heats up faster than in high rooms, especially during hot seasons. Therefore, in hot climates, according to hygienists, the height of the premises should be 3.5-3.75 m.
Lowering the height of the premises causes an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air.
Ventilation of group rooms with a reduced height in the presence of children at subzero outside temperatures is difficult due to a sharp drop in the air temperature in the room at the level of the child's breathing.
It is very important that the group room is bright. It depends not only on the number of windows and lamps, but also on the color of the walls in light warm colors: light yellow, cream, pale pink, etc., which give the highest reflection coefficient of light rays.
The walls should be smooth and covered with oil paint at a height of 1.5 m from the floor so that they can be easily wiped off with a damp cloth. The ceiling is painted with white glue, and the doors and window frames are painted with oil paint.
The floors should be warm, dense, without gaps, better painted with oil paint or covered with linoleum. Parquet floors in children's rooms are not recommended, as in this case you cannot wet the room every day.
In recent years, polymer materials have been used to cover floors in preschool institutions. It has been established that not all synthetic materials used in construction meet hygienic requirements. For example, some types of linoleum, relina, PVC tiles used for flooring are often a source of indoor air pollution with harmful substances. In addition, the floor covered with PVC tiles is too cool and uncomfortable for children.
Polymeric materials are sometimes used to decorate children's furniture. If laminated paper plastic can be used as a decoration for wooden furniture, then chipboards should not be used for these purposes, since they are made on the basis of urea-formaldehyde resin, which is harmful to the health of children.
When choosing polymeric materials for finishing floors and furniture in nursery gardens, one should be guided by the list of materials and products approved by the USSR Ministry of Health for use in construction.
Items of equipment and furniture in group rooms must be placed in a specific order in order to maintain the relationship of one item to another during their use.
The shape and size of the equipment should be such that the group room is free and at the same time cozy and comfortable for children to play and do.
Taking into account the need for children to move, the amount of equipment in group rooms should be limited.
The basic requirements for children's furniture are well known. Furniture must meet the objectives of the educational process, be simple in form, simple in design, durable, stable, small-sized, and also inexpensive. It is necessary that the furniture has rounded edges and corners, without protruding screws and that it fits the dimensions of the room.
Painting and coating of furniture must be hygienic, allowing cleaning with a wet method, and, if necessary, with disinfectant solutions.
Nursery gardens should have built-in or attached equipment. It frees up a certain area, increases the air volume. Using them is not only more convenient, but also hygienic: surfaces that serve as a place for dust accumulation are reduced to a minimum; the work of the staff is facilitated; reduces the number of corners and protrusions that can injure children.
At the same time, stationary built-in or attached equipment (for example, cabinets, shelves, shelves) is much cheaper than conventional furniture. In the practice of typical design, built-in furniture should be: in group rooms (in-wall cabinets for manuals, building materials, narrow tables along the windows); in dressing rooms and reception areas (wardrobes for outerwear, with a device for drying them, hangers for mothers' clothes, wardrobes for staff clothes); in toilets (utility closets); in the bedrooms (wardrobes for bed linen).
For the design of in-wall equipment, it is necessary in the planning process to leave as long as possible the length of the internal walls, not crossed by openings, corners, etc.
The group room for children of the first year of life should have the following equipment: a playpen, which is installed 50-60 cm from the windows, an individual playpen, 2 washbasins (for washing children and washing hands), 1-2 dressing tables, a wall hanger for children towels, 2 tables with pull-out chairs, a four-seater children's table and chairs for it, sofas, 2-3 cots for children who are temporarily contraindicated to sleep on the veranda.
You also need chairs or stools for adults, a closet for clean linen and a tank with a lid for dirty linen.
It is recommended to make a dressing table with two drawers: one - for items of care (scissors, a can of cotton wool, a can with pipettes for drops, etc.), the second - for stockings, tights, shoes. Under the table top there is an open shelf for linen, clothes, diapers.
A soft mattress should be placed on the dressing table, sheathed with oilcloth on both sides. The dressing table must be well lit. For children of the second and third years of life, you must have: five four-seater tables and chairs for them according to the number of children, a wardrobe for toys, a children's sofa, low, a slide, a dressing table, a wardrobe, linen, a handing table, a table and chairs for the teacher and babysitting.
In a group room for children from 3 to 7 years old, you must have: cabinets for aids, dishes, racks for toys, building materials, a table for a corner of nature, for books, a stand for pictures, a blackboard on the wall for drawing with chalk.
The main equipment of children's rooms is tables and chairs. It is very important that tables and chairs are sized to suit the height of each child. For this purpose, it is necessary to use the data obtained during the annual (in September) measurement of the growth of children, and mark the furniture (make a note, a sign) so that children with a large difference in height do not sit at the same table, on the same chairs. During the same period, furniture is selected according to the height of the children.
The height of the chair seat above the floor should be equal to the length of the lower leg together with the height of the foot plus 1.5-2 cm for the thickness of the heel and sole of the shoe. The depth of the chair is equal to 2/3 of the length of the thigh, the width of the seat is 5-6 cm greater than the width of the child's pelvis. The back of the chair should be slightly tilted (by 8 °) and reach the lower edge of the shoulder blades.
The height of the table is selected in accordance with the height of the chair, on which the child can freely put his arms bent at the elbows on the table.
Differentiation - the distance of the table top from the chair seat - must be strictly observed. When the table is too high, the child is forced to stretch out, raise his arms high, with a low table - stoop, lower his head low.
It is also important not to disturb the distance, that is, the chair should be placed against the table so that the front edge of its seat goes 3-5 cm under the table top, then the child will sit at the table without tension.
In each age group, you need to have at least two sizes of tables and chairs, while 2/3 of them are provided for the main growth group, the rest - for children below and above average height. In some cases, when the necessary furniture for children below and above the average height is not in the group, it is necessary to adapt the existing tables and chairs, reducing the height or increasing it.

Pantry

To wash, sterilize, dry and store clean dishes well, as well as arrange food for children, you need a special pantry. It is advisable to place it next to the group room, but behind a partition with a tightly closing door, in order to avoid accidental contamination of dishes, food, to ensure the possibility of timely and thorough cleaning of the dishes without disrupting the daily routine.
The calculation of the pantry area depends on its equipment. To wash children's canteen and tea utensils in the pantry, you should have a two-compartment sink (or, even better, a three-slot sink) with folding wing shelves on the sides for folding dirty dishes on one of them and clean dishes on the other.
The length of the two-cavity sink with fenders is approximately 1 m 60 cm and a width of 55 cm.
You also need a cabinet for storing clean dishes about 1 m long and 45 cm wide; food serving table - 1 m long, 72 cm wide; passages are required between the specified equipment. Therefore, the area is about 4 m2.
Cold and hot water is supplied to the sink. Currently, pantries are provided for each group cell on the area of ​​the playing-dining room or group room in an isolated room with an area of ​​3 m2.

Veranda

The health benefits of fresh air for children are well known. According to the daily regimen in the cold season, preschool children are supposed to walk twice a day for 1 / 2-2 hours. However, with the smallest, it is difficult to carry out walks in these seasons.
Dressing and undressing babies takes so long that exposure to air is significantly reduced. In case of bad weather, children should not be taken out for a walk at all.
Walking, even if it is regular, is not sufficient in time. Sleeping on the veranda with the windows open can increase the duration of your stay in the fresh air. Sleeping on the veranda allows children to regularly enjoy the fresh air in all seasons and in any weather.
If there is no specially designated room for children to sleep in a child care facility, then this has a negative effect on the air condition in group rooms. In the absence of verandas or bedrooms, you have to change the arrangement of furniture several times a day, depending on the regime, for example, when preparing for bed, lay out children's beds and bedding, move tables, chairs, large toys; after sleep - fold and remove beds and soft equipment, arrange tables and chairs again.
At the same time, a lot of dust rises, the composition of the air in children's rooms deteriorates.
Therefore, in the absence of separate rooms for sleeping (verandas, bedrooms), it is necessary to especially thoroughly ventilate the group rooms, and take care of bedding.
If there are unheated verandas in children's institutions, sleeping cotton bags, mattresses, pillows, blankets intended for sleeping in the air must be kept in a warm room, otherwise they can cause children to become very cold during sleep.
The area of ​​the room where bedding is stored should be at least 5 m2, so that on especially frosty and rainy days, folding beds can be brought in there, freeing up the veranda for children to walk. The area of ​​the veranda should be such that it is possible to arrange beds for all children in this group.
In order to maintain the thermal regime in children's rooms, the exit to the veranda should be arranged from the reception or dressing room, and not from the group room, otherwise, if the doors from the group room are repeatedly opened, the room will be overcooled.
In the conditions of the south, the unheated glazed verandas recommended by us for the middle zone are unacceptable: in the hot season they overheat.
Sometimes, instead of verandas on the site outside the building, glazed pavilions are built. Experience shows that it is difficult to use them for sleeping in the open air: pavilions are located far from group rooms and it is very difficult to carry or drive children dressed to sleep there, especially in winter or in rainy weather.
It should also be borne in mind that some groups are located on the second floor and this makes communication with the pavilions even more difficult. It takes a lot of effort and time to sleep in the air under these conditions.
In some childcare facilities, verandas are heated. Hygienists object to replacing unheated verandas with heated ones. On the veranda, when children sleep, the windows should be open.
A heated veranda does not provide this, since at a low outside temperature, opening windows is unsafe for the heating system. Heated verandas are most often used as ordinary bedrooms, where children sleep with closed windows or an open transom.
In the premises of heated verandas, additional groups are sometimes placed. In such cases, the main groups are left without verandas, and additional ones exist with a limited set of premises, which always worsens their sanitary and epidemiological condition.
All this makes us believe that the device of heated verandas in children's institutions in the middle zone, and even more so in the south of the USSR, is inappropriate.
However, for a cold climatic zone, partially insulated verandas can be recommended, provided that fresh air is constantly available and the temperature is maintained from -1 to + 8 °. For the middle climatic zone, the presence of unheated verandas and their correct use will ensure that children sleep in the fresh air and walk in inclement weather.
Unheated verandas should be separated from the main premises with a warm vestibule.
For storage of bedding (mattresses, pillows, blankets, cotton bags) in the insulated vestibule or rooms adjacent to the veranda, there should be built-in wardrobes - racks with individual nests-cells according to the number of children.

Bedroom-veranda

Currently, the buildings of nursery gardens are designed as universal (for day and round-the-clock stay of children).
Each group cell is allocated a special (separate) room for children to sleep - a bedroom-veranda. The area of ​​the bedroom-veranda for toddlers is 36 m2 for each group, for children from 3 to 7 years old - 50 m2.
Nursery-kindergartens, designed in areas with a cold climate, have 40 m2 bedrooms for toddlers to sleep, and 54 m2 in each preschool group cell.
For a night's sleep of children, it is necessary to have stationary beds with a rigid bed, as flat as possible, slightly raised at the head end. Soft-bed beds are harmful. Folding beds covered with fabric are especially harmful. Sleep in such conditions is harmful to the child, as it contributes to the curvature of the spine. Folding beds can only be used for daytime rest (sleep).
Beds should be arranged so that there is a space between them (preferably 50 cm) and the same distance from the windows. All beds should preferably be placed parallel to the windows in order to provide better insolation and ventilation during the daytime.
Under the windows of group rooms, bedrooms, verandas, it is prohibited to place windows of the laundry or washing room, kitchen, as well as toilet rooms.

Room for music lessons and gymnastics

In daycare centers, a 75 m2 hall for music lessons and gymnastics is provided for buildings with 140 and 160 places and 100 m2 for buildings with 280 and 320 places. Children's parties are also held in the hall.
It is important that this room has good natural and artificial lighting and is easily ventilated. However, it must be linked to all groups.
In the gym, it is necessary to have aids for the development of the movement of children - a gymnastic wall, jumping racks, benches for exercises in balance. The specified equipment must be appropriate for the age of children, be durable, smooth, free of cracks or burrs, and be kept in an uneven condition. The gymnastic walls are firmly attached to the floor and wall. Small aids: balls, jump ropes, sticks, hoops are stored in racks or cabinets.
In the hall, you must have a musical instrument (piano, grand piano) and a cabinet for musical aids, children's chairs.

Swimming pool

In the buildings of kindergarten-kindergartens with a number of 140 places or more, designed for cold climatic regions, as well as in the administrative building of the kindergarten-kindergarten complexes for 560 and 640 places, it is allowed to design indoor pools for the purpose of teaching children to swim.
The dimensions of the bathtubs in such pools should be at least 3X7 m, with a depth of no more than 0.8 m.Around the perimeter, the bathtub is fenced with a rim 0.15 m high and 0.3 m wide. Bypass paths are no more than 1.5 m wide. the bottom of the bath and the bypass path should be non-slippery.
Indoor pools are provided with premises: dressing room, toilet, shower room, swimming pool room with a bath.
At the exit from the shower room to the bypass path, there should be a walk-through foot bath with dimensions that exclude the possibility of bypassing it. In the direction of movement from the shower, the width of the foot bath should be at least 0.8, the depth is 0.1 m.
The surface temperature of the floor of the bypass paths is not less than 26 ° and not more than 30 ° C.
The water in the pools needs to be constantly renewed. Its temperature should be at least 29 ° C and not more than 35 ° C. The amount of water supplied to such a pool must be at least 20% of the volume of the bath.

Dressing room and its equipment

The dressing room combines a washroom, a shower room, and a restroom. According to existing standards, the area of ​​the toilet is: for children under three years of age 12 m2; for preschool children 16 m2.
In washrooms, showers and restrooms, the floors are covered with Metlakh tiles, the walls are faced with tiled tiles at a height of 1.5 m.
The toilet for children of the first year of life should have the following equipment: a washbasin with a large sink for washing children; dressing table; a rack with individual cells for baby pots; enamelled baby bath on a stand (0.9 m from the floor to the side of the bath); faucet for washing hands of staff; storage cabinet for cleaning equipment; fenced off drain with a tap above it - for washing baby pots.
It is recommended to have the following equipment in toilet facilities for children of the second and third year of life: two washbasins for children, located in accordance with the height of the children (the height of the sink is 40 cm above the floor, 30 cm wide); hangers with individual cells for towels 90 cm high from the floor, shower tray (height of installation of the horn above the tray 1.5 m) or flexible hose; foot baths of various types with a mixer.
In the toilet for children of the second year of life, racks with pots are needed; fenced-in drain with a tap for washing pots; wash basin for adults.
Children of the third year of life, in addition to pots, can use low toilets.
Do not cover pots or toilets. They must be kept clean at all times. For cleaning and disinfecting pots, it is good to have special chambers with mechanical pouring of a disinfectant solution on their inner surfaces. This will improve cleaning and reduce contamination of personnel's hands.
In the washroom for each group of preschool children, it is necessary to have 4 washbasins (height above the floor 50 cm), preferably with an island (in the center of the washroom) location - then it is easier for children to approach them and more convenient to wash, and it is easier for the staff to clean. Each sink should have a place for soap dishes. It's good to hang a mirror here.
Baby towels and personal hygiene items (toothbrushes and powder for sleeping children) are stored in open cabinets with individual cells (mouthwash cups are removed in a cupboard). It is desirable that baby towel racks have drying facilities.
In the washroom there is a shallow shower tray (0.3 m from the floor to the side of the tray) with a horn at a height of 1.6 m from the bottom of the tray or a flexible hose; foot baths; wash basin for adults.
The restroom should have 4 children's toilet bowls with open cubicles 0.8X0.75 m in size with screen partitions between them. The height of the partition is 1.2 m, the distance to the floor is 0.2 m, and from the ceiling is 0.15 m. Toilet facilities for older preschool children should be designed with separate latrines for boys and girls.
The height of the toilet bowl for younger children is 25 cm, for children of the middle group - 30 cm, for older children - 35 cm. The seats must be made on screws, rubber plugs are arranged on the inside of the seats. To prevent contamination of the seats, it is imperative to make cutouts in the front part (6-8 cm). It is better to make descents pedal. If it is impossible to construct them, ordinary descents need to have a handle or a ring.
For boys 5-7 years old, it is advisable to have urinals.
A closet is placed in the sanitary unit or a niche with closing doors is arranged for storing household equipment of approximately the following size: height 170 cm, width 55 cm, depth 45 cm.It should hold buckets, brushes, rags, disinfectant solutions. The cabinet should have a device for drying cleaning equipment and air extraction.

Isolation ward or room of a sick child

In a preschool institution, a room for a sick child or an isolation ward should be provided. A sick child's room should be located on the ground floor near the staircase or one of the exits. It is intended to isolate children with non-infectious diseases. Children with acute infectious diseases should not be kept in the isolation ward.
According to the current standards, nurseries-kindergartens for 25, 50 and 90 places provide a room for a sick child, ranging in size from 8 to 12 m2. All other nursery buildings offer an isolation ward. In children's institutions for 140 and 160 places, the isolator consists of two chambers of 6 m2 each, a reception room (4 m2) and a toilet (2 m2). In nursery gardens for 280 and 320 beds, the isolator consists of three chambers of 6 m2 each, a reception room (6 m2), and a toilet (4 m2).
In preschool institutions for 560 and 640 places (a complex of nurseries-kindergartens), the isolator consists of 4 chambers of 6 m2 each, a reception room (6 m2) and a toilet (4 m2).
The isolation ward is located on the first floor of the building, near the medical room or the head office. The isolation ward must have an independent entrance from the street. The best floor covering in the isolation ward and the medical room is linoleum.
To ensure wet cleaning and the use of disinfectants, the walls of these rooms are covered with oil paint at a height of 1.5 m.
The equipment of the isolator consists of: beds, washbasins for children and adults, devices for washing and disinfecting dishes, a drain with a tap above it for cleaning and washing pots, a bath or shower tray.
A sick child's room needs a washbasin for children and a tap for washing dishes.

Medical room

In the medical room, children are examined, weighed and measured, all kinds of medical procedures, as well as conversations with parents.
The area of ​​the medical room is 6 m2, with a capacity of a children's institution of 50 and 90 places, 8 m2 in an institution for 140 and 160 places and 10 m2 for 280 and 320 places, 12 m2 for 560 and 640 places.
A medical office must be equipped with scales, a height meter, a cabinet for storing instruments and medicines, a couch, a table, and chairs. You should have an electric stove for boiling tools.
The doctor's office should be located on the ground floor, closer to the exit from the building, so that parents who come to the doctor do not pass through the premises of the child care facility. It is good if the doctor's office and the isolation ward (or the room of a sick child) are located in adjacent rooms.

Manager's office

The area of ​​the manager's office is 9 m2 in a nursery-garden with a capacity of 90 to 320 places, with a capacity of 560 and 640 places - 10 m2.
Office equipment - tables, chairs for adults, a sofa for visitors, two wardrobes (one of them for pedagogical and children's literature), a hanger.
The variety of the manager's functions causes a large influx of visitors. Therefore, you should not place the manager's office, as well as the doctor's office, next to the children's rooms (especially on the second floor). It is better if the manager's office is located on the ground floor, near the entrance to the building.

Catering and equipment

The structure of the catering unit includes: kitchen, procurement, washing, dispensing, pantries for dry foods and vegetables.
The catering unit in a childcare institution should be as isolated as possible from the rest of the premises. This is dictated, on the one hand, by the need to avoid the penetration of gas and odors from the kitchen into the children's rooms, and on the other hand, to protect the food unit from all kinds of pollution.
Air pollution with carbon monoxide even in small concentrations under systematic exposure affects the health of children and food workers.
With this in mind, it is necessary to apply a variety of measures to protect against the penetration of gas, heat, noise and food odors from the kitchen into children's rooms.
When designing, it is very important to foresee where the catering unit will be located. From a hygienic point of view, it is unacceptable that it is located next to a walk-through corridor. In such cases, a large number of people pass by the kitchen. This creates unwanted contacts between food workers and the staff serving children, contributes to the pollution of the premises near the food department.
During one of our observations in the passage corridor of the nursery, where the catering unit with a dispensing window also goes, from 7 to 13 o'clock, people walked 179 times, as a result of which 46 unwanted meetings took place. On the next day, from 1 pm to 8 pm, staff and strangers walked 147 times past the kitchen and 23 meetings took place.
In another childcare facility, the kitchen is located on the ground floor with access to a small corridor near the lobby leading to the auxiliary rooms. The common entrance to the building, in addition to the kitchen staff, was used by the entire administrative staff and two groups of children, whose rooms were located on the first floor. There was no separate entrance to the kitchen.
Such a layout of the catering unit, near the lobby, where there is a lot of traffic throughout the day, cannot meet the requirements of hygiene.
On one of the days from 7 to 13 o'clock, the number of crossings through the lobby was equal to 668, of which 144 meetings were held between the passers-by. On another day, from 13 to 19 hours, 565 times were held there, there were 131 meetings.
In the same stream of people, staff have to distribute food to groups.
Therefore, the catering unit, especially in the united children's institution, where a lot of different food is prepared and from where it is delivered to groups, must be isolated from places of large congestion and movement of people.
It is necessary that each catering unit has an isolated service entrance from the yard for the delivery and serving of food, fuel, water (in the absence of running water) and the removal of food waste, slops, slags, etc.
The lack of a separate entrance adversely affects the sanitary maintenance of the children's institution: food, including vegetables, is brought into the food block through the common passage, which pollutes the lobby and the entrance to the kitchen.
According to the existing sanitary norms and rules, in united preschool institutions with a capacity of 90 places or more, as well as in buildings designed for a hot climatic region, it is recommended to arrange a separate entrance to the kitchen from the yard. Near the door leading from the catering unit to the inner passage to the children's institution, a place (distribution room) is allocated for dispensing food in groups, where it comes from the kitchen through a special window.
For this purpose, a table is placed in the distribution room for staff to receive food for children. In the absence of a special distributor, food is dispensed through a window in the door leading to the kitchen.
The size of the catering unit (kitchen, pantry, etc.) is determined by a number of factors that are in direct proportion to the nature of the childcare facility, its capacity, type (with a day or round-the-clock stay of children), the frequency of meals, the number of meals per child per day, the range of food products, local conditions, seasonality, meteorological factors, the type of fuel that will be used, the size of its daily reserve, etc.
When determining the size and layout of a catering unit in children's institutions, it is necessary to take into account the most important requirement - ensuring the correct sequence of culinary processing of food products, separate promotion of finished food and raw materials subject to heat treatment, as well as compliance with sanitary rules for storage and processing of food products.
To this end, it is necessary to determine a place for storing products issued for the current day, allocate an area for a pantry (storage of dry products), a vegetable store, refrigeration units, and empty containers. It is also important to keep in mind the number and dimensions of the cookware and to provide a place for the distribution of food in groups.
The specificity of the microclimatic conditions of the Far North (severe frosts, blizzards, snow drifts, etc.) makes it necessary to increase the area of ​​the catering unit in the nursery-gardens, including pantries for a constant supply of food.
It is advisable to arrange the premises of the catering unit in the following sequence, starting from the service entrance: grocery pantry, procurement, washing, kitchen.
A kitchen with a sink, a blank and a serving room should be separated by equipment or partitions - screens.
In the catering units of kindergarten complexes for 560 and 640 places, the blank should be placed in a separate room. A pantry for storing vegetables and dry products is located in the catering unit. Walk-through pantries and access to the pantry through the kitchen are not permitted.
The walls and ceilings of the working rooms in the kitchen should be plastered and whitewashed, the wall panels of the industrial premises, refrigerated chambers, near the washing rooms, etc. should be covered with light-colored oil paint or tiled with tiled tiles to a height of 1.8 m. Paste the walls and ceilings with paper or wallpaper is prohibited.
Make the floors in the kitchen waterproof (from ceramic, metlakh tiles or marble chips). They must be even, smooth, without cracks, cracks, protrusions and potholes. It is very important that the premises of the catering unit are well lit.
In addition to general lighting, it is advisable to have local lighting above the tables, the lamps of which are enclosed in protective caps (in order to avoid accidental ingress of glass fragments into food). Particular attention should be paid to refrigeration units that provide storage of perishable food.
Refrigeration facilities should be grouped in a block or chamber. In the refrigerator compartment, it is necessary to maintain the appropriate temperature depending on the nature of the products, for example 0 ° for meat, + 4 ° for fruits.
Natural light is not allowed in refrigerated cells.
The storage room for dry food must be clean, dry, well-lit and ventilated. The food in the pantry should be positioned so as to provide adequate ventilation. Therefore, the pantry is equipped with racks, chests with openings for air access, ordinary shelves, cabinets and appropriate containers.
Storing food on the floor (even in a container) is unacceptable. Racks, chests, shelves and cabinets must be raised above the floor by at least 15 cm.
Storing vegetables and fruits in winter in unheated rooms on the site is unacceptable. They become unsuitable for food. If there is a basement in the building, it can be set aside for a vegetable store. But at the same time, appropriate devices must be made for protection from groundwater, insulation of pipes with hot water, as well as ventilation.
Normal air temperature in the vegetable store is + 2 °, relative humidity - 90%. The room should be convenient for loading and unloading vegetables, as well as for moving them if the vegetables need to be sorted out.
Natural light is not allowed in the vegetable store. The vegetable store is provided with supply and exhaust ventilation with a mechanical stimulator; in the cold season, heating with electric heaters is used.
The equipment of the kitchen of preschool institutions deserves close attention.
The presence, quantity, size and arrangement of sanitary equipment in the kitchen must ensure the correct sequence of the technological process for preparing baby food.
With an irrational arrangement of equipment in the kitchen, the staff have to do a lot of unnecessary work during the working day. It is estimated that when a person is working in a bent position, energy is consumed 14 times, and standing - 3 times more than when working while sitting.
Therefore, in the kitchen, it is advisable to equip special workplaces in the form of retractable seat boards with a height of 65-70 cm.The height of appliances and items of kitchen equipment (stoves, sinks, work tables) is determined at 85-90 cm.
The degree to which a kitchen is beautified largely depends on the perfection of the individual pieces of equipment.
It is highly advisable for the catering unit to use electric heating stoves (instead of gas or solid fuel stoves).
The first and foremost advantage of electric cookers is the improvement of indoor air. But this is not their only advantage. A modern electric stove is more powerful, therefore, you can cook food faster on it; in addition, it allows you to regulate the temperature of the burner over a wide range and create the most rational temperature regime for the preparation of each dish. This will naturally affect the quality of food preparation.
Currently, sanitary standards provide for the design of a kitchen with mainly electrical equipment.
Notes.
1. In gasified areas, it is allowed to use closed-type gas stoves.
2. In manger-gardens up to 50 places (inclusive), designed for rural settlements, it is allowed to use solid fuel cooking stoves, provided that the firebox goes into a separate room.
In gasified kitchens, in order to avoid the accumulation in the air of the products of incomplete combustion of gas, including the very harmful one - carbon monoxide, you need to have special devices through which gases hazardous to human health are discharged into the chimney.
In the absence of such appliances, the kitchen should be intensively ventilated, and in the summer, the windows should be kept open in it at all times. To prevent gas from entering children's rooms, the doors to the kitchen must be kept tightly closed.
Gas appliances require regular technical supervision. The criterion for the correct placement and operation of gas stoves is the complete absence of carbon monoxide in the air of the kitchen and adjacent rooms established by laboratory analysis of the sanitary-epidemiological station after 30 minutes of operation of the stove.
Replacement of flame-type burners in existing stoves with flameless ones will significantly reduce the pollution of household premises with toxic products of incomplete combustion of gas and improve their microclimate.
The distance from the stove to the work tables must be at least 1.3 m when using fire and gas stoves and at least 1.0 m if the stove is electric; it is necessary that the distance from the plate to the dispensing window be at least 1.5 m for the front and 1.7 m for the end position of the plate.
The width of the workplace at the stove for one worker is at least 1.25 m.
Above kitchen stoves, it is necessary to design exhaust ring-shaped air ducts both with side shields and without shields. Design of curtains is also allowed. Ring air ducts remove 60% and curtains remove 75% of the heat generated by the cooker.
In children's institutions, restaurant-type plates are used. The use of household stoves in childcare facilities is unacceptable from a hygienic point of view: the dimensions of the kitchen utensils are larger than the burners of these stoves; therefore, one pan is placed on all burners lit at the same time; the excess gas remains unused and flows into the kitchen.
The stove should be conveniently located in terms of lighting and access to it and have the required number of burners, depending on the number of children in institutions.
In cases where the slabs are made on site, the following should be taken into account: the brick slab is covered from the outside with tiles or iron painted with oven varnish. This ensures that the stove is kept clean.
Metal handrails are placed around the perimeter of the slab to avoid burns (on the heated parts of the slab); it is unacceptable that there are cracks, irregularities, cracks on the surface of the slab; ovens must provide a good thermal effect (at least 180 °); for fire stoves, it is better to make the furnaces outboard (in the adjacent corridor or vestibule).
Kitchens where the stove is heated with solid fuel should be equipped with special boxes for storing a one-day supply of firewood or coal. The cleaning of the furnaces is carried out when the cooking has not yet begun. This procedure, like breeding and maintaining the fire, should not contaminate the kitchen. Scoops, axes, shovels and other equipment related to maintaining the fire and cleaning the firebox must be carefully folded in a certain place.
The layout of the rest of the kitchen equipment should be strictly subordinate to the sequence of the cooking workflow.
Technological equipment - an electric boiler, a vegetable cutter, a potato peeler, etc. - must be located in such a way that free access is provided to them and safety rules are observed during their operation.
To process food, you must have at least two tables: one for raw foods, the other for boiled foods. When covering tables, it is recommended to use aluminum, duralumin or galvanized iron (for raw meat and fish): they lend themselves well to cleaning and disinfection.
It is completely unacceptable to use old wooden tables with cracks or covered with old oilcloth. They are difficult to clean, dirt and microbes are retained in the cracks, which, at a constant high air temperature in the kitchen and humidification, can maintain their viability for a long time and become a source of gastrointestinal infections, in particular acute food poisoning (toxicoinfections).
Where the size of the kitchen does not allow the installation of several tables, you need to use special cutting boards made of hard wood (oak, beech, ash, etc.), smooth, without cracks. Each of them should have the designations on the handle or on the side: CM (raw meat), SR (raw fish), CO (raw vegetables), VM (boiled meat), BP (boiled fish), VO (boiled vegetables).
Sizes of boards: length 50-60 cm, width 30-40 cm, thickness 3-4 cm. It is strictly forbidden to use boards for other purposes.
After use, cutting boards must be thoroughly rinsed with hot water, a washcloth or a brush, dried and stored in a clean, dry place. To prevent cutting boards from getting dirty and touching each other, they should be placed in a special cabinet or on a shelf with nests. For the same purpose, some children's institutions use special gauze covers for each board or hang them in a row on separate hooks.
Cabinets are installed in the catering unit: for storing a one-day supply of dry foods and for kitchen utensils. In small children's institutions, where the kitchen area does not allow to put cabinets, for the same purposes, removable shelves are arranged under the table covers and hinged doors are made that open along the entire length of the front wall. The catering unit must be equipped with a sufficient amount of kitchen utensils. It is best to use aluminum and stainless steel cookware. It is harmless, does not change the color of food, and is easy to clean and clean.
For washing kitchen utensils, you should have a special large (80 X 80 X 50 cm) two-chamber tray (iron, tinned, stainless steel, duralumin) with a mixer. In the places where the bath is connected to the sewers, an air gap of the jet (10 mm) should be provided to prevent, in cases of clogging of the sewage system, the ingress of sewage into the bath.
To prevent the drain hole in the bath from being blocked by dishes, it is better to arrange it on the side. The bottom of the tub should slope towards the drain. In the absence of plumbing and sewerage, washing is carried out in tanks, basins or buckets specially designated for this purpose. Preliminarily, the dishes are mechanically (with a brush, wooden spatula, washcloth) freed from food debris, then washed with hot water (temperature 45-50 °), rinsed with boiling water (at least 70 °), put on racks and dried in a drying cabinet on specially made lattice shelves or on the stove.
It is unacceptable to use the dishwashing bath for other purposes.
Above the sink, lattice metal or wooden (on brackets) racks for dishes are arranged, from which water flows after washing. For larger dishes and utensils, a 3-tier rack is installed next to the bathroom. The installation of gratings above the slabs is prohibited.
Small wooden objects (oars, rolling pins, shovels) after finishing work should be washed, scalded with boiling water and dried.
In cases where there is no hot water supply or there is no running water, boiling water should be prepared in advance in the catering unit, which is necessary for washing dishes (kitchen and children's dining rooms and tea rooms), floors, toys and other items. To do this, you need to have a boiler in the kitchen.
An electric boiler serves these purposes best of all, but a fire boiler can also be used.
To avoid the frequent arrival of personnel in the food unit for boiling water, it is recommended (where possible) to install a second water heater outside the food unit or to bring a collapsible hot water tap with a sink through the wall into the adjacent room (corridor or vestibule). Do not allow children to enter this area to avoid burns.
Cleaning and preparation for cooking vegetables, meat should be carried out only in a blank or in another place specially designated for these purposes.
To wash vegetables and other raw foods, you need a special faucet and sink, and where there is no running water or sewerage system, a special place and dishes should be set aside. The tap and sink for washing vegetables should be located at such a distance from the sink that splashes do not fall on it.
All taps for washing dishes, food, hands should be marked and located in different places in the kitchen, as far apart as possible, in order to avoid contact of unprocessed foods (unwashed and unpeeled vegetables, meat, fish) with foods that cannot be heat-treated (oil , bread, ready meals).

Laundry

In the united preschool institution, the nursery-kindergarten has to wash the baby's linen. Placing a laundry in the same building is undesirable, since the air of children's rooms is polluted, its microclimate worsens, excess moisture in the premises leads to the destruction of the building. Therefore, it is better to build the laundry separately.
If the laundry is inside the building, steam and odor should not be allowed to enter the children's rooms. To do this, before entering the laundry, you should make a vestibule and keep the doors closed during washing.
The entrance to the washing-disassembly room must not be located opposite the entrance to the children's rooms or the kitchen. To ventilate the laundry, it is necessary to provide for modern supply and exhaust ventilation.
The washed laundry should not come into contact with dirty ones. Therefore, the entrances for returning dirty linen and receiving clean linen in nursery gardens should be separate.
In the buildings of nursery gardens for 90 places or more, as well as in buildings designed for a hot climatic region, a separate exit is designed from the washing-disassembly room and drying-ironing room.
In the laundry room, it is necessary to have a spacious chest for storing dirty linen, a drying room, an ironing room (it is possible in a room for storing clean linen).
The size of the laundry area is normalized as follows: in a nursery-garden for 90 places - 16 m2, for 140 and 160 places - a washing-disassembly room of 14 m2 and a drying-ironing room with 10 m2; for 280 and 320 places - 18 m2 and a drying-ironing room 12 m2.
In the complexes of kindergartens-kindergartens for 560 and 640 places, a washing-disassembly room is provided with a size of 25 m2 and a drying-ironing room of 15 m2.
In the nursery-gardens for 25 places (in summer up to 50 places) the area of ​​the washing-disassembly room (combined with the drying-ironing room) is 10 m2; for 50 seats (in summer up to 95 seats) - 14 m2; for 90 places (in summer up to 180 places) - 20 m2.
The premises of the washing-disassembly room and the drying-ironing room are located adjacent.
To return dirty linen, you need a special sluice with a window opening towards the washing-disassembly room. The location of the entrance to the washing-disassembly room is not allowed opposite the entrance to the premises of the group cell or catering unit.
Laundries are equipped with washing machines, centrifuges for spinning linen, baths for soaking and washing linen.
Issues of disinfection of linen deserve special attention in children's institutions. Contaminated linen usually contains a significant number of microorganisms, among which pathogens and worm eggs are often found.
For the purpose of prevention, and even more so in the presence of certain diseases, linen in a children's institution is subject to mandatory boiling. When designing buildings for children's institutions, it is necessary to provide for this.
The arrangement of drying cabinets is equally important. Drying cabinets currently being designed do not always meet the needs of a child care facility. They are insufficient in volume, ineffective in terms of temperature capabilities, and have an inconvenient device.
It is most advisable to design drying rooms with a swing cabinet (pull-out). They have a larger volume and are convenient for use. To ensure trouble-free drying of baby clothes, drying cabinets must always have a high temperature.
You can also wash baby clothes in the centralized laundry. For this purpose, it is better to use a specialized laundry service exclusively for children's institutions.