TRADITIONAL SOCIETY ( pre-industrial society, primitive society) is a concept that focuses in its content a set of ideas about the pre-industrial stage of human development, characteristic of traditional sociology and cultural studies. unified theory THEN.

Labor Labor is a purposeful activity. The concept of "expediency" is very conditional and to a large extent depends on the motives that prompt us to this or that activity. Man is forced to fight the necessity established by nature. His moral duty is to win

Labor See also “Labor and Capital” (p. 94) Labor is the seasoning for happiness. Xenophon (430–355 BC), ancient Greek writer and historian There is nothing more slavish than luxury and bliss, and nothing more regal, than labor. Alexander the Great (356–323 BC) according to Plutarch

In economic sociology, the concept of "working society" is opposed to the concept of "exploitative" (ie appropriating) capitalist society, which was developed in Marxism. Unlike the Marxist (radical by definition of Western sociologists) direction in sociology, capitalism, according to their conviction, grows on the so-called “labor” basis, and not on the “predatory, predatory” basis, which Marx described as a process of “initial accumulation of capital”.

Max Weber he was the first in a number of sociologists to emphasize the important role of religious (namely, “Protestant”) ethics and the importance of the religious justification of the meaning of labor for the formation of capitalism. It was the work ethic, formed by Protestantism, according to M. Weber, that became one of the foundations of capitalism.

strenuous activity Everyday life, moral discipline, diligence and righteously accumulated (earned) capital - it was this scale of values ​​that contributed to the formation of new economic relations. These values ​​formed the basis of a fundamentally new civilizational type of society, which later Western sociologists defined as a "working society".

In order to transform capital from a means of domination and violence over others into a means of creation - a means of labor and service - a completely different worldview is needed. And, above all, it is necessary that the value of the highest value, consecrated by God himself, be given economic labor , that is, any productive activity aimed at generating income, or legitimate profit. It was this kind of economic activity based on labor asceticism (self-denial) and rational management that was elevated by Protestant ethics to the rank of a religious vocation.

For several centuries, until the 20th century, the paradigm of the working society determined the path of development of Western civilization.

Comprehending the transformation of modern capitalism, Western sociologists back in the 70s. In the 20th century, people started talking about the "death of the working society." The modern era from the value positions (in line with the socio-cultural approach to the development of society) is increasingly seen as a transition from labor type society to a society of a different type (“consumer”, or “leisure”). As an illustration of the characteristic features of this "new" society, the following statement can be cited: "The ideal of a man, an honest hard worker who earns on decent life, respected in the family and circle of friends, is a thing of the past. He was replaced by a young sexy handsome man successfully trading his fame. (“It’s time to protect the stronger sex” // Komsomolskaya Pravda. January 19 - 2000. - No. 9. - C

M. Weber wrote: “The widespread dominance of absolute shamelessness and self-interest in the matter of obtaining money was a specific characteristic feature of precisely those countries that, in their bourgeois-capitalist development, are “backward” in Western European scales.” This feature remains characteristic of many so-called. " transitional societies”, who did not undergo labor reformation and were delayed in their socio-economic development. On the other hand, the crisis of the "working society" experienced by Western civilization constantly threatens its sociogenetic foundations and reproduces forms of predatory enterprise that are modernist in form, but archaic in spirit.

The influence of the new Protestant economic culture on the development of capitalist attitudes towards Western Europe in the 17th-18th centuries.

The essence of the influence of the Protestant economic culture on the economic behavior of economic entities was that its norms motivated, stimulated, forced, finally, to work productively not alone, but both factors: labor and capital, workers and entrepreneurs. Moreover, their functioning now took place at a single rhythm, according to the same laws.

“Before, entrepreneurs mercilessly exploited, speculated, sought to profit, flouting all sorts of norms and restrictions. For their part, the social rank and file, forced to engage in unprestigious routine work, also circumvented the norms and laws, but in their own way: they deliberately limited labor productivity, sabotaged, disobeyed orders, showed dissatisfaction and neglect of work. Vectors them economic activities were directed to different sides, although in their content both were irrational. Both the top and the bottom sought to get the unearned. The measure of labor - ethical, economic, social - was absent as a foundation for the social organization of labor.

The vectors of economic activity of the upper and lower classes, of labor and capital, aligned in one direction only after the revolution made by the Protestant ethic. The unprestigious work of workers without wealth became as honorable as the prestigious work of professionals or the work of capitalists who invested in the rise of industry and the prosperity of society. There were no two different types work ethic and code of conduct. The united one, consecrated with high religious values, triumphed. Entrepreneurship has ceased to be adventurism, robbery and speculation, performing labor has ceased to be forced labor, from which people shied away at the slightest opportunity. Gone is the social practice in which some unjustly (undeservedly) became rich, while others unjustly (but voluntarily) begged. Both extremes - wealth and poverty - were equally condemned. Moderation, discipline and honesty have become central and priority values...

The poor were no longer envious of the rich, wealth that was easily obtained was condemned, and even the poorest man would not envy wealth that was obtained by the sweat of one's brow and at the risk of one's life. All categories of the population, as chosen by God, became morally equal. And economically? Inequality persisted. But wealth as such was not condemned, which means that it retained its attractiveness for those who did not yet have it, but had great hope, were able and wanted to work. Wealth has been retained as an incentive for upward mobility if done legally. And the legal way is the most democratic and public. Therefore, the formation of a mass middle class is not far off.

The moral climate was improved (and it needed to be improved, since Europe since the sunset of antiquity was overwhelmed by waves of debauchery, robbery, speculation, exorbitant greed and greed) also due to the fact that work, which received the highest of all possible forms of sanctification, turned into a measure values ​​of a person and his activities” (Kravchenko A.I."The Sociology of Max Weber: Labor and Economics". M., 1998).

Introduction

State policy in the field of labor

Labor as the basis for the development of society

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

In modern economic conditions, the study of the problems of labor economics is based on fundamentally new conceptual ideas about the functioning and efficiency of labor, the formation and regulation of labor potential, as well as on the analysis of real economic and social processes taking place in the labor sphere in the conditions of development market relations in the Russian economy.

The principles of a market economy are actively manifested in the process of attracting and using work force, are being introduced into the systems of social labor relations, organization and remuneration of labor, the formation and use of employees' income, improving the level and quality of life of the population.

The economics and sociology of labor help to understand very complex issues, for example, how should labor be organized in society and at a particular enterprise (organization) so that the entrepreneur gets the greatest effect (profit)? Or how to manage labor resources in order to increase the efficiency of the use of labor potential in society?

Knowledge in the field of labor has not only theoretical, but also practical significance, since it is necessary in the training of highly qualified specialists in the field of management, management, scientific and practical workers, adapted to the labor market, regardless of the scope of their future professional activity.

The purpose of the control work is to consider the policy of the state in the field of labor and to study the role of labor in the development of society.

1. State policy in the field of labor

It is impossible to imagine humanity without labor. In order, for example, for the earth to produce a harvest, for ore to be turned into iron, for iron to be turned into a tool or machine, and for a machine to prepare cloth, labor is necessary. If we imagine, even for a time, that the activity of labor ceased throughout the earth, what would be the consequence of inactivity? The insignificance of humanity. Therefore, if life is the lot of man, then labor is his right in relation to others and his duty in relation to himself.

The following conclusion immediately follows from this truth: if labor constitutes both a right and an obligation for a person, then it must be free, since freedom and right are homogeneous, identical concepts.

Freedom of labor, in its essence, is a social right, because labor, taking place in a free society, entails for each of the members of this society whole line mutual rights and obligations arising from the relationship to work. These rights and obligations are of a social nature, i.e. a person for the fulfillment of them is responsible not only to his conscience and God, but also to other people.

The state is a power that aims to establish the rule of truth in society, a power that ensures everyone the peaceful enjoyment of his rights and compels everyone to fulfill his duties in relation to his fellow citizens. Therefore, if labor serves for a person as an abundant source of rights and obligations in relation to other people, then, obviously, the state has the right to intervene, firstly, to give sanction to these rights and obligations, and secondly, to make them real, feasible.

In principle, no one disputes this right of the state. But there is a strong disagreement about the scope of this right, the boundaries within which the activities of the state must be enclosed so that the freedom of labor is not violated. The importance of this question justifies the liveliness of the controversy, because the mistakes of the two opposite sides equally lead to disastrous consequences. To give the state a wide right to intervene would mean to deprive labor of its life-giving force, which lies in the freedom of labor. If, however, the violation of the laws of justice in the organization of labor is allowed, if the right of state intervention is limited by an exaggerated respect for freedom, if citizens are allowed to be anxious in the use of the right to work, this means denying, in a sense, the human right to exist.

Thus, the duties of the state flow directly from the purpose of its establishment. From this point of view, freedom should be recognized as the highest principle, because every citizen is free to develop himself or not to develop, to exercise this or that ability, to direct his activity in the direction he pleases. The state cannot force a person to achieve the goal of his appointment, but, on the contrary, must help him with everything that he needs for this. Therefore, the purpose of the state is only to remove the obstacles that a person can meet in the development of his physical and spiritual powers, and precisely those obstacles that he is not able to remove by his own strength.

These obstacles belong to two different categories.

First, sometimes it may happen that other people prevent a person from enjoying the right to develop the abilities of his dual nature. Obviously, in this case, the state can and should intervene in order to force some members of society to respect the rights of others and be guided in their mutual relations by the requirements of justice. To accomplish this task, the state must determine the rights and obligations of citizens, the totality of which constitutes their legal personality; it must formulate the rules of justice in human relations, in a word, what the Roman jurists called: "jus dicere." But, as soon as the rules of justice are formulated, mutual rights and obligations are defined, the state must take care of their protection. For this purpose, it establishes a whole class of persons to whom it is entrusted to restore and sometimes punish offenses, in a word, to protect the rules of justice.

Secondly, the damage that can result from a violation of a right can sometimes be so insignificant that the state seems to authorize itself not to deal with it. Both mathematics and the social sciences have their infinitesimals; and besides, unseemly, dishonest actions are much more common than unjust ones. If the state were obliged to consider all such actions that deviate even one iota from and to justice, then its activities would go beyond. The sacrifices that his intervention would place on society and the dangers that might result from it to individual freedom would be disproportionate to the harm, often insignificant, that should be rewarded.

If these obstacles are so strong that a man left to his own forces, unable to overcome them, and meanwhile the conditions of its development require the elimination of these obstacles, then the state has the right to intervene to achieve this result. The state in this case comes to the aid of a private person, in order to give him the opportunity to fulfill his appointment. This second duty of the state is commonly called administration.

The economic transformations in Russia associated with the transition to a market economy have led to significant changes in social relations regulated by labor legislation.

The development of a strategy for the development of labor legislation is the definition of fundamental approaches to solving key problems of the reform of labor relations and labor legislation. The degree of their generalization and concretization manifests itself differently at the social, political and legal levels.

At the social level, the fundamental provisions expressing the common interest of various social groups in labor legislation and its further development.

On the political level such problems may include: political assessment of the reasons for the reform of labor legislation, historical heritage in labor relations and their current state; determination of the goals, objectives and priorities of the labor relations reform, the content of the future labor legislation and the mechanism for its implementation; use of foreign legal systems, international experience and model legal acts; determination of the degree of radicalism in the reform of labor legislation; creation of a mechanism for the development and introduction of new labor legislation capable of ensuring social harmony in society.

Labor legislation is designed to promote the mutual strengthening of economic and social policies, the creation of conditions for large-scale and sustainable development.

At the same time, it should be borne in mind that, in order to strengthen the link between social progress and economic growth, guarantees of respect for fundamental principles and rights at work are of particular importance and sense. These guarantees allow workers to freely and on equal terms claim their fair share of the wealth created by their labor, and enable them to realize their full human potential.

The main directions of state intervention in labor relations should be, firstly, in the establishment of mandatory standards, secondly, in the control and supervision of compliance with the law, and thirdly, in the regulation of norms, mechanisms and procedures by which the parties to labor relations and their representatives must follow, unless otherwise agreed.

Issues relating to the principles of regulation of labor relations should be referred to the exclusive competence of the state; basic rights and obligations of subjects of labor relations; basic guarantees and norms on working conditions; responsibility for violation of labor legislation; rights of trade unions in the field of labor relations, and others.

2. Labor as the basis for the development of society

Labor is an expedient activity of people aimed at creating material and cultural values. Labor is the basis and an indispensable condition for the life of people. By influencing the natural environment, changing and adapting it to their needs, people not only ensure their existence, but also create conditions for the development and progress of society.

Any labor process presupposes the existence of an object of labor, means of labor and labor itself as an activity to give the object of labor the properties necessary for a person.

The objects of labor are all that labor is aimed at, which undergoes changes in order to acquire useful properties and thereby satisfy human needs.

The means of labor is what a person uses to influence the objects of labor. These include machines, mechanisms, tools, fixtures and other tools, as well as buildings and structures that create the necessary conditions for the effective use of these tools.

The means of production are a combination of means of labor and objects of labor.

Technology is a way of influencing the objects of labor, the procedure for using tools of labor.

As a result of the completion of the labor process, products of labor are formed - the substance of nature, objects or other objects that have the necessary properties and are adapted to human needs.

The labor process is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon. The main forms of manifestation of labor are:

The cost of human energy. This is the psycho-physiological side of labor activity, expressed in the expenditure of energy from muscles, brain, nerves, and sense organs. A person's energy costs are determined by the severity of labor and the level of neuropsychological tension, they form such conditions as fatigue and weariness. Working capacity, human health and development depend on the level of human energy consumption.

The interaction of the worker with the means of production - the objects and means of labor. This is the organizational and technological aspect of labor activity. It is determined by the level of technical equipment of labor, the degree of its mechanization and automation, the perfection of technology, the organization of the workplace, the qualifications of the worker, his experience, the techniques and methods of work used by him, etc. The organizational and technological parameters of the activity impose requirements on the special training of workers, on their qualification level.

The production interaction of workers with each other both horizontally (the relationship of participation in a single labor process) and vertically (the relationship between the leader and subordinate) determines the organizational and economic side of labor activity. It depends on the level of division and cooperation of labor, on the form of labor organization - individual or collective, on the number of employees, on the organizational and legal form of the enterprise (institution).

The problems of labor activity are the object of study of many scientific disciplines: physiology and psychology of labor, labor statistics, labor law, etc.

Studying the problem of the development of society is impossible without studying the social essence of labor, attitudes towards it, since everything that is necessary for the life and development of people is created by labor. Labor is the basis for the functioning and development of any human society, a condition for the existence of people independent of any social forms, an eternal, natural necessity; without it, human life itself was not possible.

Labor is, first of all, a process that takes place between man and nature, a process in which man, through his own activity, mediates, regulates and controls the exchange of substances between himself and nature. It should also be taken into account that a person, influencing nature, using and changing it in order to create use values ​​necessary to satisfy his material and spiritual needs, not only creates material (food, clothing, housing) and spiritual benefits (art, literature, science ), but also changes its own nature. He develops his abilities and talents, develops the necessary social qualities in himself, forms himself as a person.

The role of labor in the development of man and society is manifested in the fact that in the process of labor not only material and spiritual values ​​\u200b\u200bare created to meet the needs of people, but also the workers themselves develop, acquire new skills, reveal their abilities, replenish and enrich knowledge. The creative nature of labor finds its expression in the birth of new ideas, the emergence of progressive technologies, more advanced and highly productive tools, new types of products, materials, energy, which, in turn, lead to the development of needs.

Thus, the consequence of labor activity is, on the one hand, the saturation of the market with goods, services, cultural values, on the other hand, the progress of production, the emergence of new needs and their subsequent satisfaction.

The development and improvement of production has a beneficial effect on the reproduction of the population, raising its material and cultural level.

It should be borne in mind that such processes are strongly influenced by politics, interstate and interethnic relations. In the world, not everything is as safe as it looks in the diagram. But, nevertheless, the general trend in the development of human society is directed towards the progress of production, the growth of material well-being and the cultural level of people, the awareness of human rights as the highest value on earth.

The labor process and the associated socio-economic results of activity are not limited to their own sphere of production and services. The economics and sociology of labor begin with the problem of the formation of the labor force and its supply on the labor market.

Conclusion

Completing the work, we can come to the conclusion that labor is the root cause of human development. A person owes labor in the division of functions between the upper and lower limbs, the development of speech, the gradual transformation of the brain of an animal into developed brain human, in the improvement of the senses. In the process of labor, a person's range of perceptions and ideas expanded, his labor actions gradually began to bear a conscious character.

Performing labor functions, people interact, enter into relationships with each other, and it is labor that is the primary category that contains the whole variety of specific social phenomena and relations.

Thus, the concept of "labor" is not only an economic, but also a sociological category, which is of decisive importance in characterizing society as a whole and its individual individuals.

Bibliography

Dvoretskaya G.V., Makhvarylov V.P. Labor Economics. - K., Visha school, 2001.

Dikareva A.N., Mirskaya M.I. Sociology of labor. - M., Higher School, 1989.

Kravchenko A.I. Sociology of labor in the XX century. Historical and critical essay. - M., Nauka, 1987.

Ostapenko Yu.M. Labor Economics. – M.: INFRA-M, 2007.

Rofe AI Economics and sociology of labor. - M., Mik, 2005.

Shcherbina V.V. Sociology of labor. - M.: Publishing house Moscow University, 1993.