1. Placement of the population on the territory of the Earth. Factors affecting the distribution of the population. The most densely populated regions of the world.
2. Power industry: value, countries distinguished by absolute and per capita indicators of electricity production.
3. Determination of the main grain exporters based on statistical data.
1. Placement of the population on the territory of the Earth. Factors affecting the distribution of the population. The most densely populated regions of the world.
The average population density of the Earth today is more than 30 persons/sq. km. But there are huge contrasts in individual continents and countries.
The Eastern Hemisphere has a larger population (86%) than the Western, and the Northern Hemisphere has more people than the Southern, which is home to only 10%. At the same time, the bulk of the population lives within the temperate, subtropical and subequatorial climatic zones at altitudes up to 500 m above sea level.
The nature of the settlement of people on the planet, including their density, is due to a number of factors:
1) factor of natural conditions: proximity to the sea, flatness of the territory, favorable climate, fertile soils, abundance of natural resources, etc.
For your information: out of every 100 inhabitants of the Earth, 80 live in lowlands, plains, i.e. at an altitude of up to 500 m above sea level, which occupy only 28% of the earth's land.
2) the historical factor: the territories that have been developed for a long time are the areas where ancient states were formed - Egypt, Rome, Greece, China, India.
3) demographic factor: high or, conversely, low natural population growth can significantly affect the distribution and density of people by region.
4) socio-economic factors:
Employment of the population in agriculture;
For your information: the development of labor-intensive rice cultivation on irrigated lands has led to the formation of the largest population clusters in East and South Asia.
development of industry;
attraction to transport and trade routes.
Among the largest populations in modern world relate:
1) East Asian: includes the states - China, Japan, North Korea, the Republic of Korea, where more than 1 billion inhabitants live.
2) South Asian: India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan - approximately 1 billion people live in them.
3) Southeast Asian: Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, etc., with a population exceeding 300 million people.
4) European.
5) Atlantic (in the northeast of the USA).
2. Power industry: value, countries distinguished by absolute and per capita indicators of electricity production.
The electric power industry is one of the leading branches of the scientific and technological revolution era, when the role of electronization and integrated automation has increased worldwide. This industry has a decisive influence not only on development, but also on the territorial distribution of industry and all the productive forces of society.
The main part (I place) of energy produced in the world falls on thermal power plants (TPPs). In the total electricity generation, their share is 63%. Typically, thermal power plants gravitate either to coal basins or to areas of energy consumption. Production leaders: USA, Russia, China.
The second place belongs to hydropower (hydroelectric power stations). Its share in world output is 20%, but it is also gradually declining. Today, the main prospects for hydropower are associated with developing countries, which account for 65% of the world's water resources, but they are still poorly used here (in Africa - only 5% of the potential, in South America- 10 %). And the United States and Russia are leading in the use of hydropower.
The third place belongs to nuclear power plants (NPPs). Their share in world output is 17%, and it is gradually increasing. Nuclear power plants have been built in more than 30 countries around the world. In terms of the absolute scale of energy production at nuclear power plants, the USA, France, Japan, Germany, and Russia are in the lead.
Finally, alternative energy sources are becoming increasingly popular in the world:
· solar energy (the largest solar installations in the USA, France);
wind energy (small stations have been developed in almost all countries of the world, especially in the USA and Denmark);
· tidal energy (the largest tidal stations in France, Canada, USA, Russia, China);
· geothermal energy (used in Iceland, USA, Russia, Philippines, Italy, New Zealand).
Non-traditional sources also include the production of synthetic fuels based on coal, oil shale, oil sands and biomass.
For annual electricity generation in the amount of more than 200 billion kWh. have only 11 countries: USA, Russia, Japan, Ukraine, Italy, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany and India.
In terms of electricity production per capita, the following stand out:
1) countries are very well endowed: Norway - more than 26 thousand kWh. - I place in the world; Canada, Sweden, USA - up to 26 thousand kWh.
2) middle-income countries: Russia, Australia, European countries, etc. - up to 10 thousand kWh.
3) underserved countries: most Latin America, Africa, Asia - up to 2 thousand kWh. and less.
3. Determination of the main grain exporters based on statistical data.
The main branch of crop production is grain farming, its most important crops are wheat, corn, and rice. In addition to them, they grow: barley, millet, sorghum, oats, rye, chumizu, etc.
Cereals occupy 1/2 of the entire cultivated area in the world, of which 4/5 of the total gross yield is provided by 3 key crops:
1) wheat: predominantly steppe and forest-steppe crops; growing states: Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, North America, Argentina, Australia, China.
The main exporters of wheat are: USA, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Ukraine.
2) pic: this typical culture monsoon climate, cultivated almost always with artificial irrigation; tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, Latin America.
Main rice exporters: USA, Myanmar, Thailand, India.
3) corn: used for grain, but also for ensiling with milky-wax ripeness. Cultivation areas mainly coincide with wheat crops.
Main exporters of corn: USA, Canada, Argentina, Australia, France
Ticket number 18
As you already know, about 142 million people live in Russia on an area of 17.1 million km2. Thus, on average, there are 8.3 people per 1 km2.
The number of inhabitants per unit area (persons/km2) is called population density.
Population density characterizes the level of population of the territory. In terms of population density, Russia occupies one of the last places in the world. It is 5 times lower than the world average and 12 times lower than in foreign Europe. Many countries in the world have much higher population densities. In Bangladesh, it is over 900 people/km2. However, in some countries, such as Australia, it is even lower than in Russia (4 persons/km2).
In Russia, internal differences in population density are very large. In the European part, it is slightly less than the world average - 30 people per 1 km2, and in the Asian part - 10 times lower.
In some areas, the population density reaches almost 150 people/km2 (Moscow Region), while in the central part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory it is 15,000 times (!) less. main reason similar differences - uneven distribution of the population across the country. Of all the vast Russian spaces, only 45% are inhabited. Moreover, if the European part of the country is populated by 87%, then the Asian part is only 30%. There are even more differences in the population of certain regions of Russia. In the Central region, the share of the populated territory is 100%, and in the Far East it is only 1/5 of the total area.
Why is the population so unevenly distributed across the territory of Russia? Differences in the population of Russia developed under the influence of interrelated factors: natural, historical, socio-economic. Natural conditions determine the favorableness of a particular territory for permanent residence and some types economic activity people.
Rice. 66. Population density in Russia
In Russia, only 10% of the territory has favorable conditions for human life. But 30% of the total population is concentrated on them. 39, 66). In pre-revolutionary Russia, the strong influence of natural conditions on the distribution of the population was due to the fact that the bulk of its population was engaged in agriculture.
Historical factors are connected with the history of settlement and development of the country's territory. Thus, the decrease in population density in Russia from west to east is to a certain extent associated with the advancement Russian state in this direction.
Remember the main stages in the formation of the Russian state and the development of its territory.
Socio-economic factors reflect changes in the nature of the use of certain territories, in the level of their economic development, etc. For example, Russia's transition from the agrarian to the industrial stage of development greatly influenced the geography of its population. The development of industry is less dependent on natural conditions. Therefore, industrial enterprises were often built in previously uninhabited areas. This advance into new areas affected the extractive industry especially strongly. Following her, the population began to move to these areas.
The process of settlement of the territory and the network of settlements that formed as a result of it is called the resettlement of the population.
According to the peculiarities of the settlement of people in Russia, two main zones are distinguished (Fig. 67). They have developed historically under the influence of natural and socio-economic factors. These zones differ in population density, predominant types settlements, degree of economic development.
The main settlement zone covers almost the entire European part of the country, with the exception of the North.
Rice. 67. The main zone of settlement in Russia
In Asian regions, it narrows and stretches in a narrow strip along the south of Siberia and Far East. Her natural conditions are among the most favorable and most favorable for human life. Therefore, the development of this territory began a long time ago. The zone occupies 1/3 of the country's territory and concentrates 93% of the population. It has a high population density (average 50 people/km2), all cities with a population of more than 500 thousand people and the largest urban agglomerations are located.
The North Zone extends north of the main settlement zone. It occupies 64% of the country's territory. The natural conditions here are unfavorable and unfavorable for the life of the population and its economic activity. Therefore, only 10 million people live on a vast territory, with an average density of 0.9 people / km2. But here are the most important Natural resources. Settlement in the zone of the North is focal: near large deposits raw materials and ports, along transport routes and along river valleys. Compared to the Main Settlement Zone in the North zone, more expenses are required for development, construction, and wages.
The geographical division of labor as a consequence of various natural, historical and economic prerequisites for the development of production in Russia.
Different parts of the country have different natural and economic development conditions. Some are rich in minerals, while others are poor; some are densely populated, while others are deserted, that is, the conditions of each territory favor the development of various industries. Naturally, in each part of the country, those industries develop first of all, the conditions for the development of which are most favorable there. The products of these industries begin to be produced there in volumes greater than necessary for local needs. Different parts of the country begin to specialize in the production of certain types of products. The specialization of individual territories in the production of certain types of products and their exchange is called the territorial or geographical division of labor.
The specialization of territories can change as old, long-used deposits are depleted, and, conversely, as new mineral deposits are discovered, transport routes are built, under the influence of scientific and technological progress. So, for example, in the Volga region, due to favorable natural conditions, a specialization in grain farming was originally formed, but after the discovery of oil fields there, the construction of new transport routes, the region turned into a supplier of products of the chemical industry and mechanical engineering.
The population of the country is distributed unevenly across the territory. Its location was influenced by natural, historical and economic factors: areas with favorable natural conditions and territories that were developed earlier are more densely populated, now the population continues to concentrate in areas with a developing economy, along transport routes.
The average population density of the country is about 9 people per 1 km2. However, there are very densely populated regions (Central Russia), where there are more than 100 people per 1 km2, and vast northern taiga regions, where there is practically no population. So, in the vast territory of Russia, located beyond the Urals, only about 30 million people live, and the average population density is 2.5 people per 1 km2.
The main part of the population of Russia is concentrated within the main zone of settlement. The territory of the country was populated from west to east, and therefore the main strip of settlement stretched, gradually narrowing, in this direction. Its border runs in the north along the line Petrozavodsk - Kirov - Perm - Krasnoyarsk, in the south - Astrakhan - Krasnoyarsk. This zone has the most favorable natural conditions, it is characterized by high (average 5 people per 1 km2) population density, a large number of cities.
To the north is the northern zone with a harsh climate, low population density, and a small number of cities.
The uneven distribution of the population on Earth is explained by a number of factors.
The influence of the natural factor is manifested:
in the poor development of territories with unfavorable natural conditions for humans (deserts, tundras, tropical forests, polar regions);
in the residence of the main part of the population at an altitude of up to 1000 m above sea level (with 56% of the population concentrated on the plains with a height of up to 200 m, 24% - up to 500 m above sea level);
in the concentration of the population near the sea coast (more than 50% of the population lives within 200 km from the coasts of the seas and oceans);
in the high development of territories with fertile soils and favorable agro-climatic conditions (subtropical, subequatorial and south of the temperate climate zone).
The impact of the historical features of the settlement of the land is manifested in the fact that, according to scientists, the settlement of the Earth occurred from the territories where the modern man was formed, Southwest Asia, North Africa and Southern Europe, through the Old World, then to America and Australia. The time of settlement seriously affected the population of the regions.
Differences in the current demographic situation are associated with the natural increase in the population of individual countries. A striking example is Bangladesh with high level fertility. The population density of this country is currently more than 750 people/km2.
The impact of socio-economic conditions is associated with the location of industrial zones, transport routes, the development of large mineral deposits that contribute to the concentration of the population.
The population of the country is distributed unevenly across the territory. Its location was influenced by natural, historical and economic factors: areas with favorable natural conditions and territories that were developed earlier are more densely populated, now the population continues to concentrate in areas with a developing economy, along transport routes.
The average population density of the country is about 9 people per 1 km2. However, there are very densely populated regions (Central Russia), where there are more than 100 people per 1 km2, and vast northern taiga regions, where there is practically no population. So, in the vast territory of Russia, located beyond the Urals, only about 30 million people live, and the average population density is 2.5 people per 1 km2.
The main part of the population of Russia is concentrated within the main zone of settlement. The territory of the country was populated from west to east, and therefore the main strip of settlement stretched, gradually narrowing, in this direction. Its border runs in the north along the line Petrozavodsk - Kirov - Perm - Krasnoyarsk, in the south - Astrakhan - Krasnoyarsk. This zone has the most favorable natural conditions, it is characterized by high (average 5 people per 1 km2) population density, a large number of cities.
To the north is the northern zone with a harsh climate, low population density, and a small number of cities.
- this is the process of distribution of the population over the territory and the formation of a network of settlements. Its character is influenced by four groups of factors:
- socio-economic ( general level development of the economy, regional differences in the location of sectors of the economy, incomes of the population, volumes of investment, etc.);
- natural (climate, relief, soil, availability, etc.);
- demographic (intensity of mechanical and natural movement of the population);
- historical factor (influence on the resettlement of historical conditions).
The main features of the population distribution
The distribution of the population reflects the result of the process of population resettlement for a specific period of time.
The people on the planet are extremely unevenly settled.
More than two-thirds of humanity is concentrated on about 8% of the land area, and about 10% of it is still uninhabited (, almost all, etc.).
Other features of the distribution of the population on Earth are as follows: 72% of the population lives in - the area of origin and formation of man, 60% of the population - in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere; more than half of the people are concentrated in the lowlands (up to 200 m above sea level), although the latter make up less than 30% of the land. The population is, as it were, "shifted" to the sea - almost 1/3 of the people live at a distance of no more than 50 km from the sea (this strip occupies 12% of the land).
The distribution of population across regions of the world is uneven. 3/5 of it falls to the share of , 13.5% - to , another 12% - to , and the rest of the regions in total - less than 15% Over the past decades specific gravity Asia, Africa and the entire world population has been constantly increasing, Oceania has been stable, and Europe and has been steadily declining.
Now only 1/5 of the world's population lives in economically highly developed countries, including 11.4% in the top 7 (, Germany, and), and 4/5 in developing countries.
60% of humanity is concentrated in ten largest states with a population of more than 100 million in each, and almost 15% in eleven countries with a population of 50 to 100 million people. Thus, there is a very high territorial concentration of the population. However, the vast majority of countries have less than 10 million inhabitants, and many have less than 1 million. The highest proportion of sparsely populated countries is in Africa, Oceania and Central America. Examples of states with a very small population are (1 thousand inhabitants) and Pitcairn Island (a British colony in Polynesia), where the population is less than 100 people.
The degree of population and economic development of the territory is often determined by the indicator - the number of inhabitants per 1 km2. Her average value in the world - 45 people per 1 km2. However, at the same time, according to available estimates, for half of the land population density is less than 1 person per 1 km2, and for 1/4 - it ranges from 1 to 10 people per 1 km2.
On the the globe 6 regions can be distinguished with the highest population density (over 100 people per 1 km2):
- East Asian (East China, Japan, Republic of Korea).
- South Asian (Indo-Gangetic lowland, South India.
- Southeast Asian ( , Vietnam, ).
- European (Europe without its northern part).
- Northeastern region of the USA.
- West African region (Nile valley and lower reaches - countries: Nigeria,).
In addition, there are areas with high population density in - some coastal areas in and.
The most densely populated countries in the world include (930 people per 1 km2), and - 330 - 395 people per 1 km2.
High population density is most often associated with the development of industry and cities, in which it often reaches several thousand and even tens of thousands of people per 1 km2. However, among densely populated countries there are both industrial, highly urbanized countries (Great Britain, Belgium, Germany) and agrarian countries with a sharp preponderance of the rural population (India, Indonesia, Bangladesh). The situation is similar among sparsely populated states, which include both highly developed countries -