In the 2nd half of the 15th - 1st third of the 16th centuries. most of the Russian lands were included in the Moscow Grand Duchy. Moscow became the capital of the unified Russian state.
Grand Duke All Russia Ivan III Vasilievich (reigned in 1462-1505) annexed the principalities of Yaroslavl (1463), Rostov (1474) to the Grand Duchy of Moscow, Novgorod Republic(1477), Grand Duchy of Tver (1485), Vyatka land (1489). "Standing on the Ugra" of the troops of the Great Horde Khan Akhmat and Ivan III in 1480 ended with the retreat of Akhmat, which led to the final liberation of Russia from the Mongol- Tatar yoke. As a result of the Russian-Lithuanian wars of 1487-94. and 1500-03. Verkhovsky Principalities, Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky, Starodub, Gomel, Bryansk, Toropets, and others went to Moscow. In 1487, the Kazan Khanate became a vassal of the Russian state (until 1521). From the end of the XV century. developed a landownership system. The estate, the owner of which was a serving nobleman, and the supreme owner of the Grand Duke, could not be inherited, sold, etc. The nobility formed the basis armed forces states. The growing need of the state and the feudal lords for money forced them to increase the profitability of estates and estates by transferring duties to cash taxes, increasing quitrents, introducing their own plowing, and transferring peasants to corvée. The Sudebnik of 1497 legalized a single term for the transition of peasants to other owners, usually in the fall, a week before St. George's Day (November 26) and a week after it. Under Ivan III, the process of folding the central state apparatus was going on. The Boyar Duma became a permanent deliberative body under supreme power. It included duma ranks: boyars, roundabouts, from the beginning of the 14th century. - duma nobles, later duma clerks. The unification of the courts of the principalities attached to Moscow as part of the Sovereign's court continued. The relationship between the princely-boyar aristocracy of Moscow and the region was regulated by localism. At the same time, a number of special territorial courtyards were still preserved (Tver land until the 40s of the XIV century, Novgorod land up to 1st quarter XVII in.). There were central executive bodies (Treasury, palaces). Local administrative, financial and judicial functions were performed by the institute of governors and volostels that had developed in Russia, supported by feeding, the 2nd marriage (1472) of Ivan III with the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Zoya (Sophia) Palaiologos served to increase the international authority of Moscow. Diplomatic and trade relations were established with the papacy, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, Moldavian Principality, Ottoman Empire, Iran, Crimean Khanate and others. Ivan III attracted the Italian architects Aleviz Fryazin (Milanets), Aleviz Fryazin (New), Aristotle Fioravanti, and others to the construction of church and secular buildings in Moscow.
Under Ivan III, the struggle of 2 currents in the Russian Orthodox Church: Josephites (founder and spiritual leader Joseph Volotsky) and non-possessors (Nil Sorsky, Paisiy Yaroslavov, Vassian Patrikeev, etc.). An attempt by nonpossessors to enforce on church cathedral In 1503, the idea of monasteries giving up land ownership was actively opposed by Joseph Volotsky and his supporters. Ivan III, who hoped to replenish the land fund of the state through secularization, was forced to recognize the program of the Josephites: "Church acquisition is God's acquisition." He also changed his attitude towards the circle of freethinkers (F. V. Kuritsyn, Ivan Cherny, etc.), which had developed at the court of his son and co-ruler (since 1471), Grand Duke Ivan Ivanovich Molodoy (1458-93) and his wife (since 1483) Elena Stefanovna (died in disgrace in 1505), and yielded to the Archbishop of Novgorod Gennady and other hierarchs who demanded cruel punishments of representatives of the so-called. Novgorod-Moscow heresy.
The Grand Duke of All Russia Vasily III Ivanovich (ruled in 1505-33) annexed the Pskov Republic (1510), the Ryazan Grand Duchy (1521) to Moscow. He conquered Smolensk from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1514). The size of the territory of the state increased from 430 thousand km 2 (the beginning of the 60s of the XV century) to 2800 thousand km 2 (the beginning of the 30s of the XIV century). Vasily III, following the policy of his father, strictly regulated his relations with the specific princes, a number of appanages were liquidated. He began construction beyond the Oka of the Great Zasechnaya Line and, in the interests of medium and small feudal lords, supported the development of lands south of Moscow. He, like Ivan III, invited foreigners to Moscow: the doctor and translator N. Bulev, Maxim Grek, etc. To justify the divine origin of the grand duke's power, he used the ideas of Joseph Volotsky, "Tales of the Princes of Vladimir", the theory "Moscow - the third Rome". Divorce from Solomonia Saburova (1525) and marriage to Elena Vasilievna Glinskaya aggravated relations Basil III with part of the Moscow boyars.
During the years of the regency of Grand Duchess Elena Glinskaya (1533-38) and after her death under the young Grand Duke of All Russia (since 1533) Ivan IV Vasilievich (1530-84), the struggle between court factions intensified. It was attended by Elena's favorite - Prince I.F. Ovchina-Telepnev-Obolensky (died in custody), the princes Belsky, Shuisky, the boyars Vorontsov, the princes Glinsky. During this period, the inheritances of the brothers Vasily were liquidated III-princes Yuri Dmitrovsky and Andrei Staritsky (both died in prison). A monetary reform was carried out (1535-38), a description of the lands (1536-44), a lip reform was launched (1539-41), etc.
In the 1st half of the XVI century. landownership in the central districts covered more than a third of the land, but the patrimony remained the dominant form of land ownership. There was an increase in trade and handicraft production. Novgorod, the Serpukhov-Tula region, Ustyuzhna-Zhelezopolskaya became large iron-making centers; they were engaged in salt production in Salt-Galicskaya, Una and Nenoksa (on the shore White Sea), Solvychegodsk; leather processing - in Yaroslavl, etc. The trade and craft elite of a number of cities included guests and trading people living room and cloth hundreds. Furs came from the North, where bread was delivered from the center. Trade with Eastern countries (Ottoman Empire, Iran, states Central Asia) was more developed than with Western countries. Moscow has become the largest market in the country. In the middle of the XVI century. in the country there were already up to 160 cities, most of which were military-administrative centers-fortresses.
On January 16, 1547, Ivan IV Vasilyevich was married to the kingdom, the royal title was considered equal to the imperial one. The closest adviser to the king was Metropolitan Macarius. In the late 40s - 50s. 16th century Ivan IV together with the so-called. The elected council (A.F. Adashev, Sylvester, etc.) participated in the compilation of the Sudebnik of 1550, completed the labial and carried out zemstvo reforms (during the latter, feeding was canceled), began to convene Zemsky sobors, central nationwide class-representative institutions with legislative functions . There was a formation of a class-representative monarchy. The tsar ruled jointly with the Boyar Duma, relying on decisions Zemsky Sobors. The sovereign's court included the upper strata of the ruling class (including the princely and old boyar aristocracy) and was divided into ranks: duma, as well as close to them, including representatives of the highest court positions, Moscow ranks and nobles from county corporations. The main categories of service people "according to the fatherland" and "according to the instrument" were formed. Localism regulated the system of tribal and service relations of noble families. At the same time, Ivan IV, by decree of 1550, limited the application of the norms of localism to military service taking into account military merit. In the middle of the XVI century. a system of central executive institutions-orders was formed (Ambassadorial, Local, Discharge, etc.). In 1550, 6 archery regiments were established, divided into hundreds. The local system of manning the army was formalized by the "Service Code" (1555-60).
The most important result foreign policy in the 1550s was the capture of Kazan, the annexation of the territories of the Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) khanates to Russia and the inclusion of the peoples of the Middle Volga and Western Urals in the emerging multinational state. In the 2nd half of the XVI century. in Russia, in addition to Russians, lived Tatars, Bashkirs, Udmurts, Maris, Chuvashs, Mordovians, Komi, Karelians, Saami, Veps, Nenets and other peoples.
In order to prevent the raids of the Crimean khans on the southern and central regions of the country in 1556-59. campaigns of Russian and Ukrainian troops were undertaken on the territory subject to the Crimean Khanate. In 1559, voivode D.F. Adashev landed on the Crimean coast, captured a number of towns and villages, and safely returned to Russia.
In 1558, Ivan IV began the Livonian War, with the aim of capturing the Baltic states and establishing himself on the coast of the Baltic Sea. Under the blows of the Russian troops, the Livonian Order disintegrated. Russia was opposed by Sweden, Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (since 1569 - the Commonwealth).
Around 1560 there was a fall of the government The chosen one is glad, some members of which opposed the conduct of the Livonian War, and also considered it necessary to continue the struggle against the Crimean Khanate. Ivan IV also suspected his former associates of sympathy for his cousin- Specific Prince Vladimir Staritsky. After the defeat of the Russian troops from the Polish-Lithuanian side on the river. Ula near Polotsk (1564), the tsar placed in disgrace and executed the princes M. P. Repnin, Yu. I. Kashin, the governor N. P. Sheremetev, and others.
Trying to break the hidden opposition of some part of the aristocracy and achieve unlimited autocratic power, in December 1564 Ivan IV set about organizing the oprichnina. Having retired to Alexandrov Sloboda, on January 3, 1565, he announced his abdication, placing the blame on the clergy, boyars, children of boyars and clerks. A deputation from the Boyar Duma and the clergy arrived in the settlement, expressing their consent to granting emergency powers to the tsar. The king established a "special" court with his army, finances and administration. The state was divided into oprichnina and zemstvo territories. In the oprichnina, the oprichnina thought, financial orders (Cheti) operated. Zemshchina continued to be controlled by the Boyar Duma. There were evictions of feudal lords who were not enrolled in the oprichnina, with the transfer of their lands to the guardsmen. From February 1565, the oprichnina terror began. In 1568, the boyar I.P. Fedorov and his alleged “supporters” were executed, in 1569 the Staritskys, Metropolitan Philip and others were exterminated. defeat of Novgorod. In the same year, many supporters of Ivan IV were executed (guardsmen A. D. and F. A. Basmanov, clerk I. M. Viskovaty, etc.). In 1571, the tsar and the oprichnina army failed to defend Moscow from the raid of the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray. At the same time, the zemstvo governors, princes M. I. Vorotynsky, D. I. Khvorostinin and others, inflicted a crushing defeat on the khan in the Battle of Molodin in 1572. In the same year, Ivan IV abolished the oprichnina, and in 1575 appointed the Kasimov Khan Grand Duke of All Russia Simeon Bekbulatvich, he himself was called Prince Ivan Vasilievich of Moscow, retaining full power. In 1576 he regained the royal throne.
Temporary successes during the Livonian War (the capture of Marienhausen, Lucin, Zesswegen, Schwanenburg, etc. in 1577) were replaced by a series of defeats from the troops of the Polish king Stefan Batory and the Swedish king Johan III. In 1581-82. the garrison of Pskov, headed by Prince I. P. Shuisky, withstood the siege of the Polish-Lithuanian troops.
Domestic politics Ivan IV and a protracted war led the country in the 70-80s. 16th century to heavy economic crisis, the ruin of the population by taxes, oprichnina pogroms, the desolation of large territories of Russia. In 1581, Ivan IV introduced a temporary ban on the peasant exit on St. George's Day. Continuing the policy of expanding the territory of the state, the tsar supported the campaign of Yermak Timofeevich against the Siberian Khanate (circa 1581), initiating the annexation of Siberia to the Russian state. Livonian War ended (1583) with the loss of a number of Russian lands (Yam-Zapolsky Peace of 1582, Plyussky truce of 1583). The reign of Ivan IV, nicknamed "the Terrible", ended in the collapse of many undertakings and the personal tragedy of the tsar, connected with the murder of his son - Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich. Historians have not been able to unambiguously explain the reasons for his actions. The combination of talent, outstanding education and the sadistic inclinations of the king is sometimes associated with his heavy heredity, mental trauma in the years of infancy, persecution mania, etc.
Russian culture late XV-XVI centuries It is represented by outstanding achievements in the field of printing (printing houses of Ivan Fedorov, P. T. Mstislavets), architecture (the ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin, the Pokrovsky Cathedral on Red Square, the Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye), church painting (frescoes and icons of Dionysius), applied art. In the XVI century. compiled Voskresenskaya, Nikonovskaya and other chronicles, the Front chronicle code. Power issues, the relationship between church and state, socio-political and economic structure were considered in the works of Philotheus, Joseph Volotsky, Maxim Grek, Yermolai-Erasmus, I. S. Peresvetov, Ivan IV the Terrible, Prince A. M. Kurbsky and others.
In the 2nd half of the 15th-1st third of the 16th centuries. most of the Russian lands were included in the Moscow Grand Duchy. Moscow became the capital of the unified Russian state.
The Grand Duke of All Russia Ivan III Vasilyevich (ruled in 1462-1505) annexed the principalities of Yaroslavl (1463), Rostov (1474), the Novgorod Republic (1477), the Grand Duchy of Tver (1485), Vyatka land (1489) to the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
The "standing on the Ugra" of the troops of the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat and Ivan III in 1480 ended with the retreat of Akhmat, which led to the final liberation of Russia from the Mongol-Tatar yoke. As a result of the Russo-Lithuanian wars of 1487–94 and 1500–03, the Verkhovsky principalities, Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky, Starodub, Gomel, Bryansk, Toropets, and others, ceded to Moscow. In 1487, the Kazan Khanate became a vassal of the Russian state (until 1521). From the end of the 15th century developed a landownership system. The estate, which was owned by a serving nobleman, and the Grand Duke was the supreme owner, could not be inherited, sold, etc. The nobility formed the basis of the armed forces of the state. The growing need of the state and the feudal lords for money forced them to increase the profitability of estates and estates by transferring duties to cash taxes, increasing quitrents, introducing their own plowing, and transferring peasants to corvée. Sudebnik 1497 legalized a single term for the transition of peasants to other owners, usually in the fall, a week before St. George's Day (November 26) and a week after it. Under Ivan III, the process of folding the central state apparatus was going on. The Boyar Duma became a permanent deliberative body under the supreme power. It included duma ranks: boyars, roundabouts, from the beginning of the 16th century. - duma nobles, later duma clerks. The unification of the courts of the principalities attached to Moscow as part of the Sovereign's court continued. The relationship between the princely-boyar aristocracy of Moscow and the region was regulated by localism. At the same time, a number of special territorial courts were still preserved (Tver land until the 40s of the 16th century, Novgorod land until the first quarter of the 17th century). There were central executive bodies (Treasury, palaces). Local administrative, financial and judicial functions were performed by the institute of governors and volostels that had developed in Russia, supported by feeding, the 2nd marriage (1472) of Ivan III with the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Zoya (Sophia) Palaiologos served to increase the international authority of Moscow. Diplomatic and trade relations were established with the papal throne, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, the Principality of Moldavia, the Ottoman Empire, Iran, the Crimean Khanate, etc. Ivan III attracted Italian architects Aleviz Fryazin (Milants), Aleviz Fryazin to the construction of church and secular buildings in Moscow (New), Aristotle Fioravanti and others.
Under Ivan III, the struggle of 2 currents in the Russian Orthodox Church escalated: the Josephites (the founder and spiritual leader Joseph Volotsky) and non-possessors (Nil Sorsky, Paisiy Yaroslavov, Vassian Patrikeev, etc.). At the church council of 1503, the attempt of the non-possessors to put into practice the idea of the monasteries giving up land ownership provoked active opposition from Joseph Volotsky and his supporters. Ivan III, who hoped to replenish the land fund of the state through secularization, was forced to recognize the program of the Josephites: "Church acquisition is God's acquisition." He also changed his attitude towards the circle of freethinkers (F. V. Kuritsyn, Ivan Cherny, etc.), which had developed at the court of his son and co-ruler (since 1471), Grand Duke Ivan Ivanovich Molodoy (1458-93) and his wife (since 1483) Helena Stefanovna (died in disgrace in 1505), and yielded to the Archbishop of Novgorod Gennady and other hierarchs who demanded cruel punishments of representatives of the so-called. Novgorod-Moscow heresy.
The Grand Duke of All Russia Vasily III Ivanovich (reigned in 1505-33) annexed the Pskov Republic (1510), the Ryazan Grand Duchy (1521) to Moscow. He conquered Smolensk from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1514). The size of the territory of the state increased from 430,000 km2 (early 60s of the 15th century) to 2,800,000 km2 (early 30s of the 16th century). Vasily III, following the policy of his father, strictly regulated his relations with the specific princes, a number of appanages were liquidated. He began construction beyond the Oka of the Great Zasechnaya Line and, in the interests of medium and small feudal lords, supported the development of lands south of Moscow. He, like Ivan III, invited foreigners to Moscow: the doctor and translator N. Bulev, Maxim Grek, and others. To justify the divine origin of the grand ducal power, he used the ideas of Joseph Volotsky, "Tales of the Princes of Vladimir", the theory "Moscow - the third Rome". Divorce from Solomonia Saburova (1525) and marriage to Elena Vasilievna Glinskaya aggravated relations between Vasily III and part of the Moscow boyars.
During the years of the regency of Grand Duchess Elena Glinskaya (1533-38) and after her death, under the juvenile Grand Duke of All Russia (since 1533) Ivan IV Vasilyevich (1530-84), the struggle between court factions intensified. It was attended by Elena's favorite - Prince I. F. Ovchina -
Telepnev-Obolensky (died in prison), princes Belsky, Shuisky, boyars Vorontsov, princes Glinsky. During this period, the inheritances of the brothers Vasily III, princes Yuri Dmitrovsky and Andrei Staritsky, were liquidated (both died in prison). A monetary reform was carried out (1535-38), a description of the lands (1536-44), a lip reform was launched (1539-41), etc.
In the 1st half of the 16th century. landownership in the central districts covered more than a third of the land, but the patrimony remained the dominant form of land ownership. There was an increase in trade and handicraft production. Novgorod, the Serpukhov-Tula region, Ustyuzhna-Zhelezopolskaya became large iron-making centers; they were engaged in salt-making in Salt-Galitskaya, Una and Nenoksa (on the coast of the White Sea), Solvychegodsk; leather processing - in Yaroslavl, etc. The trade and craft elite of a number of cities included guests and merchants of the living room and cloth hundreds. Furs came from the North, where bread was delivered from the center. Trade with Eastern countries (Ottoman Empire, Iran, Central Asian states) was more developed than with Western countries. Moscow has become the largest market in the country. In the middle of the 16th century in the country there were already up to 160 cities, most of which were military-administrative centers-fortresses.
On January 16, 1547, Ivan IV Vasilyevich was married to the kingdom, the royal title was considered equal to the imperial one. The closest adviser to the king was Metropolitan Macarius. In the late 40s - 50s. 16th century Ivan IV together with t.
N. Elected Rada (A.F. Adashev, Sylvester, etc.) participated in the compilation of the Sudebnik of 1550, completed the labial and carried out zemstvo reforms (during the latter, feeding was canceled), began to convene Zemsky sobors, central nationwide class-representative institutions with legislative functions . There was a formation of a class-representative monarchy. The tsar ruled jointly with the Boyar Duma, relying on the decisions of the Zemsky Sobors. The sovereign's court included the upper strata of the ruling class (including the princely and old boyar aristocracy) and was divided into ranks: duma, as well as close to them, including representatives of the highest court positions, Moscow ranks and nobles from county corporations. The main categories of service people "according to the fatherland" and "according to the instrument" were formed. Localism regulated the system of tribal and service relations of noble families. At the same time, Ivan IV, by decree of 1550, limited the application of the norms of parochialism in military service to military merit. In the middle of the 16th century a system of central executive institutions-orders was formed (Ambassadorial, Local, Discharge, etc.). In 1550, 6 archery regiments were established, divided into hundreds. The local system of manning the army was formalized by the "Code of Service" (1555-60).
The most important result of foreign policy in the 1550s. was the capture of Kazan, the annexation of the territories of the Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) khanates to Russia and the inclusion of the peoples of the Middle Volga and Western Urals in the emerging multinational state. In the 2nd half of the 16th century. in Russia, in addition to Russians, lived Tatars, Bashkirs, Udmurts, Maris, Chuvashs, Mordovians, Komi, Karelians, Saami, Veps, Nenets and other peoples.
In order to prevent the raids of the Crimean khans on the southern and central regions of the country in 1556-59, campaigns of Russian and Ukrainian troops were undertaken on the territory subject to the Crimean Khanate. In 1559, voivode D. F. Adashev landed on the Crimean coast, captured a number of towns and villages, and safely returned to Russia.
In 1558, Ivan IV began the Livonian War, with the aim of seizing the Baltic states and establishing himself on the coast of the Baltic Sea. Under the blows of the Russian troops, the Livonian Order disintegrated. Russia was opposed by Sweden, Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (from 1569 - the Commonwealth).
Around 1560, the government of the Chosen Rada fell, some members of which opposed the conduct of the Livonian War, and also considered it necessary to continue the struggle against the Crimean Khanate. Ivan IV also suspected his former associates of sympathy for his cousin, the specific prince Vladimir Staritsky. After the defeat of the Russian troops from the Polish-Lithuanian side on the river. Ula near Polotsk (1564) the tsar put into disgrace and executed the princes M. P. Repnin, Yu. I. Kashin, the governor
N. P. Sheremeteva and others. Trying to break the hidden opposition of some part of the aristocracy and achieve unlimited autocratic power, in December 1564 Ivan IV set about organizing the oprichnina. On January 3, 1565, having retired to Alexandrov's settlement, he announced his abdication, placing the blame on the clergy, boyars, children of boyars and clerks. A deputation from the Boyar Duma and the clergy arrived in the settlement, expressing their consent to granting emergency powers to the tsar. The king established a "special" court with his army, finances and administration. The state was divided into oprichnina and zemstvo territories. In the oprichnina, the oprichnina thought, financial orders (Cheti) operated. Zemshchina continued to be controlled by the Boyar Duma. There were evictions of feudal lords who were not enrolled in the oprichnina, with the transfer of their lands to the guardsmen. From February 1565, the oprichnina terror began. In 1568, the boyar I. P. Fedorov and his alleged “supporters” were executed; in 1569, the Staritskys, Metropolitan Philip, and others were exterminated. defeat of Novgorod. In the same year, many supporters of Ivan IV were executed (guardsmen A. D. and F. A. Basmanov, clerk I. M. Viskovaty, etc.). In 1571, the tsar and the oprichnina army failed to defend Moscow from the raid of the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray. At the same time, the zemstvo governors, princes M. I. Vorotynsky, D. I. Khvorostinin and others, inflicted a crushing defeat on the khan in the Battle of Molodin in 1572. In the same year, Ivan IV abolished the oprichnina, and in 1575 appointed Simeon Bekbulatvich, the Kasimov Khan, Grand Duke of All Russia, he himself was called Prince Ivan Vasilyevich of Moscow, retaining full power. In 1576 he regained the royal throne.
Temporary successes during the Livonian War (the capture of Marienhausen, Lutsin, Zesswegen, Schwanenburg, and others in 1577) gave way to a series of defeats from the troops of the Polish King Stefan Batory and the Swedish King Johan III. In 1581-82, the Pskov garrison, headed by Prince I.P. Shuisky, withstood the siege of the Polish-Lithuanian troops.
The internal policy of Ivan IV and a protracted war led the country in the 70-80s. 16th century to a severe economic crisis, the ruin of the population with taxes, oprichnina pogroms, and the desolation of large areas of Russia. In 1581, Ivan IV introduced a temporary ban on the peasant exit on St. George's Day. Continuing the policy of expanding the territory of the state, the tsar supported the campaign of Yermak Timofeevich against the Siberian Khanate (about 1581), initiating the annexation of Siberia to the Russian state. The Livonian War ended (1583) with the loss of a number of Russian lands (the Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky in 1582, the Truce of Plus in 1583). The reign of Ivan IV, nicknamed "the Terrible", ended in the collapse of many undertakings and the personal tragedy of the tsar, connected with the murder of his son - Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich. Historians have not been able to unambiguously explain the reasons for his actions. The combination of talent, outstanding education and the sadistic inclinations of the king is sometimes associated with his severe heredity, mental trauma during his childhood, persecution mania, etc.
Russian culture of the late 15th-16th centuries. It is represented by outstanding achievements in the field of printing (printing houses of Ivan Fedorov, P. T. Mstislavets), architecture (the ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin, the Pokrovsky Cathedral on Red Square, the Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye), church painting (frescoes and icons of Dionysius), applied art. In the 16th century compiled Voskresenskaya, Nikonovskaya and other chronicles, the Front chronicle code. The problems of power, the relationship between church and state, the socio-political and economic structure were considered in the works of Philotheus, Joseph Volotsky, Maxim the Greek, Yermolai-Erasmus, I. S. Peresvetov, Ivan IV the Terrible, Prince A. M. Kurbsky and others.
Ivan III, the son of Vasily II the Dark, from childhood knew the hardships and dangers of the life of the grand-ducal family. Vasily II was blinded by his father's opponents and kept in captivity for several years. Faithful to the Grand Duke Boyars Faithful of the young Ivan, together with his younger brother. Children lived in constant expectation of trouble. But the enemies lured the children out by deceit and imprisoned them in the monastery together with their parents. Little Ivan saw with what difficulties and losses his father regained the throne of the grand duke.
Vasily II understood all the dangers competition for power in the Moscow principality. Therefore, he proclaims his eight-year-old son Ivan the Grand Duke and co-ruler of his father. Soon Ivan begins to carry out important military and political assignments. 12-year-old Ivan is already leading a military campaign. The events of an anxious childhood taught Ivan III to be cautious, diplomatic, and, where necessary, to act tough and decisively.
In 1462, after the death of Vasily the Dark, Ivan III became the sole ruler of the Moscow principality. He annexed Yaroslavl and Rostov to Moscow, distributing their land and villages to the princes. Ivan III helped the Pskovites drive out the Germans, and Pskov recognized Moscow's supremacy. As a result of the military campaign against Kazan, a peace treaty was reached on Moscow's terms and the Russian prisoners who were languishing in captivity were released.
Two groups fought in the Novgorod boyars. The boyars of the first, united around the widow of the posadnik Marfa Boretskaya and her sons, believed that it was possible to preserve republican liberties only with the support of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The boyars of the second group advocated close ties with Moscow and hoped that a good relationship with the Grand Duke will help preserve the independence of the Novgorod Republic.
Fearing the loss of their privileges in the event of submission to Moscow, part of the Novgorod boyars, led by the posadnik Marfa Boretskaya, concluded an agreement on the vassal dependence of Novgorod from Lithuania. Having learned about the collusion of the boyars with Lithuania, Ivan III took drastic measures to subjugate Novgorod. The campaign of 1471 was attended by the troops of all the lands subject to Moscow, which gave it an all-Russian character. Novgorodians were accused of "falling away from Orthodoxy to Latinism."
The decisive battle took place on the Shelon River. The Novgorod militia, having a significant superiority in strength, fought reluctantly; Muscovites, according to chroniclers close to Moscow, “like roaring lions,” attacked the enemy and pursued the retreating Novgorodians for more than twenty miles.
Veche bell is taken away from Novgorod THE CONQUERATION OF NOVGOROD Volny Novgorod ceased to comply with the terms of the agreement with Moscow and entered into an agreement with the Polish-Lithuanian king Casimir IV. Ivan III, at the head of a large army, captured Novgorod and brutally cracked down on the Novgorodians. Ivan III made 4 military campaigns against Novgorod before the free city recognized Moscow's authority in everything. The famous veche bell, as a symbol of the independence of Novgorod, was removed by order of Ivan III and transported to Moscow.
Since 1472, Ivan stopped paying tribute to the Horde. Khan Akhmat sent his ambassadors to Moscow. In front of the Horde ambassadors and Russian boyars, Ivan tore and trampled on the treaty with the Horde. He declared that he no longer obeyed the khan and would not pay tribute to him. Khan's ambassadors were expelled. In 1480, Khan Akhmat sent a large army to recalcitrant Russia
Khan Akhmat longed to restore the complete domination of the Horde over Russia. “The same summer, the evil-named Tsar Akhmat ... went to Orthodox Christianity, to Russia, to the holy churches and to the Grand Duke, boasting of destroying the holy churches and capturing all Orthodoxy and the Grand Duke himself, as if under Batu Besh (it was).” chronicle
Great standing on the river. Ugra Ivan III advanced his army towards the enemy. Akhmat led the Horde warriors to the Ugra River. On the opposite bank stood Russian army, preventing the Horde from crossing the river and going to Moscow. For several months, troops stood opposite each other on the Ugra. At this time, Ivan III's ally, the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, attacked the lands of the Polish-Lithuanian state, because of which its head, King Casimir IV, could not provide the promised assistance to Khan Akhmat. In addition, Russian detachments sent by Ivan III along the Volga attacked the territory of the Great Horde and ravaged its capital, Sarai.
By the end of October, the river began to freeze and the enemy could easily cross over to the other side. The Grand Duke ordered the Russian troops to be withdrawn from the open field to Borovsk, where in winter conditions the defensive position was more advantageous. The Khan's army was not ready for war in winter, the Horde did not have winter clothes. Akhmat thought that Ivan III had freed open field for the final battle. Frightened by a general battle, the khan hastily withdrew his troops from the Russian land. Thus ended the yoke of the Golden Horde in Russia, which lasted almost 250 years.
In 1485 Ivan III annexed Tver. The unification was completed by his son Vasily III (In 1510, Pskov went to Moscow, to Smolensk, in 1521 to Ryazan. Thus a powerful state was formed. After the fall of Constantinople, Russia remained the only Orthodox state
The wife of Ivan III died, and the Grand Duke decided to marry a second time. His new wife was Sophia Paleolog, the niece of the last emperor of Byzantium, Constantine, who died from the sword of the Turkish conquerors. The marriage of the Grand Duke to the last Byzantine princess made it possible to declare Moscow the successor of Byzantium, the center of the Orthodox faith.
Dictionary Feeding - the procedure for maintaining officials at the expense of the local population. governors Dictionary Feeding - the procedure for keeping officials at the expense of the local population. Vocabulary Locality - the order of appointment to public office according to the nobility of the family.
Ivan III Vasilyevich () Accession: Yaroslavl (1463) Rostov (1474) Novgorod (1478) Tver (1485) Vyatka (1489) Overthrow of the yoke: 1476 - termination of tribute payment ("exit") 1480 - standing on the Ugra River - Subjugation of the Kazan Khanate 1471 - Battle on the Shelon River 1478 - Siege and capture of Novgorod 1485 - Sovereign of All Russia Sudebnik 1497 The death penalty for major state crimes Law of St. George's Day (two weeks before and after November 26) + Payment of the "elderly"
Vasily III Ivanovich () Accession: Pskov (1510) Smolensk (1514) Ryazan (1521) The unification of the Russian lands Vasily III and the coat of arms of Moscow was completed. Engraving from "Notes on Muscovy" by S. Herberstein
- Ivan III (1462-1505). The beginning of the struggle with Novgorod.
- Annexation of Novgorod to Moscow.
- The liquidation of the Horde dominion.
- Annexation of Tver.
- Completion of the unification of Russian lands.
- Localism - the order of appointment to public office according to the nobility of the family.
- Yuriev day. It was first introduced by Sudebnik in 1497. From that time on, the peasant transition was limited to two weeks a year: a week before and a week after the autumn St. George's Day (November 26).
- Feeding is a tribute collected by the governor from the subject population for the performance of judicial and administrative functions.
-
slide 3
- The era of Ivan III is a turning point in Russian history.
- This epoch completes everything that the conditions of previous centuries have worked out and opens the way for what must be worked out in subsequent centuries.
-
slide 4
- Ivan III, the son of Vasily II the Dark, from childhood knew the hardships and dangers of the life of the grand-ducal family.
- Vasily II was blinded by his father's opponents and kept in captivity for several years.
-
slide 5
- Faithful to the Grand Duke Boyars Faithful of the young Ivan, together with his younger brother.
- Children lived in constant expectation of trouble.
- But the enemies lured the children out by deceit and imprisoned them in the monastery together with their parents.
-
slide 6
- Little Ivan saw with what difficulties and losses his father regained the throne of the grand duke.
- Vasily II understood all the dangers of a competitive struggle for power in the Moscow principality.
- Therefore, he proclaims his eight-year-old son Ivan the Grand Duke and co-ruler of his father.
-
Slide 7
- Soon Ivan begins to carry out important military and political assignments.
- 12-year-old Ivan is already leading a military campaign.
- The events of an anxious childhood taught Ivan III to be cautious, diplomatic, and, where necessary, to act tough and decisively.
-
Slide 8
- Ivan III helped the Pskovites drive out the Germans, and Pskov recognized Moscow's supremacy.
- As a result of the military campaign against Kazan, a peace treaty was reached on Moscow's terms and the Russian prisoners who were languishing in captivity were released.
-
Slide 9
- In 1462, after the death of Vasily the Dark, Ivan III became the sole ruler of the Moscow principality.
- He annexed Yaroslavl and Rostov to Moscow, distributing their land and villages to the princes.
-
Slide 10
Two groups fought in the Novgorod boyars. The boyars of the first, united around the widow of the posadnik Marfa Boretskaya and her sons, believed that it was possible to preserve republican liberties only with the support of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
slide 11
The boyars of the second group advocated close ties with Moscow and hoped that good relations with the Grand Duke would help preserve the independence of the Novgorod Republic.
slide 12
- Having learned about the collusion of the boyars with Lithuania, Ivan III took drastic measures to subjugate Novgorod.
- The campaign of 1471 was attended by the troops of all the lands subject to Moscow, which gave it an all-Russian character. Novgorodians were accused of "falling away from Orthodoxy to Latinism."
-
slide 13
Fearing the loss of their privileges in the event of submission to Moscow, part of the Novgorod boyars, led by the posadnik Marfa Boretskaya, concluded an agreement on the vassal dependence of Novgorod from Lithuania.
Slide 14
The decisive battle took place on the Shelon River
The Novgorod militia, having a significant superiority in strength, fought reluctantly; Muscovites, according to chroniclers close to Moscow, “like roaring lions,” attacked the enemy and pursued the retreating Novgorodians for more than twenty miles.
slide 15
- Volny Novgorod ceased to comply with the terms of the agreement with Moscow and entered into an agreement with the Polish-Lithuanian king Casimir IV.
- Ivan III, at the head of a large army, captured Novgorod and brutally cracked down on the Novgorodians.
-
slide 16
Ivan III made 4 military campaigns against Novgorod before the free city recognized Moscow's authority in everything. The famous veche bell, as a symbol of the independence of Novgorod, was removed by order of Ivan III and transported to Moscow.
Slide 17
- Since 1472, Ivan stopped paying tribute to the Horde. Khan Akhmat sent his ambassadors to Moscow.
- In front of the Horde ambassadors and Russian boyars, Ivan tore and trampled on the treaty with the Horde.
- He declared that he no longer obeyed the khan and would not pay tribute to him. Khan's ambassadors were expelled.
-
Slide 18
- In 1480, Khan Akhmat sent a large army to recalcitrant Russia
- “The same summer, the evil-named Tsar Akhmat ... went to Orthodox Christianity, to Russia, to the holy churches and to the Grand Duke, boasting of destroying the holy churches and capturing all Orthodoxy and the Grand Duke himself, as if under Batu Besh (it was).” chronicle
-
Slide 19
Ivan III advanced his army towards the enemy. Akhmat led the Horde warriors to the Ugra River. The Russian army stood on the opposite bank, preventing the Horde from crossing the river and going to Moscow. For several months the troops stood on the Ugra opposite each other
Slide 20
- At this time, Ivan III's ally, the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, attacked the lands of the Polish-Lithuanian state, because of which its head, King Casimir IV, could not provide the promised assistance to Khan Akhmat.
- In addition, Russian detachments sent by Ivan III along the Volga attacked the territory of the Great Horde and ravaged its capital, Sarai.
-
slide 21
- By the end of October, the river began to freeze and the enemy could easily cross over to the other side.
- The Grand Duke ordered the Russian troops to be withdrawn from the open field to Borovsk, where in winter conditions the defensive position was more advantageous.
-
slide 22
- The Khan's army was not ready for war in winter, the Horde did not have winter clothes.
- Akhmat thought that Ivan III had cleared an open field for a decisive battle.
- Frightened by a general battle, the khan hastily withdrew his troops from the Russian land.
-
slide 23
- In 1485 Ivan III annexed Tver.
- The unification was completed by his son Vasily III (In 1510, Pskov departed to Moscow, in 1514 - Smolensk, in 1521 - Ryazan.
- Thus, a powerful state was formed.
- After the fall of Constantinople, Russia remained the only Orthodox state
-
slide 24
Slide 25
- The wife of Ivan III died, and the Grand Duke decided to marry a second time.
- His new wife was Sophia Paleolog, the niece of the last emperor of Byzantium, Constantine, who died from the sword of the Turkish conquerors.
-
slide 26
The marriage of the Grand Duke to the last Byzantine princess made it possible to declare Moscow the successor of Byzantium, the center of the Orthodox faith.
-
Slide 27
- Ivan 3 took a new title - "sovereign of all Russia."
- He proclaimed himself an autocrat, thereby emphasizing that he holds the land himself, i.e.
- It does not submit to any other authority (I mean, first of all, the authority of the Horde khans).
-
slide 32
Ivan III Vasilyevich (1462-1505)
Connection:
- Yaroslavl (1463)
- Rostov (1474)
- Novgorod (1478)
- Tver (1485)
- Vyatka (1489)
The overthrow of the yoke:
- 1476 - termination of the payment of tribute ("exit")
- 1480 - standing on the river Ugra
- 1487 - submission of the Kazan Khanate
- 1471 - battle on the Shelon River
- 1478 - siege and capture of Novgorod
- 1485 - Sovereign of All Russia
Sudebnik 1497
- Death penalty for major state crimes
- St. George's Day Right (two weeks before and after November 26)
- "Elder" payment
-
Slide 33
- Council of the nobility under the Grand Duke
- The body in charge of the sovereign (palace) lands
- The body in charge state seal, finance and foreign policy
local government
- Counties of the Volost Stany
- Viceroys
- Volosteli
- Feeding
-
slide 34
Vasily III Ivanovich (1505-1533)
Connection:
- Pskov (1510)
- Smolensk (1514)
- Ryazan (1521)
- The unification of Russian lands is completed
- Vasily III and the coat of arms of Moscow.
- Engraving from Notes on Muscovy S. Herberstein
slide 1
Homework: § 20, answer the questions p. 173, complete the tasks in the workbook.
slide 2
Dictionary
View all slides
In the 2nd half of the 15th-1st third of the 16th centuries. most of the Russian lands were included in
composition of the Moscow Grand Duchy. Moscow became the capital of a unified Russian
states.
Grand Duke of All Russia Ivan III Vasilyevich (reigned in 1462-1505) annexed to
Moscow Grand Duchy of Yaroslavl (1463), Rostov (1474) principalities,
Novgorod Republic (1477), Grand Duchy of Tver (1485), Vyatka land (1489).
"Standing on the Ugra" of the troops of the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat and Ivan III in 1480 ended
retreat of Akhmat, which led to the final liberation of Russia from the Mongol
Tatar yoke. As a result of the Russian-Lithuanian wars of 1487-94 and 1500-03,
Verkhovsky principalities, Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky, Starodub, Gomel, Bryansk, Toropets and
etc. In 1487 the Kazan Khanate became a vassal of the Russian state (until 1521). From the end of the 15th century
developed a landownership system. Estate owned by
serving nobleman, and the supreme owner of the Grand Duke, could not be transferred by
inheritance, sale, etc. The nobility formed the basis of the armed forces of the state.
The growing need of the state and the feudal lords for money forced them to raise
profitability of estates and estates through the transfer of duties to cash taxes,
an increase in dues, the introduction of their own plowing, the transfer of peasants to corvée. Sudebnik
1497 legalized a single term for the transition of peasants to other owners, usually in the fall, a week before
central state apparatus. The Boyar Duma became a permanent deliberative
body of supreme power. It included duma ranks: boyars, roundabouts, from the beginning of the 16th century.
Duma nobles, later duma clerks. Consolidation continued
principalities attached to Moscow as part of the Sovereign's court. The relationship of the princely
the Moscow and regional boyar aristocracy were regulated by localism. Wherein
a number of special territorial courtyards still remained (Tver land until the 40s of the 16th century,
Novgorod land until the first quarter of the 17th century). There were central executive bodies
(Treasury, palaces). Performed local administrative, financial and judicial functions
the institute of governors and volostels that had developed in Russia, maintained at the expense of feeding,
2nd marriage (1472) of Ivan III with the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Zoya (Sophia)
diplomatic and trade relations with the papacy, the Holy Roman Empire,
Hungary, the Principality of Moldavia, the Ottoman Empire, Iran, the Crimean Khanate, etc.
Ivan III attracted the Italians to the construction of church and secular buildings in Moscow.
architects Aleviz Fryazin (Milants), Aleviz Fryazin (New), Aristotle
Fioravanti and others.
Under Ivan III, the struggle of 2 currents in the Russian Orthodox Church intensified: the Josephites
(founder and spiritual leader Joseph Volotsky) and non-possessors (Nil Sorsky,
Paisiy Yaroslavov, Vassian Patrikeev and others). An attempt by nonpossessors to enforce on
church council of 1503, the idea of monasteries renouncing land ownership caused
active opposition of Joseph Volotsky and his supporters. Ivan III, counting
replenish the land fund of the state through secularization, was forced to recognize
the program of the Josephites: "Acquisition of the Church - God's essence is acquisition." He also changed his
attitude towards the circle of freethinkers (F. V. Kuritsyn, Ivan Cherny, etc.), which developed under
court of his son and co-ruler (from 1471) Grand Duke Ivan Ivanovich the Young (1458-93) and
his wife (since 1483) Elena Stefanovna (died in disgrace in 1505), and gave way to the archbishop
Novgorod Gennady and other hierarchs who demanded cruel punishments
representatives of the so-called. Novgorod-Moscow heresy.
Grand Duke of All Russia Vasily III Ivanovich (reigned in 1505-33) annexed to Moscow
Pskov Republic (1510), Ryazan Grand Duchy (1521). Conquered from the Great
Principality of Lithuania Smolensk (1514). The size of the territory of the state increased from 430 thousand sq.
km2 (beginning of the 60s of the 15th century) to 2800 thousand km2 (beginning of the 30s of the 16th century). Vasily Sh, following
policy of his father, strictly regulated his relations with the specific princes, a number of
was liquidated. He began the construction beyond the Eye of the Great Security Line and in the interests of
medium and small feudal lords supported the development of land south of Moscow. He, like Ivan
III, invited foreigners to Moscow: the doctor and translator N. Bulev, Maxim Grek, and others.
To justify the divine origin of the grand duke's power, he used the ideas
Joseph Volotsky, "Tales of the princes of Vladimir", the theory "Moscow - the third Rome".
Divorce from Solomonia Saburova (1525) and marriage to Elena Vasilievna Glinskaya aggravated
relations between Vasily III and part of the Moscow boyars.
During the years of the regency of Grand Duchess Elena Glinskaya (1533-38) and after her death under
the young Grand Duke of All Russia (since 1533) Ivan IV Vasilievich (1530-84) aggravated
clash of factions. It was attended by Elena's favorite - Prince I. F. Ovchina -
Telepnev-Obolensky (died in prison), princes Belsky, Shuisky, boyars Vorontsov,
princes of Glinsky. During this period, the inheritances of the brothers of Vasily III - Princes Yuri
Dmitrovsky and Andrei Staritsky (both died in prison). Conducted monetary reform
(1535-38), description of lands (1536-44), lip reform (1539-41), etc.
In the 1st half of the 16th century. landownership in the central uyezds covered more than
a third of the land, but the patrimony remained the dominant form of land ownership.
There was an increase in trade and handicraft production. large
Novgorod, Serpukhovsko-Tula region, Ustyuzhna-
Zhelezopolskaya; they were engaged in salt production in Salt-Galitskaya, Una and Nenoksa (on the banks of the White
sea), Solvychegodsk; leather processing - in Yaroslavl, etc. In the trade and craft top
a number of cities included guests and trading people living and cloth hundreds. Furs arrived
from the North, where bread was delivered from the center. Trade with Eastern countries (Ottoman
empire, Iran, the states of Central Asia) was more developed than with the countries of the West.
Moscow has become the largest market in the country. In the middle of the 16th century in the country there were already up to 160
cities, most of which were military-administrative centers-fortresses.
16.1.1547 Ivan IV Vasilyevich was married to the kingdom, the royal title was considered equal
imperial. The closest adviser to the king was Metropolitan Macarius. Late 40s - 50s
gg. 16th century Ivan IV together with the so-called. Chosen Rada (A. F. Adashev, Sylvester and others)
participated in the compilation of the Sudebnik of 1550, completed the labial and carried out zemstvo reforms (in
during the last canceled feeding), began to convene Zemsky Sobors, central
nationwide class-representative institutions with legislative
functions. There was a formation of a class-representative monarchy. The king ruled
together with the Boyar Duma, based on the decisions of the Zemsky Sobors. The sovereign's court included
the upper layers of the ruling class (including the princely and old boyar aristocracy) and
was divided into ranks: duma, as well as those close to them, including representatives of higher
court positions, Moscow officials and nobles from county corporations. Formed
regulated the system of tribal and service relations of noble families. Wherein,
Ivan IV, by decree of 1550, limited the application of the norms of parochialism in military service to accounting
military merit. In the middle of the 16th century a system of central executive
institutions-orders (Ambassadorial, Local, Discharge, etc.). In 1550, 6
archery regiments, divided into hundreds. The local system of manning the army was
framed by the "Code of Service" (1555-60).
The most important result of foreign policy in the 1550s. was the capture of Kazan, the annexation
territories of the Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) khanates to Russia and the inclusion of peoples
the Middle Volga and Western Urals as part of the emerging multinational
states. In the 2nd half of the 16th century. in Russia, besides Russians, lived Tatars, Bashkirs, Udmurts,
Mari, Chuvash, Mordovians, Komi, Karelians, Saami, Veps, Nenets and other peoples.
In order to prevent the raids of the Crimean khans on the southern and central regions
countries in 1556-59 campaigns of Russian and Ukrainian troops were undertaken on the territory,
subject to the Crimean Khanate. In 1559, governor D. F. Adashev landed on the coast
Crimea, captured a number of cities and villages and returned safely to Russia.
In 1558, Ivan IV began the Livonian War, with the aim of capturing the Baltic states and establishing himself in
coast of the Baltic Sea. Under the blows of the Russian troops, the Livonian Order disintegrated. Against
Russia was made by Sweden, Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (from 1569 - Speech
Commonwealth).
Around 1560 there was a fall of the government of the Chosen One, some members
which opposed the conduct of the Livonian War, and also considered it necessary
continuation of the struggle with the Crimean Khanate. Ivan IV also suspected his former
close in sympathy to their cousin - the specific prince Vladimir
Staritsky. After the defeat of the Russian troops from the Polish-Lithuanian side on the river. Ula under
Polotsk (1564), the tsar put into disgrace and executed the princes M. P. Repnin, Yu. I. Kashin, the governor
N. P. Sheremeteva and others. Trying to break the hidden opposition of some part of the aristocracy
and achieve unlimited autocratic power, in December 1564 Ivan IV set about
oprichnina organizations. Retiring __________ to Alexandrov Sloboda, on January 3, 1565, he announced
abdication of the throne, placing the blame on the clergy, boyars, children of boyars and clerks
of people. A deputation from the Boyar Duma and the clergy arrived in the settlement, expressing their consent
granting emergency powers to the king. The king established a "special" court with his
army, finance and administration. The state was divided into oprichnina and zemstvo
territory. In the oprichnina, the oprichnina thought, financial orders (Cheti) operated. Zemshchina
continued to be controlled by the Boyar Duma. There were evictions of feudal lords, not
enrolled in the oprichnina, with the transfer of their lands to the guardsmen. From February 1565 began
oprichnina terror In 1568, the boyar I. P. Fedorov and his alleged "supporters" were executed, in
1569 the Staritskys, Metropolitan Philip and others were exterminated. In January - February 1570 the tsar
led a campaign against Novgorod, accompanied by the devastation of Tver and Novgorod
lands and the defeat of Novgorod. In the same year, many supporters of Ivan IV were executed.
(guardsmen A. D. and F. A. Basmanov, clerk I. M. Viskovaty and others). In 1571 the tsar and the oprichnina
the army failed to defend Moscow from the raid of the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray. At the same time, zemstvo
governors princes M. I. Vorotynsky, D. I. Khvorostinin and others inflicted a crushing blow on the khan
defeat in the Battle of Molodin in 1572. In the same year, Ivan IV abolished the oprichnina, and in 1575
appointed the Grand Duke of All Russia Kasimov Khan Simeon Bekbulatvich, himself
was called Prince Ivan Vasilyevich of Moscow, retaining full power. In 1576
he regained his royal throne.
Temporary successes during the Livonian War (capture of Marienhausen, Lucin, Zesswegen,
Schwanenburg and others in 1577) were replaced by a series of defeats from the troops of the Polish king Stephen
Bathory and the Swedish king Johan III. In 1581-82 the Pskov garrison headed by Prince I.P.
Shuisky withstood the siege of the Polish-Lithuanian troops.
The internal policy of Ivan IV and a protracted war led the country in the 70-80s. 16th century to
severe economic crisis, the ruin of the population by taxes, oprichnina pogroms,
desolation of large territories of Russia. In 1581 Ivan IV introduced a temporary ban
peasant exit on St. George's day. Continuing the policy of expanding the territory
state, the tsar supported the campaign of Ermak Timofeevich against the Siberian Khanate (about
1581), initiating the annexation of Siberia to the Russian state. Livonian War
ended (1583) with the loss of a number of Russian lands (Yam-Zapolsky peace 1582, Plyusskoe
truce of 1583). The reign of Ivan IV, nicknamed "the Terrible", ended in failure
many undertakings and the personal tragedy of the king associated with the murder of his son - Tsarevich Ivan
Ivanovich. Historians have not been able to unambiguously explain the reasons for his actions. Combination
talent, outstanding education and sadistic inclinations of the king sometimes
associated with his severe heredity, mental trauma during childhood,
persecution mania, etc.
Russian culture of the late 15th-16th centuries. represented by outstanding achievements in the field
book printing (printing houses of Ivan Fedorov, P. T. Mstislavets), architecture (ensemble
Moscow Kremlin, Intercession Cathedral on Red Square, c. Ascension in Kolomenskoye),
church painting (frescoes and icons of Dionysius), applied art. In the 16th century drawn up
Voskresenskaya, Nikonovskaya and other Chronicles, Front Chronicle Code. power problems,
relationship between church and state, socio-political and economic
devices were considered in the works of Philotheus, Joseph Volotsky, Maxim Grek, Yermolai-
Erasmus, I. S. Peresvetov, Ivan IV the Terrible, Prince A. M. Kurbsky and others.