Scientific style is a style that serves the scientific sphere of public activity. It is designed to convey scientific information to a prepared and interested audience.
The scientific style has a number of common features, general conditions functioning and linguistic features that manifest themselves regardless of the nature of the sciences (natural, exact, humanities) and genre differences (monograph, scientific article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole. To such general features relate: 1) preliminary consideration of the statement; 2) monological nature of the statement; 3) strict selection of linguistic means; 4) attraction to standardized speech.
The specific features of this style are determined by the purpose of scientific texts to convey objective information about nature, man and society. The main form of thinking in science is the concept, therefore the scientific style of speech is characterized by emphasized abstraction and generality, which is expressed in texts by the use of words of abstract semantics and neuter words with an abstract meaning.
Terminology, being one of the main components of scientific speech, embodies this quality scientific style like accuracy. The most important features of the scientific style - accuracy, clarity, logic, strict argumentation, unambiguous expression of thought - serve as the main task of this style - the transmission of objective information about the subject of research. In scientific speech, words are widely used that reflect the relationship between the parts of the statement, serving to create a coherent, logical text: adverbs are often used in the connecting function; verbs and personal pronouns are characterized by the use of 3rd person forms, which helps emphasize the abstraction and generality of the style. In the syntax, one can note the priority of complex sentences over simple ones, the use of common sentences, and the widespread use of participial and participial phrases. Passive constructions.
The style of scientific works is ultimately determined by their content and the goals of scientific communication: to explain facts as accurately and completely as possible, to show cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, to identify patterns of historical development, and so on.
The scientific style is characterized by a logical sequence of presentation, an ordered system of connections between parts of the statement, and the authors’ desire for accuracy, conciseness, and unambiguity while maintaining richness of content.
Logic - is the presence of semantic connections between successive units of text
Consistency is possessed only by a text in which the conclusions follow from the content, they are consistent, the text is divided into separate semantic segments that reflect the movement of thought from the particular to the general or from the general to the particular.
Clarity , as the quality of scientific speech, presupposes understandability and accessibility. In terms of accessibility, scientific, scientific-educational and popular science texts differ in material and in the method of its linguistic design.
Accuracy scientific speech presupposes unambiguous understanding, the absence of discrepancies between the signified and its definition. Therefore, scientific texts, as a rule, lack figurative, expressive means; words are used mainly in their literal meaning; the frequency of terms also contributes to the unambiguity of the text.
The strict requirements for accuracy imposed on a scientific text limit the use of figurative means of language: metaphors, epithets, artistic comparisons, proverbs, etc. Sometimes such means can penetrate into scientific works, since the scientific style strives not only for accuracy, but and to persuasiveness, evidence. Sometimes figurative means are necessary to implement the requirement of clarity and intelligibility of presentation.
A characteristic feature of the style of scientific works is their richness terms . However, the degree of this saturation should not be overestimated: on average, terminological vocabulary usually accounts for 15-25 percent of the total vocabulary used in the work.
The use of abstract vocabulary plays an important role in the style of scientific papers.
Features of scientific style:
To connect parts of the text, special means are used (words, phrases and sentences), indicating the sequence of development of thoughts (“first”, “then”, “then”, “first of all”, “preliminarily”, etc.), the connection between previous and subsequent information (“as indicated”, “as already said”, “as noted”, “considered”, etc.), on cause-and-effect relationships (“but”, “therefore”, “due to this”, “therefore”, “due to the fact that”, “as a result of this”, etc.), to the transition to new topic(“let’s consider now”, “let’s move on to consideration”, etc.), on the proximity, identity of objects, circumstances, signs (“he”, “same”, “such”, “so”, “here”, “here” and etc.).
Genres using scientific style
monograph, journal article, review, textbook (textbook), lecture, report, information message (about a conference, symposium, congress), oral presentation (at a conference, symposium, etc.), dissertation, scientific report. These genres are primary, that is, created by the author for the first time.
Secondary texts, that is, texts compiled on the basis of existing ones, include: abstract, abstract, summary, abstract, abstract. When preparing secondary texts, information is collapsed in order to reduce the volume of the text.
The genres of the educational and scientific substyle include: lecture, seminar report, course work, abstract report.
Substyles of scientific style
Scientific . The addressee of this style is a scientist, a specialist. The purpose of style can be called the identification and description of new facts, patterns, discoveries. In the actual scientific style of speech, facts that are generally known in science are not explained, and only new terms are explained. This style is distinguished by a large volume of sentences and frequent use quotes. The title of texts of this style, as a rule, reflects the topic or problem to which the work is devoted. (“About language fiction"). The leading type of speech style is reasoning.
Scientific and educational. Works in this style are addressed to future specialists and students in order to teach and describe the facts necessary to master the material, therefore the facts presented in the text and examples are given as typical ones. Almost all terms are explained; the educational text usually begins with an explanation of the concept. The volume of sentences is much smaller than in the scientific genre itself, and quotations are used less often. The title indicates the type educational material(textbook, collection, etc.). The leading type of speech is description.
Popular science . The addressee is anyone interested in this or that science. The goal is to give an idea of science and interest the reader. Naturally, the accuracy of the presentation of facts in this substyle is much lower than in the previous ones; it is closer to the journalistic style. To interest the reader, the texts of this substyle examine not only the facts necessary to reveal the topic, but also intriguing, entertaining, and sometimes even unproven hypotheses. There are much more examples than in other substyles. The terms here are less frequent than in the scientific and scientific-educational substyles proper; they are explained through analogy, that is, everyday situations familiar to every reader (Brownian motion - a crowd in the subway at rush hour). The volume of sentences is smaller than in other substyles. The purpose of the style allows the use of quotations that are not very precise and without detailed footnotes. The predominant type of speech is narration. The title not only names the theme of the book, but also arouses interest and intrigues the reader (“Why are we not alike?”). Among the features of this substyle are the use emotional words, comparisons, metaphors, epithets, interrogative and exclamatory sentences.
Your possibilities, student.
Lexical minimum words for learning: substyle, potential possibilities.
Taking into account the communicative functions in the scientific style, speeches are distinguished substyles, the most common of which are scientific, scientific-educational and popular science.
Statements created in the scientific genre itself, are usually addressed to a specialist in a specific scientific field and are characterized by a strictly academic presentation. For example:
The rhythm of expressive speech in no language and under any circumstances can be identical to the rhythmic organization of neutral speech. An increase in the number of pauses and their length, unstable tempo, emphatic stress, specific segmentation, more contrasting melody, lengthening of sonants, hissing, prolonged stop of plosives, voluntary stretching of vowels, affecting the ratio of the duration of stressed and unstressed syllables in the rhythm group, violate the prevailing principles in the language rhythmic tendencies(T. Poplavskaya).
The scientific substyle itself is used in such speech genres as dissertation, monograph, abstract, scientific article, scientific report, theses, scientific review, etc.
Texts created in scientific and educational substyle, are intended for perception by a person studying this science and possessing a certain scientific knowledge sufficient to assimilate the new information communicated to him. Therefore, to the main function of the scientific style, another one is added here - teaching, and the presentation is characterized by greater accessibility, many explanations, examples, etc. For example:
Botany- plant science. The name of this science comes from the Greek word “botane”, which means “greens, grass, plant”. Botany studies the life of plants, their internal and external structure, the distribution of plants on the surface of the globe, the relationship of plants with the surrounding nature and with each other(V. Korchagina).
The scientific-educational substyle is typical for textbooks, teaching aids, lectures, etc.
Popular science substyle most often used when a specialist addresses a non-specialist, and is characterized by a specific function - the function of popularization, which implies an accessible and fascinating form of presentation. For example:
In Russian, a member of a sentence depends on the part of speech. Do we have a verb in our hands? This means we need to make it predicable. Adjective? Let's make it a definition. Adverb? Let it be a circumstance then.
Which part of speech in a language depends on the member of the sentence? This word- predicate? Let's call it a verb. Is this the subject? Let's consider it a noun. Is this a circumstance? We have no choice but to recognize it as an adverb.(A. Leontyev)
In popular science books and magazines, in public speeches on a scientific topic, highly specialized terms are almost never used, language means characteristic of other functional styles (including emotionally charged ones) are used, strictly scientific information may not be conveyed in in full, the presentation is characterized by simplicity and clarity, since the author is faced with the task of not only informing readers or listeners, but also arousing their interest in the topic under consideration. The degree of popularization depends on the level of scientific awareness of the recipient.
Work on the text.
1. Read the text.
The text of a scientific work is created as a chain of “steps” - actions within the text, which form a logical framework, a kind of “scenario for a scientific work”. In a scientific text in any specialty, one can easily identify the linguistic means with the help of which this logical framework is constructed. These are, for example, verbs designate, set, compose, define, find, choose, consider and so on. The author methodically, step by step, explains and prompts his interlocutor what kind of mental operations he performs at one time or another: gives a definition, moves on to the next question, returns to the starting point, gives an example, analyzes the results of the experiment, draws a conclusion, etc. d. Using special means
Qualifies his actions: let's give a definition, move on to the question, return to the formula, give an example etc.;
Communicates its goals: In this regard, we will consider various existing options and outline new approaches in the study of the term “aggressiveness of soils”;
Concludes a convention with the reader on the use of concepts, terms, etc.: Since a number of terms used in the text are not interpreted unambiguously by everyone, we will make a few clarifications;
records the phases - beginning, continuation, end - of a separate action or the entire study: This concludes the review of the basic concepts and oppositions of deixis;
Indicates a transition from one episode to another: Let's consider the diagram of the computational algorithm;
Indicates the connection between fragments of a statement: their sequence (first of all, first of all etc.), equivalence (elementary, i.e. single-input, key) etc.
To facilitate the perception of information and retain it in the reader’s memory, the author often resorts to semantic repetition. Semantic repetitions are not only not a disadvantage of a scientific text, but, on the contrary, help organize it. Some repetitions are a necessary attribute of the composition. They play a particularly important role when summing up scientific work: in articles this is usually the last paragraph (sometimes two or three), in monographs - special sections “Conclusion”, “Conclusions”. In coursework, theses, and dissertations, each more or less significant section (for example, a paragraph) can end with a small semantic repetition (sentence, paragraph), a large semantic repetition can end a large part (for example, conclusions on a chapter), and the entire work can end with a semantic repetition in the amount of one or two pages (conclusion).
It should be borne in mind that the final semantic repetitions are not the addition of semantic repetitions across paragraphs and chapters, they must contain some processing, generalization.
(According to I. Levina)
2. Determine which substyle of scientific style of speech this text belongs to and to whom it is addressed.
3. Guess which genre of scientific style is presented here.
4. Characterize the text according to the following plan: 1) scope of use; 2) speech tasks; 3) distinctive style features; 4) linguistic features.
5. Take notes on the text. Does your summary belong to the genres of scientific style of speech?
6. Determine the substyle of the scientific style of this piece of text. Prove your opinion.
Each functional style is formed in its own special set of genres: this conglomerate is not duplicated in other styles of speech. The set of forming genres is specific to each style and is considered to ensure its integrity. Thus, in one of her works, E. S. Troyanskaya describes the set of genres in which the scientific style appears: 1) academic (monograph, article, dissertation, scientific and technical report, theses, report, communication, etc.); 2) informational and abstract (abstract, abstract, etc.); 3) reference and encyclopedic (encyclopedia, dictionary, reference book, etc.); 4) scientific-evaluative (review, review, expert opinion, polemic speech, etc.); 5) scientific and educational (textbook, manual, lecture, etc.); 6) instructive (instructions, manuals, memos, recommendations, accompanying documentation, programs, etc.); 7) scientific and business texts - scientific and technical documentation (patent, copyright certificate, etc.).
Set of genres conversational style in accordance with the developments of scientists, it is as follows: a) monologues: persuasive monologue, lyrical monologue, dramatic monologue, reporting type monologue; b) dialogical: situationally determined dialogue, free dialogue. In the official business style, O. V. Kanarskaya identifies power of attorney, statement, protocol, autobiography, official letter and other genre varieties, and in works devoted to genres of journalistic style, informational genres are listed (note, report, message, comment, correspondence, interview ) and analytical (article, essay, review, appeal, feuilleton, pamphlet, epistolary journalism, journalistic reflections). Of course, the identification of genres that form a specific style may be different for different authors (the same scientific style, for example, is differentiated by N. M. Razinkina differently than in the mentioned work of E. S. Troyanskaya), but the actual “genre face” of the style turns out to be unique Anyway.
SRSP
Read the text.
Your possibilities, student
What are your capabilities, student? If you pronounce these words in the form of a question, then it is unlikely that many of you to whom they will be addressed will be able to answer them correctly. Not everyone knows their full capabilities. Although, probably more than once, each of you asked yourself: “What am I really, what am I capable of, will I be able to achieve more if I mobilize all my strength, all my capabilities?”
Scientists have proven that theoretically, human capabilities are unlimited and inexhaustible. And we can safely say that no one knows the limits of their mind. We never get even closer to the limits of our capabilities, and our brains usually work at a tiny fraction of their capacity. Nature has given each of us a colossal loan, but, alas, we do not always use it, we are often lazy to do intellectual gymnastics in order to raise the level of our capabilities to the level of talents and geniuses. Of course, not everyone is given the opportunity to become Einstein, Kolmogorov, Stanislavsky, but everyone can - regardless of profession and position - fully reveal their potential.
There are hundreds various types talents, and humanity needs all of them. This could be absolute pitch or exceptional visual memory or lightning-fast reaction, rare mathematical or artistic abilities. It is necessary to develop all talents, to realize all the potential abilities that people possess.
Do you know the role of self-education and self-improvement? It can be said that the education received by a person achieves its goal only when the person has the strength and will to educate himself throughout the rest of his life and knows the way and means how he can do this.
True self-improvement always offers a specific goal that a person sets for himself. The path to the formation of a creative, comprehensively developed personality is a long way. And this is not an easy path! How to overcome obstacles that arise on the way to your goal? A properly organized work and rest schedule will help you with this.
2. Make up questions for the text.
3. Define the text style.
4. Give examples from life that prove that human capabilities are limitless.
Select information on the topic: “Legislative and executive bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan.”
Highlight three varieties(substyle) scientific style: proper scientific substyle; scientific and educational substyle; popular science substyle. Each of the substyles is formed in certain genres of speech.
OWN SCIENTIFIC SUB-STYLE divided into academic, scientific information and scientific reference.
Academic substyle always contains new knowledge. It is represented by such genres as monograph, dissertation, scientific report, scientific article etc. The substyle is generally distinguished by a strict, academic manner of presentation. It brings together scientific literature written by experts and intended for specialists.
Monograph is a generalization of heterogeneous information obtained as a result of several research works devoted to one topic and containing more subjective factors than the article. It is created only after the accumulation of a certain amount of factual and generalized information.
Scientific journal article contains, in addition to factual information, elements of logical understanding of the results of a particular scientific research. Among the scientific articles we can highlight:
- short messages, containing a summary of the results of research work or their stages;
- original article, which is a statement of the main results and conclusions obtained during research and development work;
- review article, where achievements in a particular area are summarized, the current state is recorded or prospects for future development are outlined;
- discussion article, which contains controversial scientific statements for the purpose of discussing them in the press;
According to the nature of the problems they solve, scientific articles can be divided into scientific-theoretical, scientific-methodological and scientific-practical.
Unlike the academic substyle, genres scientific and informative substyle are secondary, i.e. derived from the original text (pretext) and are the result of its processing. This abstract of a dissertation, abstract of an article or monograph, abstract, scientific review, scientific review(for a monograph, article), etc. Here the main ideas contained in a “large” scientific text are presented in a concise form.
The most important view secondary information publications are abstract journals. They publish annotations and abstracts.
annotation- this is an extremely compressed description of the primary source, having a purely informational value. Unlike an abstract, an abstract cannot replace the material itself. It should give only a general idea of the main content of the book or article. The abstract answers the question: what is said in the original source.
There are two types of annotations: descriptive and abstract.
A descriptive abstract provides only a description of the material, without revealing its content.
The abstract indicates what exactly is contained in the annotated material (article, scientific work), that is, the material is presented in a coherent, albeit extremely condensed and generalized form. An example of an abstract would be an abstract placed on the back cover of a book.
Both descriptive and abstract abstracts can have the following structure: 1) bibliographic description (author, title of article/book, volume or publication number, place of publication, number of pages, illustrations; 2) general information(compressed characteristics) of the material; 3) additional information(about the work and its author).
Let's give an example of an abstract abstract.
Soloviev V.S. Philosophy of art and literary criticism. - M.: Nauka, 1991. – 223 p.
Vladimir Sergeevich Solovyov (1853-1900) is a major figure in the intellectual, social and cultural life of Russia in the last third of the 19th century. A thinker and poet, he completed an entire era of philosophical quests and gave impetus to new ideological and artistic movements of the 20th century, especially symbolism. The works included in the collection by V.S. Solovyov, in accordance with the most important themes of his aesthetic thought, are divided into the following sections: “Beauty as a transformative force”, “The moral mission of the artist”, “Articles about Russian poets”, “Encyclopedic articles. Reviews. Notes”.
Essay, unlike the annotation, answers the question: what information is contained in the original source. He reports the new and most significant provisions and conclusions of the reviewed source. The purpose of the abstract is not only to short form convey the content of the original, but also highlight what is particularly important or new that is contained in the material being reviewed. If necessary, the translator must give a general assessment (positive or critical) of the provisions stated in the commentary.
Based on the nature of the presentation of the material, abstracts-summaries and abstracts-resumes are distinguished.
A summary abstract requires a higher degree of generalization; it summarizes the main provisions of the original. Minor provisions that are not directly related to the topic are excluded.
The summary abstract summarizes all the main provisions of the original, including sometimes minor ones.
According to the coverage of sources, monographic, summary, review and selective abstracts are distinguished.
A monographic abstract is compiled based on one source, a summary abstract is compiled based on several articles, books or documents, a review abstract is compiled on a particular topic or in a particular area, in the form of brief reviews, and selective abstracts are performed on individual chapters, sections or materials.
When compiling an abstract, you can use the following structure: 1) bibliographic description (author, title of article/book, volume or publication number, place of publication, number of pages, illustrations); 2) the main idea (idea) of the abstract; 3) a generalized presentation of the material (content) of the work under review; 4) conclusions (the author’s answers to the question posed in the article are logical development main idea); 5) reference commentary, which may include: general comments on the topic (work) being presented; comments on the history of the issue (connection with past and present events and phenomena); factual clarifications and clarifications that must be specified by the referent; information about the author and source; indications of other sources and materials on this issue.
Scientific reference type of text has the highest degree of generalization and is implemented in reference books. They are compiled on the basis of factual information, contain proven information and recommendations for their practical application. Genres - dictionary, reference book, encyclopedia, Wikipedia etc.). The model for reference text is usually a list of topics listed in alphabetical order. Typically, a dictionary entry consists of a title (a defined term), a body of contents, and a bibliography.
Standing apart among the speech genres of the scientific style are such speech genres as patent, technical instructions.
Patent- a legal document certifying the right of its owner to the exclusive use of a particular invention. The patent gives only the name of the invention; its description and characteristics are attached to the patent. Patent descriptions are characterized by objectivity, logical consistency, and accuracy of presentation in a comprehensive form. They widely use terminological and industrial vocabulary, letter abbreviations, symbols technical devices, technological processes, brands of products, devices, instruments, machines, as well as units of measurement.
Technical instructions contains general standards, methods and methods of implementing activities within different departments or a description of the use of various devices, products, etc. The lexical composition of the instructions is directly dependent on the scope of application and, accordingly, the intended addressee. The technical instructions use special and terminological vocabulary.
This substyle is opposed POPULAR SCIENTIFIC SUB-STYLE.
Popular science substyle is one of the stylistic and speech varieties of science. functional style, distinguished (in comparison with the scientific one) on the basis of the implementation of “additional” communication tasks - the need to “translate” special scientific. information into the language of non-specialized knowledge, namely, the tasks of popularizing scientific knowledge. knowledge for a wide audience.
As a substyle variety of scientific. functional style, N.-p. n. retains the main specific features, characteristic of scientific style: popular science literature presents knowledge acquired in the field of science. activities; The content of popular scientific literature (mostly, in the main) is the same as in scientific literature proper. literature. The main style-forming extralinguistic factors that determine the patterns of functioning of linguistic means of N.-p. in speech. etc., the same as in the actual scientific. style. The difference between N.-p. n. from the actual scientific. style - in the indicated “additional”, private communication tasks: for popular scientific literature this is the task of conveying to a non-specialist accessible form reliable scientific knowledge.
Popular scientific literature, as a rule, has a non-specialist reader, but in modern times. scientific communication, one can note a tendency to expand the targeting of popular scientific works. Thus, there are three forms of popularization: general education, intrascientific (satisfying the professional needs of specialists seeking to go beyond narrow specialization within the framework of their science) and interscientific (complementing the interdisciplinary interests of scientists).
In texts intended for the mass reader, which is what popular scientific literature is, their pragmatic aspect is clearly manifested - their focus on a certain type of reader. The factor of differentiated targeting of popular science works strengthens their role as a “connecting link” between specialists in different fields of knowledge, as well as different age groups of readers. Therefore, the known classifications of popular scientific literature are based on the type of addressee. N.N. Mayevsky is a classification based on age; There are also classifications that take into account other characteristics of readers, for example. readiness of the audience to perceive scientific knowledge ( E.A. Lazarevich).
Popular scientific speech has a stylistically contaminated nature. On the one hand, being a type of scientific. style, she expounds scientifically. information, that is, the content of popular scientific literature is the same as scientific literature itself. Hence - some of the constituents of the actual science. speeches are also present in popular science works. This is, first of all, general scientific vocabulary and terms (although the latter function here somewhat differently than in scientific speech). Talking about scientific search, modern the author of a popular science text, as a rule, shows its finished result, while deliberately omitting most of the logical evidence and argumentation, since the popularizer tries to make the text both accessible and fascinating.
The methods of presenting terms in a popular scientific work, in comparison with the actual scientific work, have their own characteristics. So, along with those characteristic of scientific. style with definitions such as “generic character + species difference”, in popular scientific works one finds a number of techniques for introducing terms used only in popular scientific literature: a brief explanation of the meaning only in parentheses ( Atoms that carry a positive charge (cations ), are deposited on the cathode); in a footnote; using figurative means ( Gene,who takes over , is called dominant, andwhich is inferior – recessive) and so on.
On the other hand, the pragmatics of a popular scientific work, the “addressee factor” ( N.D. Arutyunova) determines its specificity, the originality of its construction as a text of “non-rigid type” ( N.M. Razinkina, 1989, p. 125) compared to texts of other types. The linguistic antinomy of the sender and recipient of speech has its own specific expression here: in order to achieve an adequate pragmatic effect in a popular scientific work (any address), it is necessary to express as openly as possible the attitude towards the reader’s response, to build such a language strategy of the subject of speech that would ensure potential feedback, i.e. implementation of dialogical relationships ( M.N. Kozhina).
Expressiveness (expressiveness) scientific. speech as a means of optimal communication in this area is one of its essential features ( M.N. Kozhina, N.Ya. Milovanova, N.M. Razinkina). For a popular science work, the presence of the “expressiveness” attribute is even more necessary. Special attention expressive syntactic indicators of the stylistic organization of a popular scientific text deserve, because It is in the syntactic structure that the most clearly manifested character traits style.
In a popular scientific work, expressive syntactic means play an important role in fulfilling the communicative task of a popular scientific text; they are organized in it at the level of the entire text: they act as a means of expressing and arranging the event, subject and emotional-evaluative components of the text. They are located in the “nodal” places of popular science. works: in headings, at the absolute beginning and end of the text, in places where the main topic is formulated, a problem is posed, hypotheses are solved, etc. At the same time, they serve both to form a communicative-discourse frame of the work (including elements that determine the entry into speech, exit from speech, division of speech), and an emotional-evaluative frame (mobilizing the attention and interest of the addressee, expressing the author’s assessment, etc. ). Thus, the means of expressive syntax in a popular science work help the transition from an idea to a finished popular science text, while being subject to the style-forming principle of popular science presentation - the principle of accessibility and clarity.
These are primarily question-and-answer complexes (QACs) and parceled structures (PCs). FOC is a unique way of creating a plan for the recipient; with the help of FOC, the author’s communicative orientation towards managing the reader’s attention is realized: this is an imitation of a dialogue between the author and the reader, a way of establishing feedback with the reader by activating his attention. We can also highlight the informative function of the VOK: they contribute to the dismembered assimilation of thought; introduce terms and define them. Rhetorical questions have an evaluative function: they usually contain an expressively colored negation (for example: And what is it, if you look at it, new?). One can also call the function of compositional coherence: FOCs create the compositional framework of a popular scientific work. This is a group of questions that function in titles, subtitles and internal titles. In this case, the answer to the title-question can be the entire article or part of it (see, for example, N.V. Kirichenko, 1990, p. 52–53).
The role of parceled structures (PCs) in popular science works is diverse. They detail the message, as if simplifying the structure of the statement, while at the same time making it more visible. In the description, when specifying the depicted PC, the details of the overall picture, the most significant points, are highlighted, for example: TermThe "biosphere" includes all parts of our planet. And the atmosphere, and the ocean, and all parts of the earth's surface. Often PCs act as a means of expressing the author’s point of view, creating an ironic narrative plan, for example: Anyway, enough emotions. We were asked to write. We wrote. We would write more reservedly if we had not tried the product itself. But we tried. And you, dear reader, most likely have never seen him.
Means of verbal imagery, including metaphors, are widely used in popular science works. The reason for the widespread use of the stylistic device of metaphor in popular science presentation is primarily that metaphor is a way of stimulating the reader’s creative perception of a popular science text. The surprise, unpredictability, and originality of a metaphor allow one to go beyond the boundaries of conventional ideas (at the same time, the metaphor determines an associative appeal to things, phenomena of the everyday world), awakens the creative activity of the reader, and stimulates the emergence of new knowledge.
The leading function of metaphor in a popular scientific work is to reveal the essence of science. concepts are a cognitive, heuristic function. It is pointed out that metaphor often introduces scientific term. However, the functions of metaphor in popular scientific presentation are much more diverse: metaphor is used when introducing new knowledge, as well as for interpreting old, well-known scientific knowledge. provisions, for example: ...to hunt forbosons The accelerator has been specially re-equipped. Wed: buffalo hunt. Metaphor acquires a special, evaluative character in those parts of a popular scientific text where we are talking about the presentation of any new concepts or theories.
In a popular scientific text as a whole, metaphors can serve as a constructive element: metaphors, without creating fiction. images can echo even at a distance, forming a certain system. Such examples are very common when a metaphor is placed at the level of a whole text, chapter or part of a text, participating in the explanation of a complex process, helping the author to develop a scientific concept. thought, explain a complex problem.
Thus, in the structure of a specific popular science text, marked expressive syntactic means (and not only syntactic ones) play an important role in fulfilling the communicative task of a popular science text, helping to implement the style-forming principle of popular science presentation - the principle of accessibility and visibility.
Elements of the compositional and semantic structure of popular scientific texts are also subordinated to the solution of the general communicative task of a popular scientific work: a special kind of introductive pretext, characteristic of the genre of a modern popular scientific article, the so-called heading complex, an epigraph.
Thus, the specificity of a popular science work is determined primarily by its focus on a special type of reader and the need for the most optimal fulfillment of the main task of a popular science text - the task of popularizing science. knowledge. At the same time, stylistic and speech means and features of N.-p. p. and scientific. styles coincide in many respects, differing only in the frequency of use, greater functional-style variability and communicative tasks.
Considering the field model of scientific. style, it should be noted that in addition to the “pure” forms of scientific. speech and sub-style, peripheral, characterized by additional, in comparison with scientific, tasks, there are syncretic formations located at the intersection of several styles, respectively, containing their features. So, for example, there are scientific and literary texts that are a kind of hybrid of two corresponding styles. It is difficult to qualify such formations: they represent a transitional stylistic sphere, located precisely at the intersection of two styles.
SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL SUB-STYLE combines the features of the scientific substyle itself and popular science presentation. What it has in common with the scientific substyle itself is terminology, consistency in the description of scientific information, logic, and evidence; with popular science - accessibility, creolization, richness of illustrative material. The genres of the scientific and educational substyle include: textbook, lecture, seminar report, answer to the exam, explanatory speech of the teacher and student, test, dictation, presentation, essay, exercise and etc.
QUESTIONS
1. What is a functional style and how does it relate to the areas of communication and the functions of language?
2. Name the extralinguistic features of the scientific style. Name the varieties.
3. In what genres of speech is the scientific substyle represented? Name the types of scientific articles.
4. Why are genres of the scientific and information substyle usually called secondary?
5. What is the difference between the scientific and popular science substyles?
6. What are the similarities between popular science and educational scientific substyles?
7. What, in your opinion, is the difference between the scientific style and other functional styles (extralinguistic and linguistic)?
PRACTICAL TASKS
Task No. 1. Read the abstract information. What substyle of scientific speech do they belong to?
Testing- one of the types of extracting basic information from a source text with its subsequent translation into a specific language form. The abbreviation during thesis is made taking into account the problems of the texts, that is, the author’s assessment of the information and provides a presentation divided into separate theses.
Abstracts- briefly formulated main provisions of the report, scientific article. Based on the material presented in them and in content, theses can be either a primary, original scientific work, or a secondary text, similar to an annotation, abstract, or synopsis. The original theses are a condensed reflection of the author’s own report and article. Secondary theses are created on the basis of primary texts belonging to another author. The abstract presents this topic logically and concisely. Each thesis, which usually makes up a separate paragraph, covers a separate micro-topic. If the plan only names the issues being considered, then the theses should reveal the solution to these issues.
Theses have a strictly normative content-compositional structure, in which the following are distinguished:
1. Preamble.
2. Main thesis statement.
3. Final thesis.
A clear logical division of thesis content is emphasized formally or graphically.
Formal expression logical relationships between theses can be presented in the following ways:
Using introductory words at the beginning of each thesis ( Firstly Secondly);
Using oppositional phrases ( external factors - internal reasons );
Using classification phrases ( action verb field, state verb field, motion verb field).
Graphic designation The logic of presentation is carried out through the numbering of each thesis. Abstracts, as a rule, do not contain quotations or examples, which is due to the desire for brevity.
Depending on the style of presentation, there are two types of theses:
Theses of the verb structure(are widespread), in which verbal predicates are used; they represent a scientific description that is more concise than a synopsis;
Theses of the nominative system(with the absence of a verbal predicate) are extremely rare, although this is an extremely concise way of recording scientific information.
Theses can begin with the following speech forms:
- It is known that…
- It should be noted that…
- However…
- It is important that...
- It is assumed that…
- Experts set themselves the task...
The main information in the abstract can be combined using the following connecting lexical means:
- Raises the question...
- Believes...
- Compares...
- Gives an example...
- Lists...
- Characterizes…
- Emphasizes...
Theses are one of the most stable genres of scientific style in terms of normativity. Therefore, a violation of purity, genre certainty, genre confusion when drawing up abstracts is assessed as a gross distortion of not only stylistic, but also communicative norms. Among the typical violations, one should note the substitution of abstracts with the text of a message, summary, abstract, annotation, prospectus, plan, and mixing of forms of different genres. Such a mixture indicates the author’s lack of scientific speech culture. Theses are subject to requirements of stylistic purity and uniformity of speech manner; emotionally expressive definitions, metaphors and other inclusions from other styles are not allowed.
Let's give an example of theses.
1. Any text is a linguistic expression of the author’s intention.
2. The reading algorithm determines the sequence mental activity when perceiving the main fragments of the text.
3. Psychological attitude is a person’s readiness for a certain activity, to participate in a certain process, to react to a familiar stimulus or a known situation.
4. When using the integral reading algorithm, a reading skill is formed, which provides for a certain sequence of rational actions in accordance with the blocks of the algorithm.
5. Psychologists call understanding the establishment of a logical connection between objects by using existing knowledge.
Task No. 2. Compose abstracts for the theoretical material “Morphological and syntactic features of the scientific style of speech”
Related information.
The difference between scientific and all other styles of speech is that it can be divided into four substyles:
Scientific. The addressee of this style is a scientist, a specialist. The purpose of style can be called the identification and description of new facts, patterns, discoveries. Typical for dissertations, monographs, abstracts, scientific articles, scientific reports, theses, scientific reviews, etc. Example: “The rhythm of expressive speech in no language and under no circumstances can be identical to the rhythmic organization of neutral speech. An increase in the number of pauses and their length, unstable tempo, emphatic stress, specific segmentation, more contrasting melody, lengthening of sonants, sibilants, prolonged stop holding in plosives, voluntary stretching of vowels, affecting the ratio of the duration of stressed and unstressed syllables in the rhythm group, violate the prevailing principles in the language rhythmic tendencies (T. Poplavskaya).”
Scientific and educational. Works in this style are addressed to future specialists and students, with the goal of teaching and describing the facts necessary to master the material, therefore the facts presented in the text and examples are given as typical ones. A description “from general to specific”, strict classification, active introduction and use of special terms are mandatory. Typical for textbooks, teaching aids, lectures, etc. Example: “Botany is the science of plants. The name of this science comes from the Greek word “botane”, which means “greens, grass, plant”. Botany studies the life of plants, their internal and external structure, the distribution of plants on the surface of the globe, the relationship of plants with surrounding nature and with each other (V. Korchagina).”
Popular science. The audience with this style usually does not have special knowledge in this area. Yu. A. Sorokin points out that a popular science text is written “scientifically, popularly, artistically,” that is, while maintaining the rigor and clarity of presentation characteristic of a scientific text, its feature is the simplified nature of the presentation and the possible use of emotionally expressive means of speech. The purpose of the style is to familiarize yourself with the described phenomena and facts. The use of numbers and special terms is minimal (each of them is explained in detail). Features of the style are: relative ease of reading, the use of comparison with familiar phenomena and objects, significant simplifications, consideration of particular phenomena without general overview and classifications. The style is typical for popular science magazines and books, children's encyclopedias, and “scientific” messages in the media. This is the most free substyle, and it can vary from newspaper sections “historical/technical information” or “this is interesting” to popular science books, similar in format and content to textbooks (scientific educational style).
Scientific and technical. The addressee is technical specialists. The goal is to apply achievements fundamental science in practice.
Genres of scientific style.
Scientific texts are presented in the form of separate completed works, the structure of which is subject to the laws of the genre. The following genres of scientific prose can be distinguished: monograph, journal article, review, textbook (textbook), lecture, report, information message (about a conference, symposium, congress), oral presentation (at a conference, symposium, etc.), dissertation, scientific report. These genres are primary, that is, created by the author for the first time. Secondary texts, that is, texts compiled on the basis of existing ones, include: abstract, abstract, summary, abstract, abstract. When preparing secondary texts, information is collapsed in order to reduce the volume of the text. The genres of the educational and scientific substyle include: lecture, seminar report, course work, abstract message. Each genre has its own individual stylistic features, but they violate the unity of the scientific and technical style, inheriting its general characteristics and features.
Abstract (from Latin annotatio - remark), a brief description of books, articles or manuscripts, their ideological and political orientation, content, purpose, value, etc. An abstract can be descriptive or recommendatory, general or specialized. Annotated bibliographical indexes help the reader navigate the selection of published works.
A review is a critical essay that contains an analysis and evaluation of a work. There is a distinction between external (printed) and internal reviews. The latter, in turn, can be external and internal publishing.
Review is an expressed opinion about someone, something, an assessment of someone, something. Critical article, review. A formal document containing an evaluation of someone's performance.
Abstract (German Referat, from Latin refere - to report, report) is a written report or speech on a specific topic, which collects information from one or more sources. Abstracts may be a summary of the content scientific work, art book, etc.
The difference between scientific and all other styles of speech is that it can be divided into four substyles: substyles:
Actually scientific. The addressee of this style is a scientist, a specialist. The purpose of style can be called the identification and description of new facts, patterns, discoveries. Typical for dissertations, monographs, abstracts, scientific articles, scientific reports, theses, scientific reviews, etc.
Example: “The rhythm of expressive speech in no language and under any conditions can be identical to the rhythmic organization of neutral speech. An increase in the number of pauses and their length, unstable tempo, emphatic stress, specific segmentation, more contrasting melody, lengthening of sonants, sibilants, prolonged stop holding in plosives, voluntary stretching of vowels, affecting the ratio of the duration of stressed and unstressed syllables in the rhythm group, violate the prevailing principles in the language rhythmic tendencies (T. Poplavskaya).” Scientific and educational. Works in this style are addressed to future specialists and students, with the goal of teaching and describing the facts necessary to master the material, therefore the facts presented in the text and examples are given as typical ones. A description “from general to specific”, strict classification, active introduction and use of special terms are mandatory. Typical for textbooks, teaching aids, lectures, etc.
Example: “Botany is the science of plants. The name of this science comes from the Greek word “botane”, which means “greens, grass, plant”. Botany studies the life of plants, their internal and external structure, the distribution of plants on the surface of the globe, the relationship of plants with the surrounding nature and with each other (V. Korchagina).” Popular science. The audience with this style usually does not have special knowledge in this area. Yu. A. Sorokin points out that a popular science text is written “scientifically, popularly, artistically,” that is, while maintaining the rigor and clarity of presentation characteristic of a scientific text, its feature is the simplified nature of the presentation and the possible use of emotionally expressive means of speech. The purpose of the style is to familiarize yourself with the described phenomena and facts. The use of numbers and special terms is minimal (each of them is explained in detail). Features of the style are: relative ease of reading, the use of comparison with familiar phenomena and objects, significant simplifications, consideration of particular phenomena without a general overview and classification. The style is typical for popular science magazines and books, children's encyclopedias, and “scientific” messages in the media. This is the most free substyle, and it can vary from newspaper sections “historical/technical information” or “this is interesting” to popular science books, similar in format and content to textbooks (scientific educational style).