Civil society is a form of organization of structural elements of society, social connections and interactions in the non-state sphere, aimed at implementing basic human rights and freedoms, ensuring the protection of public, group and individual interests and values, their harmonic combination. In a democratic society, civil society establishes sustainable long-term and mutually beneficial relations with state institutions on an neakantagonistic basis.
The ideas about civil society, which established in Western Europe to the middle of the X1x century, included the following basic components:
· Autonomy and freedom of speech;
· Agreement as a basis for the formation of social relations;
· Property as an extremely important condition for the free conclusion of the contract, as well as personal and social freedom at all;
· Field of public and public opinion outside the market, related to the expansion of criticism, enlightenment and emancipation.
The transformation of these ideas in the twentieth century led to an understanding of civil society, before all of the market, which exists in the conditions of a state state, whose ideology is liberalism. It should be considered, first of all, not as legal, but as a social institution, a totality and complex interweaving of non-political public structures interacting with the political system and have their influence on it.
Civil society and the state are genetically interconnected with each other and exist, performing the main functional task associated with the development of a person, ensuring its normal life. For this reason, the change in the relationship in favor of a state or civil society is largely due to human quality, its provision in this time period and the nature of difficulties experienced by the Company and problems.
There are definitions functions that allow civil society to participate in the implementation social Policy:
Protective functionallowing to provide the cost of living a person and protect society from negative impact on the outside of the external environment (ensuring a minimum of wages, pensions, scholarships, work, medical care, upholding the rights of citizens in the fight against crime and corruption, the fight against environmental pollution, etc. );
Adaptation functionacting as a essential mechanism of increasing the ability of the social system to effectively resist indignant impacts (ensuring access to extremely important information, a broad discussion of the social policy of the state, representing alternative action programs);
Stabilizing functionassociated with the creation and maintenance of social sustainability of society, ensuring effective interaction of this social system and the external environment (cooperation, negotiations, consultations, conclusion of contracts and agreements on the basis of the ideas of coexistence and cooperation of Social Systems, the creation of supranational structures - the United Nations, OSCE, IAEA);
Educational functionthe factor in the formation and implementation of moral norms, rules and spiritual values \u200b\u200binto the consciousness of people in the process of socialization (control over their observance, the formation of respect and continuity to the existing spiritual values, the rise of the culture of the people);
Integrative function consisting in turning social layers, groups, individuals from the object social interaction and manipulation in social subjects (institutions of civil society act as "protective barriers" from the dictate of the state, as well as the mechanisms for the development of the social system).
In specific conditions of market transformations in Russia, the development of a social security system based on the activity of citizens, various groups and all groups of the population, its interaction with the state social protection system becomes exceptional importance. The role and place of public structures as a democratic base and organizational basis of the social security system of the country are determined by their socio-political essence and the ability to solve problems:
· Warnings about the occurrence of sources of danger and brewing threats;
· Creating conditions for the formation of middle class in the country as the main rod and engine of the progressive development of society;
· Protection of the rights and freedoms, the needs and interests of civil society;
· Forming public opinion and impact on it;
· Public control over the activities of the authorities, the execution of their decisions;
· Involvements to the broad masses in practical activities to ensure national security, stabilizing the situation, to achieve the general and consent;
· Combating social and moral defects, corruption, service irresponsibility and incompetence of civil servants;
· Development of civil identity, creativity, initiatives and mobility.
Important role in strengthening russian state Playing the strengthening of public control of civil society over state organizationsexercising public authority: subordination of the administrative apparatus representative bodies, the impact on the processes of lawmaking, the creation of opportunities for the direct expression by the people's masses of its attitude towards one or another public solutions related to ensuring the security of civil society.
Civil society should seek to actively participate in the formation of concepts (doctrines) of the country's security, developing a scientifically based social policy of the state, to create various non-governmental funds, institutions, research centers for analyzing the situation in the country and the preparation of analytical materials and recommendations for its strengthening. For example, in the United States and developed countries of the West, there are many non-governmental centers and organizations developing reports and recommendations to the President of the country, legislative bodies on the problems of social policy of their countries and on the relevant position in other countries of the world.
As is known, Sh.Montackie derived the "spirit of laws" from the "Spirit of the People", which develops during a long evolution under the influence of natural and historical factors. Civil laws should be in such a close accordance with the properties of the people, for which they are established that only in extremely rare cases, the laws of one people may be suitable for another people, hegel considered hegel. The experience of developed democracies shows that their success is the high activity of citizens and their voluntary societies and organizations, as well as informal units, which is achievable only with a fairly developed civil society.
The main trend of civil society is implemented through political action to the technology of solving social problems. Civil society is achieved through the development of the sphere of mass movements, batches of decentralization of the state of the state through the transfer of its part of self-government.
In general, the emphasis of civil society institutions to ensure the quality of life of Russians, compliance with their rights and freedoms in conjunction with other factors will change the foundations of demographic policies, increase lifespan and reduce the mortality of the population.
Check questions for self-test
1. The difference between the state from civil society.
3. Priority areas in the activities of the state for the implementation of social policy.
4. The concept of civil society.
5. The role and place of public structures as a democratic base and organizational basis of the social security system of the country.
Literature
1. Averin A.N. Social policy and social responsibility of the enterprise. - M.: Alpha Press, 2008
2. Volgin N.A. Social policy: textbook. 3rd ed. - M., Exam, 2008.
3. Globalization and social policy of developed countries. - M., 2008.
4. Leonov I.V. Modern Social State: Essence, Signs and Problems of Formation. - M., 2006.
5. Margulyan Ya.A. Social policy of the Russian state in the context of the global financial and economic crisis. ESP International Scientific and Practical Conference "Dialogue of Cultures - 2009: Search for general and values." April 2009. Collection of scientific articles. - SPb.: Publishing house SPbaue, 2009.
6. Smirnov S.N., Sidorina T.Yu. Social politics. - M., 2009.
7. Management of the social sphere of a large city. Collective monograph (under the general edition of Ya.A. Markulian). - SPb.: SPBOUIE, 2008.
Chapter 6.
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The role of social policy state
The originality of the transition period is reflected in the social policy strategy, the choice of social development priorities and the mechanisms of managing these processes in the national, regional and individual levels. In a socially oriented market economy, the degree of state participation in regulating distribution processes, ensuring employment and social protection of vulnerable groups of the population is significant.
The need for further market transformations and strengthening state regulation of social processes forms prerequisites for the model of social market economy. The transition to a socially oriented market economy assumes the passage of several stages of reforming and developing actions as short-term and long-term nature. The most negative social consequences of reforms that manifested themselves first of all are a low level of income of the population, social polarization of society, continuing enough high level Poverty and unemployment, inaccessibility of socially significant benefits for a significant part of the population, worsening the health indicators of the population, demographic and environmental situation.
The most important indicator, largely determining all the main social parameters of the life support of the population, is the level of income. The most acute problem in the field of income, from the solution of which, largely depends on the social stability of society, is the continued significant array of poverty and the high level of socio-economic differentiation of the population in terms of income, the quality of consumption, property situation.
When moving to the market, the socio-economic differentiation of society is inevitable, but the danger of social conflict will be minimal if the income rupture of 10% of the most and 10% of the least secured population does not exceed 10 times, and the share of the population with income below the subsistence minimum is no more than 10% .
The level of income differentiation, which established over the years of reform, to a certain extent corresponds to a moderately polar model of social differentiation of society with a ratio of about 10 - 15: 1. To preserve the social stability of the Russian society and strengthening the social base of market reforms in the medium term, it is necessary to provide lower values \u200b\u200bof the indicator Differentiation of income of the population and proceed on the basis of the implementation of the complex of economic, social and legal measures to implement the strategic task of the transition to the consolidating model of social differentiation dominant in industrialized countries.
The most important consequence of strengthening the stratification of society is not only the fact that the state cannot consolidate the sharply polar segments of society with incomparable conditions, opportunities, prospects of life. The main thing is that in such a situation it becomes impossible to solve the task of mobilizing social resources of economic development. Needless social base Market reforms are currently not yet formed, and the main task is to strengthen the impact of the role of social factors contributing to the acceleration of economic transformation processes.
Differentiation of income of the population is not the only sign of social stratification of society. It is necessary to take into account the quality of consumption, accessibility for the population of various goods and services, different conditions To enhance economic activity and social status and much more. The difference in income levels determine qualitative differences in the structure of consumer spending, which can serve as a border that distinguishes the type of consumption of low-income layers from medium -iable, medium-incursed - from the rich.
During the years of the formation and development of a market economy, the most negative changes have been made in pay. Unnecessary differentiation in wages in various sectors of the economy remains.
It is necessary to take into account that the level of income is depending on not only from factors affecting the labor and social activity of employees, but also to a greater extent - from changing the situation of individual professional and industry groups in the labor market. Different sectors of the economy have unequal capabilities to adapt to market conditions. In general, in the most favorable position, employees of raw material exported industries, monopolist enterprises, professional groups serving the market, employees of enterprises (organizations) with the participation of foreign capital were found. Critical is that especially low level of payment of highly qualified labor of education workers, health care, science, on the activity of which depends on the quality of the labor social and intellectual potential of society, as well as mechanical structures considered worldwide as the basic industry of economics, agriculture, from whose development The food security of the country depends. Labor assessment in these industries is completely out of their role in the development of the economy, nor the qualitative characteristics of their work force.
Under these conditions, the possibilities of increasing social status and wages depending on the work activity and personal abilities of workers are narrowed. The crisis of labor motivation having such negative consequencesas a low level of use of qualified workers and part-time specialists, the exclusion of labor from life values, a change in behavior stereotypes, arising in the conditions of a real contradiction between the goal - the accumulation of capital by at any cost - and the means of its achievement, often having an illegal nature, and others. These social Processes, refracted at the individual level, form social well-being of the individual, self-esteem of their material situation and human life prospects.
Currently, the differences in the income of the population, due to the mainly social professional and sectoral factors, are strengthened depending on the degree of adaptation of the population to market conditions. Level social adaptation The changed economic conditions is largely determined by the ability of the individual to effectively use personal potential to increase its well-being. Over the years of reforming, most population has not yet formed a system of values, labor motivation, social attitudes, adequate needs of a market economy. Studies of Russian scientists suggests that about a third of the population can be attributed to them and about 20% - to those who are oriented towards a career and life success, the rest of the population belongs to the intermediate type.
The society emerging in the conditions of the market is a complex social system with a close weaving of group and individual interests, with many forms and types of consumption, quality of life, economic behavior, ways of social adaptation and reproduction, the ratio of which and defines the specific social structure of society on this stage development. The necessary element of building a model of welfare of the population should be the mechanism to ensure the creation of the necessary conditions, within which, with the help of the state, the potential of the population interested in the development of economic reforms, but in need of removing obstacles towards increasing its social status and income. For those who, by virtue of their socio-economic situation, cannot participate in public manufacturing, the state provides social protection.
The solution to the problem of increasing the capacity to the population of the reforms in many ways will depend on the orientation of the economy to improve the quality of life of wide segments of the population. Low quality of life, high polarization of society, the inaccessibility of socio-significant benefits destabilize the socio-economic situation and advocate the deterrent factor economic transformations. Even with an insufficiently high growth rate of GDP, the transition to the social stabilization stage is possible only under the condition of the social orientation model of the economy, the fundamental principle of which is to ensure social justice. Therefore, on modern stage And in the medium term, one of the main goals of social policy is to increase real incomes of the population, allowing you to satisfy the necessary material and social and needs. The implementation of this goal will contribute not to the preservation and improvement of the physical, labor and intellectual potential of society, but also to strengthen the impact of income on the development of the consumer market and, accordingly, to increase the production of industries producing mass consumption.
Currently, a significant increase in wages and other forms of income is the task of paramount importance. To do this, it is necessary to increase the size of the minimum state guarantees, the initial basis of which the social consumer budget should appear, reflecting the necessary level of life support. As economic growth and expansion of the revenue of the state budget, it is necessary to plan a phased approximation of the size of minimum income to the size of the social budget.
Reducing the differentiation of income and the achievement of greater social justice will contribute to the change in the taxation scale. The principles of tax redistribution adopted in each country are most fully reflected in the taxation of individual income. In the absolute majority of developed countries, revenues that do not provide minimal needs are exempt from taxes, and maximum rates are applied to ultra-high incomes exceeding the level defined in democratic states As economically and socially reasonable. Since the mechanism of compensation for the reproduction of labor force is largely determined by the level and methods of tax redistribution, then in determining the income tax rates, it is necessary to carry out a transition from the calculated display, which has no economic basis, to use for these purposes of the subsistence minimum. It is also necessary to gradually increase the level of taxation of exfiguration, while reducing income tax rates in relation to income, the size of which corresponds to the subsistence minimum, establishing a non-taxable minimum for income, the level of which is lower than the subsistence minimum.
One of the directions of regulatory income policy is the formation of an income indexing mechanism with an increase in the cost of life. The laws of wages and other forms of income adopted in many countries include very low indexing thresholds - with rising prices, starting from 0.2%. The rise in prices causes a fall in the consumer demand of medium-associated, primarily low-income layers that need indexing to more people with average and even higher income. On the other hand, it is dangerous to increase the production of mass demand for consumer goods. Therefore, with the rise in prices for basic food products and essential products, low-income indexing should be carried out and, above all income, the size of which is below the official feature of poverty.
The negative consequences of social disproportion in income levels, as already noted, strengthened the processes of labor demotivation. To overcome these negative trends, it is necessary to create equal conditions for the reproduction of labor on the intersectoral and intra-separable levels, between the private and public sectors, as well as within enterprises (organizations). To this end, it is necessary to make a minimum of wages as the main wage regulator to bring to a really significant value - not lower than the subsistence minimum of a able-bodied employee.
The special impact of social factors on economic development occurs through the formation and development of human potential. It is its social components such as health, education, a vocational qualification level directly related to economic indicators - Labor activity, income growth, formation of competitiveness of labor. In turn, the quality of human potential is in direct dependence on the functioning and development of the social complex - industries, health, housing and communal sector, culture, the functioning of which depends on the state of the economy.
The period of the formation and development of market relations has negatively affected the financing of the social complex, for the functioning of which there is not enough market mechanism. The most important indicator that determines the resource base of social reproduction of the population is the proportion of state expenditures in GDP sent to education, health care, science, environmental safety. The implementation of the welfare model, the main purpose of which is to increase the level and quality of life, will become the final stage for the formation of a model of social market economy. 10
The transition to a socially oriented market economy will require restriction of social risks and disparities in the main areas of life support and the creation of the necessary conditions that contribute to the social orientation of economic development. The most important areas must be attributed:
- * ensuring minimal state guarantees funded from the budget, the initial basis of which is the minimum social budget, reflecting the socially necessary level of life support;
- * Implementation of regional and target programs to combat poverty and unemployment;
- * Development of wage regulation system based on collective contracts and tariff agreements in the social partnership system and the elimination of high differentiation on this basis at wage levels;
- * Strengthening the role of minimum wages as an instrumental impact on economic and social processes;
- * Improving the income tax collection system based on the change in the tax scale of individual income;
- * Formation of a mechanism for indexing incomes of low-income layers with rising prices for essential food and socially significant services;
- * Strengthening state control over the costs of costs and validity of prices for essential items;
- * Support and development of social infrastructure that ensures the reproduction of human capital based on public funding within a fixed share in percentage of GDP;
- * Ensuring the availability of socially significant products and services, primarily medical care, education, housing at the minimum social standard level.
At the present stage and in the medium term, one of the main goals of the state social policy is an increase in real incomes of the population, which allows to satisfy the necessary material and social needs. The implementation of this goal will contribute not only to the preservation and improvement of the physical, labor and intellectual potential of society, but also to strengthen the impact of income on the development of the consumer market and, accordingly, to increase the production of industries that produce mass consumption. Social reform income separation
In turn, it is possible to achieve a reduction in social differentiation of the population, using the mechanism of tax policy of state and public control, as well as the formation of income indexing mechanisms with an increase in the cost of life.
Literature
Hasanov A.S. The role of social policy of the state in raising the standard of living of the population // Questions of the structuring of the economy. 2008. №1 p. 8-10.
Abstract for the subject: Political science
The role and place of politics in society. Social policies
Performed: Student 3 courses of correspondence department
group EIM -1. Antonova Sofya
Moscow, 2010.
1. Policy, its role in society. The structure of the political sphere. Political system of society
The word "policy" occurred from the Greek word Politika, which means in the translation of "state affairs", "the art of government management".
Political superstructure existed not always. Among the reasons for its occurrence is the polarization of society, leading to the emergence of social contradictions and conflicts that need resolution, as well as the increased level of complexity and significance of the management of society, which required the formation of special, organon authorities from the people. The most important policy of politics was the emergence of political and state power. The primitive societies were not political.
Modern science offers various policy definitions. Among them are the following:
1. Policy is a relationship between states, classes, social groups, nations arising about the seizure, implementation and retention of political power in society, as well as relations between states in the international arena.
2. Policy is the activities of state bodies, political parties, public associations in the field of relations between social groups (classes, nation), states aimed at integrating their efforts to strengthen political power or its conquest.
3. Policy is the scope of activities of groups, parties, individuals, the state associated with the implementation of common interests with the help of political power.
Under the political system of society, the combination of various political institutions, socio-political communities, forms of interactions and relationships between them, in which political power is being implemented.
Functions political system Societies are diverse:
1) identifying goals, objectives, ways to develop society;
2) organization of the Company's activities to achieve the goals;
3) the distribution of material and spiritual resources;
4) coordination of the diverse interests of the subjects of the political process;
5) development and implementation of various norms of behavior into society;
6) ensuring the stability and security of society;
7) political socialization of the personality, the introduction of people to political life;
8) control over the implementation of political and other norms of behavior, preventing attempts to violate them.
The basis of the classification of political systems is as a rule, political regime, character and method of interaction between power, personality and society. Under this criterion, all political systems can be divided into totalitarian, authoritarian and democratic.
Political science allocates four major elements of the political system, also called subsystems:
1) institutional;
2) Communicative;
3) regulatory;
4) cultural and ideological.
The institutional subsystem includes political organizations (institutions), among which the state occupies a special place. Political parties and socio-political movements play a large role in the political life of society.
All political institutions can be divided into three groups. The first group is actually political - organizations include the direct goal of the existence of which is the exercise of power or impact on it (state, political parties and socio-political movements).
The second group - incomprehensible-political - includes organizations operating in the economic, social, cultural spheres of society (trade unions, religious and cooperative organizations, etc.). They do not set themselves independent political tasks, do not participate in the struggle for power. But their goals cannot be achieved outside the political system, so such organizations should participate in the political life of society, defending their corporate interests, seeking their accounting and implementation in politics.
Finally, the third group includes organizations that have only a minor political aspect in their activities. They arise and function for the realization of personal interests and the inclined of any layer of people (clubs in interest, sports societies). Political shade they acquire both objects of influence from the state and other actual political institutions. They themselves are not active subjects of political relations.
The main institution of the political system of society is the state. Its special place in the political system is predetermined by the following factors:
1) the state has the widest social basis, expresses the interests of the main part of the population;
2) the state is the only political organization with a special management and coercion apparatus extending its power on all members of society;
3) the state has a wide range of means of impact on its citizens, while the possibilities of political parties and other organizations are limited;
4) The state establishes the legal basis for the functioning of the entire political system, adopts the laws that determine the procedure for the creation and activities of other political organizations, establishes direct prohibitions to the work of certain public organizations;
5) the state has tremendous material resources, allowing to ensure the implementation of their policies;
6) The state performs an integrating (unifying) role within the political system, being a "rod" of the entire political life of society, since it is around state power a political struggle unfolds.
The communicative subsystem of the political system of society is a set of relations and forms of interaction, developing between classes, social groups, nations, individuals regarding their participation in the implementation of power, developing and implementing policies. Political relations are the result of numerous and diverse relations of policies in the process of political activities. To join them and political institutions encourage their own political interests and needs.
Select primary and secondary (derivative) political relations. To the first following various forms Interactions between social groups (classes, nations, estates, etc.), as well as within them, to the second - relations between states, parties, other political institutions reflecting the interests of certain social layers or the entire society.
Political relations are built on the basis of certain rules (norms). Political standards and traditions defining and regulating political life Societies make up the regulatory subsystem of the political system of society. The most important role is played by legal norms (constitutions, laws, other regulatory acts). The activities of parties and other public organizations are governed by their statutory and programms. In many countries (especially in England and its former colonies), along with writing political standards, unwritten customs and traditions are of great importance.
Another group of political standards represent ethical and moral norms, in which the submission of the entire society or its individual layers are fastened about good and evil, truth, justice. Modern society approached the awareness of the need to return to the policy of such moral landmarks, as an honor, conscience, nobility.
The cultural and ideological subsystem of the political system is a combination of various political ideas, views, ideas, feelings of participants in political life. The political consciousness of the subjects of the political process operates at two levels - theoretical (political ideology) and empirical (political psychology). Forms of manifestation of political ideology include views, slogans, ideas, concepts, theories, and to political psychology - feelings, emotions, moods, prejudice, traditions. In the political life of society, they are equal.
In the ideological subsystem, a special place is occupied by political culture, understood as a complex of typical of this society, rooted samples (stereotypes) of behavior, value orientations, political ideas. Political culture is transmitted from generation to generation experience in political activities, which combines knowledge, beliefs and models of human behavior and social groups.
Politics - the phenomenon is historically transient. It begins to form only at a certain stage of the development of society. So, in primitive-generated society did not exist political relations. The life of society was regulated by centuries-old habits and traditions. The policy as a theory and management of public relations begins to form as the appearance of more developed division forms. public labor and private ownership of the tools of labor, since the tribal relationships were not able to the old people's methods Adjust the new relationship between people. Actually, starting from this stage of the development of mankind, that is, with the emergence of a slave-owned society, the first secular ideas and ideas about the origin and essence of power, states and politics appear. Naturally, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe subject and the essence of politics has changed, and we will focus on the interpretation of politics, which is currently more or less generally accepted, that is, about politics as a state theory, politics as science and management of management.
The first of the famous thinkers who affected the development and organization of the Company, expressed ideas about the state, was Aristotle, who did it in the treatise "Politics". Aristotle forms his ideas about the state of the state, based on the analysis of social history and the political device of a number of Greek states policies. The teachings of the Greek thinker about the state lies his conviction that a person is a "political animal", and his life in the state is the natural essence of man. The state is represented as a developed community community, and the community is as a developed family. His family is a prototype of the state, and its structure he transfers to state device. The teachings of Aristotle about the state bears a clearly pronounced class. The slave-ownership state is the natural state of the organization of society, and therefore the existence of slave owners and slaves, the Lords and subordinates are quite justified.
The main objectives of the state, that is, political power, should be to prevent excessive accumulation of wealth in citizens, since it is fraught with social instability; The immetic growth of political power in the hands of one personality and the holding of slaves in obedience.
N. Makiavelli (1469-1527), Italian political thinker and public figure, made a significant contribution to the doctrine of the state and politics. The state and politics, in Machiavelli, have not religious origin, but are an independent party of human activity, the embodiment of free human will within the framework of necessity, or fortune (fate, happiness). Politics is determined by God or morality, but is the result practical activities man, natural laws of life and human psychology. The main motives that determine political activities in Machiavelli are real interests, careful, desire for enrichment. The sovereign, the ruler must be an absolute lord and even despot. It should not be limited to moral nor religious regulations in achieving the goals. Such stiffness is not a whim, it is dictated by the circumstances themselves. Only a strong and hard state can ensure the normal existence and functioning of the state and to keep the cruel world of people seeking to wealth, welfare and guided by the egoistic principles in its influence.
The most complete policy doctrine turned out to be developed by Marx, Engels and their followers. In accordance with Marxism, politics is a field of human activity, deterministic relations between classes, social layers, ethnic groups.Its main purpose is the problem of conquest, holding and use of state power. The most significant in politics is the government of state power.
The state acts as a political superstructure over the economic basis. Through it, the economically dominant class ensures its political domination. Essentially the main function of the state in the class society is to protect the indigenous interests of the dominant class. Three factors ensure the power and strength of the state.
First, it is a public authority that includes a permanent administrative-borne apparatus, the army, the police, the court, the houses of the conclusion. These are the most powerful and efficient bodies of state power.
Secondly, the right to collect taxes from the population and institutions that are necessary mainly for the content of the state apparatus, power and numerous governing bodies.
Thirdly, it is an administrative-territorial division that contributes to the development of economic relations and the creation of administrative and political conditions for their regulation.
Along with class interests, the state is in a certain extent expresses and protects national interests, regulates mainly with the help of a system of legal norms, the entire set of economic, socio-political, national and family relationshipsThereby contributing to the strengthening of an existing socio-economic order.
One of the most important levers by which the state operates is the right. The right is a combination of norms of behavior enshrined in laws and approved by the state.According to Marx and Engels, the right is the will of the predominant class, erected into the law. Economic and public or socio-political relations are enshrined with the right, that is, the relationship between classes and social groups, the status of the family and the situation of national minorities.
After the formation of the state and approval of the law in society, there were previously not existing political and legal relations. Political parties are expressing political parties expressing the interests of various classes and social groups. Political relations, the struggle between the parties for power is nothing but the struggle of economic interests. Each class and the social group are interested in approving in society with the help of constitutional laws the priority of their interests. For example, workers are interested in objective remuneration for their work, students in scholarships, which would provide them with at least food, owners of banks, factories and other property in preserving private property. It can be said that the economy at a certain stage is therefore generating policies and political parties that they are needed for normal existence and development. .
Although the policy is the generation of the economy, nevertheless it has not only relative independence, but has a certain influence on the economy, and in transitional and crisis periods, this influence may even determine the economic development paths. The impact of the policy on the economy is carried out different ways: Immediate, through economic policy government agencies (financing of various projects, investments, prices for goods); establishing customs duties on industrial products in order to protect domestic producers; Conducting such foreign policy that would favorab the activities of domestic producers in other countries. The active role of policies in stimulating economic development can be carried out in three directions:
1) when political factors act in the same direction as the objective course of economic development, they accelerate it;
2) when there is a way to economic development, then they restrain it;
3) they can slow down the development in some directions and accelerate it in others.
The implementation of the right policy is directly depending on the extent to which the political forces in power are guided by the laws of social development and take into account the interests of classes and social groups in their activities.
So, it can be said that to understand the socio-political processes occurring in society, it is important to know not only the role of social philosophy, ideology, politicians individually, but also their interaction and mutual influence.
2. Place and role of policies in the development of modern society
2.1 Policy role in society
Politics are objectively determined and targeted participation of large masses of people organized by social groups and personalities in state affairs, in solving problems relating to the life of society as a whole.
Characteristic features of politicians :
Communication of the private and general, the interests of the individual and the interest of social integrity (groups, countries, humanity): We enter the world of politics when we decide not only our private problems, but we act on the understanding of their connection with the tasks that are far away beyond our personal Interests when many other people are concerned about these same problems;
Any type of policy is related to the solution of the problems of the existence and functioning of the state - such a social institution, which is just served to solve the problems of interest to all society;
Communication with the actions and interests of large masses of people;
Targeted activities involving the need for sober analysis, accounting for the diversity of conditions and components of political actions, a purely impulsive response here has extremely low performance (although it is completely found in real policies);
The imperative nature, the ability of coercion, volitional impact to give the focusing the actions of many people.
It is necessary to take into account that all the above qualities are not isolated, but mutually complement each other: so, the domineering nature of the policy predetermines the use of the state mechanism; A combination of private and common interests is carried out in theoretical form, and the implementation of the theory, the Program implies an appeal to the mechanisms of power.
The role of policies in public life is determined by its functions. Among them you can select the following:
Integration, association of all elements of public life, mobilizing social resources to implement the common goals and interests of society;
The implementation of the total will in the existence of social differentiation, the diversity of interests and socio-political orientation of people.
From the mid-50s xxv. In political science, David Layne introduced into the scientific terminology, the concept of "political life" is actively used. It allows us to consider policies in the inener unity of the institutional and behavioral aspects of being, which is expressed in the following signs:
Policy can act as a sphere and the result of the interaction of social and political institutions, organizations, structured political relations and as actions of subjects of political relations;
Political life is the scope of public interest and management, and their main tool is the power, coercion, authoritative influence, using almost always the organization's strength, and the states, and alliances, and movements, and social institutions, and social institutions can act.
The active, active nature of the policy allows people with its help to influence many parties to life: the economy, culture, science, morality;
Large masses of people are always involved in political life: classes, ethnic and professional community, on the activity of which depend on the direction, appearance, the effectiveness of political events;
Center, a node of political life - the diverse relationships between the individual and the state.
Consideration of policies in this aspect is fundamentally important for a democratic society and the formation of its institutions. After all, democracy is impossible without human participation, and it is to be useful democratic society, must be qualified and active.
External factors affecting political life:
Elements of the natural environment (territory, resources, climate, etc.). Have an impact on political processes, form political problems and affect the choice of ways and the possibilities of their decision;
Economic relations that dominate in society affecting political life (and she herself actively affects their formation);
Development of technology (its impact is manifested in such phenomena as a war, an increase in the speed of dissemination of information, etc.);
The status characteristics of the social structure of society, combining the fixation of the objective state of participants in political relations (income, type of classes, the level of education) and their own ideas about their place in society;
The nature of ethnonational communities, because sustainable state systems are formed on the basis of nation, the nation tend to sovereign, the formation of individual, independent state structures;
Religion, which often acts as the main factor in the consolidation of large masses of people;
Ideology is a means of spiritual cohesion and leadership, which guides the behavior of people in the sphere of political relations, forming will, the desire for political action;
Funds mass media, the information they deliver and interpret;
Public opinion, within the framework of which the active and direct reflection of the vital needs, objective trends of social development;
Political psychology of society.
2.2 International policy aspect in modern society
At the turn of the Millennium, the international climate has changed, which has become more favorable for interstate cooperation, but political changes were removed only part of the contradictions between Eastern and western countriesMiddle East states. Modern world politics has become the shale of the exacerbating struggle of the global and domestic political structures.
Under the influence of integration factors in the world, prerequisites for further cohesion of national states, the creation of a humanistic world order, gradually folding the global civil society, approval of the norms and principles of the culture of peace in relations between nations. More and more states bring accents of cooperation from the military sphere in the Financial and Economic Areas. The practical results of such integration ties today can be called: undermining the monopoly position of the great powers as the sole fate of the world; Democratization of international cooperation. Such trends lead to the formation of the logic of the development of a multipolar world, which in turn is subjected to a serious test.
The steady expansion of international policies entails and the growing motivation behavior in the outpoolitic sphere. Power, prestige, survival, increased control over resources become sources of permanent and unprogrammed movements in world politics. The reality of modern international relations involves the primary orientation of states on legal norms and regulators of foreign policy connections. Simultaneously needs quality update and system of international law, the UN structure and other international organizations are required in accordance with the objectives of humanization and democratization of world politics.
Politics - a set of relations that develop as a result of targeted interaction of groups on the conquest, holding and use of power in order to implement their socially significant interests. In this sense, the policy is understood as a result of the collision of the multidirectional actions of groups, rival and with each other and with the government. Among the group needs, a block of irreconcilable interests was revealed, the implementation of which threatened with a sharp increase in social tensions. So formed a powerful social need for new and effective methods regulation of human relations. This need was implemented as the state formation as a specific public institution. Only government It was the force that could not only ensure the implementation of group interests, but also to preserve the integrity, to ensure the order and stability of social life. Thus, the activities of the state were aimed at trying the opposing parties and ensure the conditions for the survival of the entire society as a whole.
As a global mechanism for regulating social relations policies - there is a way to rationalize intergroup conflicts. Since its inception, the state serves as the center of force, which is capable of forced methods to organize due distribution of resources, statuses, values. From this point of view, the policy is a way to simplify conflicts when all their diverse content is supplied under the general denominator of state will.
Politics As a special sphere of human activity has the ability to organize their orders at various levels of social space. Thus, regulating the interstate relations or links of national states with international institutions (UN, the European Union, NATO, etc.) The policy acts as a kind of global-planetary mechanism for regulating world conflicts and contradictions. Here, its subjects and agents are national states, various regional associations and coalitions, international organizations. In this case, the policy acts as the highest in the level of the method of regulating world and foreign policy relations, or as megalitics.
Conflict relationships inside individual states form the level of macropolitis. This is the most common and typical level of the organization of intergroup dialogue. Mesopolytics characterizes communication and group nature relationships flowing at the level of individual regions, local structures, institutions and organizations. Micropolitics - lower level of interpersonal or intragroup relations. At each level, political processes form specific institutions, mechanisms and technologies for resolving conflicts and regulation of disputes.
The world's world is a complex and multilayer complex of phenomena, and the functions of the most important institutions in the system of permission of international conflicts and achieve consensus between states.
An important task of political science is the study of patterns, basic norms and features of the interaction of states, regional and world organizations and other subjects of international relations in modern conditions. This problem has gained special relevance today, when it is especially significant to study the mechanisms of decision-making, roles and functions of the most important institutions in the system of resolving international conflicts and achieving consensus between states.
Politics - a complex multidimensional concept. As a type of social activities on making decisions, the distribution of goods, the nomination of goals, social management, the government, the implementation of competition and influence the policy is carried out within any public group. An analysis of various approaches to the theoretical interpretation of the political sphere makes a conclusion about its multidimensional nature. Politics acts in the unity of three interrelated aspects: as a sphere of public life; As one of the types of activity of social constituents and as a type of social relationship between individuals, small groups, etc.
In the first aspect, politics appears an element of the structure of society, for which the functions of coordination of general and private interests are enshrined, the implementation of domination and maintenance of the procedure, the implementation of common goals and management of people, regulating resources and management of public affairs.
The second aspect is associated with the interpretation of policies as a method of cumulative and individual activity of social actors, the type of human activity and social behavior.
The third aspect - characterizes policies as a type of conflict relationships and social interactions.
So, the cause of the plight of Russia is not only an unprotected policy of the Russian ruling elite, but also targeted actions of NATO countries, and, above all, the United States. Many Western politicians in the 90s. Openly spoke about the need to liquidate Russia as a sovereign independent state. Thus, the former Secretary of State in the B. Clinton administration M. Albright stated: "The task of the United States is to manage the consequences of the collapse of the Soviet Empire." Famous American Politician 3. Březinsky called on to put the economy of Russia for indirect control of leading powers of the world
The accelerated pace expands the NATO block, which has already approached the borders of Russia, the United States is trying to embroider Russia with its closest neighbors by Ukraine, Georgia, Baltic countries, China, to draw it into international conflicts, to push with the Muslim world. This, in particular, is evidenced by events in Chechnya and in the Balkans, in Georgia and Ukraine.
The plans of Western politicians on the suffocation of the Russian state found support from our domestic liberals globalists. Outside the outside economic liberalization, which for the sake of purely personal benefit is persistently implemented since the early 1990s. Our so-called "Democrats", led the country to the economic disaster, the collapse of the national industry, depopulation (extinct) of the local population. According to A.S. Panarin, "The country rules the global elite that has already made his parting with a nation and does not consider this" this "people" . The favorable geographical position of Russia, the presence of a huge territory rich in various resources, and a long-term universal crisis struck by the country makes it an attractive object for external expansion.
Currently, Russia has already become the object of various types of expansion: military-political (by NATO); economic (by the United States and some countries of the West); ethnic (from China and Central Asia); confessional (from the Islamic world) .
To avoid such dramatic development of events, Russia must mobilize all its resources and direct them to strengthen statehood, for the revival of economic, military and other potential. For this required :
1) Subordinate the will of the people political power - to force the ruling elite express and defend the national interests of Russian society and state, not your personal;
2) to return the state stolen property, to restore state control over the extraction and export of natural resources, in the development of a large industry to do the main bid on state-capitalist proceedings;
3) limit ideological expansion of Western media;
4) strengthen the external borders of the state, establish a visa regime with the countries of Central Asia and Transcaucasia, to terminate the illegal migration of citizens of other states into Russian territory, to promote compatriots living in other countries to return to Russia;
5) to form combat parts of the army only on a contract basis, while maintaining the common military service, without any deferment from the call for all categories of citizens, but limiting the timing of the call for six months;
6) Start a real, not a displacement fight against corruption at all levels of government.
Events recent years It is shown that in order to preserve their sovereignty and its significance in the international arena, Russia in its foreign policy should not be focused only to the west. She needs to carry out cautious foreign policy, while maintaining friendly relations with all countries of the World Commonwealth, guided by the following principles of the priority of their national interests, which must meet the interests of the whole Russian people: international cooperation should be built on pragmatism, and not on personal and public emotions; International treaties should be concluded taking into account the need to solve specific tasks and achieve certain goals, and any foreign policy shares are considered as creating conditions for the country's development.
Policies can be carried out on multiple levels:
At the lowest level, local problems are solved and political activities at this level are mainly carried out by individual individuals.
Local level requires state intervention, the most active policy is carried out by groups and associations interested in the economic development of their region;
The national level occupies a central place in the theory of politics, which is determined by the state of the state as the main institution of resource allocation;
At the international level, sovereign states are the main subjects of political activities.
The role of politics as a special sphere of public life Conducted three properties: universality, inclusive character, the ability to influence almost all directions of life, elements of society, relationships, events; Including, or penetrating ability, the possibility of limitless penetration and, as a result, the ability to combine with non-political public phenomena, relations and spheres.
Policy value is due features that it performs in societyand which characterize the most important directions of its impact on society:
1. Ensuring the integrity and stability of society as a complex social system, the integration of various layers of the population;
2. Management and regulation with social processes;
3. The expression of the powerful interests of all groups and layers of society;
5. Political socialization of the individual;
6. Mobilization and achieving the effectiveness of overall activities.
The policy in its development received the status of an essential social mechanism, without which no challenge society can reproduce and develop their social order. Currently, the role and value of policies depend on the following functions:
Expressions and implementation of powerful significant interests of groups and sectors of society;
Rationalization of conflicts, giving the intergroup relations of a civilized nature, pacifying the opposing parties;
Distribution and redistribution of public goods taking into account group priorities for the life of society as a whole;
Management and management of public processes as the main method of coordination of group interests by nominating the most common goals of social development;
Integration of society and ensuring the integrity of the social system;
Socialization of the personality, the inclusion of its in the life of a complex-organized state and society. Through politics, a person acquires the quality necessary for him for the realistic perception of reality, overcoming the destructive consequences of subconscious reactions to political processes;
Providing communication. Politics creates special forms of communication between the population conflicting on the authorities, forming or using specific institutions (media), ways to maintain contacts between the authorities and the population (political advertising), the strategies for informing the population and combat competitors (propaganda, agitation, political publicity Ryleshiz - Special Public Relations)
Creation of reality (projective function). The policy is able to form new relations between people and states, transform reality in accordance with the plans of various political actors, to create new forms of organizing social life, form opportunities for new relations between man and nature.
Bibliography:
1) Smirnov I., Titov V. Philosophy: Tutorial for students of higher educational institutions. M., 1998- 288 p.
2) http://policylect.narod.ru/index.html - electronic lectures on the basics of political science3) A. V. Klimenko, V. V. Romanine Society. M., Drop, 2003- 480 p.
4) Priest A.M. What is politics? (Political abstracts) // Public sciences and modernity. 1996. №5.
Course work
On the topic
Social policy and social work: the place and role of social policy in the theory of social work
Introduction
Chapter 1. Social work as a theoretical activity
Chapter 2. Concept and Essence of Social Policy
Chapter 3. Interrelation of Social Policy and Social Work
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
The relevance of research. IN lately The country has made a significant step towards the institutionalization of social work as a system of ideas, values, relations and institutions regarding the provision of social well-being of people with special needs and currently available social problem requiring social protection, help and social support. Particularly noteworthy is the development of the theory of social work, which for a long period, as is well known, lagged behind the immediate practice of social work.
In the conditions of rapid social change on the macro level of social work system to optimize its activities, effective social events are required and the creation of qualitatively new programs that resolve and anticipating the problems of a particular society. The main goal of these efforts is to promote the normal functioning of the social sphere through the implementation of social policy.
Currently, social policy is considered as a specific ideology and practice of the formation and implementation of social obligations of the state and society as a whole and their individual structures in particular in relation to various groups of the population.
Therefore, the study of the place and role of social policy in the theory of social work is a relevant problem today.
The degree of development of the problem. In an effort to take part in improving the system of protection of the rights of citizens in the conditions of radical changes in the social sphere, specialists in the field of philosophy, sociology, pedagogy, history and other sciences focused on topical problems of scientific knowledge in social work, studying its foreign experience and their own, Russian traditions.
Such researchers like V.G. Bocharov, S.I. Grigoriev, L.G. Guslyakova, N.S. Danakin, V.I. Zhukov, I.G. Zainyshev, I.A.zimna, V.A.Nikitin , P.D. Plenok, A.M. Panov, A.S.sorin, M.V. Firs, E.I. Cholostova, E.R. Yarskaya-Smirnova, and others, tried to comprehend the essence of the theory of social work as science.
Studies of theory, methodologies and methodologies of social work are actively developing, among which the leading place belongs to the publications I.A. Grigorieva, L.G. Guslyakova, V.M. Kapacina, I.K. Larionova, V.P. Moshnyagi, V.A. Nikitina, V.Popova, E.I. Holostova, T.V.Shipunova, etc.
Russian scientists also refer to the study of the problems of the relationship of social policy and the theory of social work (Trudy N.A. Volgina, V.I.zhukova, V.V. Kolkova, I.M. Lavrinenko, E.I. Cholostovaya et al.).
However, the place and role of social policy in the theory of social work is not sufficiently investigated. Hence the following study problem: Social policy as science objectively goes to the fore in the theory of social work, because Currently, the emerging social institution is currently increasing both due to long-term trends in the development of a civilized society and as a result of situational difficulties of a transforming Russian society.
Object of study: the theory of social work as a system.
Subject of research: the place and role of social policy in the system of the theory of social work.
The purpose of the study: a generalization of theoretical approaches to the problem of the relationship of social policies and the theory of social work.
Summarize the main theoretical aspects of the theory of social work;
Reveal the essence and content of social policy;
Analyze the relationship between social policies and the theory of social work.
The theory of social work is an area of \u200b\u200bknowledge about the laws of the organization and improvement of social work as practical activities. Object and subject - fundamental methodological indicators for the development of scientific knowledge. At this stage of the development of scientific knowledge, S.I. notes Grigoriev, independent science is recognized by its area that has its own subject of research, specific methods of scientific analysis.
If the theory is a scientifically based explanation of the fact, part of the science dealing with common principles and knowledge as opposed to practical methods and skills, the theory of social work is a system of views on the explanation of social processes, phenomena, relationships and the impact of social services on them.
In a broad plan, the theory of social work is a system of views and ideas on the use or explanation of phenomena and processes, social relations arising under the influence of social services and social protection bodies and assistance to the population.
In a narrower, special sense, the theory of social work is the form of organizing scientific knowledge about the most significant relations and relations arising under the influence of social services and social protection bodies.
For social work theory, a variety of approaches to the allocation of the object and the subject is characterized. In the social work dictionary, it was noted: "The object of study of social work is the process of links, interactions, methods and means of regulating the behavior of social groups and personalities in society. The subject of social work as independent science is the patterns that determine the nature and focus of the development of social processes in society. "
Social phenomena, processes and relationships are the object of scientific attention of other sciences: philosophy, history, sociology. Each particular science studies not the whole object, but only a certain part, "cut", a certain type of relationship. The subject of social work research is not global social processes, but concrete related to the vital activity of the individual, the social group.
The object of study in the theory of social work as a science of one researchers are considered customers who need assistanceAnd the subject is social problems. Others are considering a subject through the social situation of the client as a specific state of the problem of a specific client, with all wealth of their relationships and mediating related to the resolution of this problem.
Some social work specialists agree that the object of studying social work is the process of relationships, interactions, mutual influences of mechanisms, methods and means of regulating the behavior of social groups and personalities that contribute to the implementation of their vitality and social subjectivity, as well as the nature of the conjugacy of vitality Individual and groups and means to ensure their implementation in different social situations.
The subject of social work as an independent social science, they consider the patterns of promoting the formation and implementation of human life in new economic conditions, as well as improving the mechanisms of conjugacy of vitality and means of ensuring their implementation, rehabilitation.
Despite the various wording of the object, and the subject, they are similar in that in modern conditions, social work goes beyond the boundaries of social assistance to extremely needy categories, becoming theoretical knowledge of a person and how to improve his social well-being.
In the very general form of social work, the most significant relationships between specialists of social protection bodies and various groups or individuals that consume social services.
The significant links of the subject of social work and the object affecting the effectiveness of achieving the goals of social work can be expressed by laws:
1. Total interest social worker and the client in the final results of their interaction.
2. The integrity of the impact of a specialist social work on the client.
3. The implementation of the common interests of the client through private (I want to become necessary - sit with the grandson, I want to become famous - write an article, book, memoirs).
4. Compliance with the level of development of the subject and object.
5. Patterns manifest themselves independently of will, the desires of the social worker.
The patterns of social work are most fully expressed in an integrated nature and focus of the totality of social relations and phenomena related to the social situation.
One of the central places in the content of the social work mechanism belongs to the principles and methods of the impact of the subject to the object.
The principles of social work are the fundamental ideas and norms of the behavior of social work bodies, due to the requirements of the objective patterns of the development and operation of social processes, the requirements of best practices. Principles, on the one hand, are associated with the laws of social work, and on the other hand, with practical experience of social work, giving sustainable positive results.
The complexity of the relationship between the client and society, between the object and the subject, explains the plurality of the principles of social work. They can be combined into three groups:
socio-political;
organizational;
psychological-pedagogical.
Socio-political principles express the requirements arising from the nature of the social policy of the state.
The market distribution of income without any intervention of the state means only one "justice": the income of all owners of production factors are formed on the basis of the laws of supply and demand, as well as the limiting productivity of factors. From this point of view, for example, a completely fair income of unqualified labor, the demand for which is small. And also will be equitable to the high income of the broker who managed to predict the dynamics of prices. The market mechanism in no way gives a guaranteed level of welfare.
Nevertheless, in the twentieth century in industrialized countries of the West, the concepts and doctrines are increasingly distributed, imposing the task of providing such human rights such as the right to a certain well-being standard.
The theory and practice of "social market economy", meaning broad social events conducted by the state acquire particular popularity. So in real life The distribution of income in countries with market economies is carried out not only as a result of the free game of market forces, but also on the basis of state regulation of various income fluxes by redistribution.
The social policy of the state is one of the directions of its activities to regulate the socio-economic conditions of society. The essence of the social policy of the state of the state in maintaining relations both between social groups and inside them, providing conditions for improving the welfare, the standard of living of members of society, creating social guarantees in the formation of economic incentives to participate in public production. It should be noted that the social policy of the state acting as component Events held by the state in order to regulate the conditions of social production as a whole, closely linked to the general economic situation in the country.
Social policy of multi-pass and multi-level. Social policies can be carried out not only by the state, but also firms, enterprises, non-commercial organizations. The availability of social policy is a sign of socio-market economy, a sign of the social orientation of the state.
In terms of functioning economic System, social policy plays a double role.
First,extent economic growth, the accumulation of national wealth, the creation of favorable social conditions for citizens is becoming the main goal of economic activity, and in this sense, the goals of economic growth are concentrated in social policies; All other aspects of economic development begin to be considered as a means of implementing social policy.
Secondly, Social policy is a factor in economic growth. If economic growth is not accompanied by an increase in welfare, then people lose incentives for effective economic activity. At the same time, the higher the economic development stage achieved, the higher the requirements for people providing economic growth, their knowledge, culture, physical and moral development. In turn, it requires further development of the social sphere.