The beginning of market reforms in the Russian economy caused the emergence of unemployment, and with it, social and socio-psychological problems. These problems are generated not only by the objective economic situation, but also by the changing role and place of employees in the system of labor relations.

A significant part of the able-bodied population of the country began their labor activity in the conditions of a planned socialist economy, full and guaranteed employment. Under these conditions, workers were not required to

efforts to find a job - this task was successfully solved by the state. It should be noted that the system of organized distribution of labor force, while limiting the free will of a person in the labor sphere, nevertheless guaranteed him workplace in accordance with the profession and skill level. Under these conditions, a person did not need to defend his interests in the struggle for his own employment - to act in a competitive environment.

Changes in the economic situation, the introduction of market relations into the sphere of labor have radically changed the position of employees. Precarious employment, the diversity of its forms have become a reality. For people whose working life was spent in the absence of involuntary unemployment, this was a serious "psychological blow". Significantly increased socio-psychological maladaptation and professional disorientation. This led to an increase in a significant part of citizens of working age of neuropsychic stress, lack of demand in the labor market, which resulted in a decrease in the competitiveness of people who are objectively capable of effective work, an increase in the employment of citizens in the shadow sector of the economy, going into economic inactivity and other negative trends . The process of transferring professional experience and professional norms of labor activity from generation to generation has become more complicated.

According to VTsIOM, unemployment ranks fourth on the list of the most significant threats to Russians (36% of respondents). It is possible that against this background, the requirements for the bodies of the Federal State Social Protection Fund are increasing, in the activities of which the following are of particular importance:

• - strengthening control over the timely and full return by enterprises of information on the proposed structural changes, accompanied by the release of workers, and the need for labor;
• - expanding the information field based on the use of the potential of multifunctional labor exchanges serving various professional groups, organizing job fairs (depending on market demand).

The purpose of the formation of labor relations is to ensure the rights of the employee while respecting the interests of the employer. It's not just about unemployment benefits. The state must guarantee the implementation of the constitutional right of a citizen to a free choice of work and occupation with a decent remuneration for work.

Modern labor market: problems and development trends

Fundamental changes in labor relations that occurred in a historically short period of time have led to the fact that society has largely lost the ideological tradition of a young person entering working life - the tradition of transferring the values ​​of labor from generation to generation. There is a gap between experience and value orientations generation that started working life 20-25 years ago, and today's youth. The whirlpool of adults becomes ineffective, unnecessary, moreover, disorienting for her, and there is no source for the formation of another labor consciousness more suitable for market conditions.

In this regard, the traditional ways of supporting professional self-determination through the family and the immediate social environment turn out to be inadequate to the current situation.

Currently, the socio-economic development of Russia in the field of labor resources is determined by a number of trends. These include the following.

1. The sustainable development of the Russian economy leads to an increase in the demand for labor.

According to Rosstat, last years there has been an increase in gross domestic product, as well as an increase in investment in fixed assets. The number of people employed in the economy has increased significantly, while the total number of unemployed has decreased.

2. Trends in the demographic development of Russia.

Even optimistic scenarios for the development of the demographic situation in Russia point only to the preservation of the total population with a decrease in the number of able-bodied population. This means that if the optimistic scenario of socio-economic development is implemented, the supply of labor resources to the economy will be only satisfactory, i.e. assuming, at best, an optimal correspondence between the needs of the economy and the size of the population.

3. Increased migration pressure.

The deterioration of the demographic situation in Russia inevitably causes an increased influx of labor migrants, mainly from the CIS countries. This process is already underway. In our case, this means, first of all, increased competition for jobs between Russian citizens and labor migrants, as well as a decrease in the living standards of the indigenous population due to an increase in the number of low-paid jobs.

4. Increasing mismatch between demand and supply of labor in the labor market.

In recent years, there has been a discrepancy between the demand and supply of labor in Russia. In general, structural unemployment prevails, the supply of labor in its parameters does not correspond to the changed demand for labor, which constantly exceeds supply. And although the situation varies from region to region, in general there are structural inconsistencies of two kinds. Firstly, the mismatch of the professional and qualification composition of the able-bodied population with the situation on the labor market and, secondly, a large number of vacancies with pay below the subsistence level.

As a result of the socio-economic changes that have taken place in the country over the past decades, a new situation has developed in the labor market, when most representatives of today's youth no longer consider the industry, which occupied a leading position in the era of the scientific and technological revolution, as the direction of their professional and career aspirations. Young people to a large extent come to the industry "on a residual basis", having lost in competition for the possibility of her career realization in other, more prestigious areas for her.

D. A. Medvedev stated: “In fact, in recent years there has been no one to create and develop the technology for the production of fundamentally new equipment. These include modern machine tools, assemblies, machines and mechanisms. What is no less important, there was no one to work on them.” It was also emphasized that the most important task for the development of domestic industry is to increase the prestige of technical professions (from workers to engineers) and attract young people to the scientific and technical sphere of professional activity.

According to analysts, in 2016, employment in the agricultural sector, as well as the related processing industry, will increase. This will mainly occur due to the fact that the need for food import substitution will increase. In addition, a constant influx of new personnel will be required in the high-tech sector. The demand for programmers, developers, analysts, microbiologists, and chemists will continue to be high. Individual professions from the manufacturing sector will also be in demand: engineering personnel in light industry, rocket science and astronautics, as well as in the chemical industry.

Conclusion of analysts of the Russian Economic Society:

The current trends in the Russian labor market look quite natural: as the overall unemployment rate in the country decreases, competition between applicants for one vacancy increases. Experts monitoring the state of the Russian labor market predict that there will be no mass layoffs in 2016. As in the last month of last year, the unemployment rate will remain within 5.8 - 6%.

At present, the greatest concern can be caused by a serious differentiation of regions in terms of the level of tension in the labor market. Within Russia there are subjects with both a significant relative surplus and a significant relative shortage of labor resources. The imbalance between supply and demand in the labor market is manifested in excessively low or too high values ​​of the tension coefficient. At the same time, extremely high values ​​of this indicator (as, for example, in the Republic of Ingushetia and the Republic of Dagestan) stimulate social tension in the regions. In turn, high social tension can also provoke political instability, as well as scare away potential investors. Therefore, it is extremely important to conduct a balanced and coordinated policy of both federal and regional authorities aimed at stimulating employment in and increasing the flexibility of the labor market as a whole.

According to the results of the survey, the number of labor force aged 15-72 years (employed + unemployed) in January 2016 in Russian Federation is 52%.

In the labor force, 71.3 million people were classified as employed and 4.4 million as unemployed using ILO criteria (i.e. unemployed or gainfully employed, looking for work and ready to start surveyed week).

Unemployment rate (the ratio of the number of unemployed to the number of labor force) in January 2016 amounted to 5.8% (excluding the seasonal factor).

Employment rate (the ratio of the employed population to the total population of the surveyed age) in January 2016 amounted to 64.7%.

Number and composition of the labor force(not seasonally adjusted)

January 2016		January 2016
	IV quarter	on average per year
Thousand people
Labor force aged 15-72
unemployed
In percentages
Participation rate in labor force(labor force to population aged 15-72)
Employment rate(employed to population aged 15-72)
Unemployment rate(unemployed to the number of labor force)

Employed population in January 2016 decreased compared to December 2015. by 960 thousand people, or by 1.3%, compared to January 2015. - by 419 thousand people, or by 0.6%. The decline in the employed population is largely due to the decline in the working-age population.

Number of unemployed in January 2016 increased compared to December 2015. by 3 thousand people, or by 0.1%, compared to January 2015. - by 261 thousand people, or by 6.2%.

The total number of the unemployed, classified in accordance with the ILO criteria, was 4.4 times higher than the number of the unemployed registered with state employment agencies. At the end of January 2016 1017 thousand people were registered as unemployed in state institutions of the employment service, which is 1.6% more than in December 2015. and by 10.1% compared to January 2015.

Among the unemployed, according to the methodology of the ILO, the share of women in January 2016 amounted to 46.3%, urban residents - 65.6%, youth under 25 years old - 21.5%, persons with no work experience - 24.4%.

Unemployment of the urban and rural population is characterized by an excess of unemployment among rural residents (8.6%) compared to the unemployment rate among urban residents (5.0%). January 2016 this excess was 1.7 times.

January 2016 among the unemployed, the proportion of people who left their former place of work in connection with the release or reduction in the number of employees, the liquidation of an organization or their own business, amounted to 20.5%, and in connection with the dismissal due to own will- 24.0% (in January 2015 - respectively, 20.0% and 24.3%).

Unemployment by federal districts. The lowest unemployment rate that meets the ILO criteria is noted in the Central federal district, the highest - in the North Caucasus Federal District.

Keywords: labor market, labor force, employment, unemployment, unemployment benefit, employment.

In the modern world, the labor market operates on the same principles as the market for goods and services. But its main difference is that a special commodity is sold here - labor power.

The labor market is a collection economic relations between employers and workers, labor carriers. This market serves as one of the criteria, the state of which allows assessing the national well-being, stability, and the effectiveness of the socio-economic development of the state.

State modern market labor in Russia in recent years is particularly strongly affected by political events and economic phenomena. Events occurring both within the country and abroad matter.

Currently, the Russian labor market has a significant number of serious problems that require the highest quality and quickest possible solution. These problems include:

1) an increase in the number of unofficial workers, the growth of shadow employment, which does not allow to see and analyze the full picture of employment in the country, reduces the amount of taxes received by the budget;

2) an increase in the number of refugees and migrants due to the political situation in the world who need employment, which often leads to an increase in unskilled labor in the country;

3) low wages in most regions of the country;

4) growth in the number of unemployed citizens;

5) hidden unemployment - serious differences between the officially registered number of unemployed and the total number of unemployed, which does not allow to fully track the state of the labor market;

6) a rather low level of unemployment benefits - according to the Ministry of Labor in 2016, its size at the maximum rate is 4900 rubles. , which is almost 2 times less than the subsistence minimum, which in the whole country in the first quarter of 2016 amounted to 9776 rubles;

7) an excess of labor force due to a reduction in production;

8) deep territorial differentiation of employment: the unemployment rate in economically active and depressed regions differs by dozens of times.

Thus, there are quite a lot of problems in the modern Russian labor market. And the most important of them remains unemployment.

Unemployment is the main component of the modern labor market. It is an integral part of the economy of any country, regardless of whether it is a developed or developing country. The only difference is what level it is. The unemployment rate is defined as the ratio of the number of unemployed to the labor force, or as the ratio of the share of the employed who lose their jobs every month and the sum of this share with the share of the unemployed who find work every month.

According to the definition of the International Labor Organization, a person aged 10-72 years (in Russia, according to the methodology of Rosstat, 15-72 years old) is recognized as unemployed if, during the critical week of the survey of the population on employment problems, he simultaneously: had no job, was looking for a job and was ready to get to work.

In accordance with the data of the Federal State Statistics Service for the last 4 years from 2012 to 2015. the unemployment rate practically does not change and remains at the level of 5.5%, which is an improvement compared to the results of previous years, when from 2000 to 2011 the unemployment rate did not fall below 6% and reached 8-10%. This indicates a noticeable improvement, the gradual adaptation of our country to the conditions of a market economy, even despite the difficult geopolitical situation, which has a strong impact on the economy of our country.

The unemployment rate is also different in different social groups. There is a relationship between unemployment and the level of education of the population. So, in 2015, the largest share among the unemployed (29.5%) was made up of people who completed only 11 classes at school, followed by those who have a secondary vocational education (20.7%), and only after them are citizens with higher education (19.7%). This proves the undoubted importance of education in the process of employment.

The leading role in improving the situation on the labor market belongs to the state, as it is able to regulate employment throughout the country through various measures.

Options for solving the above problems can be: increasing the number of jobs by opening new enterprises and resuming the activities of old ones; improvement of legislation in matters of regulation of the labor market; increase in the amount of unemployment benefits; ensuring professional and territorial mobility of labor market participants; improving the quality of vocational education, providing opportunities for retraining specialists, conducting professional courses for citizens registered with employment centers; efficient system employment of young professionals.

For the Penza region, it is proposed: to conduct a special course of regional youth employment policy aimed at overcoming the situation of pent-up demand for the labor of young specialists in the market; creation of conditions for integration into the local labor market, taking into account the long-term needs for labor resources of foreign labor, but on the basis of the principle of priority use of local labor potential; development of infrastructure in rural areas, farming; renewal of the industrial base, equipment of enterprises; salary increase in
in line with the growth of labor productivity.

Thus, the modern labor market in Russia has many acute problems, such as unemployment, a large number of unskilled migrants, a significant level of shadow employment, etc. The state pursues an active policy in the field of support and assistance in matters of employment, employment of citizens. Thus, the Government Decree of April 15, 2014 approved the state program of the Russian Federation "Promotion of employment of the population" . It includes various activities that should help speed up the solution of labor market problems.

List of sources used

1. Skvortsova, V. A. Microeconomics: textbook / V. A. Skvortsova, I. E. Medushevsky, A. O. Skvortsov: ed. prof. V. A. Skvortsova. - Penza: Publishing House of PGU, 2015. - 482 p.
2. Kakushkina M. A., Bocharova N. V. Russian labor market: realities of the present // Uchenye zapiski Tambovskogo otdeliya Rosmu. - 2015. - No. 4. - P. 1-7.
3. Official website of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation - URL: http://www.rosmintrud.ru.
4. Official website of the Federal State Statistics Service - URL: http://www.gks.ru.
5. Macroeconomics: textbook / T. A. Agapova, S. F. Seregina. - 10th ed., revised. and additional - M.: Moscow Financial and Industrial University "Synergy", 2013. - 560 p.
6. Grigoryan M. E., Arutyunov E. K. The labor market at the present stage of development of the Russian economy // International Journal of Experimental Education. - 2014. - No. 10. - P. 112-114.
7. Labor force, employment and unemployment in Russia: statistical collection / Information and publishing center "Statistics of Russia". - 2016. - 146 p.
8. Efimov O. N. Russian labor market: problems and trends [ Electronic resource] – http://sci-article.ru/stat.php?i=1448300971.
9. Leskina O.N. Priorities of youth policy in modern Russia// NovaInfo.Ru. - 2015. - V.2. No. 30. - P.49-52
10. Leskina O.N., Novikova I.V. Problematic aspects of regional labor markets (comparative analysis of the Amur and Penza regions) // In the world of scientific discoveries. - 2013. - No. 8 (44)
11. Official website of the Federal Service for Labor and Employment Rostrud - URL: http://www.rostrud.ru.

Scientific article on the topic “The main problems of the labor market in modern Russia” updated: February 5, 2018 by: Scientific Articles.Ru

The problems of the Russian labor market are diverse in their causes, manifestations and consequences. The global crisis of 2008 quite seriously affected the economic situation in Russia and clearly showed the problems that already existed in the Russian economy, therefore, were reflected in the functioning of the labor market over the past decades. And I would like to pay attention to some of these problems.

Most of the problems of the Russian labor market are to some extent related to the peculiarities of its institutional environment, which was formed in the 1990s. This environment has a basic contradiction, a contradiction between formal and informal institutions for regulating contractual relations between an employee and an employer. The weakness and insecurity of the institution of private property and the institution of contracts has led to the strengthening of the role of informal rules and institutions, including illegal ones.

The labor rights of citizens are violated everywhere: not only in small and medium-sized businesses, but also in enterprises of all forms of ownership.

In many private enterprises, the working day is not standardized, low wages can be combined with delays in paying them, with high labor intensity and dangerous conditions for health.

The peculiarity of the Russian labor market is that strict legislation is combined with an extremely low efficiency of the mechanism for coercion to its execution. The parties often ignore their obligations, regardless of whether they are formalized in a written agreement or not. The state does not cope with the function of the guarantor of compliance with laws and regulations. The boundaries between formal and informal sectors of the economy are blurred. Often even leading Russian companies act on the verge, and sometimes beyond the limits of the law, violate the articles Labor Code. Breaking laws and regulations is also beneficial because the costs associated with compliance with labor laws and existing contracts are higher than the costs associated with their violation. That is why most enterprises prefer informal ways of organizing and formalizing labor relations.

The solution to this problem is not the toughening of sanctions and the increase in fines in case of violations of labor laws. However, this measure may lead not to their reduction, but to an increase in the amount of remuneration for corrupt officials. Tougher penalties for violation of the Labor Code may also contribute to the withdrawal into the "shadow" of labor relations or the disguise of labor relations by civil law contracts. The stricter the sanctions for identified violations, the greater part of the workers will be outside the legal field. And the first to suffer will be those who are legally entitled to benefits - minors, disabled people, women raising children, etc. Their competitive position in the labor market will become even weaker.

To get out of the current institutional problem, i.e. To overcome the situation when practice is moving further and further away from formal norms of behavior, one should move in several directions at once:

• 1. improve the legislative framework in the direction of a better balance between the interests of the employer and the employee;
• 2. to strengthen state and public control over the implementation of laws on the basis of the activation and improvement of the efficiency of the work of state control and supervision bodies, the judiciary, trade unions and public organizations, self-defense, etc.
• 3. to form the socio-cultural prerequisites for the creation of a civilized institutional environment - to consistently and persistently cultivate respect for the state, law, and contract in society.
• 4. as well as it is necessary to increase the probability of execution of imposed sanctions for violation of the law, i.e. make punishment inevitable for an unscrupulous employer.

The problem of illegal migration in Russia has received a mixed assessment at the present time. On the one hand, migration makes it possible to mitigate the consequences of the demographic crisis, on the other hand, it is an extremely negative factor that worsens the crime situation in the state.

The fundamental reason for the existence of illegal migration is the inequality of the economic development of states. Countries with high level the lives of the population are attractive to migrants from less developed countries, in which they often pay an order of magnitude less for such work.

The so-called “brain drain” causes serious damage to the Russian labor market. There are several reasons for this phenomenon:

• 1. poor provision of material, technical and instrumental base, insufficient attention of the state and society in the field of scientific research;
• 2. low level of remuneration for both a young scientist and a highly qualified scientist;
• 3. weak integration fundamental science with public and private enterprises;
• 4. low prestige of the status of a scientist in Russia.

Basically, Russian scientists go to work where better conditions to countries Western Europe and North America. Such countries, first of all, pursue the goal most effectively and with minimal cost improve the quality of their science and education. Not all specialists of all profiles and specialties are leaving. The main group of emigrants are programmers, biotechnologists, molecular geneticists, restorers.

The low level of wages in a number of industries leads to an outflow of qualified personnel to other sectors of the economy, a decrease in demand for vocational education in low-paid specialties, and the inability to fill the staff shortage in the future. Employers' demands on employees are rising, while wages are falling.

In turn, the poor quality of jobs Negative influence on the functioning of the labor market and leads to high turnover and shortage of labor in jobs associated with hard physical labor, harmful and hazardous conditions labor, to the loss of human resources due to industrial injuries and occupational diseases.

The solution to the problem of improving the quality of jobs involves increasing wages and improving working conditions. The basis of strategic plans and business development programs should be the prospects for a gradual increase in wages and social guarantees.

A promising solution to this problem on the part of the state for the growth of wages, including in the public sector, is the transition to sectoral wage systems, which involve combining the professions of workers and positions of employees into professional qualification groups, depending on the requirements for the level of education for each type of activity . A guaranteed level of remuneration will be established for each professional qualification group.

The labor potential of society is being used less and less efficiently: the volume of production has decreased to a much greater extent than the number of employees. This is due to the fact that some employers will prefer to "cut" the variable part of their employees' wages in anticipation of the end of the recession and the start of the economic recovery, rather than send workers to the open labor market. To the "cut" of wages is added another form of savings on staff as the "cut" of social packages.

According to a study conducted by the Ankor recruitment agency: 31% of companies operating in Russia are reducing the number of staff, and 18% are reducing wages for their employees, 13% of companies plan to reduce personnel costs by reducing working hours.

In relation to citizens who are not competitive enough in the labor market and who experience difficulties in finding a job (disabled people, graduates of general education institutions, dismissed from military service others) provides for the implementation of special programs by the employment service bodies, providing for:

• 1. provision of services to inform about the situation on the labor market, psychological support and vocational guidance;
• 2. vocational training, retraining and advanced training in professions (specialties) in demand on the labor market, based on the profiling procedure for unemployed citizens;
• 3. organization of temporary (public) works and internships in organizations;
• 4. assistance in moving unemployed citizens to another area, including rural areas, for the purpose of employment.

Promising directions for promoting the employment of unemployed citizens is their involvement in the field of entrepreneurship. To do this, it is necessary to create the maximum favorable conditions by the state for the development of collective and individual entrepreneurial activity. This could greatly expand the number of jobs and reduce the tension in the labor market.

In conditions of economic difficulties, the informal sector of the economy can act as their shock absorber - "absorb", i.e. to provide employment and income not only for a part of the officially employed (through secondary employment), but also for a significant part of the completely or “partially” unemployed (forced working on a part-time basis or sent on administrative leave).

Russian Economic University named after Georgy Valentinovich Plekhanov

Efimov Oleg Nikolaevich, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and Management at Trade and Public Catering Enterprises of the Ufa Institute (branch) of the Russian Economic University. G. V. Plekhanova

Annotation:

The article presents the characteristics of the Russian labor market, identified on the basis of the problems and trends of its development. The problems of the state of the labor market in Russia are considered, forecasts are made regarding its prospects and directions. Conclusions are drawn about the need for various educational programs. Based on statistical data, paradoxes and patterns of the labor market in Russia are revealed, and a number of its specific features are presented.

This paper presents the characteristics of the Russian labor market, identified on the basis of issues and trends of its development. The problems of the labor market in Russia, made projections of its prospects and trends. Are different conclusions about the need for educational programs. On the basis of statistical data revealed paradoxes and regularities of the labor market in Russia, and also presented a number of its specific features.

Keywords:

labor activity; unemployment; resources; branch of the economy; market relations; economically active population

labor activity; unemployment; the resources; sector of the economy; market relations; the economically active population

UDC 331.52

The labor market is one of essential elements market economy, which is characterized as a system based on private property, freedom of choice and competition. The peculiarity of this market lies in the fact that the object of contracts here is the ability of a person to work. The change in the economic order takes on particularly important forms here, since labor activity is the main source of income for a large number of people, and is also the main field of self-realization of the individual. Summarizing all of the above, we can conclude that the labor market is defined as a special area of ​​the economy where trade in on their own, knowledge and skills are carried out by the workers themselves.

The functions of the labor market are:

• in providing production and services with labor resources, their distribution between enterprises and various sectors of the economy
• in rational use, placement, labor regulation
• in providing employees with the opportunity and authority to receive a livelihood
• in harmonizing the cost and criteria of labor between employees and employers
• in stimulating employees and employers

Market relations are based on independent regulation of the labor market. The main components of self-regulation of the labor market are supply and demand, as well as competition between employees and employers of the company. As a result of this mechanism, the proportions and level of employment are established. Both the size of wages and the size and structure of unemployment depend on this.

It is known that the demand in the labor market is the total demand for the country's labor resources at any price, and the supply is the total supply of workers' labor resources at all possible labor prices. State policy in the field of employment, the level of development of education and training systems, trade unions - those indicators that affect supply and demand. National peculiarities of the way of life are of great importance.

The main objective of this article is to identify the features of the "Russian way" in the field of employment.

The labor market in Russia and the current situation on it is one of the most complex and most confusing problems of the modern production market. The main influence is exerted by the human factor, which is difficult to predict. In addition, the number of unemployed is gradually increasing in the labor market, while the number of people able to work is decreasing every year. In the era of globalization of the world economy, the main problem is the problem of ensuring better functioning of national labor markets. The labor market is faced with an important and serious problem, which is to create conditions under which workers and employers can freely interact with each other.

Another acute task is to ensure the stability of the equivalence of their relationship. An important component is the creation of such conditions in the labor market, under which employees and employers feel equally full and equal participants in labor relations. The main task of the state is the problem of creating an effective labor market, as well as its development and maintenance.

To resolve this problem, the state must:

• Prepare true and full-fledged participants in the labor market, i.e. employers and workers
• To try to provide all strata and types of the population with quality and complete education
• Try to prepare skilled workers and specialists developed in many industries
• Create conditions under which participants will interact with each other
• Ensure professional and territorial mobility of labor market participants
• Solve problems related to housing and education
• Affect all regions of the country, all strata and types of the population
• Create custom rules
• Develop and create original rules and conditions for actions in the market, as well as regulate and monitor their compliance
• Develop such legislation that would allow both employees and employers to feel equal participants in labor relations
• And also, when analyzing trends and problems in the development of the Russian labor market, it is very important to take into account the national characteristics of the regions.

At the moment, the national labor market has a large number of serious and important issues. First of all, this is the solution of such issues as: the elimination of open unemployment, an increase in wages, decent pensions for citizens, an improvement in the labor insurance system, ensuring labor mobility, improving labor productivity, ensuring employment efficiency, overcoming the excessive division of incomes of various segments of the population and many other questions. With all this, it is very important to take into account the fact that Russia has an unfavorable demographic situation. The Russian labor market certainly needs to be improved in the conditions of excess of death rate over birth rate. Another significant obstacle to the study social and labor relations in Russia is the presence large sizes informal hidden sector of the economy.

Thus, the main problems of creating a fully functioning labor market are reduced to issues of education and professional mobility, as well as issues of legislation that regulate and control labor relations.

The most important in the modern labor market of each country is the situation of its population. The main component of which is unemployment. Unemployment exists in every country and differs only in its level. The direct object of production can regulate the demand for workers.

This leads to the conclusion that the labor market is directly and directly related to the economy located in the country, and is also very dependent on it. Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon in which a part of the population capable of working cannot safely find a job. This part of the population becomes a reserve army of labor.

It is believed that it is simply impossible to achieve a balance between supply and demand in the market. Such a situation, as a discrepancy between the declared demand and the proposed proposal, very often leads to the emergence of various types of situations.

Table 1 presents data on the unemployment rate in Russia from 2000 to 2013.

Table 1. Unemployment rate in the Russian Federation in 2000-2013.

	Unemployed, thousand people	Number of economically active population, thousand people	Unemployment rate, %

As you can see from the table, the unemployment rate has been declining in recent years. Based on the methodology of the International Labor Organization, the level of general unemployment in the first half of 2013 amounted to 5.8% of the economically active population, which is 1.6 times less than in 2000, and 0.9 times more than in 2007. Compared since 2000, where the number of unemployed reached 7 thousand people, in 2013 this number has become significantly less, and is equal to 4367 thousand people. These facts indicate that the labor market has almost fully recovered after the crisis.

Let's also compare unemployment benefits. If in 1996 the minimum unemployment benefit was equal to the minimum wage, and the maximum benefit was not limited, then since 2003, the minimum unemployment benefit was equal to 35% of the subsistence minimum, and the maximum benefit was 100% of the subsistence level. minimum. By 2008, the maximum unemployment benefit was 3,123 rubles, and the minimum benefit was 780 rubles. By the end of 2008, the living wage was 4,635 rubles, and the minimum wage for January 2009 was set at 4,335 rubles. Based on the data provided by the international labor organization, it can be concluded that the trend in material support for the unemployed category of citizens is deteriorating.

The demographic situation in the country has a very serious impact on the labor market, since the functioning of the labor market is a process not only of consumption and use of labor, but of formation and production. In Russia, as in many developed countries The world is in a difficult demographic situation. According to data provided by the Federal State Statistics Service, as of January 2010, the permanent population of the Russian Federation was 141,927,298 people. At the same time, the number of the economically active population, according to the results of a population survey on employment problems, is 74,600 thousand people, which is 52% of the total population of the country.

Table 2 presents the number of economically active population in Russia.

Table 2. Economically active population in Russia.

Based on the table, we observe that in recent years there has been an increase in the indicator. Thus, in 1995, the economically active population was 70,740 thousand people, which is 0.95 times less than in 2005, and 1.05 times less than in 2010.

It should be remembered that in a negative demographic situation, economic growth is not long-term, since the economically active population is aging. By 2008, the number of people employed in the economy was 70,965 thousand people, while in January 2010 this figure was already 67,700 thousand people. In 2009, there was a sharp decline in the number of people employed in the economy, which is associated with the outbreak of the 2008 crisis and, accordingly, the increased unemployment rate.

The situation that has developed in the labor market is clearly characterized by the dynamics of demand for specialists in various fields. Data on the most popular professions in Russia for 2000, 2010 and 2014 are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. The most demanded professions in Russia.

	Merchandiser	Sales Manager	IT specialist
		skilled workers	Design engineer
		Accountant
	Bank employee

Sources: 1). [Website] http://edunews.ru/ (date of access: 03.11.2015).

2). Methodology of the International Labor Organization (ILO)

Based on Table 3, we can conclude that market trends change significantly every year. If in 2000 commodity specialists were especially valued, as well as in 2010, then by 2014 professions related to IT technologies became a priority. For 15 years, doctors have not left the top five leading professions, since this profession will always be in demand.

Conclusion. Therefore, based on all the above data, we can conclude that the labor market has begun to recover. By 2010, the situation had largely stabilized. But it is wrong to draw full and final conclusions, since the Russian labor market will develop, improving every new year.

The formation of the labor market is hindered by a number of reasons. Problems remain in contemporary Russia, such as a difficult demographic situation, which dooms itself to a constant influx of immigrants filling the country's workforce. One problem leads to another, and the next question is that with the constant immigration process, a threat to national security and the preservation of national culture begins.

At present, the nature of the economic reforms in the country is contradictory, which does not allow predicting the exact date of formation of an effective labor market. It is only known that it is possible to reduce the costs and the period of Russia's entry into the civilized market by creating competitive environment in all markets of resources, services and goods, as well as through the formation of labor motivation among the population.

Bibliographic list:

1. the federal law dated 04/19/1991 N 1032-1 (as amended on 10/18/2007)
2. Gavrilenkov E. Russian economy: macro perspective economic policy// Issues of Economics, 2000, No. 4
3. Gritsyuk M. Rating of the most demanded professions in the labor market // Rossiyskaya gazeta - 2010 - Federal issue No. 5207 (128)
4. Plokhova N.V. Trends in the Russian labor market // Russian Entrepreneurship - 2011 - Federal Issue No. 11(195)
5. Shurkalin A.K. Fundamentals of economic theory // INFRA-M, 2001
6. Yanbarisov R.G. Economic theory: Textbook // "FORUM": INFRA-M, 2009 - 623 p.

Reviews:

26.11.2015, 21:03 Fedotova Tatyana Anatolyevna
Review: It is necessary to proofread and edit the work more carefully, because. there are unrelated and illogical sentences (for example: The most important thing in the modern labor market of each country is the position of its population, the main component of which is unemployment.) In the annotation, sentences must be reduced to one tense: present or past (presented, Considered, Concluded, presented) . Table 1 and especially table 2 should be updated - there are already data for 2014. The amount of the allowance is also analyzed for 1996, 2003 and 2008, but since 2008 it has changed significantly to today. There are no author's proposals and developments based on the results of the analysis. With uv. T.A.

Section 5. Current trends

and problems of labor relations in Russia

5.1. Problems of the modern Russian labor market

A feature of the Russian labor market is that a significant part of employers and the self-employed, as well as a considerable part of employees,

wow in mode shadow economic activity. The main reason is you

high costs, including those associated with the costs of opening a legal business (registration fees, corruption payments), its maintenance (collection of information, conclusion and execution of contracts, legal costs, etc.), protection of property rights in an inefficient state and for the payment of taxes (including UST). More than 25 million people are employed in the informal economy; more than 30% of the economically active population of the country.

Main problems factors preventing the Russian labor market from developing and being more efficient are: low labor costs, huge income inequality, poverty, unemployment, deep structural and interregional imbalances, underdeveloped infrastructure, weak trade unions, low labor mobility of workers and their vulnerability (including from discrimination), distrust of the state, social pessimism, depopulation, brain drain, shortcomings of the institutional environment.

Most of the problems of the Russian labor market are to some extent related to the peculiarities of its institutional environment. Until now, there are no "rules of the game" that can streamline the interaction between market agents. Unwritten rules and verbal agreements are stronger than formal obligations fixed in laws and contracts.

In the 1990s, the use of non-traditional, flexible forms of employment and working hours increased, especially for temporary workers; fixed-term contracts became widespread (despite legal restrictions), secondary employment allowed many workers to increase their incomes by independently determining the amount of time devoted to work. At the same time, the flexibility of the Russian labor market is provided, unlike in Western countries, not by the flexibility of labor legislation and reasonable law enforcement practice, but by the general disregard for laws.

Rigid legislation is combined with extremely low efficiency of the enforcement mechanism. The state does not cope with the function of the guarantor of compliance with laws and regulations. Often, even leading Russian companies operate on the verge, and sometimes beyond the limits of laws, violate articles of the Labor Code, etc. In many private enterprises, workers are virtually powerless. Breaking laws and regulations is also more profitable because the costs associated with compliance with labor laws and existing contracts are higher than the costs associated with their violation.

The institutional environment of the Russian labor market contributes to mass abuses by employers, whose real power over employees is manifested not only in lowering wages, but also in the conservation of poor working conditions; in the implementation of moral, psychological persecution

repaired, etc. Existing traditions and mores (informal institutions) initially imply a high degree of personal dependence of the worker and the admissibility of subjectivity and arbitrariness on the part of the employer. The role of the state and trade unions as possible defenders of the interests of employees is extremely small.

5.2. Main trends and problems of wages in Russia

In Russia in the 1990s, the state of wages was affected by the crisis processes in the economy, the reduction in production, high inflation, and the ill-conceivedness of many government decisions. At the beginning of the 21st century, in the context of economic growth, a number of problems (for example, massive non-payment of wages or its payment by the company's products) lost their relevance, while others, on the contrary, only worsened. Currently, the following problems and trends in the development of wages in Russia can be distinguished:

1. The low level of average wages in the country's economy.In terms of wages, Russia occupies one of the last places among intellectually developed countries, lagging behind even many developing countries. Low wages in Russia can only partly be explained by low labor productivity. According to academician D.S. Lvov, for one dollar of wages, our average worker produces 2,5-3 times the GDP of the United States.

The low level of wages also has positive aspects: it reduces costs, increases opportunities for investment (internal and external), and allows maintaining a relatively low level of unemployment. Many countries (such as China) have been able to successfully take advantage of competitive advantages associated with low wages in the national economy. Among the negative consequences of low wages, one should note a sharp reduction in the effective demand of the population (it slows down the process of expanding domestic markets); inhibition of efficiency growth; decrease in labor motivation; deterioration in staffing. Apparently in strategic plan Negative consequences prevail.

2. The extremely low level of wages in the public sector of the economy

miky. In 2004, the average salary of workers in the non-productive sector (health, education and culture) was 3-4 thousand rubles, taking into account their overtime work.

3. Weakening of the reproductive function of wages.Low wages, especially in the public sector, cannot fully fulfill their reproductive function. Not surprisingly, in 2003, 60% of the Russian population spent more than 50% of their income on food. The minimum wage is still low.

4. The weakening of the stimulating function of wages. Motivational

The real potential of real wages is weakened by its low level, which reduces the prestige and attractiveness of work, as well as by the fact that the structure of wages is unbalanced: the over-tariff part at many enterprises is several times higher than the base, tariff part.

5. Irregularity and delays in wage payments. The standard of living of the population is largely characterized not only by the amount of income, but also by the regularity of their receipt. In Russia 90s years of delays in the payment of wages were massive and ranged from several months to a year or more. In recent years, the severity of the problem has decreased.

6. Unjustified increase in wage differentiation. This differential

renciation has reached a scale that cannot be explained by objective reasons - the peculiarities of the regions, the importance of industries, the characteristics of work and their effectiveness, etc. The formation of wages is influenced primarily by the industry affiliation of the enterprise. There is a very large inter-regional differentiation of wages. A serious problem was the "gap" in the pay of managers of enterprises and ordinary workers.

7. The massive desire of employers to underestimate the legal, officially registered part of wages.According to the State Statistics Committee, the "hidden" part of wages accounts for 25% of all funds allocated for wages.

8. Weak development of the mechanism of labor agreements.The current system

The labor regulation system based on bilateral and trilateral agreements is ineffective. The government does not comply with labor agreements, the local administration - sectoral, and collective agreements enterprises either do not conclude, or are drawn up in the interests of the administration

and moreover, they are often not implemented.

5.3. Features of Russian unemployment and government measures to reduce it

One of the features of Russian unemployment is the gap between the level of registered and "MOT" unemployment. Table 2.7 shows that the number of unemployed in Russia from 1992 to 2005 differed significantly depending on how it was determined.

Table 2.7

Number of unemployed in Russia (million people)

The number of unemployed according to the methodology
The unemployed registered in the
Ghana Public Employment Service

This gap is due to various reasons:

– the unwillingness of some of the unemployed to apply to the employment service, because they do not have sufficient information about suitable vacancies;

– the low level of unemployment benefits and the delay in their payment;

– the opportunity to find work in the informal sector of the economy, the income from which can significantly exceed unemployment benefits;

– the presence of hidden unemployed, who have not received a salary for months and continue to be formally registered as employed.

AT As a result, the majority of the unemployed believe that the benefits of official registration do not justify the costs associated with it, and search for work on their own.

Traditional forms of unemployment in Russia have their own characteristics. frictional unemployment typical for fairly competitive and mobile workers who have search time new job little or no at all. These are usually men and young people. But part of the turnover of the labor force is associated with the movement of workers from one job to another with the same characteristics, and not with the creation of new jobs, and even more so with their progress. Thus, the high mobility of many workers

carried out by low traffic intensity of jobs.

Structural unemployment also has its own characteristics. If in developed economies it arises as a result of job cuts in some industries and creation in others in the course of technological progress and modernization of production, in Russia, vacant jobs often require workers with lower qualifications than they possess.

In the 1990s, in the context of a deep economic downturn, the share cyclical unemployment in the overall unemployment was significant. This is also evidenced by the high tension coefficient in the Russian labor market, defined as the ratio of the unemployed registered with employment services to the need for workers declared by enterprises. This ratio increased from 0.6 in 1991 to 10.7 in 1997 and decreased to 2.1 in 2002.

continues to play an important role hidden unemployment (underemployment

or overemployment). It is part-time work at the initiative of the administration, being on administrative leave or a low level of workforce utilization and its use outside the specialty for low pay. Hidden unemployment is especially high in science and science-intensive industries (in civil aviation, machine tool building, power engineering, in the nuclear and chemical industries, electrical engineering, etc.). General level"underemployment" in the 90s reached 5-9%. The main factors preventing the layoffs of "excess" workers were the expectations of managers that in the conditions of future growth in production there would be problems with qualified personnel, high costs accompanying the "dumping" of excess labor, and the paternalistic attitudes of Russian management.

AT At present, the economic situation objectively contributes to the maintenance of hidden unemployment. Reforms are not being implemented quickly enough. The surplus labor force compensates for the lack of fixed assets for the time being (substitution effect), but with the advent of investment in production, this should stop. The new private sector is underdeveloped and is increasingly displacing unnecessary labor. The fate of a huge number of inefficient Russian enterprises is bankruptcy or a change of ownership; but the new owners need to be able to get rid of unnecessary staff.

The overall unemployment rate is affected by its duration. Economic growth is more likely to reduce short-term unemployment than long-term unemployment.

The average duration of a job search in Russia in the 1990s was steadily growing, and only since 1999 this trend began to fade into the past. It is known that the longer a person is unemployed, the more difficult it is for him to find a job.

There are deep structural disproportions between the demand and supply of labor, especially in the territorial context. Territorial imbalances exacerbated by the low level of labor mobility of the population in conditions of low incomes, high transport tariffs and housing prices. As a result, unemployment is localized in certain territories, whose inhabitants find themselves in the trap of poverty and unemployment. Unemployment is especially high in the republics of the North Caucasus.

Reducing the level of unemployment is one of the most important directions of the economic policy of the state. The measures that it takes in this regard are diverse, they can be aimed not only directly at combating unemployment, but also include a set of actions to improve the economic situation in the country, form a normal institutional environment, strengthen competitive principles, overcome monopoly, create a favorable investment environment. climate, etc. Special attention state-

should give measures microeconomic and institutional character,

especially those that affect the work of the labor market itself. Actions of the state in relation to the unemployed and retired from the composition

workforce, it is customary to divide into passive and active. Passive measures, such as unemployment benefits, help people who are out of work to adapt to the situation, maintain a certain level of consumption, sometimes just survive. But these benefits reduce the desire to work.

The most effective are active measures aimed at encouraging economic opportunities and activity of the people themselves, strengthening their competitiveness in the labor market; they help people return to the ranks of the employed. State assistance in finding employment is especially needed social groups who are not competitive enough in the labor market: disabled people, people released from prisons, representatives of dying professions, young and old.

plays an important role in reducing unemployment labor market infrastructure: organizations designed to make the labor market work more efficiently, reduce the transaction costs of all its participants - both employers seeking to fill vacancies and people looking for work. Such organizations include various types of employment and employment services, labor exchanges, private personnel and recruiting agencies, etc.