Signs of the scientific style of the text. The main features of the scientific style of speech. A funny incident from life

Introduction

however, nevertheless …), conclusion ( and etc.).

Writing a thesis

Graduates of higher educational institutions are subject to final state certification. This certification consists of certification tests, one of the types of which is the defense of the final qualifying work.

Final qualifying works are carried out in the forms corresponding to certain levels: for the qualification (degree) "bachelor" - in the form of bachelor's work; for the qualification “certified specialist” - in the form of a thesis.

Bachelor's final qualifying work is carried out in accordance with the curriculum and has its purpose: systematization, consolidation and expansion of theoretical and practical knowledge in the direction and application of this knowledge in solving specific scientific, economic and production problems. The qualification (diploma) work of a bachelor is the development (research) of one of the topical problems of theory or practice in the field of economics, law, management, marketing, etc. This research should be based on knowledge of legislative, scientific, educational literature, the state of practice within the framework of the subject of research ... The qualifying (diploma) work of a bachelor is usually theoretical, generalizing in nature and contains some separate independent conclusions and recommendations.

Qualification (diploma) work of a specialist should represent a relatively complete theoretical or experimental research of one of the urgent problems; contain a scientific analysis of scientific and practical literature, the state of practice; contain independent scientifically grounded conclusions and proposals.

The diploma work is a final qualifying work of a research nature, performed at the final stage of a student's training and having as its goals:

1. Systematization, consolidation and expansion of theoretical knowledge and practical skills in the specialty;

2. Revealing the ability to apply the acquired knowledge in solving specific scientific and practical problems;

3. Revealing the ability to make generalizations, conclusions, develop practical advice in the study area.

In the final work, the student must demonstrate the ability to highlight a problem that is relevant in a particular area, formulate the goal and objectives of the study, put forward a hypothesis and prove its correctness. To do this, it is necessary to analyze the available empirical material and scientific literature and draw reasonable conclusions.

The structure of the thesis

The work should contain annotation, introduction, main part, conclusion.

An abstract (Appendix 1) in one page should contain a bibliographic description of the work, the purpose of the work, the order of the sections, a summary of the essence of the work, the basic principles of solving the tasks. Indication of the presence of applications.

Most often, student difficulties and teachers' comments are associated with two structural components of research work - with an introduction and a conclusion. It is they that contain the main qualification characteristics of research work, so it is necessary to dwell on them in more detail.

Introduction a research thesis usually includes the following:

Justification of the relevance of the topic, accompanied by a brief outline of the history of the issue, which in the end should lead to the conclusion that exactly this problem not yet solved (or only partially solved or not in the aspect chosen by the student);

Determination of the object and subject of research; Object of study- this is what social phenomenon(process), which contains a contradiction and generates a problem situation. One should not strive to fit into the thesis everything that is known about the object of research. It is necessary to adhere to the clearly defined boundaries of the study, set in the introduction, to use references to other works, which analyze in detail the phenomena only mentioned in the thesis. This will give the work the necessary solidity, will demonstrate the author's awareness of scientific developments in related topics. Subject of study- these are the most significant from the point of view of practice and theory properties, sides, features of the object that are subject to study. For example, if the topic of the work is devoted to street crime, then the object of research is street crime as a negative social phenomenon and an independent type of crime, and the subject is its main properties, causes and conditions, the personality of a street criminal, etc. The object is always wider than the object;

The statement of the problem, for which it is necessary to separate the facts that are not explained by science and require explanation from those that have already been comprehended by researchers and do not contradict existing theories;

A short and extremely precise formulation of the goal of the work, which is concretized and developed in several sequentially performed tasks (for example, study, describe, establish, identify dependence, prove, etc.). Purpose of the study- this is a mental anticipation (forecasting) of the result, the determination of optimal solutions in terms of the choice of methods and techniques of research in the process of preparing a qualification work by a graduate student. Research objectives qualification work are determined by the goal and represent specific successive stages of solving the research problem to achieve the main goal;

Explanation of the structure of the work, which should correspond to the objectives of the study and their sequence;

Indication of research methods (comparative-historical, historical-genetic, descriptive, measurement, questionnaire survey, scaling, modeling);

An indication on what specific material the work was done (by what chronological framework, types of media, publications, etc., the scope of the study is limited);

Characteristics of the main sources of information (primary, i.e. materials from archives, filing of newspapers, magazines, etc., and secondary, i.e. works of scientists).

It is appropriate already in the Introduction to formulate a working hypothesis, i.e. his own version of the solution of the scientific problem posed. Hypotheses are:

1. Descriptive, when it is assumed the existence of a phenomenon, relationship;

2. Explanatory, when the reasons of the researched are revealed;

3. Descriptive and explanatory.

The main thing is that the hypothesis must be testable. And the main chapters of the work should contain a detailed proof of the truth of the hypothesis as a consequence of its verification by means of optimally selected methods or a specially developed technique. Only that research work can be considered valid, which contains a strictly reasoned confirmation or refutation of the proposed provisions. Proof is a necessary stage and the main content of research work. Usually the volume of the introduction does not exceed 5-7% of the volume of the main text.

V conclusion usually contains:

Conclusion on the achievement of the goal set in the work and on the solution of its tasks stated in the introduction;

An indication of the main outcome and important secondary results of the study, if any;

Indication of the practical and theoretical significance of the work performed;

Designation further prospects work due to questions that have arisen in the process of research.

The volume of the conclusion should not exceed 5-7% of the volume of the main text.

The bulk of the text should be presented in chapters main part, the content of which must exactly correspond to the topic of the work and fully disclose it on strictly selected material, arguably proving the correctness of the working hypothesis. Usually, the final qualifying work includes two or three chapters, consisting of several paragraphs.

The approximate content of chapters of qualifying work

Chapter 1

As a rule, the first chapter contains a description of the problem, introduces the problem itself, describes the state of the theory of research on this topic, analyzes historical experience (historical problems).

Chapter 2

Traditionally, in the second chapter, a detailed analysis of the subject of research is already carried out, its main parameters and characteristics are described.

Chapter 3

Usually this is a chapter where evidence of previously put forward assumptions is provided and argumentation is built, calculations are given, conclusions and proposals are formulated.

Of course, a comparative study of foreign experience in solving similar problems will be of some interest.

In the final paragraphs of individual parts of the diploma, it is necessary to give intermediate conclusions, which will give them compositional completeness, and allow you to track the sequence of already solved problems.

The text of the final work is completed by applications. These are auxiliary or Additional materials that would clutter up the text of the main part of the work: copies of documents, excerpts from reporting materials, previously unpublished or inaccessible texts, calculations, maps, tables of auxiliary digital data, illustrations, etc. Applications should be arranged in the order in which links to them appear in the text, which are usually made out in brackets.

Registration of works

The volume of the thesis is about 70-80 pages. The volume of the final qualifying work of a bachelor should be approximately 60-70 pages of printed text.

Thesis and any other printed works must be executed on a computer in 14 Times New Roman font with one and a half line spacing. Justify the text in width.

Each page of text has margins: the left margin is 30 mm, the right margin is 20 mm, the top margin is 20 mm, and the bottom margin is 20 mm. The paragraph indent should be the same and equal to 1.25 (in line).

The title page is the first page of the work (the number on the title page is not put) and is filled in according to strictly defined rules. The following details are placed on the title page sequentially, from top to bottom (not highlighted in bold):

Full name of the educational institution;

Faculty;

Department;

Theme of the work (the word "theme" is not written, the name itself is typed in capital letters 14 in a Times New Roman typeface);

Information about the artist;

Information about the scientific supervisor;

The location of the university (Chelyabinsk);

Year of writing the work (the word "year" is not written)

In the upper part of the title page of the thesis there is a stamp of admission to defense, signed by the head of the department. The title page is not numbered. (Appendix 7)

Page numbering begins with a table of contents, which is designated by the number 2. Further, the entire subsequent volume of work, including the bibliographic list and annexes, is numbered in order up to the last page. The serial number is printed at the top in the middle. The font size for the page number is 12 pt.

The table of contents reflects the content and structure of the work and is placed after the title page. The table of contents contains all sections (chapters) and subsections (paragraphs) of the work, numbered in Arabic numerals, and indicates the pages from which they begin. The page index, marked with the letter "C", is placed once at the top of the page index (Appendix 8). The first paragraph of each chapter contains the number of the chapter in which it belongs, and its own serial number, which always begins with the number 1. No paragraph mark is used. Table of contents headings should exactly repeat the headings in the text. Chapter titles should not repeat the title of the thesis, and paragraph titles should not repeat the title of chapters.

Table of contents, introduction, each chapter, conclusion, bibliography, each appendix should start on a new page. The paragraphs continue on the current page. Paragraph headings are separated from the main text by a line break. There should be no less than three lines of text after the heading on the page, otherwise the text must begin with the heading on the next page.

Auto-assembled table of contents

To create a table of contents, you must:

Number the pages (it is better to do this through the Headers and Footers menu);

Style headings. There are headings in a document, and subheadings in them. You must select the first heading, go to the tab Home - Styles, find style in style lists Heading 1, and click on it with the left mouse button. Do the same for all other headings. Subheadings are styled Heading 2.

Create a page for the table of contents. Place the cursor at the very beginning of the page before which there will be a page with a table of contents, and click Ctrl + Enter.

Headings

All titles start with capital letter, there is no full stop at the end of the title. Word wrap in headings is not allowed. Headings are separated from the main text by a line gap. Do not underline headings. The heading should not be the last line on the page.

Chapter title:

Font - 16, type Arial, bold (style - heading 1)

Red line indent - 0

Center alignment.

Headers are formatted in the same way. Table of Contents, Introduction, Conclusion, Bibliography, Appendices.

Title of paragraphs

Font - 14, type Arial, Bold, Italic (heading style 2)

Line spacing - one and a half

Red line indent - 0

Left alignment.

For instance:

Legislative materials

1. Russian Federation. Constitution (1993). Constitution Russian Federation: official text. - M .: Marketing, 2001 .-- 39 p.

2. Russian Federation. The laws. Family Code of the Russian Federation: Feder. law: [adopted by the State. Duma December 8. 1995: As of 3 Jan. 2001]. - SPb .: Victory: Stone Country, 2001 .-- 94 p.

3. About the base cost social recruitment: The federal law dated February 4, 1999 No. 21-FZ // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. - 1999 .-- 11.02. - S. 4.

4. On measures to develop federal relations and local self-government in the Russian Federation: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 27, 2003 No. 1395 // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2003. - Art. 4660.

Single volume edition

5. Institutional economics: new institutional economic theory: textbook for universities / ed. A. A. Auzan. - Moscow: INFRA - M, 2010 .-- 416 p.

6. Spirkin, A. G. Philosophy: textbook / A. G. Spirkin. - 3rd ed. - Moscow: Yurayt, 2011 .-- 828 p.

7. Taranukha, Yu. V. Microeconomics: textbook / Yu. V. Taranukha, DN Zemlyakov. - Moscow: Knorus, 2010 .-- 320 p.

8. Selezneva, T. D. Histology: tutorial/ T. D. Selezneva, A. S. Mishin, V. Yu. Barsukov. - Moscow: EKSMO, 2010 .-- 352 p.

9. Brodsky, A. M. Engineering graphics (metalworking): a textbook for colleges / A. M. Brodsky, E. M. Fazlulin, V. A. Khaldinov et al. - 6th ed., Stereotype. - Moscow: Academy, 2010 .-- 400 p.

Engineering graphics (metalworking): a textbook for colleges / A.M. Brodsky et al. - 6th ed., Stereotype. - Moscow: Academy, 2010 .-- 400 p.

Multivolume edition

10. Halperin, VM Microeconomics: in 3 volumes: textbook / VM Galperin, SM Ignatiev, VI Morgunov; ed. V. M. Galperin. - Moscow: Omega-L; St. Petersburg: Economics, 2010 - T. 3: Collection of problems: a tutorial. - 2010 .-- 171 p.

Halperin, V.M. Microeconomics: textbook. In 3 volumes. V. 3. Collection of problems: a tutorial / V. M. Gal'perin, S. M. Ignatiev, V. I. Morgunov; ed. V. M. Galperin. - Moscow: Omega-L; St. Petersburg: Ekonomikus, 2010 .-- 171 p.

11. Buidysheva, SV Systems of strategic and program-target planning in the Altai Republic / S. V. Buidysheva // Regional management: trends, patterns, problems: materials of the 7th interregional scientific-practical conference / ed. R. T. Adarina. - Gorno-Altaysk: RIO GAGU, 2010. - P.5-7.

12. Kalinovskiy, K. B. Will we hit corruption with the Inquisition? / K.B. Kalinovsky // Criminal procedure. - 2010. - No. 12. - S. 11-12.

13. Latyshev, IV Derivative financial instruments in the economy / IV Latyshev, IA Latysheva // Post-graduate student and applicant. - 2010. - No. 5. - S. 19-22.

14. Yatsko, Ya. N. Pigment complex of winter and evergreen plants in the middle taiga subzone of the European North-East / Ya. N. Yatsko, OV Dymova, TK Golovko // Botanical Journal - 2009. - № 12. - S. 1812-1820.

15. About the influence of environmentally conditioned exposure to lead on the health and development of children in industrial cities of the Middle Urals / LI Privalova et al. // Biosphere. - 2010. - No. 4. - S. 554-565.

Examples of the design of Internet sources

16. Moscow State University. MV Lomonosov: [ Electronic resource]. M., 1997-2012. URL: http://www.msu.ru. (Date of access: 18.02.2012).

17. Information for applicants: [Electronic resource] // Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. M., 1997-2012. URL: http://www.msu.ru/entrance/. (Date of access: 18.02.2012).

18. Secretary-assistant. 2011. No. 7: [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.profiz.ru/sr/7_2011. (Date of access: 18.02.2012).

19. Kameneva E.M. Forms of registration of documents: // Secretary-assistant. 2011. No. 7. URL: http://www.profiz.ru/sr/7_2011/formy_registracii_dokov. (Date of access: 18.02.2012).

20. Stepanov V. Internet in professional information activities: [Electronic resource]. 2002-2006. URL: http://textbook.vadimstepanov.ru. (Date of access: 18.02.2012).

Applications

Annex 1

Sample annotation

annotation

Ivanov, I. I. Movement cash flow at the enterprise on the example of LLC "ATP" / Final qualification work. - Chelyabinsk: NOU VPO "CHIEP im. M. V. Ladoshina ", 200_. - 82 p.

The work is meant to be protected in the meeting attestation commission with the aim of obtaining the qualification of an economist with a degree in Accounting, Analysis and Auditing.

The work, consisting of three chapters, six figures, seven tables, five appendices, assesses the dynamics of the enterprise's property, reveals changes in the allocation of funds and in the sources of their formation; analyzed the financial stability and liquidity of the enterprise; analysis of business activity; analyzed profit and profitability; identified ways to improve the financial condition of the enterprise and ways to implement them; planned indicators for the future period were calculated; a method for optimizing cash flow is proposed.

A bibliographic list is presented, which includes 50 titles, which became the theoretical basis of the research.

Applications contain ...

Appendix 2

higher professional education

Faculty

APPROVED

Head chair

Position, title, I.O.F.

______________________

"__" _____________200_

STATEMENT

From student ___ course of specialty / direction ________

groups ____________________________________________

full-time / part-time education (underline as necessary)

(surname, name, patronymic of the student)

I ask you to assign to me the topic of the qualification (thesis) work: ________________________________

___________________________________________________

I ask you to appoint ____________________________________ as the head of the qualifying (diploma) work

___________________________________________________

(position, rank, surname, name, patronymic)

__________________ ________________

(supervisor's signature) (student's signature)

"___" ______ 200_y. "____" _______ 200_y.

Appendix 3

Non-state educational institution

higher professional education

Chelyabinsk Institute of Economics and Law named after M. V. Ladoshina "

Correspondence faculty

Specialty / direction

APPROVED

Head chair

"__" _____________ 200_

on the student's qualification (diploma) work

___________________________________________________

1. Topic of qualification (thesis) work ___________________________________________________

approved by the order of the NOU VPO "CHIEP im. M. V. Ladoshina "

dated "_____" _____________ 200_

2. The deadline for the delivery of the qualifying (diploma) work to the department "_________" _____________ 200_

3. Brief description of the main content of the qualifying (diploma) work ___________________________________________

4. Consultants for qualification (diploma) work (indicating the sections related to them):

5. Date of issue of the assignment: "_____" _______ 200__

6. Supervisor: ___________________________________ (full name, signature)

CALENDAR PLAN

performance of qualifying (diploma) work

Graduate student __________________________________________________

Scientific adviser _______________________________________________

Appendix 4

Appendix 5

Option of the supervisor's review of the student's thesis

Non-state educational institution

higher professional education

Chelyabinsk Institute of Economics and Law named after M. V. Ladoshina "

Department of Criminal Law, Process and Criminalistics

about the final qualifying work

"__" ___________ 200__

Student ___________________________________________

Speciality _____________________________________

Topic ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

II Petrov's thesis is written on a topic, the relevance of which is beyond doubt. Facilities mass media, employees of power structures and law enforcement state that corruption in Russia has acquired last years unprecedented scale and causes enormous social harm. This is convincingly stated in the introduction (p. 3-4). It is worth recalling that many lawyers consider corruption a mandatory sign of organized crime.

The author of the work set the goal of theoretically comprehending the problems of the legal fight against corruption and, through the analysis of the current criminal legislation, to develop proposals for its improvement in the part related to the topic under study. It can be stated that he has achieved this goal. In his thesis, he gave the concept of corruption, revealed its social danger, using the statistical data of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation for a number of years, both in Russia as a whole and in the Chelyabinsk region (Chapter 1). Then he made a legal analysis of the components of bribery (receiving and giving a bribe) and commercial bribery, including their types, considered special questions responsibility for bribery through fraudulent mediation and positive post-criminal behavior of the bribe giver, as well as issues of improving criminal legislation aimed at combating corruption (Chapter 2)

I. I. Petrov performed a large amount of work, quite fully disclosed the issues of the topic. He investigated problematic issues of the fight against corruption, cited various points of view on them, substantiating his position on controversial issues, arguing it with references to the leading resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of February 10, 2000 "On judicial practice in cases of bribery and commercial bribery" and specific criminal cases considered by courts of various instances. The work was done by him completely independently.

The graduate student showed his ability to analyze and generalize judicial practice. He studied 50 criminal cases of bribery and commercial bribery, considered by the regional court and district courts in 1997-2007, and, based on the results of their study, prepared recommendations for the courts on controversial issues of qualification of giving, receiving a bribe, mediation in bribery and commercial bribery.

One cannot fail to note such a merit of the work as coverage of criminological problems in the fight against corruption.

I. I. Petrov studied almost all the main sources on the topic. When writing his work, he used criminal legislation, guidelines, monographs, educational literature, scientific and newspaper articles, reference materials.

The thesis is executed correctly. The bibliography and references follow the rules.

Along with the advantages in the work, there are some disadvantages. The graduate student did not fulfill all the instructions and recommendations of the scientific advisor, he left without attention the issues of sentencing for bribery.

However, the remarks made in no way can shake the conclusion that II Petrov's thesis meets the requirements, can be admitted to the defense and deserves a high assessment.

FULL NAME. head _________________________________

Academic title _______________ Academic degree _________

Place of work ______________________________________

Position held ______________________________

Signature (signature decryption) _____________________

Appendix 6

Appendix 7

Appendix 8

Introduction ……………………………………………………… 3

1. The title of the chapter (without quotes) the same page number is not put X

1.1. Paragraph title (without quotation marks) …………………… ..6

1.2. Paragraph title (without quotation marks) …………….… ...… 18

2. The title of the chapter (without quotes) the same page number is not put X

2.1. Paragraph title (without quotation marks) …………………… 28

2.2. Title of paragraph …………………………………… 46

3. The title of the chapter the same page number is not put X

3.1. Title of paragraph …………………………………… .54

3.2. Title of paragraph …………………………………… .67

Conclusion ………………………………………………… .70

Bibliography ……………………… ... …… ... 74

Appendices ………………………………………………… 79

Appendix 9

Introduction

The research work of students is a continuation and deepening of the educational process, one of the most important and effective means improving the quality of training specialists with higher education.

The goals of students' scientific work are the transition from the assimilation of ready-made knowledge to the mastery of methods for obtaining new knowledge, the acquisition of skills for independent analysis of various phenomena using scientific methods.

The main tasks of the scientific work of students:

1) development of creative and analytical thinking, expansion of scientific horizons;

2) instilling sustainable skills of independent research work;

3) improving the quality of mastering the studied disciplines;

4) developing the ability to apply theoretical knowledge and modern methods scientific research in professional activities.

The main features of a scientific text

A scientific text is, in the strict sense, a report on the research done - theoretical (abstract-logical) or practical (laboratory, empirical). When creating any scientific text, including a term paper or thesis, it should be remembered that it has a number of stable features:

1) reliance on broad generalization, on a representative amount of reliable, documented and repeatedly verified facts;

2) the solution of any new scientific problem or a new approach to known phenomena;

3) the use of a strictly scientific language that differs in terms of terminology from the common language;

A scientific text is characterized by brevity, precision and unambiguous expression. This is facilitated by the use of specific terms. (A term is a word that accurately denotes a concept in science).

A feature of the language of scientific speech is the emphasized consistency. This consistency should be manifested at various levels: the entire text, its parts and individual paragraphs. It is characterized by a sequential transition from one thought to another. As a means of communication between them, the following are used: introductory words and sentences ( as noted, as already mentioned etc.); special functional and syntactic means indicating the sequence of the development of thought ( firstly, secondly, then and others), on causal relationships ( however, nevertheless etc.), the transition from one thought to another ( having considered, let us dwell on ..., turn to…), conclusion ( So, in this way, then, summing up, in conclusion, we note and etc.).

To confirm the objectivity of the presentation of the material, it is necessary to make references to who expressed this or that thought, in which source the information used is contained. In this case, the text uses introductory words and phrases indicating authorship ( according to the data, according to the words, according to the data and etc.). The position of the author himself is expressed in words: in our opinion, it seems to us, we adhere to the point of view etc. The use of the pronoun "we" instead of "I" gives the work some objectivity.

Avoid clericalism and cliches, excessive phrases, repetitions, extended phrases with a heap clauses and introductory words.

The scientific text necessarily reflects the author's own efforts to solve a particular problem. The criteria for the quality of a scientific text depend on the level of its complexity.

In relation to term papers and theses, these criteria can be presented in the form of a number of questions:

1. Is the manuscript formatted correctly?

2. Is the structure of the text logical?

3. Are the methodological foundations adhered to by the author correct?

4. Does the text contain original research of the presented factual (empirical) material?

5. Is there a classification work?

6. Is there a theoretical generalization (typology)?

The very principle of assessment follows from these questions. scientific work... If for all these positions the supervisor gives an affirmative answer, then the work was done at a high level.

Scientific style(n.s.) serves various branches of science and technology, provides the educational process in universities of various profiles (humanitarian, natural and technical).

Scientific style- a functional style associated with scientific activity and reflecting the features of theoretical thinking.

The main function of the n.s.- communication (transmission) of scientific information, the most accurate, logical and unambiguous expression of thoughts in a particular area of knowledge.

The main purpose of a scientific work- inform the addressee of new knowledge about reality and prove its truth.

1.N.with. implemented in two forms: oral (oral scientific speech) and written (written scientific communication). Written monologue speech is the main form of scientific presentation.

2 ... Language of scientific presentation supplemented by means of graphic visualization, i.e. drawings, diagrams, graphs, legend, formulas, diagrams, tables, figures, etc.

Stylistic features (signs) of scientific speech:

objectivity (presentation of different points of view on the problem, the absence of subjectivity in the transmission of scientific content, the impersonality of linguistic expression);

consistency (consistency and consistency of presentation);

evidence (argumentation of certain positions and hypotheses);

accuracy (use of terms, unambiguous words, clear design of syntactic links in the sentence and text);

conciseness and information richness (use of types of compression of scientific text);

generalization and abstraction of judgments (use of general scientific vocabulary, nouns with abstract meaning),

impersonality and abstractness of the statement (use of special grammatical forms: the predominance of reflexive and impersonal verbs, using the 3rd face verb, vaguely personal sentences, passive constructions);

standardization of means of expression (use of speech cliches scientific style for registration of the structure and components of scientific work, as well as genres of annotations, abstracts, reviews, etc.).

For scientific and technical literature also characteristic:

Lack of imagery, metaphorical turns of language and emotionally expressive means,

A ban on the use of non-literary vocabulary,

Almost complete absence of signs of a conversational style,

Wide use of terms, abstract and highly specialized vocabulary,

The use of words in their direct (and not figurative) meaning,

The use of special ways of presenting the material (primarily description and reasoning) and methods of logical organization of the text.

Within the framework of the scientific field of activity, special methods of logical organization of the text, namely : 1) deduction; 2) induction; 3) problem statement;

Deduction (lat. deductio - deduction) is the movement of thought from the general to the particular. The deductive method of presenting the material is used when it is necessary to consider a phenomenon on the basis of an already known position and law and draw the necessary conclusions regarding this phenomenon.

Composition of deductive reasoning:

Stage 1- the nomination of a thesis (Greek thesis - a position, the truth of which must be proved) or a hypothesis.

Stage 2- the main part of the reasoning is the development of the thesis (hypothesis), its justification, proof of truth or refutation.

To prove the thesis, various argument types(lat.Argumentum - logical argument):

interpretation of the thesis,

"Proof from reason"

facts and examples, comparisons.

Stage 3- conclusions, suggestions.

The deductive method of reasoning is widely used in theoretical articles, in scientific discussions on controversial scientific issues, at educational and scientific seminars.

Induction (lat. inductio - guidance) is the movement of thought from the particular to the general, from the knowledge of individual or particular facts to the knowledge of the general rule, to generalization.

Composition of inductive reasoning:

Stage 1- determination of the purpose of the research undertaken.

Stage 2- presentation of accumulated facts, analysis, comparison and synthesis of the obtained material.

Stage 3- on the basis of this, conclusions, regularities are established, signs of a particular process are revealed, etc.

Inductive reasoning widely used in scientific reports, monographs, term papers and theses, dissertation research, research reports.

Problematic presentation involves the formulation of a certain sequence of problematic questions, solving which, one can come to theoretical generalizations, the formulation of rules and patterns.

Problematic presentation is a variation of the inductive method of reasoning. During a lecture, report, in the text of a monograph, article, diploma project, dissertation, the author formulates a particular problem and proposes a number of possible ways its solutions. The most optimal of them are subjected to a detailed analysis in the study (the internal contradictions of the problem are revealed, assumptions are made and possible objections are refuted), and thus the process of solving this problem is demonstrated.

It is customary to distinguish five main styles of speech. Each of them is characteristic of certain segments of the population and types of journalism. The most difficult to understand is the scientific style of speech. The reason for this is the large number of specialized terms included in the text.

General concepts

The scientific language is a means of communication in educational research and professional analytical activities. With this writing style in real life for one reason or another, every person, without exception, faced. Many people understand scientific language better orally.

Today, mastering the norms of this style is one of the most important components of Russian culture. Scientific speech is often referred to as the literary (book) language. The reason for this is such conditions of functioning and stylistic features as monologic character, the desire to normalize terminology, thinking over each statement and a strict list of means of expression.

The history of the emergence of the style

Scientific speech appeared due to the rapid development of various fields of knowledge in new narrow-profile spheres of life. Initially, this style of presentation could be compared to fictional storytelling. However, during the Alexandrian period, the scientific language gradually separated from the literary one. In those days, the Greeks often used a special terminology, which ordinary people just couldn't take it right. Also during this period, signs of a scientific style began to come to light.

The original specialized terminology was only in Latin. However, scientists from all over the world soon began to translate it into their own languages. Nevertheless, Latin remains the international way of transmitting scientific information to this day. During the Renaissance, many professors strove for the accuracy and conciseness of writing texts in order to deviate as much as possible from the artistic elements of presentation, since literary emotionality contradicted the canons of the logical display of things.

The "liberation" of the scientific style proceeded extremely slowly. An example is Descartes' impartial statements about Galileo's works that his texts are too fictionalized. This opinion was also shared by Kepler, believing that the Italian physicist unjustifiably often resorts to an artistic description of the nature of things. Over time, the work of Newton became a model of the style.

The Russian scientific language began to take shape only at the beginning of the 18th century. During this period, the authors of specialized publications and translators began to create their own terminology. In the middle of the 18th century, Mikhail Lomonosov, together with his followers, gave impetus to the formation of a scientific style. Many masters relied on the works of a Russian naturalist, but the terminology was finally put together only at the end of the 19th century.

Types of scientific style

Currently, there are 2 classifications: traditional and extended. According to modern standards of the Russian language, there are 4 types of scientific style. Each of them has its own specifics and requirements.

Traditional classification:

1. Popular science text. Its addressee is an audience that does not have special skills and knowledge in a particular area. Popular science text retains most of the terms and clarity of presentation, but its character is greatly simplified for perception. Also, in this style, it is allowed to use emotional and expressive forms of speech. Its task is to acquaint the general public with some facts and phenomena. It is not for nothing that at the end of the 1980s a subtype of style appeared - It minimizes the use of special terms and numbers, and their presence has a detailed explanation.

The popular science style is characterized by the following features: comparisons with everyday objects, ease of reading and perception, simplification, narration of particular phenomena without classification and general overview... Statements of this orientation are most often printed in books, magazines, children's encyclopedias.

2. Educational and scientific text. Students are the addressees of such works. The purpose of the message is to familiarize with the facts necessary for the perception of a certain material. The information is presented in general terms with a large number of typical examples. This style is characterized by the use of professional terminology, strict classification and smooth transitions from overview to special cases. Works are published in educational and methodological manuals.

3. The actual scientific text. Here, the addressee are specialists in the field and scientists. The aim of the work is to describe specific facts, discoveries and patterns. The scientific style, examples of which can be found in dissertations, reports and reviews, allows the use of not only terminology, but also personal unemotional conclusions.

4. Technical and scientific text. Works of this type of style are addressed to specialists with a narrow profile. The aim is to put knowledge and achievements into practice.

The extended classification, in addition to the above types, also includes informative and reference scientific texts.

Fundamentals of Scientific Style

The variability of the types of this language is based on the general linguistic properties that are manifested regardless of the area (humanitarian, precise, natural) and genre differences.

The sphere of the scientific style of communication is significantly different in that its goal is to unambiguously express the logical expression of thought. The primary form of such a language will be concepts, inferences, dynamic judgments that appear in a strict sequence. Scientific speech should always be filled with arguments that would emphasize the consistency of thinking. All judgments are based on the synthesis and analysis of available information.

Signs of the scientific style of the text take on an abstracted and generalized character. Common extra-linguistic features and properties of speech are:

Language characteristics

The scientific style finds its expression and consistency in certain units of speech. Its language characteristics can be of 3 types:

Lexical units. Determine the functional and style coloring of the text. They have special morphological forms and syntactic constructions.
Stylistic units. Responsible for the neutral-functional load of the text. Thus, their quantitative predominance in the report becomes the determining factor. Separately marked units are found in the form of morphological forms. Less often they can acquire syntactic constructions.
Interstyle units. They are also called language neutral elements. Used in all styles of speech. They occupy the largest part of the text.

Scientific style and its signs

Each form and type of speech has its own indicative properties... The main features of the scientific style: lexical, linguistic and syntactic.

The first type of properties includes the use of specialized phraseology and terminology. The lexical features of the scientific style of speech are most often found in words with a specific meaning. Examples: "body" is a term from physics, "acid" is from chemistry, etc. Also, these features are characterized by the use of generalizing words such as "usually", "usually", "regularly". Expressive and should not be used. On the other hand, cliché phrases, various drawings and symbols are allowed. In this case, there should be links to sources of information. It is important that the speech is filled with a third-person narration without frequent use of synonyms. Lexical signs of a scientific style - 6th grade of teaching in high school, therefore, speech should be conducted in a popular language. Narrow-profile terminology is not common.

Linguistic features of the scientific style of the text must meet such requirements as objectivity and emotionlessness. It is important that all phrases and concepts are unambiguous.

Syntactic features of the scientific style: the use of the pronoun "we" in a special sense, the predominance of complex sentence structures, the use of compound predicates. Information is presented in an impersonal form with standard word order. Explanatory, passive and sentences are actively used.

All the main features of the scientific style of speech presuppose a special composition of the text. The report should be divided into parts with an appropriate title. It is important that the text consists of an introduction, a foundation and a conclusion.

Scientific style: lexical signs

In professional speech, the main form of thinking and expression is the concept. That is why the lexical unit of this style denotes an abstract object or phenomenon. Unambiguously and precisely such specialized concepts allow to reveal the terms. Without these words or phrases denoting this or that action in a narrow field of activity, it is impossible to imagine a modern scientific style. Examples of such terms include numerical methods, zenith, atrophy, range, radar, phase, prism, temperature, symptom, laser, and many others.

Within the lexical system, these expressions are always unambiguous. They do not require expression and are not considered stylistically neutral. The terms are usually called the conventional language of the scientific field of activity. Many of them came to the Russian lexicon from English or Latin.

Today, the term is considered a separate conceptual unit of communication between people. Such lexical features of the scientific style in quantitative terms in profile reports and works significantly prevail over other types of expressions. According to statistics, terminology makes up about 20% of the entire text. In scientific speech, she embodies homogeneity and specificity. The definition of the terms is given by the definition, that is, a brief description of phenomenon or object. Every concept in scientific language can be identified.

The terms have a number of specific features... In addition to unambiguity and accuracy, it is simplicity, consistency and stylistic certainty. Also, one of the main requirements for terms is modernity (relevance) so that they are not outdated. As you know, in science it is customary to replace some concepts with newer and more capacious ones. In addition, the terms should be as close as possible to the international language. For example: hypothesis, technology, communication and others. It should be noted that today most of the terms have generally accepted international derivational elements (bio, extra, anti, neo, mini, marko and others).

All in all, narrow-profile concepts are general and inter-scientific. The first group includes such terms as analysis, problem, thesis, process, etc., the second - economics, work force, price. The most difficult to understand are highly specialized concepts. The terms of this lexical group are typical only for a certain field of science.

Concepts in professional speech are used only in one specific meaning. In the event that a term is ambiguous, it must be accompanied by a defining word that clarifies its direction. Of the concepts that need to be specific, the following can be distinguished: body, strength, movement, size.

Generalization in a scientific style is often achieved by using a large number of abstract lexical units. In addition, the professional language has its own specific characteristic phraseology. It includes such phrases as "solar plexus", "adverbial circulation", "inclined plane", "is", "used for", etc.

The terminology provides not only informational understanding at the international level, but also the compatibility of regulatory and legislative documents.

Scientific style: linguistic features

The language of the narrow-profile sphere of communication has its own morphological features. The generalization and abstraction of speech are manifested in separate grammatical units, which are found in the choice of forms and categories of presentation. The linguistic features of the scientific style are characterized by the frequency of repetition in the text, that is, by the quantitative degree of the load.

The unspoken law of economy of lexical means forces us to use short variations of phrases. One of these ways to reduce the linguistic load is to change the forms of nouns from feminine to masculine (for example: key - keys). A similar situation is with the plural, which is replaced by a singular. Example: June only. In this case, we do not mean one particular tree, but the entire family of a plant. Real nouns can sometimes be used in plural: great depths, noises in the radio, etc.

Concepts in scientific speech significantly prevail over the names of actions. This was done artificially to reduce the use of verbs in the text. Most often, these parts of speech are replaced by nouns. In a scientific style, the use of verbs leads to the loss lexical meaning, translating the presentation into an abstract form. Therefore, these parts of speech in reports are used only to connect words: to appear, to become, to be, to be called, to be made, to be, to possess, to be considered, to be determined, etc.

On the other hand, in the scientific language there is separate group verbs that act as elements of nominal combinations. In this case, they transmit linguistic meaning presentation. Examples: lead to death, perform calculations. Often in the scientific style of communication, verbs of abstract semantics are used: to have, to exist, to continue, to occur, and others. The use of grammatically weakened forms is also allowed: distillation is performed, the conclusion is displayed, etc.

Another linguistic feature of the style is the use of a timeless part of speech with a qualitative meaning. This is done to indicate the signs and properties of the investigated phenomena or objects. It is worth noting that verbs in the past timeless meaning can only include a scientific text (examples of texts: experimental reports, research reports).

In the professional language, nominal predicates are used in 80% of cases in an imperfect form so that the presentation is more generalized. Some verbs of this form are used in the future tense in constant expressions. For example: consider, prove, etc.

As for personal pronouns, in the scientific style they are used in accordance with the nature of the abstraction of the text. On rare occasions, forms such as "we" and "you" are used because they flesh out the narrative and the appeal. In the professional language, 3rd person pronouns are widespread.

Scientific style: syntactic features

This type of speech is characterized by the desire to complex structures proposals. This allows you to more accurately convey the meaning of concepts, to establish a connection between terms, causes, effects and conclusions. The syntactic features of the scientific style of the text are characterized by the generality and homogeneity of all parts of speech.

The most common types of sentences are compound subordinates. Complex shapes conjunctions and adverbs are also part of the presentation (scientific text). Examples of general texts can be found in encyclopedias and textbooks. To combine all parts of speech, connecting phrases are used: in conclusion, in this way, etc.

Sentences in scientific language are constructed in the same way with respect to the chain of the utterance. Consistent storytelling is a must. Each sentence should be logically related to the previous one. Interrogative forms are used extremely rarely in scientific speech and only to attract the attention of the audience.

Certain syntactic expressions (impersonal or generalized) are used to convey an abstract, timeless character to the text. Actor is absent in such proposals. Attention should be focused on the action and its circumstances. Generalized and indefinite personal expressions are used only when terms and formulas are introduced.

Scientific language genres

Texts of this style are drawn up in the form of complete works with an appropriate structure. Primary is one of the most widespread genres. Such scientific speech(examples of texts: article, lecture, monograph, oral presentation, report) is compiled by one or more authors. This is the first time that the presentation is being made public.

The secondary genre includes texts that are compiled on the basis of available information. This is an abstract, and a synopsis, and annotation, and theses.

Each of the genres has certain stylistic features that do not violate the structure of the scientific style of storytelling and inherit generally accepted features and characteristics.

List a scientific style sentence that uses vocabulary from other styles.

A. A solid body, i.e. a crystal, continues to reveal to us many more new and unexpected things.
B. In the area low temperatures physicists find liquid helium.
C. Ideas and methods of quantum field theory penetrate into all branches of physics.
D. And if high-energy physics stuns us with fireworks of new particles, then here quasiparticles appear on the stage - strange "ghosts" of particles.
Write out words of other styles from the scientific style sentence you specified. Write down what style these words can be attributed to.

be, individual dense stars, so precise and concrete ideas are constantly being formed in the mind of the writer from the boundless ocean of life impressions.

(2) Only yesterday it seemed that nothing could be learned from the depths of the soul and memory, but today there are wide horizons, an abundance of material ... (3) The maturation of material is a mysterious thing in many ways.

(4) Is there a difference between a notebook and just memory? (5) In my opinion, they are one and the same. (6) If the writer wanted to remember (write down) a thought or an incident, it means that the professional perceiving apparatus has done its job. (7) In a word, the notebook should be in your pocket.

(8) Professional memory is selective. (9) There is no professional memory at all, but there is a professional memory of such and such a writer. (10) I think that if, for example, Prishvin and Erinburg were walking around the city and then through the forest, each of them would remember his own, what the other missed.

(11) I sometimes see how, during a lively conversation, my comrade, a writer, takes out a notebook and quickly writes down in it the phrase I just said, the incident I just told. (12) And then I suddenly come across this episode in the book. (13) From him, as from a grain, a whole chapter of a story or story developed and flourished magnificently.

(V. Soloukhin.)

A1 Determine the type and style of speech of the given text.

1) storytelling, artistic

2) storytelling, scientific

3) reasoning, journalistic

4) description, artistic

1) Because it's impossible to remember everything.

2) Because everyone remembers his own.

3) Because only the most important things are remembered.

4) Because only the most interesting information.

A3 In what meaning is the word used COLOSSAL in sentence 1?

1) delicious

2) huge

3) mysterious

4) awesome

A4. What means of artistic expression is used in expression "From him, like from a grain, ..." from sentence 13?

1) comparison

2) metaphor

4) hyperbole

A5. Choose the correct answer to the question: "How are the ideas of works formed in the mind of a writer?"

1) They are suggested by their literary friends.

2) The writer borrows them from already created masterpieces.

3) They are completely based on the imagination of the writer.

Part 2.

IN 1 In sentence 12, find and indicate the word (s) in which there are more sounds than letters.

IN 2.Write a synonym for the word COMRADE (proposal 11)

AT 3.Define and indicate the way the word is formed UNLIMITED (suggestion 1)

AT 4. In sentence 4, find and indicate the phrase with the connection MATCHING.

AT 5.Specify which part of speech the word is ELECTORAL (suggestion 8)

AT 6. Among sentences 2-5, find and indicate a sentence with an introductory word.

AT 7. Write out the grammatical base from sentence 7.

AT 8.Determine and indicate the number of grammatical bases in the sentence1

AT 9. In sentences 7-9, find and indicate the word with an alternating vowel at the root.

AT 10 O'CLOCK. Among sentences 10-13, find and indicate the sentence with the uncirculated attachment.

AT 11. Among sentences 2-5, find and indicate a sentence in which the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns.

AT 12.In the sentence from the text, all commas are numbered. Enter the numbers that represent the comma (s) between the parts of a complex sentence.

Only yesterday it seemed (1) that nothing could be learned from the depths of the soul and memory, (2) but today there are wide horizons, (3) an abundance of material ...

B13.From Proposition 5, write out all the service parts of speech.

B14.In the sentence from the text, all commas are numbered. Enter the numbers that represent the comma (s) in the introductory word.

Just as from a colossal, (1) almost limitless nebula, (2) maybe (3) individual dense stars, (4) so precise and concrete plans are constantly formed in the mind of a writer from the boundless ocean of life impressions.

B15... Define and specify the syntactic role of a word SUCH-THAT in sentence 9.

Question: Read the text. Indicate the signs of scientific style. The words ink and notebook have been known in Russian since the 11th century. The word ink is originally Russian. At first it meant "a solution of black ink used for writing." Today, solutions are used to make ink different colors... The word notebook came to us from Greek... Originally it had the meaning of "four folded sheet". Then this word began to mean "bound sheets of paper for writing."

Read the text. Indicate the signs of scientific style. The words ink and notebook have been known in Russian since the 11th century. The word ink is originally Russian. At first it meant "a solution of black ink used for writing." Today, solutions of different colors are used to make inks. The word notebook came to us from the Greek language. Originally it had the meaning of "four folded sheet". Then this word began to mean "bound sheets of paper for writing."

Answers:

1) The words ink and notebook have been known in Russian since the 11th century. 2) At first it meant "a solution of black paint used for writing". 3) Then this word began to mean "bound sheets of paper for writing." Signs of a scientific style of speech: accuracy, clarity, consistency, strict argumentation, unambiguous expression of thought