Sound is the smallest indivisible unit of voiced speech flow, which does not matter. The study of the sound structure of a language, all its manifestations and functions, is devoted to the section of linguistics called phonetics.
The phonetic system of the Russian language contains 42 sounds, 6 of which are vowels, and the remaining 36 are consonants. special attention deserve sonorous sounds in Russian. As a rule, the pronunciation of some of them causes the greatest difficulties in children who are just learning to speak. To understand what sonorous sounds are, it is necessary to consider the system of sounds of the Russian language as a whole.
Each sound has the following characteristics:
- acoustic;
- articulatory;
- functional (semantic).
Acoustic performance
To characterize a sound in terms of acoustics means to characterize how it sounds. This can be done by its sonority, strength and height.
Sonority allows you to separate vocal and non-vocal sounds. All noisy consonants are non-vocal. Vocals include all vowels and sonorous consonants.
In terms of strength, sounds can be consonant or non-consonant. Consonant, i.e. weak, are all consonants, and non-consonant, i.e. strong - all vowels.
From a position of height, the sound can be, respectively, high or low. Vowels are high front row, front lingual and middle lingual consonants. All other vowels and consonants are low sounds.
The concept of articulation
Articulation is the process of producing sounds. The speech apparatus of a person, with the help of which sounds are formed, is represented by a fairly large set of organs. This includes the lungs, larynx, vocal cords, nasal cavity, hard and soft palate, mandible, lips and tongue. Exhaled air exits the lungs and passes through the gap formed by the vocal cords in the larynx. With tense and oscillating vocal cords, a voice (tone) is formed. It serves as the basis for vowels, voiced and sonorous consonants. If the vocal cords are relaxed, the voice does not form, noise occurs, which underlies the noisy consonants.
Further differentiation of sounds occurs in oral cavity depending on what obstacle the air stream meets on its way.
Vowel characteristic
Main Feature vowels is that when they are formed, the air stream, having formed a tone in the vocal cords, no longer encounters any obstacles in the oral cavity. That is, they consist only of tone (voice) without the addition of noise.
The vowels are a, o, u, i, s, e. The articulation of each vowel depends only on the position of the active organs of speech (lips, tongue, soft palate and lower jaw).
The functional feature of vowels is that they form a syllable, i.e. play a syllabic role.
Characteristics of consonants
When a consonant sound is formed, the air stream encounters various obstacles on its way. Noise occurs while crossing the obstacle. Therefore, the main difference between a consonant and a vowel is the presence of noise in addition to tone (voice). The occurrence of a specific consonant sound depends on the place where the barrier is formed and how it is overcome. Thus, they are all divided depending on the ratio of tone and noise, place and method of formation.
According to the ratio of tone and noise, consonants are divided into sonorous sounds, voiced and deaf consonants. Voiced and voiceless consonants are noisy, because noise participates in their formation either on a par with the voice (voiced), or prevails over the voice (deaf).
When pronouncing a consonant sound, the barrier can be formed by the tongue or lips, so all consonants are divided according to the place of formation into labial and lingual.
According to the method of formation, or according to the method of overcoming an obstacle, they are occlusive, slit, occlusive-slit (affricates), occlusive-passing and trembling.
Another characteristic of consonants is palatalization (hardness/softness). Pairs of hardness / softness do not have only a few consonants: zh, ts (always hard) and h, j (always soft).
Characteristics of sonorous sounds
What is a sonorous sound, it becomes clear already from the translation this definition. The word sonorous comes from the Latin sonorus. It means "resonant". Indeed, in the formation of such a sound, the voice predominates, and the noise is so minimal that sonorous sounds become close to vowels. Sonorant sounds in Russian are m, m", n, n", l, l", p, p", j.
Note. The main feature of sonorous sounds is that when passing through an obstacle in the oral cavity, the air that forms the sound finds ways to bypass it. So, for example, during the formation of the sound l and its soft pair, air bypasses the bow formed by the tongue and upper teeth, On the sides. Accordingly, at the place of formation, this sound is lingual-dental. And according to the method of formation, it is occlusive-through. When the sound p and its soft pair are formed, the air flow causes the bow formed by the tongue and the hard palate to vibrate. Thus, it is lingual-alveolar at the place of formation, and trembling (vibrant) by the method of formation. Interestingly, such a sonorous sound as j (th) is very similar in its formation to the vowel and. However, during its pronunciation, there is a significant narrowing during the passage of the air flow. Because of this, a slight noise arises, which allows us to attribute this sound to consonants. According to the place of formation, j is lingual-mid-palatal, according to the method of formation - slit, and is only palatalized (soft).
All sonorous sounds in Russian do not have a deafness / voiced pair and are only voiced. At the end of a word, sonorant sounds are not deafened, as is the case with other voiced consonants.
Mouth and nasal sounds
Depending on the position of the palatal curtain, different consonant sounds are formed. If the veil of the palate rises and presses against back wall pharynx, the passage to the nasal cavity for the air stream is closed. The sounds formed in this way are called mouth sounds. Or clean. If the palatine curtain falls, the passage to the nasal cavity for the air stream opens, and the nasal cavity serves as an additional resonator for the production of sound. In this way, sounds are formed, called nasal, or nasal.
There are only four nasal sounds in Russian: m, m", n, n". According to the place of formation, m and its soft pair are labial-labial, and according to the method of formation, they are occlusive-anadromous. The sound n and its soft pair at the place of formation is lingual-dental, and according to the method of formation, it is occlusive-passing.
So, understanding what a sonorous sound is is possible only with a full understanding of the mechanism for the formation of sounds. That is, their articulations. Knowledge of the features of sonorant consonants helps to determine their place in the phonetic system of the Russian language.
sonorous sounds - these are voiced consonants, in the formation of which the voice prevails, and the noise is minimal.
As you know, in Russian phonetics, vowels and consonants are distinguished. The composition of consonants is heterogeneous. Some of them are formed with a greater share of noise. So there are voiceless consonants:
[k], [k'], [n], [n'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [x], [ x'], [c], [h'], [w], [u'].
In the birth of other consonants, the proportion of noise is less. These are voiced consonants:
[b], [b'], [c], [c'], [g], [g'], [e], [e'], [g], [g'], [h], [ h'].
Among the voiced consonants, they stand out for their sonority sonorous (lat. sonorus- sonorous), in the formation of which the share of noise is minimal, and the voice prevails, that is, the sound comes out relatively freely. If air escapes through the nose, sonorous sounds are produced. [m], [m’], [n], [n’].
Air can pass into the passage between the lateral edges of the cheeks and the tongue. Then sonorous sounds are born [l], [l’].
If the tip of the tongue rises to the alveoli and trembles under the influence of an air stream, sonorous sounds occur. [r], [r'].
As you can see, the listed sonorous sounds have pairs of softness / hardness.
When the gap is wide enough for exhaled air between the middle part of the back of the tongue and the hard palate, a sonorous sound is produced. [th']. It is closest to vowels, as there is almost no noise. He does not have a pair of hardness. Sonorant consonant [th'] is unpaired soft.
sonorous sounds [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [r], [r’], [th’] do not have a pair among voiceless consonants. On the basis of sonority / deafness, they are all unpaired. At the end of a word, unlike other voiced consonants, sonorants are not stunned. Compare:
- knight [s '] - wind;
- crew [w] - angle;
- plant [t] - cocoon;
- impulse [f] - dwarf.
There is no voicing of voiceless consonants before sonorant sounds, for example:
to rk a, boo OK a, ka nt ata, la mp points.
Compare:
- anecdote [a n 'and g d o t];
- railway station [v a g z a l];
- mowing [k a z 'b a].
Sonorants differ from other voiced consonants in that noise practically does not participate in their formation. In addition, they do not have a pair among voiceless consonants, i.e. are unpaired in deafness/voicedness, and behave in a special way in those positions in the word that affect voicing, in particular, at the end of the word and surrounded by voiceless consonants. Unlike voiced, sonorous consonants at the end of a word and in a position before a deaf consonant are not stunned (compare: codes - code [k'odes - cat]; cola - count [kal'y - count]; depression [fp "ad'na] , lamp [l`ampa]).
Noisy deaf consonants are not voiced before sonorant consonants (request [pr'oz'ba], word [sl'ova]). Despite their sonority and the almost complete absence of a noise component, sonorous sounds in Russian, unlike vowels, are not able to form a syllable and carry stress (although in other languages, such as Czech, such consonants have this ability: prst). Closest to vowels among sonorants is the sound [j] (“iot”). Among themselves, sonorous sounds differ in the place and method of formation, as well as in hardness / softness.
Sonorant consonants
§ twenty. To describe some phonetic phenomena, they distinguish sonorous consonants (sonants). In Russian, these are the sounds [l], [l "], [r], [r"], [m], [m "], [n], [n"], [j], [i] (other consonants are called noisy).
Sonorants differ from noisy consonants not only in articulation, but also in acoustic and phonological features (see § 65, 157 below).
From an articulatory point of view, sonorous consonants occupy an intermediate position between vowels and noisy consonants. This is manifested in the fact that:
when articulating nasal consonants in the vocal tract, an obstacle is created for the passage of air and at the same time conditions that prevent the occurrence of noise: a passage into the nasal cavity opens;
when articulating the laterals, the lateral edges of the tongue are lowered and passages are created through which the air bypasses the barrier created in the central part of the vocal tract;
during the articulation of the trembling, an obstruction is formed on such a short time that its violation does not cause noise;
a special type of sonorant consonants is formed when an approximate type of narrowing is created in the vocal tract - for example, [i] (the same narrowing is created in the lateral region when pronouncing [l], [l ']) 23.
The consonants [p], [p "], [l], [l"] are combined by the term " smooth"(liquids).
Additional articulation
Section 21. Simultaneously with the main articulation of the sound, additional articulation can be carried out. In Russian, additional articulations are predominantly characteristic of consonants 24 . Additional consonantal articulation differs from the main degree of constriction in the vocal tract. In the place of additional articulation, the narrowing is less than in the place of the main one (usually it is the same as in the articulation of approximants or vowels). There are three types of additional articulations in Russian:
labialization- rounding of the lips (this type of articulation characterizes consonants in position before vowels [y] and [o]);
palatalization- displacement of the body of the tongue forward and upward in the direction of the hard palate;
velarization- displacement of the body of the tongue back and up in the direction of the soft palate (see Fig. 47.48 in Appendix A).
In Russian, additional articulation characterizes most of the consonant sounds. All soft consonants, except for [j] and [i], are palatalized, and all hard ones, except for velar ones [k], [g], [x], are velarized. The consonant [j] cannot be palatalized, since the place of its main articulation coincides with the place of additional articulation of palatalization, and the consonants [k], [g], [x] cannot be velarized, since the place of their main articulation coincides with the place of additional articulation velarization. Thus, from an articulatory point of view, there are no unpaired consonants in hardness/softness 25 (except for [j] and [i]).
Non-palatalized and non-velarized consonants are possible in Russian in consonantal combinations in a position before a soft consonant ( With neg, h make-up etc.). Such consonants, as well as consonants with a slight degree of palatalization, are called semi-soft.
The terms "hard" and "soft" consonants are not quite identical to the articulatory terms "velarized" and "palatalized" - for example, non-velarized [k], [r], [x] in SRLP are, nevertheless, hard consonants, and non-palatalized [ j] - soft.
The degree of palatalization and velarization can be different in both different languages, and in the same language. For example, palatalization in dental consonants in Russian is more pronounced than in labial ones, and Russians [l], [sh], and [zh] are characterized by the highest degree of velarization.
The presence of additional articulation (especially in a place close to the main one) can lead to a change in the place and method of the main articulation. When soft [t "], [d"], [n"] and especially [l"] are formed, the articulatory focus shifts back compared to the corresponding hard ones (so [l"] in the pronunciation of most SRLP speakers is, strictly speaking, not dental, but alveolar); with articulation, [h "], on the contrary, the articulatory focus shifts forward compared to the corresponding solid ones. The place of formation changes most significantly in palatalized [k '], [g '], [x ']: in contrast to the posterior palate [k], [g], [x], they are mid-palatal, while remaining posterior lingual.
The change in the method of formation during palatalization is most clearly manifested in dental consonants: soft [d "], [t"] are so strongly affricated (acquire a fricative phase) that from an articulatory point of view they become affricates [d z "], [t s "].
In transcription, additional articulations are usually indicated by diacritics (softness [j] is not indicated, as it is never and cannot be physiologically hard). In the Russian phonetic tradition, the velarization of consonants is traditionally not indicated 26 . The semi-softness of a consonant can be indicated by a dot at the top right of the corresponding character: [p. n "e k].
Additional articulations most often arise in the history of language from the phenomena of coarticulation.
Sonorant sounds are unpaired voiced consonants that are pronounced without noise effect - noises during the formation of sonorous sounds are minimized, and they are heard completely differently from how they are written. For example, in the word last letter D is heard and pronounced like the sound T - sleTquot ;. The vocal apparatus certainly participates in their education.
Sonorant consonants do not have paired letters:
m, m, n, n, l, l, p, p, j.
Look at this row of letters and you will notice that some of them are pronounced purequot ;, while others are soft, like a vowel.
Sonorant sounds are never whistling. Their pronunciation resembles vowel sounds and creates a false impression of the formation of an additional syllable in a word. Here, for example, how many syllables are in the word december? That's right - two, because there are only two consonants in the word - -e- and -a-. However, the pronunciation gives the impression that there are three syllables. Similar deception is also heard in the words shipquot ;, airshipquot ;, gentleman etc.
Oh, and the Russian language is difficult)!
l, m, n, r, i. There are other consonants, they are called simply - voiced consonants. This is b, c, d, e, f, z. You can read the teacher's explanation and do a couple of exercises on this page.
The most important difference between vowels and consonants is the participation of the voice in pronouncing the former. The articulation of consonants is the complete absence or minimum of a voice and the dominant role of the noise produced in different parts of the speech apparatus. Those of the consonants, in the pronunciation of which the voice is used to the maximum, are called sonorous.
In some languages (such as modern Czech) they can even form a syllable. These sounds actually stand at the junction of consonants and vowels. For example, it is often difficult to determine which sound is in front of us - and non-syllabic or sonorant j. In words in which we write the letter Y after a vowel and before another consonant in quality, we are talking about a non-syllable vowel.
Sonorant sounds have already been described to you. Only I will add that sonorous sounds for many people lead to errors. for example, a child pronounces the word (although it is necessary to write D), the word (it is necessary to write only the letter D), and then it is T that writes. You yourself know what this leads to. Sonorant sounds act independently, do not have a pair.
The term sonorous sounds (sonor consonants) is used in phonetics, this term denotes such sounds that are pronounced with a predominance of the voice, without the participation of noise air movement in the human speech apparatus.
In Russian, all consonants are divided into voiceless and voiced, as well as sonorous. Sonorant sounds include sounds such as: th, mquot ;, rquot ;,
As I found out from my sister, certain nine sounds are classified as sonorants. Everyone knows these sounds from school - this is m, m, n, n, l, l, p, p, j - say the word iodine and you will immediately hear this sound.
These letters fall under the concept we are talking about now:
All this is quite easy to remember, especially letters, because there are not so many of them, and five pieces are subject to quick perception for the memory of an ordinary student, and such information will always be in stock, which is very important.
well, in general, these are 9 sounds: m, m, n, n, l, l, r, r, j. this means rising in price, when pronouncing, the main source of noise is the tone (voice) that creates oscillating vocal cords
In Russian phonetics, vowels and consonants are distinguished. For vowels speaking name: they are pronounced with a voice. And in the formation of consonants, noise takes part to a greater extent. But among the consonants they stand out for their sonority sonorous sounds, which, unlike other consonants, do not have a pair of deafness. Their education involves not only noise, but also voice. These consonants are the most voiced. Now let's list them:
l, l, m, m, n, n, r, r and unpaired soft, unpaired ringing sound th.
In the words framequot ;, chestquot ;, pitquot ;, spruce quot ;, contains only sonorous sounds.
Sonorants are consonants. Moreover, the consonants, which are created only by the voice, are sonorous and noise does not participate in the formation of sonorous sounds. To sonorant sounds, that is, sonorant consonants include rquot ;, nquot ;, lquot ;. mquot ;.
Sonorant sounds are the pronunciation of consonant letters, for which the pronunciation does not require the movement of air through the throat. This is the simplest explanation that can be given in your own words. In different languages, according to the rules of phonetics and phonology, these can be different letters or combinations. In Russian, these are the letters l, m, n, r, y.
See consonant sounds...
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Sonorant- SONOR. Sounds in which the voice plays a major role. C. sounds represent musical tones that differ in timbre, depending on various shapes oral cavity or both oral and nasal cavities, resonating with the main tone of the voice. ... ... Literary Encyclopedia
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CONSONANTS- speech sounds opposed to vowels and consisting of voice and noise or only noise that is formed in the oral cavity, where the air stream meets various obstacles. Consonants are classified: according to the participation of voice and noise, e.g. sonorous… … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Consonants- CONSENT. sounds, hallmark which is a non-musical noise produced by the convergence of the pronunciation organs (S. fricatives, see) or the rupture of closely closed pronunciation organs under the pressure of exhaled air (S. explosives, see). ... ... Literary Encyclopedia
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consonants- Sounds of speech, consisting either of one noise, or of voice and noise, which is formed in the oral cavity, where the air stream exhaled from the lungs meets various obstacles. The classification of consonants is based on: 1) the participation of voice and noise. Consonants ... ... Dictionary linguistic terms
consonants- (background) Sounds, during the formation of which the tension is localized (focused) at the place of formation of the barrier, a strong air jet overcomes the barrier at the focus of the formation of the consonant, exploding it and passing through the gap. These noises are... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal