- this is someone else's speech, reproduced not on behalf of the speaker and introduced by the author of the narrative in the form of an explanatory clause of a complex sentence. For example: So he, without any hesitation, explains to Bunin that he does not consider him a poet and that Gumilyov and all the Apollonians were indignant when such a highly qualified printing house as "Golik" printed his "Falling Leaves"(I. Odoevtseva).
In K. r. personal forms of verbs and pronouns are used on behalf of the narrator. The syntactic center that organizes the entire construction with K. r. is the author's introductory words - this is the main part of a complex sentence.
Especially often K. r. used in newspaper genres. As a rule, these are cliched constructions with a set of introductory words: said that…; report that…; conveyed that ...; they write that... . For example: Yesterday the leader of this party said that decided to nominate a candidate for the election(From newspapers).
In such construction sentences, there are no elements of expressiveness inherent in direct speech: appeals, interjections, some particles, the imperative form of the verb, colloquial, dialectal, slang words, etc. Therefore, in some cases, direct speech cannot be converted into indirect speech without significantly changing its content. For example: Although the postmaster was very eloquent, but he, taking the cards in his hands, immediately expressed a thinking physiognomy on his face .... Leaving the figure, he struck the table firmly with his hand, saying, if there was a lady: "Let's go, old lady!" if the king: "Let's go, Tambov man!" And the chairman said: "And I'm on his mustache! And I'm on her mustache!" Sometimes, when the cards hit the table, expressions came out: "Ah! Wasn't, not from what, so with a tambourine!" Or just exclamations: "worms! wormhole! piquant!" or: "pikendras! pichuruschukh! pichur!" and even just: "pichuk"- the names with which they crossed the suits in their society "(N. Gogol).
K. r. very convenient for brief retelling extensive statements. At the same time, it can be extremely generalized, but it can also include fragments of a literal statement.
The linguistic meaning of K. R., according to M. Bakhtin, is "in the analytical transmission of someone else's speech. Simultaneous with the transmission and inseparable from it, the analysis of someone else's statement is an obligatory sign of any modification of indirect speech. Only the degrees and directions of analysis can be different."
M. Bakhtin distinguishes two main modifications To. - subject-analytical and verbal-analytical. In the first case, someone else's statement is perceived "as a certain semantic position of the speaker, and in this case, with the help of an indirect construction, its exact subject composition (what the speaker said) is analytically transmitted. ... This is achieved only at the cost of a certain depersonalization of the transmitted speech." The subject-analytical modification of indirect speech, from the point of view of M. Bakhtin, is poorly developed in Russian. language. But another is widespread - verbal-analytical, in which someone else's statement is transmitted "as an expression that characterizes not only the subject of speech (or even not so much the subject of speech), but also the speaker himself: his speech manner, ... his state of mind, expressed not in the content, but in the forms of speech (for example, discontinuity, spacing of words, expressive intonation, etc.), his ability or inability to express himself well, etc. ".
With the help of K. r. it is possible to convey someone else's speech only with varying degrees of accuracy, which can give the listener (reader) the impression of a free or involuntary interpretation of the statement.
Lit.: Kodukhov V.I. Direct and indirect speech. - L., 1957; Milykh M.K. Constructions with indirect speech in modern Russian. - Rostov n / D., 1975; Trufanova I.V. Ways of transmitting someone else's speech in Russian. - Yelets, 1994; Bakhtin M.M. Indirect speech, direct speech and their modifications // Freudism. Formal method in literary criticism. - M., 2000.
IS HE. Emelyanova
Stylistic encyclopedic Dictionary Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .
See what "Indirect speech" is in other dictionaries:
Indirect speech- the speech of a person, conveyed by the speaker (or writer) in a sentence subordinate to his own phrase introducing this speech. When transmitting indirect speech, the statement is transformed according to certain rules that differ from language to language ... Wikipedia
INDIRECT SPEECH- one of the forms of transmitting someone else's speech, syntactically organized in the form of a complex sentence, for example: He said that he would come tomorrow. Wed Direct speech … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Indirect speech- INDIRECT SPEECH. The transmission of the speech of another person, formally dependent on the speech of the person who transmits it, as opposed to direct speech, transmitted verbatim, regardless of the speech of the person serving as the transmitter. Examples: direct speech: ... ... Dictionary of literary terms
INDIRECT SPEECH- (English indirect speech). Someone else's speech, transmitted in a declarative complex sentence. For example: “She says not to be expected” ... A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)
INDIRECT SPEECH- (English indirect speech) a form of retelling the subject content of someone else's speech; expressed as a complex sentence. Examples: "She says not to be expected"; "He asked to be told that everything is going well." Requires special intellectual… Great Psychological Encyclopedia
indirect speech- a syntactic way of introducing someone else's speech into the text. Constructions with indirect speech are complex sentences, where the words of the author are the main thing, and someone else's speech is a subordinate clause. At the same time, the rules for coordinating face and time are important ... ... Literary Encyclopedia- the speech of a person, conveyed by the speaker (or writer) in a sentence subordinate to his own phrase introducing this speech. At transfer To. the statement is transformed according to certain rules. For example, K. r. 3rd person transmitted ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Indirect speech- one of the ways of transmitting someone else's speech, in which its content is formalized as a subordinate clause with a verb of speech or thought; cf .: He said that he wanted to see her, He thought that he would not return. Unlike direct. speech that allows letters. repetition … Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary
In the process of communication, it often becomes necessary to convey someone else's speech (the speech of another person and your own speech, but spoken earlier). At the same time, in some cases it is important to convey not only the content, but also the very form of someone else's speech (its exact lexical and phraseological composition, grammatical organization), and in others - only the content. Thus, the reproduction of someone else's speech can be both mandatory and necessary.
In accordance with these tasks, special ways of transmitting someone else's speech have been developed in the language: 1) forms of direct transmission (direct speech); 2) forms of indirect transmission (indirect speech). Each type has its own structural and semantic design norms.
Sentences with direct speech are a non-union (intonational and semantic) combination of parts, in one of which - the author's words - the very fact of someone else's speech is established and its source is called, and in the other - direct speech - someone else's speech itself is reproduced. For example: Once in Vilya, one of my client’s friends after a debate told me: “No matter what they think about you, everyone who listens to you involuntarily feels: this person is telling the truth” (S. Andreevsky).
Syntactic norms in the field of direct speech require correctness in its design, which is directly related to the communicative orientation of the statement itself. Direct speech should not be confused with indirect speech, which does not accurately reproduce someone else's speech, but only conveys its content.
Indirect speech is a complex sentence with an explanatory clause: The caretaker ... announced that the horses sent from Kistenevka had been waiting for him for the fourth day (A. Pushkin). Thus, statements that are independent parts in direct speech are converted into indirect speech in indirect speech. difficult sentence, where the location of the parts (main and subordinate) is more constant: the part that conveys the content of someone else's speech is most often in postposition.
It should be noted that proposals various means connections are designed to convey various types of foreign speech in their modality. This is due to the syntactic norms that determine the unity of the form of expression with its semantic orientation. So, proposals with union what convey the content of narrative forms of indirect speech with persuasion or denial, sentences with conjunctions as if, as if- the content of narrative sentences with a hint of uncertainty, presumption: Someone told him that the general had long been dead (Yu. German).
Sentences with various allied words convey the content of interrogative sentences of someone else's speech (indirect question): Ivan Ilyich asked her where the headquarters was (A. Tolstoy).
If direct speech is represented by an interrogative sentence, then in indirect speech the statement of the question is replaced by a message about the question. In this case, particles are used in the union function whether or not : I asked rather inopportunely if he drove in our direction on business (A. Pushkin).
When making someone else's speech in the form of indirect there are some lexico-phraseological and morphological changes in the composition of the statement. For example, personal and possessive pronouns, as well as forms of personal verbs, are used from the point of view of the author, and not the speaker's face: He told me: “I will help you write a report” - He told me that he would help write a report.
These norms are violated when personal forms of direct speech are transferred into indirect speech without change. Such a mixture of two forms of transmission of someone else's speech is typical for conversational style. Such a speech is called half-direct: The innkeeper said that he would not give you food until you paid for the same. The syntactic norms of book speech preclude such use, since the informational fabric of the content is often obscured: Dolokhov asked who would go on reconnaissance with me (it is not clear who should go on reconnaissance with whom).
Direct speech is marked with quotation marks. If the words of the author come before direct speech, then a colon is placed after them, and the first word of direct speech is capitalized:
1) Valya, warmly embracing her mother by the shoulders, reassured her, escorting her to the door: "Don't worry, mom."
2) He [Seryozha] rushed to the highway and shouted with all his might: "Long live comrades!"
3) The young machine gunner approached Seryozha and asked in surprise: “ Where are you from, friend??»
If direct speech is before the words of the author, then a comma and a dash are placed after it; if the direct speech contains a question or an exclamation, then a question or exclamation mark and a dash are placed after it. The words of the author in all cases begin with a small letter:
1) "I I won't betray you to anyone." solemnly promised Tonya.
2) "Who was that?" Pavel asked Klimka in bewilderment.
3) “To the gun, lads / Gang!” cried Pavel.
Note. There are cases (quite rare) when direct speech breaks the words of the author. Then a colon is placed before direct speech, and after it - a comma (question or exclamation point) and a dash, for example:
1) He said: « I feel unwell today,- and shut up.
2) And only when he whispered: Mom! Mom / "- he seemed to feel better.
3) To my question: « Is the old caretaker alive?» - no one could give me a satisfactory answer.
a) If there should not have been any sign at the place of the break in direct speech or there should have been a comma, semicolon, colon or dash, then the words of the author on both sides are separated by commas and a dash. The words of the author and the first word of the second part of direct speech are written with a small letter. Examples: 1) "I your resident,- she said,- I'm on duty today». (Without the words of the author it would be: “I your resident, I'm on duty today"). 2)"For us,- Nina emphasized, - is he[Oleg] now there will always be Kashuk". (Without the words of the author it would be: “ For us, he will always be Kashuk ».)
b) If there should have been a dot at the place where the direct speech breaks, then after the direct speech, a comma and a dash are placed before the words of the author, and after the words of the author, a dot and a dash. The second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter: “Our presence on the ground at such a tense moment is essential,- graduated from Bartashev.- I I'm leaving tomorrow." (Without the words of the author it would be: “ Our presence on the ground at such a tense moment is essential. I'm leaving tomorrow)
c) If a question or exclamation mark should have been at the place of the break in direct speech, then this sign and a dash are placed before the words of the author, and after the words of the author - a dot and a dash. The second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter: 1) « Why at six? - asked Pavel.- After all, they change at seven. (Without the words of the author it would be: “ Why at six? After all, they change at seven. 2) "Well, well, well / - Valya laughed.- I will not tell anyone". (Without the words of the author it would be: “Well, well, well / I won’t tell anyone”)
When transmitting a dialogue, each replica usually (especially in print) starts on a new line, a dash is placed in front of the replica, and quotes are not used, for example:
- And you, Maxim Maksimych, aren't you going?
- No with.
- Why?
- Yes, I have not seen the commandant yet ...
Note. The dialogue can also be formatted in a different way: the replicas are written in a selection, each of them is taken in quotation marks and separated from the other by a dash, for example: You might ask her:"O what did you sigh, Bela? Are you sad? - "Not!" - "You do you want something?" - "Not/» - « Do you miss your family?"- "At I have no relatives».
When replacing direct speech with indirect speech, personal and possessive pronouns (as well as personal forms of verbs) are transmitted on behalf of the author, and not the person whose speech is transmitted. For example: “And what is your name? the landlady asked.(Direct speech), but: The lady asked what his name was.(Indirect speech).
If direct speech is expressed by a declarative sentence, then when replacing indirect speech, it is transmitted by explanatory subordinate clause with union what: Direct speech: Pavel, leaving home, said to his mother: “On Saturday I will have guests from the city”; to open speech: Pavel, leaving home, told his mother that on Saturday he would have guests from the city.
If direct speech denotes an impulse, an order, a request, and the predicate in it is expressed by a verb in the imperative mood, then when replacing indirect it is transmitted by a subordinate explanatory sentence with a union to: “Let him go (man),” I whispered in Biryuk’s ear... (direct speech); I whispered in Biryuk's ear to let him go.(Indirect speech).
Direct speech, in which the predicate is expressed by the imperative mood, can be transmitted and simple sentence with the addition of indefinite form: Biryuk ordered the girl to shine the master(Indirect speech); “Shine the master,” said Biryuk to the girl.(Direct speech).
If direct speech is an interrogative sentence, then when replacing an indirect one, it is transmitted by an indirect question (with a particle whether or without it through allied words which, what, what and etc.). When asked indirectly question mark not set: "Do you have news from your son?" I finally asked her. (Compare: I finally asked her if she had any news from her son.).
Indirect speech is less expressive, less emotional than direct speech. The appeals, interjections, particles that are available in direct speech are omitted when replacing it with an indirect one. Their meanings can sometimes only be conveyed in other words, more or less close to them in meaning. In this case, an approximate retelling of direct speech is obtained.
References:
1. Barkhudarova S.G. Spelling dictionary of the Russian language. -M.: Sov.encyclopedia, 1971;
2. Berezina S.N. Russian language in diagrams and tables. -M.: Eksmo, 2006;
3. Belchikov Yu.A. Lexical stylistics: problems of studying and teaching. - M., 1988;
4. Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Culture and art of speech. Rostov-on-Don 1999 ;
5. Vinogradov V.V. Problems lit. languages and patterns of their formation and development. - M., 1967;
6. Gaikhman O.Ya. Russian language and culture of speech: study guide. -M., 2003;
7. Goloshchapova T.G. Russian language and culture of speech: Teaching aid. - M .: TsOKR of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2007;
8. Golub I.B. Russian language and culture of speech: study guide. -M.: Logos, 2002;
9. Gorshkov A.I. Russian style. - M., 2001. - M., 2000;
10. Kostomarov V.G. On the distinction between the terms "oral" and "colloquial", "written" and "book" // Problems of modern. philology. - M., 1965;
11. Petrishcheva E.F. Style and stylistic means// Stylistic studies (on the material of the modern Russian language). - M., 1972;
12. Chemko L.A. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. -M., 1986;
13. Shmelev D.N. Rus. language in its functions. varieties. - M., 1977;
14. Shcherba L.V. Fav. works in Russian language. - M., 1957.
(KUCHIRMAVAUZLASHTIRMAGAPLAR.)
Direct speech is a speech that is conducted by the speaker, on behalf of the person by whom it was said, for example: The designer said: "I'm being called to the chief engineer tomorrow."
In direct speech, the words of the author usually stand, indicating to whom it belongs (the words of the author, the Designer said).
With direct speech, the letter is put following signs punctuation:
a) direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks;
b) if direct speech is after the words of the author, then a colon is placed in front of it and the first word of direct speech is written with a capital letter (Chelkash asked: “Now where are you?
c) if direct speech is in front of the words of the author, then a comma and a dash are placed after it (“Hello, Semeny *”, Chelkash said calmly).
When a direct speech contains a question or it is pronounced with an exclamation, then a question or exclamation mark and a dash are placed after it (“Who is shouting?” A harsh cry came from the sea. “Let's go!” said Gavrila.) -,
d) if direct speech is broken by the words of the author, then the words of the author are separated from both sides by commas and dashes
(“No,” the boy said, “I can’t go now”);
e) if there should be a point at the point where the direct speech breaks, then a comma and a dash are put before the words of the author, as in the case of d), ("Bring the money in the morning," Chelkash said shortly, "and now I'm going to sleep") -,
f) if a question mark and an exclamation mark should be at the place of the break in direct speech, then this sign is put before the author’s words with a dash and after the author’s words a dot and a dash (“What are you doing?” Chelkash asked sternly. “What are you doing?”).
Indirect speech is called someone else's speech, transmitted not literally, but only in content. For example: The designer said that tomorrow they would call him to the chief engineer.
When direct speech is replaced by indirect speech, attention should be paid to the use of personal and possessive pronouns, since they are transmitted in indirect speech from the point of view of the narrator, and not the author.
In indirect speech, quotation marks are not put, it is separated by commas, as a subordinate clause.
When direct speech, which is an interrogative sentence, is replaced, in indirect speech, interrogative pronouns and adverbs turn into allied words. For example; "Where shall we make a halt?" - the tourists asked the head of the campaign. When replacing it will be: Tourists asked the head of the campaign where they would make a halt.
A question conveyed in indirect speech is called an indirect question. There is no question mark after it.
If a question is included in direct speech and there are no interrogative pronouns or adverbs, then when replacing this interrogative sentence with an indirect question, the union is used: “Will you go on a business trip?” I asked a friend (direct question). When replacing it will be: I asked a friend if he would go on a business trip.
When replacing direct speech with indirect speech, when direct speech is a declarative sentence, it is replaced by an explanatory subordinate clause with the union that, for example:
Direct speech. Zhukhrai said to Pavel: "I'll tell you about the real road."
Indirect speech. Zhukhrai told Pavel that he would tell him about the real road.
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