On June 11, 1648, a riot broke out in Moscow, which would later be called Solyany. It all started as a peaceful meeting. But at some point everything escalated into bloody and fiery madness. The capital burned for ten days. Kozlov, Kursk, Solvychegodsk, Tomsk, Vladimir, Yelets, Bolkhov, Chuguev rebelled. Until the end of summer, pockets of discontent flared up in different cities of the country, main reason caused by the rise in price of salt.
Boyarin Morozov
Unlimited wealth and unlimited power. Here are the two main ones life goals Boris Morozov, the brother-in-law of the famous noblewoman-Old Believers, who lived at the court of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich from the age of 25, in an atmosphere of greed, ignorance and hypocrisy. Being the teacher of Tsarevich Alexei, he actually became the ruler of the state when he ascended the throne. He owned 55 thousand peasant souls and was the owner of iron, brick and salt industries. He did not hesitate to take bribes and distributed monopoly trade rights to generous merchants. He appointed his relatives to important government posts and hoped to take the throne after the death of the quiet Alexei Mikhailovich. To do this, at the age of 58 he married the royal sister-in-law. It is not surprising that the people not only did not like him, but also considered him one of the main culprits of all troubles.
Salt is worth its weight in gold
The state survived in Time of Troubles, but barely made ends meet. Wars did not stop, a significant part of the budget (4-5 billion rubles in today's money) was spent on maintaining the army. There were not enough funds, and new taxes appeared. Ordinary people got into debt, went bankrupt and fled from the state to the “white” lands, under the wing of some landowner. The fiscal burden was so heavy that they preferred to be deprived of their freedom than to continue paying taxes: they had no other opportunity to survive without becoming impoverished.
The people grumbled more and more often, more and more boldly, having no respect not only for the boyars, but also for the monarch. To defuse the situation, Morozov canceled some training camps. But prices for essential goods began to rise sharply: honey, wine, salt. And then tax-paying people began to be required to pay the very taxes that had been abolished. Moreover, the entire amount, for all those months that taxes were not collected.
But the main thing is salt. It was so expensive that fish caught in the Volga were left to rot on the shore: neither fishermen nor merchants had the means to salt it. But salted fish was the main food of the poor. Salt was the main preservative.
Petition. First try. Hassle
Tsar Alexei, a nineteen-year-old youth, was returning to Moscow from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, where he had gone on pilgrimage. He returned in an elevated but thoughtful mood. Entering the city, he saw crowds of people on the streets. It seemed to the king that several thousand people came out to meet him. Modest, reserved Alexey was not inclined to communicate with ordinary people. Morozov also did not want to let the people see the king and ordered the archers to drive away the petitioners.
The last hope of the Muscovites was the Tsar-Intercessor. They came with the whole world to bash him, but he didn’t even listen. Not yet thinking about revolt, defending themselves from the Streltsy's lashes, people began to throw stones at the procession. Fortunately, almost all the pilgrims had entered the Kremlin by that time, and the skirmish lasted only a few minutes. But the line was passed, the tension broke and people were seized by the elements of rebellion, which was now unstoppable. This happened on June 11th according to the new style.
Petition. Second try. The beginning of the massacre
The very next day, this element carried the people to the Kremlin to try for the second time to present the petition to the Tsar. The crowd was seething, shouting under the walls of the royal chambers, trying to get through to the sovereign. But letting her in now was simply dangerous. And the boyars had no time to think. They, too, succumbed to emotions and tore the petition to shreds, throwing it at the feet of the petitioners. The crowd crushed the archers and rushed at the boyars. Those who did not have time to hide in the chambers were torn to pieces. A stream of people flowed through Moscow, they began to destroy the houses of the boyars, set fire White City and China Town. The rioters demanded new victims. Not a reduction in the price of salt, not the abolition of unfair taxes and forgiveness of debts, no - the common people longed for one thing: to tear to pieces those whom they considered to be the culprits of their disasters.
Massacre
Boyar Morozov tried to reason with the rebels, but in vain. "We want you too! We want your head!" - the crowd shouted. There was no point in thinking about pacifying the rioters. Moreover, of the 20 thousand Moscow archers, most of them went over to their side.
The first to fall into the hands of an angry crowd was Duma clerk Nazariy Chistov, the initiator of the salt tax. "Here's some salt for you!" - shouted those who dealt with him. But Chistov alone was not enough. Anticipating trouble, Morozov's brother-in-law, okolnichy Pyotr Trakhaniotov, immediately fled from the city. Alexey Mikhailovich sent after him Prince Semyon Pozharsky, who was wounded by a stone on the first day of the uprising. Pozharsky caught up with Trakhaniotov and brought him bound to Moscow, where he was executed. The same fate awaited the head of the Zemsky Prikaz, Leonty Pleshcheev. And this was all the easier to do because Pleshcheev was not unconditionally “one of his own” at court: just a year before the rebellion, the tsar returned him to Moscow from Siberian exile. There was no need to execute the condemned man: the crowd tore him from the hands of the executioner and tore him to pieces.
Fading rebellion
Salt riot forced the king to look at the people with different eyes. And forced, perhaps for the first time in my life, to make a decision on my own. At first the king was afraid: not only because a large mass of people could destroy him if they wanted, but also because he did not expect such behavior from the people. Not finding a better way out, Alexei Mikhailovich followed the lead of the rebels, satisfied all their demands: he executed the culprits, and Zemsky Sobor, which the nobles demanded, he promised, and canceled the salt tax... Only the tsar could not give Uncle Morozov to the crowd, instead he exiled him to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery.
The riot, having boiled over, gradually faded away.
Results of the riot
The leaders of the uprising were arrested, convicted and put to death. In September 1648, the Zemsky Sobor was convened, which, among other things, developed the Code, a set of laws that was in force in Russia for the next 200 years. Excessive taxes were abolished and the old price of salt was established. When the discontent completely subsided, Boris Morozov was also returned from the monastery. True, he did not receive any positions and was never again an all-powerful temporary worker.
“Salt Riot” . IN 1648 g. a movement broke out, which received the name in sources and historiography "Salt Riot". Contemporaries unanimously note its scope and the participation in it of a large number of Moscow residents and visitors.
The salt riot began on June 1, 1648. On this young day Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich with many close associates and guards he returned from a pilgrimage from the monastery. As soon as the tsar entered the city, he was greeted by a large crowd of Muscovites and visitors, including petitioners who had gathered in the capital from different parts of the country. With shouts, they surrounded the Tsar's carriage and complained about L. S. Pleshcheev, the head of the Zemsky Prikaz, who was in charge of the administration of the capital, its craft and trade population, and threw stones at the boyars. Some of them were then injured. The next day, the dissatisfied again demanded that Pleshcheev resign and stop the harassment and bribery of officials.
They soon moved from demands and threats to action: “they plundered many of the boyars’ and okolnichi’s, and noble’s, and living rooms”. Dozens of households belonging to Moscow boyars and nobles, clerks and rich merchants suffered from their wrath. The rebels destroyed the houses of B. I. Morozov, P. T. Trakhaniotov (head of the Pushkarsky order), N. I. Chisty (head of the Ambassadorial order), L. S. Pleshcheev and others. N. Chisty, who was known among the people as a shameless a bribe-taker, the initiator of a huge tax on salt, introduced several years before the riot and repealed six months before it, the rebels grabbed and chopped him up, throwing his body into a heap of manure.
Forced to yield, Alexey Mikhailovich ordered “To hand over Pleshcheev to all the people. The executioner took him out of the Kremlin, and the rebels literally tore the “burgomaster” to pieces..
On June 3 and 4, pogroms continued at the households of noble and wealthy people, during which serfdom documents in boyar and noble houses were destroyed or damaged. Participants "salt riot" demanded the extradition of Trakhaniotov. Brought to the palace to the king, he was handed over, and the rebels immediately killed him.
The rebels still demanded the extradition of the head of government and educator Tsar Morozov. He tried to escape from Moscow, but the coachmen recognized him and almost killed him. He returned to the Kremlin, where he hid in the royal chambers. He was soon exiled.
The nobles and upper classes of the township took part in the events. Taking advantage of the confusion and weakening of the government, they filed a petition. It put forward demands for streamlining legal proceedings, the correct conduct of all cases in orders, and the convening of the Zemsky Sobor to develop a new law - the Code.
Unrest in the capital continued. They also spread to the periphery. In this turbulent situation, the authorities convened the Zemsky Sobor on July 16.
The ruling elites thus made concessions primarily to the nobility and the townsfolk elite, who, using the discontent and uprising of the lower classes, received the greatest benefit: the nobles achieved an indefinite search for fugitive peasants, the townspeople - the liquidation of white places and settlements in which artisans and peasants lived feudal lords, acting as competitors to the townspeople in trade and other matters, but without serving taxes. Of course, the liquidation of the Belomest residents in the settlements ( “town building”) was in the interests of the entire settlement.
Already in the days of the uprising, the government began a massive distribution of land, peasants and salaries to low-income and homeless nobles and boyar children.
Using a carrot and stick policy, ruling circles gradually gained control of the situation. In October, the Tsar returned Morozov from exile. But the unrest continued until the end of January 1649, when, after the adoption of the Council Code, the situation finally stabilized.
Simultaneously with the events in Moscow and under their influence, riots swept through many cities in the south, Pomerania and Siberia. In them, petty nobles, service people, fugitive peasants, bobs, serfs, and the townspeople's poor spoke out against the oppression of the state and the violence of local authorities.
In the southern Russian districts, the most powerful uprisings occurred in Kursk, Kozlov, Yelets, Livny, Valuyki, Chutuev, etc.; in the north - in Sol Vychegda, Ustyug Veliky; in Siberia - Tomsk, Yenisei fort, Kuznetsk, Verkhoturye. In 1650, uprisings broke out in Pskov and Novgorod.
The seventeenth century is called " rebellious age" And this is not without reason. In Russia, in the period from 1601 to 1700, the people rebelled more often than in other centuries. The most famous unrest of that time were the Troubles, Copper and Salt riots, the movement led by Stepan Razin and the Streltsy uprising in 1682. And this is not the whole list. In the same article, we will consider in detail the Salt Riot in Moscow in 1648.
Causes of the Salt Riot
In fact, the main impetus for the rebellion was changes in tax system Russia. It was decided to fill the lack of funds in the treasury with the help of new direct taxes. After some time, due to public dissatisfaction, they were partially canceled. Then indirect taxes appeared on consumer goods (including salt, this was in 1646). On next year the salt tax was abolished, and the government decided to collect arrears from the inhabitants of black settlements (artisans and traders who were personally independent, but paid taxes to the state). This prompted the people to revolt.
But there is another reason. The townspeople were dissatisfied with the arbitrariness of officials and the growing level of corruption. So, for example, people might not receive their salaries on time (and sometimes they did not receive them in full); monopolies were also introduced, which were given out in exchange for generous gifts to Boris Morozov and limited the right of other traders to sell goods.
Participants of the Salt Riot
Participants in the Salt Riot were:
- Posad population (specifically, residents of black settlements: artisans, small traders, people engaged in fishing)
- peasants
- Sagittarius
The course of events of the Salt Riot
On June 1, 1648, the crowd stopped the king's cart and submitted a petition to him with requests (about demands below). Seeing this, Boris Morozov ordered the archers to disperse the people, but they only became even more angry.
On June 2, the people repeated the petition to the tsar, but the paper with the requests again did not reach the tsar; it was torn up by the boyars. This infuriated the people even more. People began to kill the boyars they hated, destroy their houses, and set fire to the White City and Kitay-Gorod (districts of Moscow). On the same day, the clerk Chistoy (the initiator of the salt tax) was killed, and some of the archers joined the rebels.
On June 4, Pleshcheev (the head of Moscow police affairs) was handed over for execution.
Later, Pyotr Trakhaniotov was executed, whom the people considered to be the culprit for the introduction of one of the duties.
The main culprit of changes in tax policy, Boris Morozov, got off with exile.
Demands of the Salt Riot rebels
The people demanded, first of all, the convening of the Zemsky Sobor and the creation of new laws. People also wanted the boyars they hated most , and in particular Boris Morozov (a close associate of the tsar who abused power), Pyotr Trakhaniotov (the culprit behind the establishment of one of the duties), Leonty Pleshcheev (the head of police affairs in the city) and clerk Chistoy (the initiator of the introduction of the salt tax) were punished.
Results and results of the Salt Riot
Alexei Mikhailovich made concessions to the people, the main demands of the rebels were fulfilled. The Zemsky Sobor was convened (1649) and changes were made to the legislation. The boyars, whom the people blamed for raising taxes, were also punished. As for the newly introduced taxes, which caused discontent among the population, they were cancelled.
Main information. Briefly about the Salt Riot.
The Salt Riot (1648) was caused by a change in state tax policy and the arbitrariness of officials. Peasants, small traders, artisans took part in the uprising, and later the archers joined. The main demand of the people was the convening of the Zemsky Sobor and changes in legislation. People also wanted some representatives of the boyars to be punished. The king satisfied all these demands. The main result of the Salt Riot was the adoption by the Zemsky Sobor of the Council Code (1649).
370 years ago, on June 11, 1648, the Salt Riot began in Moscow. The reason for the spontaneous uprising was the people's dissatisfaction with the activities of the head of government, Boris Morozov, and his henchmen.
Background. Deterioration of the situation of the people
The turmoil, caused by a sharp increase in social injustice, the decomposition of the boyars (elite) and the intervention of external forces interested in the weakening and death of Rus', did not end with the coming to power of the Romanovs and serious concessions from Moscow to Poland and Sweden (the Peace of Stolbovo and the Truce of Deulino). The 17th century became “rebellious.” The Romanovs followed the path of Westernization of Russia (the turning point would occur under Peter the Great); almost all the large boyar families that were involved in organizing the Troubles retained their positions; the serf system was being formalized - the peasants became the property of the landowner, the nobles strengthened their positions in the state; there was an increase in taxes; Cossacks began to be deprived of their privileges and limited. Thus, the prerequisites for the Troubles at the beginning of the century have not gone away - there was a deterioration in the economic and social situation of the Russian population, that is social justice was violated and, as a result, there was an increase in people's discontent.
Russian state was devastated by the Time of Troubles, the fight against the Swedes, Poles and Crimean Tatars. The treasury required large funds to strengthen statehood, ensure defense, restore and maintain the army. At the same time, the old sources of replenishment of the treasury were undermined. In particular, some big cities received a temporary tax break due to their complete ruin during the Time of Troubles. Among them was previously one of the richest Russian cities - Novgorod, which the Swedes returned through the Treaty of Stolbov in 1617. As a result, the entire burden of eliminating the consequences of the Troubles and intervention was shifted onto the common people. They often began to resort to emergency collections of “five money”. It was an emergency tax introduced by the government of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. Pyatina was a tax in the amount of a fifth on net annual income or on cash movable property, or on salary, which was established taking into account movable and immovable property. The first voluntary request was made by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613 from monasteries, large secular landowners and large merchants, but did not produce significant funds. Therefore, in 1614, the Zemsky Sobor appointed the collection of pyatina, which fell on the trade and fishing population of the city and district. In 1614 - 1619 Six collections of Pyatina were carried out, two more collections were carried out during the Smolensk War with Poland of 1632 - 1634.
In January 1642, a Zemsky Sobor was convened on the problem of Azov, captured by the Don Cossacks in 1637. The nobles took advantage of the opportunity and demanded the strengthening and expansion of their rights to land, securing estates labor force, protection from the arbitrariness of the authorities and large landowners (boyars). Also, nobles, monasteries and other landowners complained about the flight and forced removal of peasants by other feudal lords. Many demanded the abolition of lesson years - the period during which owners could demand the return of runaway peasants to them. In 1637, the government of Mikhail Fedorovich issued a decree increasing the period of fixed-term years to 9; in 1641, it increased the period to 10 years for fugitive peasants and to 15 years for those taken away by other feudal lords. In 1645, servicemen, gathered near Tula to possibly repel an attack by the Crimean horde, again asked to cancel the school summer. When compiling the census books in 1646, it was noted that henceforth “according to those census books, peasants and peasants, and their children, brothers, and nephews will be strong and without lesson years.” This was enshrined in the Council Code, and brought closer full registration serfdom.
In 1645, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich died, and his 16-year-old son Alexei Mikhailovich ascended the throne. Under Alexei, the leading position was taken by the boyar group, which included the relatives of the sovereign - the Miloslavskys and one of the largest landowners of his time, the tsar's educator Boris Ivanovich Morozov. The boyar became even closer to the young king when he married the queen’s sister, Anna Miloslavskaya. Until the end of his life, Morozov remained the closest and most influential person under the tsar. He was actually the ruler of Russia. Contemporaries described him as an intelligent and experienced person in politics, with an interest in Western achievements. The boyar was interested in the technical and cultural achievements of Europe and invited foreigners to serve in Russia. He managed to instill this interest in his pupil. Morozov also encouraged the tsar’s passion for spiritual issues, and left “worldly” concerns to himself. Weak point Morozov had a love of money. Being the head of several important orders - the Big Treasury, Streletsky, Aptekarsky and Novaya Cheti (income from the wine monopoly), he looked for opportunities for further enrichment. He took bribes and distributed monopoly trade rights to merchants who pleased him.
In addition, he patronized his close people in this matter. Among them were the head of the Zemsky Prikaz, Leonty Pleshcheev, and his brother-in-law, the head of the Pushkarsky Prikaz, Pyotr Trakhaniotov. Pleshcheev was in charge of maintaining order in the capital, acted as a zemstvo judge, and handled trade cases - a real “gold mine.” Pleshchev went wild, extorted bribes from both litigants, and robbed people completely. Got a staff of false witnesses. Merchants and rich people were slandered, arrested, and then robbed for their release. Trakhaniotov, as head of the Pushkarsky order, pocketed funds allocated to finance artillery and its production, and also used in his own interests the money allocated for the salaries of gunners and workers. The official got rich, bought land and expensive things. And if subordinates received their salaries, it was very late and only partially.
Thus, there was a process of increasing the tax burden. People got into debt, went bankrupt, some of the bravest fled to the outskirts of “Ukraine” (in particular, the Don), others preferred to lose their freedom, putting themselves and their family under the rule of a feudal lord, rather than starve. It happened that entire villages went into the forests, hiding from tax collectors. The townspeople sought to go to the privileged “white settlements” - to the lands of secular and spiritual feudal lords, exempt from state duties and payment of state taxes (taxes). In connection with the liberation of the population of white settlements from the townsman tax, the latter fell on a smaller number of payers (the townspeople of the “black settlements” and “black hundreds”), and worsened their situation.
A further increase in direct taxes could lead to serious negative consequences, including open resistance. Therefore, the Morozov government took the path of increasing indirect taxes, significantly increasing the price of salt, the sale of which was a state monopoly. Salt cost 1 hryvnia (10 kopecks) per pood (16 kg). It wasn't cheap. So, a cow cost 1 - 2 rubles, and a sheep - 10 kopecks. Now the duty has been increased by another 2 hryvnia. And two old taxes were abolished: “streltsy” and “yam” money. They announced that the rise in price of salt would only compensate for the abolished taxes. But in reality, salt was the most important commodity; it was widely used as the only preservative for fish, meat, and vegetables. And then there were 200 a year fast days, when people ate salted cabbage, mushrooms, fish, etc. The indirect tax was especially difficult for the poor, as it forced them to give more money percentage than the rich. The poor were unable to pay the high prices for salt. Salt consumption has dropped. In addition, hunters immediately found themselves to illegally export salt from the fields and sell it cheaply. Wholesale buyers tried to save money. As a result, unsold salt spoiled, remaining in warehouses, and poorly salted fish quickly spoiled. Everyone suffered losses. Manufacturers went bankrupt, merchants who received contracts for the salt monopoly, traders in fish, corned beef, etc. And the treasury was still empty.
As a result, the government abandoned this tax in December 1647. Instead of the salt tax, the government decided to collect a two-year debt for the previously canceled taxes: an increase in fees from black settlements followed. Arrears were severely squeezed out: through courts, confiscations, and beatings. In order to save public funds, the government deprived the salaries of service people, including archers, clerks, blacksmiths, carpenters, etc.
The government made other miscalculations as well. Previously, the use and trade of tobacco was prohibited and punishable. The Morozov government allowed tobacco and made it a state monopoly. Morozov took foreigners under special protection. A conflict between Russian and British merchants was brewing in the country. The British traded duty-free in Russian cities, capturing the Russian market. And when Russian merchants tried to trade in England, they did not buy anything from them and “explained” that they had nothing to do on the island. Russian merchants complained about foreigners and handed over a petition to the tsar. But the complaint did not reach the king. Morozov took the side of the British and provided them with a contract for the supply of tobacco to Russia. Further reforms of the Morozov government also hit Russian merchants.
Insurrection
All these contradictions, as in modern times, were especially evident in cities and the capital. Thus, an outbreak of popular discontent grew into a powerful uprising, which began on June 1 (11), 1648. On this day, the young Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was returning from a pilgrimage from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Upon entering the city, the king was greeted by a large crowd. People tried to submit a petition to the king, directed against “the common people, torturers and bloodsuckers and our destroyers.” In particular, there was a request for the resignation and punishment of the head of the Zemsky Prikaz, Leonty Pleshcheev, who was in charge of the management of the capital. One of the main points of the petition was the demand for the convening of a Zemsky Sobor. The Tsar promised to do this, perhaps this would have been the end of it, but Pleshcheev’s friends from the court began to scold and beat the people, and rode into the crowd on horseback. The archers dispersed the crowd, arresting several people in the process.
Extremely indignant at this, the people grabbed stones and sticks. Fermentation continued the next day. People gathered in the Kremlin square, demanding that their petitions be satisfied. Alexey Mikhailovich was forced to agree to the release of prisoners. Boris Morozov gave the order to the Streltsy to disperse the crowd, but the Streltsy “addressed the crowd and said that they had nothing to fear.” The Streltsy declared that “they don’t want to fight for the boyars against the common people, but they are ready, together with them, to rid themselves of their [the boyars’] violence and untruths.” Soon the rebels took action: “they plundered many of the boyars’ and okolnichi’s, and noble’s, and living rooms.” Fires started. Morozov himself gave the order to his servants to set fire to the city in order to distract people. The fire destroyed many houses and people died.
On June 3 (13), Patriarch Joseph and other church hierarchs tried to calm the rioters. Also participating in the negotiations with the people was a delegation of boyars led by Nikita Romanov, an opponent of Morozov. People demanded to be relieved of all government posts and to hand over the main government officials: “and for now, the great sovereign, there will be no decree to us about this, and we will not leave the city from the Kremlin; and there will be internecine warfare and great blood among the boyars and people of all ranks among us, among all people and among all the mob and among all the people!” As a result, Pleshcheev was handed over to those gathered, who was killed “like a dog, with blows of a club.” The head of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, Nazariy Chisty, was also killed. Trakhaniotov, who was trying to escape from Moscow, was caught up by order of the tsar, taken to the capital and executed at the Zemsky Dvor. The “omnipotent” boyar Morozov himself barely escaped the massacre by taking refuge in the royal palace.
The government was able to restore order in the capital. The Sagittarius received an increased salary. It was in the hands of the authorities military force. The instigators were captured and executed. The immediate result of the Moscow uprising was that on June 12 (22), the tsar, by a special decree, postponed the collection of arrears and thereby calmed the people. They also changed the judges in the main orders. The Tsar was forced to remove his favorite for some time - Morozov, under strong escort, was exiled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. True, this did not change Alexei Mikhailovich’s attitude towards Morozov. Royal letters were sent to the monastery with strict orders to protect and protect the boyar. The Tsar swore that he would never return him to the capital, but four months later Morozov returned to Moscow. He no longer held high positions in internal administration, but was with the king all the time.
Thus, the uprising was spontaneous and did not lead to serious changes in life ordinary people, however, expressed the general situation in society. As the historian S. Bakhrushin noted: “... the Moscow uprising was only an expression of the general mood that dominated the state. The depth and complexity of the reasons that determined it were manifested in the speed with which it spread throughout the entire space of the Russian state... [A] wave of uprisings swept the entire Russian state: the town centers of the trading northeast, and the ancient veche cities, and the recently settled military the outskirts of the “field” and Siberia.” As a result, the government was forced to partially satisfy the demands of the nobles and townspeople, which was expressed in the Council Investment of 1649. They also “tightened the screws” by tightening punishments for speaking out against the church and government.
Salt riot
Chronology of the riot
The immediate cause of the uprising was the unsuccessful delegation of Muscovites to the Tsar on June 1, 1648. When Alexei Mikhailovich was returning from a pilgrimage from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, a large crowd of people on Sretenka stopped the king’s horse and filed a petition against influential dignitaries. One of the main points of the petition was the demand for the convening of the Zemsky Sobor and the approval of new legislative acts at it. Boyar Morozov ordered the archers to disperse the crowd. “The people, extremely indignant at this, grabbed stones and sticks and began to throw them at the archers, so that the persons accompanying His Majesty’s wife were even partially injured and wounded.”:24. The next day, the townspeople burst into the Kremlin and, not giving in to the persuasion of the boyars, the patriarch and the tsar, again tried to hand over the petition, but the boyars, tearing the petition to shreds, threw it into the crowd of petitioners.
“Great turmoil occurred” in Moscow; the city found itself at the mercy of angry citizens. The crowd smashed and killed the “traitors” boyars. On June 2, most of the archers went over to the side of the townspeople. The people burst into the Kremlin, demanding the extradition of the head of the Zemsky Prikaz, Leonty Pleshcheev, who was in charge of the administration and police service of Moscow, the Duma clerk Nazariy Chisty - the initiator of the salt tax, boyar Morozov and his brother-in-law, the okolnichny Pyotr Trakhaniotov. The rebels set fire to the White City and Kitay-Gorod, and destroyed the courts of the most hated boyars, okolnichy, clerks and merchants. On June 2, Chisty was killed. The Tsar had to sacrifice Pleshcheev, who on June 4 was led by an executioner to Red Square and torn to pieces by the crowd. The rebels considered one of their main enemies to be the head of the Pushkarsky order, the devious Pyotr Tikhonovich Trakhaniotov, whom the people considered “the culprit of the duty imposed on salt shortly before this”: 25. Fearing for his life, Trakhaniotov fled from Moscow.
On June 5, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ordered Prince Semyon Romanovich Pozharsky to catch up with Trakhaniotov. “And seeing the sovereign tsar in the whole land, there was great confusion, and their traitors to the world great annoyance, sent from his royal person the prince of Okolnichevo Semyon Romanovich Pozharskovo, and with him 50 people of Moscow archers, ordered Peter Trakhaniotov to drive him on the road and bring him to the sovereign to Moscow. And the okolnichy prince Semyon Romanovich Pozharsky drove him away from Peter on the road near the Trinity in the Sergeev Monastery and brought him to Moscow on the 5th day of June. And the Sovereign Tsar ordered Peter Trakhaniotov to be executed in the Fire for that treason and for the Moscow fire.” :26 .
The Tsar removed Morozov from power and on June 11 sent him into exile to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. The nobles who did not participate in the uprising took advantage of the people's movement and on June 10 demanded that the tsar convene a Zemsky Sobor.
Results of the riot
The Tsar made concessions to the rebels: the collection of arrears was canceled and the Zemsky Sobor was convened to adopt a new Council Code. For the first time in for a long time Alexey Mikhailovich independently resolved major political issues.
On June 12, the tsar, by a special decree, postponed the collection of arrears and thereby brought some calm to the rebels. Prominent boyars invited the archers to their dinners in order to make amends former conflicts. By giving the archers double cash and grain salaries, the government split the ranks of its opponents and was able to carry out widespread repressions against the leaders and the most active participants in the uprising, many of whom were executed on July 3. On October 22, 1648, Morozov returned to Moscow and rejoined the government, but he no longer played such a large role in governing the state.
Notes
Links
- “Rebellious Age” - detailed article on the portal Political history Russia.
see also
| History of Moscow | |
|---|---|
| Early history | |
| Center of the Moscow Principality | |
| Center of the Russian Kingdom | |
| During Russian Empire | |
| During the First World War and the Civil War | |
| Moscow to Soviet years And during the Great Patriotic War |
|
| Modernity | |
| Thematic resources: Portal "Moscow" | Project "Moscow" | |
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See what “Salt riot” is in other dictionaries:
The accepted name in literature for the uprising of the lower and middle strata of the inhabitants of Moscow 1 11.6.1648. Caused by the introduction of the salt tax and rising prices. The indignation of the people forced the government to cancel the tax, while the previous arrears were collected, which... Modern encyclopedia
SALT RIOT, the name adopted in historical literature for a mass uprising of the lower and middle strata of townspeople, archers, serfs 1 11.6. 1648 in Moscow. Caused by the collection of arrears on the salt tax and the arbitrariness of the state... ... Russian history
“Salt Riot”- SALT RIOT, the accepted name in literature for the uprising of the lower and middle strata of Moscow residents 1 June 11, 1648. Caused by the introduction of the salt tax and rising prices. The indignation of the people forced the government to cancel the tax, while the previous... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
The name adopted in historical literature for the speech of the lower and middle strata of the townspeople, streltsy, serfs on June 11, 1648 in Moscow. Caused by the collection of arrears on the salt tax and the arbitrariness of the state administration. Unrest... ... encyclopedic Dictionary