For economists around the world, the Russian labor market presents a very strange and fascinating mystery. The economic crisis that gripped the country in 2014 led to a rapid drop in the salaries of Russians, but they, however, are in no hurry to change jobs, and unemployment in the country is relatively stable and not high level... At the same time, experts are seriously concerned about the situation when the labor income of the population falls significantly with age: with the same professional qualities, an employee who is 15-20 years younger will receive a significantly higher salary.

Russian economists from the Higher School of Economics have repeatedly described the state of the labor market in their regular reports. Having analyzed several of them, the Careerist.ru Analytical Center managed to identify 7 main problems that most Russian workers have to face in one form or another. They have taken place before, but will continue to influence in 2018. Let's start with eternal problem- a very dubious increase in wages.

Salaries are rising but falling

The Russian labor market is distinguished by a specific reaction to all economic crises that happened in the country. If in the West people usually lose their jobs en masse at such a time, then in the Russian Federation employment remains at a relatively stable level. For example, the 2008-09 crisis only increased unemployment to 8%, but the figures soon returned to their former levels. Economic shocks have a much greater impact on the labor income of Russians. So, according to the HSE, for 3 full-fledged crisis years, salaries have lost about 10% of their volume. In 2017, the situation somewhat leveled off, and the government did not stop announcing an increase in real wages - for example, in the first 10 months of 2017, the annual growth was 4.3% compared to 2016. This, however, only provides a groundwork for the future - there is no need to talk about compensating the indicators of previous years.

The situation is aggravated by the "traditions" of Russian employers. First, the essential Negative influence has a massive introduction in the private sector of the variable part of the salary. It is not news that for many, a specific salary depends on the performance indicators or the economic indicators of the enterprise. No wonder that in the face of an economic downturn, wages will fall massively.

Secondly, we often see a picture of mass transfers of staff to part-time work. Naturally, the reduction in working hours also reduces wages. Thirdly, only few employers practice indexing. So, even if the employee even managed to keep the salary at the same level, this does not mean that her purchasing power will not fall as a result of inflation.

Law that does not exist

If we proceed from the dry letter of the law, then Russian labor legislation is really tough in relation to the employer and his relationship with employees, in particular, in matters of dismissal. Dismissal of an employee at the initiative of the employer, for example, is possible only in exceptional cases, and even then with certain costs on the part of the employer. Such tough rules pose serious business risks. Therefore, employers en masse simply prefer not to execute it. It concerns many aspects labor relations.

First of all, these are employment issues. It is much easier for an employer to refuse to formalize an employee, which will allow him not only to save on paying taxes and insurance premiums, but also to dictate his own rules to the employee. According to HSE estimates, the illegal labor market covers about 30 million workers, despite the fact that able-bodied citizens of the Russian Federation - about 71-72 million people. In addition, employers do not hesitate to shift their costs onto the shoulders of employees. So, despite the presence of serious sanctions, in Russia you will not surprise anyone with a delay in wages. Often there are also cases of forced dismissal, when an employee is forced to leave “on his own”.

This legal nihilism of employers is associated with the weakness of state institutions that are engaged in supervisory activities. As a result, there is a complete lack of trust in the employer on the part of employees, as well as a lack of trust in the state as an impassive judge.

A burden for the union

In fact, violations of labor laws on the part of the employer have reached such proportions that the employee, even if he officially gets a job at a new place of work, is not sure that the labor contract concluded with him will be fully fulfilled. Why, there is no complete certainty even that he will be paid the first salary until the employee receives it in his hands. The same situation arises in cases where part of the salary is variable, according to the HSE.

In theory, the situation should be controlled by hundreds of Russian trade unions operating either within the entire country, or in some of its regions, or even at individual enterprises. However, they prefer to remain silent, remembering their members only when they stop regularly paying membership fees.

In general, ordinary people have the impression that Russian trade unions are much more likely to defend the employer, with whom they, according to the logic of things, should, on the contrary, be “on different sides barricades ". Nevertheless, they prefer not to interfere in the relationship between the employer and employees, limiting themselves to only a modest collection of membership fees. Speech, by the way, about huge money.

For example, the largest trade union organization in Russia is the Federation of Independent Trade Unions. It includes about 21 million members, 80% of whom regularly transfer 1% of their salaries every month. So, according to our rough calculations, the FNP accumulates about 70 billion rubles annually only through contributions. What, with such funding, their contribution to the protection of workers' rights is very difficult for us to assess.

Obsolete jobs

According to average estimates, the annual growth in the number of modern jobs in the world is 10-15% - a similar number of old jobs are declining. That is, there is a gradual modernization and increase in the productivity of workplaces, which, of course, is primarily characteristic of developed countries, the status of which is also claimed by Russia. However, in the Russian Federation, this process is slowed down not only in comparison with advanced, but even with developing countries, HSE is sure.

So, over the past 10 years, the number of jobs in large and medium-sized businesses has decreased by 5 million, from 39 to 34 mln. That is, in fact, it turns out that employers cut jobs in a much larger volume than they created new ones. According to experts, if the enterprise is growing, then the share of new jobs created on it does not exceed 4-5% per year. Firstly, it is much less than in the West and even in neighboring China. Secondly, we are not talking about high-tech jobs at all. That is, productivity gains in the workplace are only talked about in exceptional cases.

In modern socio-economic conditions, the labor market is one of the most difficult elements of a market economy. The labor market includes a wide range of socio-economic relations and phenomena; it plays an important role in the process of forming an effective system of employment for the population, reducing the unemployment rate, and implementing the constitutional labor rights of citizens. Through the labor market, two fundamental functions of the life of society are realized. This is, firstly, the economic function, which consists in large-scale provision of the production and non-production areas with the required number of workers and, secondly, social function, implying the need to ensure a decent standard and quality of life for the population of Russia by providing workers with wages, as well as various labor and social guarantees. In addition, the labor market regulates issues such as:

• formation of wages for labor through the ratio of supply and demand in the market;
• determination of the procedure and conditions for employment and dismissal to ensure equal opportunities for citizens and exclusion of discrimination;
• formation and adoption of regulations governing working conditions and safety;
• improvement of the education system in order to adapt it to the modern requirements of the labor market.

The main categories of the labor market, like any other market system, are supply and demand. In this context, demand characterizes the required number of employees of a certain specialization. The supply of labor is understood as the number of able-bodied population that is ready to start work.

Despite the fact that the labor market can be called a self-regulatory system, the state plays a significant role in its improvement and development. So, for example, the state is able to create new jobs, form state bodies for work with the unemployed category of citizens, their employment, implements state programs and national projects to ensure employment of the population and increase its material well-being. The state also influences the level of wages, the level of social security of citizens, including the vulnerable layers of the population, through the adoption of appropriate regulatory legal acts.

Currently, the labor market is significantly influenced by political events and economic phenomena both within the state and at the international level. For example, such factors as the adoption of new legislative norms (changes in the pension system of the Russian Federation, an increase in the minimum wage), the level of labor productivity, the degree of modernization of production can be attributed to internal ones. While there is an influx of migrants from areas in which armed conflicts occur, the outflow of highly qualified personnel goes to external ones.

Characterizing the Russian labor market, the following features can be identified that have an impact on the current state and prospects of its development.

First, like other market mechanisms, the modern labor market was formed on the basis of the Soviet time approaches to allocating work force, setting its price. Further development took place against the background of deep structural transformations and economic downturns. The urgent need to adapt the labor market to new socio-economic conditions instead of the evolutionary development of a flexible system of labor relations has led to an increase in the share of the shadow economy and the shadow labor market, as well as low labor costs.

The problem of shadow employment is becoming increasingly important due to its prevalence and causing negative consequences to the state and society in the form of a shortfall in taxes, social contributions, the impossibility of monitoring the legality of the activities of workers. The following types of labor activity can be attributed to the shadow labor market: self-employment, part-time work, contracts, homeworking, cooperatives, that is, all those organizational forms employment that is not subject to accounting by government agencies.

Secondly, in Russia, the problem of regional differentiation of the level of production, innovation economic activity, the level of income of citizens and the quality of life. In this regard, the labor markets in Russia differ quite significantly by region. So, for example, the unemployment rate in different regions may differ by more than 3 times, and the level of average wages - 5 times. Such serious imbalances in the socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation can lead to the emergence of depressed regions, unwanted migration outflows, and the drain of highly qualified personnel.

Thirdly, the Russian labor market is not sufficiently balanced, since, on the one hand, it is excessive in volume, and on the other hand, it is labor-deficient in its structure due to the fact that there is an overaccumulation of the labor force in some areas and a shortage in others. ... The reason for this imbalance can be both demographic problems and the shortcomings of the education system, training and retraining of personnel.

The labor market is an integral part of the market economy, the effectiveness of which depends on national well-being, social stability and the effectiveness of socio-economic transformations. Therefore, the problems of the development of the labor market in the present stage become obstacles to improving the competitiveness and economic growth of regions and the country as a whole. The main problems of the Russian labor market are:

• the heterogeneity of the distribution of demand for labor and its supply by territory and type of activity;
• qualitative discrepancy between the parameters of demand for labor and its supply in the regional, vocational and qualification and other aspects;
• low labor productivity and inefficient use of labor;
• The “aging” of the labor force and the decline in the working-age population;
• the lack of coordination of the functioning of the education system and the demand of the economy for the labor force of certain professions and qualifications, which affects, first of all, the low level of employment among young people;
• low level of labor mobility of the population;
• significant discrepancy between general and officially registered unemployment, insufficient coverage of state programs and measures of social support for unemployed citizens.

All this makes it necessary to develop appropriate Russian politics employment, as well as strategies and tactics of the mechanism for regulating the Russian labor market.

The general conditions for solving the problems of the Russian labor market at the present stage in the conditions of instability of the economic and political systems is not only work to improve the efficiency of employment policy, but also the revival of the Russian economy as a whole through the modernization and innovation of production, increasing the rate of economic growth. The development and improvement of the Russian labor market at the present stage should take place on the basis of coordinated and interrelated measures and programs aimed at improving the standard of living and the quality of labor activity of citizens.

The problems of the Russian labor market are diverse in their causes, manifestations and consequences. The global crisis of 2008 quite seriously affected the economic situation in Russia and clearly manifested the problems that already existed in the Russian economy, therefore, reflected on the functioning of the labor market over the past decades. And I would like to pay attention to some of these problems.

Most of the problems of the Russian labor market to one degree or another are associated with the peculiarities of its institutional environment, which was formed in the 90s. This environment has a basic contradiction, a contradiction between formal and informal institutions for regulating contractual relations between an employee and an employer. The weakness and insecurity of the institution of private property and the institution of contracts has led to the strengthening of the role of informal rules and institutions, including illegal ones.

Labor rights of citizens are violated everywhere: not only in small and medium-sized businesses, but also in enterprises of all forms of ownership.

In many private enterprises, the working day is not standardized, low wage can be combined with delays in its payment, with high labor intensity and hazardous health conditions.

The peculiarity of the Russian labor market is that tough legislation is combined with extremely low efficiency of the enforcement mechanism. The parties often ignore their obligations, regardless of whether they are formalized in a written agreement or not. The state does not cope with the function of the guarantor of the observance of laws and regulations. The boundaries between the formal and informal sectors of the economy are blurred. Often even the presenters Russian companies act on the verge, and sometimes even beyond the law, violate articles Labor Code... It is also beneficial to violate laws and regulations because the costs associated with compliance with labor laws and existing contracts are higher than the costs associated with their violation. That is why most enterprises prefer informal ways of organizing and formalizing labor relations.

The solution to this problem is not to tighten sanctions and increase the size of fines when violations of labor legislation are detected. However, this measure may lead not to their reduction, but to an increase in the size of remuneration to corrupt officials. More severe penalties for violation of the Labor Code can also contribute to the withdrawal into the "shadow" of labor relations or the disguise of labor relations by civil law contracts. The stricter the sanctions for the violations identified, the more employees will be outside the legal framework. And the first to suffer will be those who are legally entitled to benefits - minors, disabled people, women raising children, etc. Their competitive position in the labor market will become even weaker.

To get out of the current institutional problem, i.e. overcoming the situation when practice moves further and further from the formal norms of behavior, one should move in several directions at once:

• 1.improve legislative framework towards a better balance between the interests of the employer and the employee;
• 2.to strengthen state and public control over the implementation of laws on the basis of activating and increasing the efficiency of the work of bodies state control and supervision, the judiciary, trade unions and public organizations, self-defense, etc.
• 3. to form socio-cultural prerequisites for the creation of a civilized institutional environment - to consistently and persistently cultivate respect for the state, law, and contract in society.
• 4. as well as the likelihood of execution of the imposed sanctions for violation of the law should be increased, i.e. make punishment inevitable for an unscrupulous employer.

The problem of illegal migration in Russia has received an ambiguous assessment. On the one hand, migration helps to smooth out the consequences of the demographic crisis, on the other hand, it is an extremely negative factor that worsens the crime situation in the state.

The fundamental reason for the existence of illegal migration is inequality in the economic development of states. Countries with a high standard of living are attractive for migrants from less developed countries, where they often pay an order of magnitude less for such work.

The so-called "brain drain" is causing serious damage to the Russian labor market. There are several reasons for this phenomenon:

• 1.weak provision of material, technical and instrumental base, insufficient attention of the state and society in the field of scientific research;
• 2. low level of remuneration for both a young scientist and a highly qualified scientist;
• 3. weak integration of fundamental science with public and private enterprises;
• 4. low prestige of the status of a scientist in Russia.

Basically, Russian scientists go to work where better conditions to countries Western Europe and North America... Such countries, first of all, pursue the goal most effectively and with minimal cost to replenish their science and education qualitatively. Not all specialists of all profiles and specialties are leaving. The main group of emigrants is programmers, biotechnologists, molecular genetics, restorers.

The low level of wages in a number of industries leads to an outflow of qualified personnel to other sectors of the economy, a decrease in demand for professional education on low-paid specialties and the inability to fill the personnel deficit in the future. Employers' demands on workers are growing and wages are falling.

In turn, the low quality of jobs has a negative impact on the functioning of the labor market and leads to a high turnover and shortage of labor in jobs involving hard physical labor, harmful and dangerous conditions labor, loss of human resources due to industrial injuries and occupational diseases.

The solution to the problem of improving the quality of jobs involves increasing wages and improving working conditions. The basis strategic plans and business development programs should represent the prospects for a phased increase in wages and social guarantees.

A promising solution to this problem on the part of the state for the growth of wages, including in the public sector, is the transition to sectoral systems of remuneration, which involves the unification of the professions of workers and positions of employees in professional qualification groups, depending on the requirements for the level of education for each type of activity. ... A guaranteed level of remuneration will be established for each professional qualification group.

The labor potential of society is being used less and less efficiently: the volume of production has decreased to a much greater extent than the number of employees. This is due to the fact that some employers would rather "cut" the variable part of their employees' wages in anticipation of the end of the recession and the beginning of the economic recovery, rather than send workers to the open labor market. To the "cutting" of wages is added such a form of saving on personnel as "cutting" of social packages.

According to a study by recruiting agency Ankor: 31% of companies operating in Russia are reducing the number of employees, and 18% are cutting salaries for their employees, 13% of companies are planning to reduce personnel costs by reducing working hours.

With regard to citizens with insufficient competitiveness in the labor market and experiencing difficulties in finding a job (disabled people, graduates of educational institutions, dismissed from military service others) provides for the implementation of special programs by employment service bodies, providing:

• 1.providing services for informing about the situation on the labor market, psychological support and vocational guidance;
• 2. vocational training, retraining and advanced training in professions (specialties) that are in demand in the labor market, based on the procedure for profiling unemployed citizens;
• 3. organization of temporary (public) work and internships in organizations;
• 4. assistance in the relocation of unemployed citizens to another locality, including the countryside, for the purpose of employment.

Promising directions of promoting the employment of unemployed citizens is their involvement in the field of entrepreneurship. For this, it is necessary to create as much favorable conditions from the state for the development of collective and individual entrepreneurial activity... This could significantly expand the number of jobs and reduce labor market tensions.

In conditions of economic difficulties, the informal sector of the economy can act as a shock absorber - “absorb”, i.e. to provide employment and income, not only for a part of officially working (through secondary employment), but also for a significant part of fully or "partially" unemployed (forcedly working part-time or sent on administrative leave).

An integral part of a market economy is a modern labor market and unemployment. In the current conditions of the formation of the market, it is required to create effective mechanisms for the use of labor resources in order to switch to new level, reducing the growth of unemployment and social insecurity of the population.

The labor market in modern economic conditions functions according to the same rules as the market for goods and services. Only the law of supply and demand forms the price of a special commodity - labor. The object of the labor market is. Obviously, such a ratio:

1. If the number of proposals on the labor market is greater than the demand for them, a surplus of labor is formed and unemployment arises.
2. When the number of offers is less than the employers need, there will be a shortage of workers, as a result of which the economy will also suffer.

If the state does not fully use the available labor resources, then economic system does not work in full measure. With a large number of jobs produced large quantity social product, and the material needs of people are better satisfied.

The ideal market model would be a situation where the number of job seekers offering their services is equal to the number of required vacancies. Unemployment in this case will be zero. This cannot be the case in the real economy, but the lower the real unemployment rate, the better for the country's economy.

Today's labor market is a system of various mechanisms, legislative norms, public and state institutions, thanks to which there is the consumption and reproduction of labor. It harmonizes the interests of employers and employees with regard to wages and labor conditions.

The modern labor market and its requirements for a professional on the part of employers are formulated clearly: not only does a person need to be a good specialist, it should be mobile and versatile.

Government regulation

The main role in creating positive trends in the modern labor market should be with the state, since it can directly regulate employment throughout the country by such measures:

• support for small and medium-sized businesses;
• organization of retraining programs;
• creating conditions for resettlement in regions with a shortage of specialists;
• granting benefits to certain categories of employees;
• creation of additional jobs.

In 2012, the Government of the Russian Federation approved an implementation plan for the program to promote employment of the population for the next three years. It includes various activities that should help speed up the solution to the labor market problem.

Unemployment and the labor market: Video

Features of the Russian labor market

To understand what the modern labor market in Russia is, you need to familiarize yourself with what individualizes it:

1. High rates of hidden unemployment. This destabilizes social relations and worsens the economic situation.
2. The private sector is a fairly large consumer of labor.
3. A large number of idle enterprises, and, as a result, underemployment.
4. There is a very high differentiation by regions within the country in terms of the number of employees and in the most demanded industries.
5. The level of unemployment benefits is insufficient.
6. The boundaries between official and shadow employment are rather arbitrary.
7. A widespread employment model is when the labor force is not used and is not released to other industries.
8. Certain segments of the labor market are characterized by monopolies.

Unemployment in the RF

The characteristic of the labor market at the present stage is the normal level of unemployment (as of August, Rosstat announced the level of 4.8%). From 4 to 6% is an adequate rate of unemployment, if it is higher, then we can talk about stagnation in the economy. This level is explained by the fact that only those who applied to the state employment service are counted as unemployed. While many do not have the ability or desire to register because of the extremely low amount of benefits.

According to official statistics, frictional unemployment is the most widespread in Russia, followed by structural, but mostly as a regional problem. Therefore, the number of unemployed can be reduced by a competent reallocation of the labor force.

Regional unemployment is acute the problem at hand v modern Russia since it does not simply worsen economic indicators, but leads to social tension and the emergence of tendencies for the isolation of individual regions, the development of crime and regional conflicts. On a territorial basis, this is, first of all, North Caucasus... In addition, the crisis is being experienced by regions in which industries that are now irrelevant are developed.

Latent, or latent unemployment, which is a problem of the current state of the labor market in Russia, on the one hand, is a normal stage of the transition from a planned to a market economy, on the other hand, this period in our country has been excessively prolonged. This contributes to the habituation of workers to work with changed working conditions, and is an obstacle to the development of massive, officially registered unemployment.

Latent unemployment:

• complicates the formation of effective employment;
• hinders the mobility of labor resources by industry;
• low wages reduce the standard of living of the main population and strengthen the tendency towards its stratification.

Causes of unemployment in Russia

To a large extent, the modern labor market and unemployment are influenced by socio-economic reasons. The unemployment rate is often used as an indicator of economic development.

For our country, the following main reasons for the lack of jobs can be identified:

1. Structural changes in the economy, the essence of which is that the development of new technologies and techniques requires the reduction of excess labor.
2. The cyclical nature of the economy as a whole, when employers are simply forced to reduce their needs, including labor resources.
3. Seasonal changes.
4. Labor policy of the government.

Simultaneous increase economic efficiency production and the pursuit of full employment would be utopian. After all, the main factor in the growth of the economy and production - scientific and technological progress - is at the same time one of the main factors in the emergence of unemployment.

Introduction

1.LABOR MARKET: THEORY OF THE ISSUE

1.1. The essence of the labor market

1.2. Labor market infrastructure

1.3. Features of the labor market.

2. PROBLEMS OF THE LABOR MARKET

2.1. Characteristics of the labor market and employment in modern Russia

2.2. The essence of employment

2.3. Types and forms of employment.

3. WAYS TO SOLVE LABOR MARKET PROBLEMS

Conclusion

Bibliography

Applications

Introduction

At the moment, this topic is very relevant, since the labor market is the most important element of the market economy. Due to the decline in production in the 90s in Russia as a whole, the situation on the labor market has become tense and unstable. This is how such a negative phenomenon as unemployment appeared in our life. Unemployment has serious social consequences, since work is, on the one hand, a source of income, and on the other, a means of self-affirmation of a person in society. This explains the relevance of the topic chosen.

The aim of the work is to analyze the labor market, as well as identify problems and ways to solve them.

The object of the research is Russia (the Russian labor market).

The subject of the research is the indicators characterizing the state of the labor market.

In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were set and solved:

· Consider the theoretical aspects of the essence, structure and functions of the labor market, its specifics and features at the present stage;

· Identify problems in the Russian labor market;

· Assess the state of the labor market in Russia today.

The work used the works of K. Marx, J. Keynes, A. Pigou and P. Heine, as well as statistical data from the server of the Federal State Statistics Service.

The course work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of used literature and an application.

1. LABOR MARKET: THEORY OF THE ISSUE

1.1. The essence of the labor market

The world of work is an important and multifaceted area of ​​economic and social life society. It covers both the labor market and its direct use in social production. The labor market, or as it is also called, the labor market, has a fundamental feature - its components are directly living people who not only act as carriers of labor, but are also endowed with specific features: psychophysiological, social, cultural, religious, political, etc. These features have a significant impact on the motivation and degree of labor activity of people and are reflected in the state of the labor market as a whole.

In the labor market, the cost of labor is assessed, the conditions of its employment are determined, including the amount of wages, working conditions, the possibility of obtaining an education, professional growth, job security, etc. The labor market reflects the main trends in the dynamics of employment, its main structures (sectoral, vocational qualification, demographic), i.e. in the social division of labor, as well as labor mobility, the scale and dynamics of unemployment.

The labor market is a mechanism for making contacts between buyers of labor (employers) and sellers of labor (hired). This market includes not only specially organized institutions - labor exchanges, but also all individual transactions for the recruitment of labor. The labor market is closely related to the rest of the market subsystems. For example, in order to be in demand, labor must have a certain combination of physical, mental and professional abilities. Realizing these abilities in the production process, it must be constantly reproduced. This depends, in part, on the state of the consumer goods market. The labor market must have competition as the main driving force improving the employee's ability to work.

The circle of sellers in the labor market is extremely diverse. It includes a miner who is hired to mine coal underground, and a rock singer who signs a contract for concerts, and a scientist who receives money to conduct research needed by a customer, and a minister who is paid by the state to manage a certain field of activity.

Feeling the need for constant reproduction, and each time at a new, higher level, the bearer of labor is looking for only such an employer to whom he could offer it on the most favorable terms. Therefore, there must also be competition in the demand for labor. Under such conditions, the social and economic development of society will take place, based on the market activity of workers offering their labor force, on the one hand, and employers, on the other.

The labor market is a set of economic and legal procedures that allow people to exchange their labor services on wages and other benefits that firms agree to provide them in exchange for labor services. (Appendix # 1 illustrates the classification of labor markets).

1.2. Labor market infrastructure

It seems that the considered concepts, complementing each other, give an overall picture of the functioning of the labor market. It is believed, in particular, that an employee's qualifications are always acquired before they enter the labor market, and this is by no means always true, since in many cases an employee receives qualifications already in production, i.e. after hiring. This means that it is rather difficult to assess its potential in the market.

Another postulate states that a person's labor productivity is known in advance. But this is not so, since there are many methods of motivation that can increase labor productivity. It is also obvious that not only wages serve as a sufficient assessment of his work for the employee and a reflection of the degree of his satisfaction with his position in production and in the labor market. It also calls into question the simplistic market-price approach to humans. It is very difficult to assess the potential of a person in the labor market also because in the labor process the main contribution to production in most cases is achieved through collective rather than individual efforts.

Thus, the labor market, in general obeying the laws of supply and demand, according to many principles of the mechanism of its functioning, is a specific market that has a number of significant differences from other commodity markets. Here, the regulators are not only macro- and microeconomic factors, but also social and socio-psychological factors, which are by no means always related to the price of labor - wages.

In real economic life labor market dynamics is influenced by whole line factors. So, the supply of labor is determined, first of all, by demographic factors - the birth rate, the growth rate of the working-age population, its age and sex structure... In Russia, the average annual population growth rate dropped sharply from the level of about 1% in the 70s and 80s. to minus values ​​in the 90s. On the demand side, the main factor influencing the dynamics of employment is the state of the economic environment, the phase of the economic cycle. In addition, scientific and technological progress has a serious impact on the need for labor.

Although much attention is currently paid to the study of labor infrastructure, nevertheless, certain issues require close study. First of all, the concept of labor market infrastructure needs to be clarified, the establishment of the relationship and subordination of the elements of the labor market infrastructure, their classification.

V economic literature the concept of labor market infrastructure is interpreted as follows:

1.the set of institutions and organizations, government and commercial enterprises and services that ensure its normal functioning

2.The infrastructure of the labor market includes labor exchanges, state systems for recording the demand for labor, retraining, regulation of migration, population subsidies, etc.

3. a set of institutions for promoting employment, vocational training and retraining of personnel, vocational guidance of the able-bodied population. It includes a whole network of employment funds, labor exchanges (employment centers), training and retraining centers for the labor force, etc.

In my opinion, the point of view of I. Bushmarin deserves attention, according to which the infrastructure of the labor market includes, in fact, the entire economy, numerous state, public and private institutions, as well as the education system, including those belonging to firms, cultural institutions, health care, various non-profit social organizations and, which is very important, the institution of the family.

This approach gives grounds to consider the labor market infrastructure in a broad and narrow sense. In a broad sense, the labor market infrastructure can be viewed as a set of economic sectors and legal institutions that ensure the reproduction of the labor force. In a narrow sense, the labor market infrastructure should be considered as a set of institutions and organizations, state and commercial enterprises and services that ensure full and rational employment of the population, as well as the achievement of the interests of both workers and employers.

It is usually noted that the main socio-economic function of the labor market is to achieve effective employment. It is the labor market infrastructure that ensures the performance of this function, the criterion for the successful functioning of which is to achieve a balance between supply and demand, and the main task is to create more effective interaction between supply and demand. By effective employment, we propose to understand full and rational employment.