Power and society
Village after war
As a preamble, it is necessary to note the following: First, the Soviet people by 1941 fully adapted to the collective farm system, perceived it as natural image Life, as well as the idea of \u200b\u200bbuilding a bright communist future, completely "mastered the masses," as they talked. Anyway, negative sides Stalin's regime, manifested in wide repression, society did not perceive as a nationwide misfortune. And here is the time of the second part of the preamble, without which the historical processes and the motivation of public behavior in our country cannot be considered - if it is possible to express it as a scale of values, then freedom for a Russian person has always been less valuable than justice. This must be remembered today.
The position in the collective farm village in the first years after the war, unfortunately, we know little. Here are two main reasons. The first: Liures are not enough for the time of the first years of "Perestroika" when people stopped being afraid to speak. Now many of those who could leave memoirs about these years, unfortunately, are no longer alive. Second: newspaper material for those years does not give reliable information, the archival materials of local historians are just beginning to study. It should be said here that the array of classified or low-cost archival documentation still remains quite significant.
To some extent, this gap fills the documents on the implementation of the Decree on June 2, 1948, according to which the collection of collective farmers was entitled to send the law on the public sentence to the remote areas of the USSR for 8 years of collective farm members who did not produce standing standards. It must be said that the authorities here returned to the pre-revolutionary norm, when the rural gathering had the right to send malicious violators to Siberia to Siberia - from the semissed in our Vladimirka to the link such almost half. But there is a difference and significant: the rural gathering was quite independent in his decisions (not without regard, however, at the landowner or the nearest official), at the collective farm meetings, representatives of the district executive committee and the district party were defined. Whether the reason for the unanimity of the sentences with the collective farmers is always, without exception, unanimously and under violent applause.
The overall impression of the implementation of this decree is such that he was performed only in 1948 (June - July) and very rarely (literally, a few cases) in 1949. In short, the company clean water. Great number of errors. Of almost thirty expelled, ten public sentences are recognized (according to protests of prosecutors, according to the tests conducted by the Mosobliskolkom, etc.) erroneous. True, checks and paperwork required time and expelled returned to their homeland through three or more years of work on mines, fores, mines of Siberia.
Aggly when considering questions about the expulsion were information about the service in the Soviet Army in general and during the war, especially. It is characteristic that the meanings of what the health of the sent and was subject to the call, was not attached. In several such cases, the distance collective farmer was not called upon the military registration and enlistment office during the war because he was recognized only for the uniform service. At the same time, the participation of the sent or his father in war, even injuries and awards, the death of the only breadwinist in public sentences was not even mentioned.
Alexander Harlampievich Zhelybayev, 1912 of birth, from the village of Pashukovo, did not serve in the army - "Given to the Non-Frosure Service", three children (11 years old, 7 years and 3 years) sent for 8 years.
Major Nikolai Vasilyevich, born in 1925, from D. Marino first, did not serve in the army (was on the armor). It was expelled for 8 years. His story is clarified from materials on the abolition of a public sentence and returning it to his homeland: "Major, a student of the Kudinovsky machine-building technical school, due to the fact that during the period of the war in 1942 his father and brother died, was forced to leave his studies in the technical school and Go to work at the Novo-Cattle Plant named after Stalin as a working gauge. Working at the factory, he financially provided a family in which the mother and three young children remained after the death of his father and brother. Due to the fact that the plant is located on the place of residence at a distance of 21 kilometers, of which daily it was necessary to make 10 kilometers to Art. Kudinovo and back, he decided to go to work on the former electric root factory, which is much closer to the house. He quit from the factory, but the chairman of the collective farm refused him in the certificate for the new employment and he remained working in the collective farm. Worked out in two months 25 workdays that the brigadier recorded in labor book His wife ... Do not judge, comes from the poor family. "
In a public sentence at Viktor Vasilyevich Nezlugino, born in 1927, from the village of Shulgino, it was written: "During the war, I got a chauffeur to the factory and stayed all the time on the armor. After the war, he left the chauffeurs, engaged in a light earnings - he writes numbers, gets for the number of 10-12 rubles ... maliciously evades work in the collective farm. Threatens the welfare of collective farm and collective farmers and their safety. " At the same time, it was not taken into account that in 1944, when he was 17 years old, he was not taken to the army of illness (ulcer of the stomach). From 1944 to 1947, he worked at the factory by the driver and was on the armor, then until June 10, 1948 he studied at the draftsman in the Mona Academy. During the holidays worked in the collective farm and earned 26, 92 workload. The prosecutor of the RSFSR in his protest noted that many collective farmers earned less from the beginning of the year. According to the protest of the prosecutor and the decision of the Mosoblispolkom, the sentence of expulsion was canceled and looked at home in 1951.
Anastasia's husband Dmitrievna Nazarova - Ilya Andreevich, was on the front, had four injuries, rewards. They were not even collective farmers with his wife. They also lived in forestry and only in 1947 bought a house in the village of Karabanovo. Tried to join the collective farm, but they requested 500 rubles from them. There was no money and the question of joining the collective farm was not considered. And suddenly in July 1948, in the public sentence of the collective farmers, Anastasia Dmitrievna is sent for 8 years. In the family of the mother 80 -th years and a ten-year-old child. Only in 1954, the expulsion was recognized as erroneous and returned to her homeland.
About the situation in collective farms and, in particular, about the sad fate of one family from the village of Mamontov, a pretty objective certificate compiled by the inspector of the Mosoblispolit Committee Ershov, such people do not need to forget, to refute a public sentence about the expulsion of the Fair Kulakova (born in 1925): "... Faith was the only breadwinner in the family, as the father died at the front (in 1942, in the partisan detachment) and from the remaining 3 children faith was the greatest and only income of her honest earnings in state enterprises. Since there was no other source sources in the farm: there was no cattle, and nothing was given anything to work in the collective farm, it was forced to work at work and help the mother to educate two more juvenile sisters, since the retired retirement for the deceased father in the amount of 40 rubles for life not enough. The facts of the complaints of Mother of Fair Kulakova addressed to the comrade of Screknik confirmed ... In 1947, they had a 350 workforce with their mother. However, they did not receive anything at work at work except for 800 grams of potatoes. After expulsion of the faith, the situation in the family was worsened, as in 1949 it was absolutely no work in the collective farm in the collective farm for 250 families, T. I. I. forced in February 1949. To ask to allow the executive committee to allow Claudia's daughter at 6th Class and help arrange her to work. With the help of the Board, her daughter was arranged on the mechanical plant of Noginsk, where she works now. The second daughter of Valentine works in the pioneer dishwasher camp. An expelled daughter - Kulakova Vera, at this time is located at the Yakutsk ASSR, Kurun-Urya, where he married the same expelled Kuznetsov. I consider the extended public sentence of Kulakaya faith general meeting The collective farmers of the village of Mamontovo unreasonable. "
Another case. Zinaida Novikova, in 1941 at the age of 16 came to work at the Akrikhin plant, was evacuated with him to Irbit. Worked at the construction site, raised the plant. Returned in 1946 and worked in the Federal Regional Development of the Kupavin Factory, until its liquidation in June 1948. While I was looking for work, helped parents in the collective farm. A member of the collective farm did not consist and the benefits did not use. July 7 was unexpectedly caused and without the announcement of the reasons arrested and taken away by the police. Then I learned that this happened in public sentence. It was expelled for 8 years, worked in the Yakut government. Only in 1952, the Mosoblispol Committee recognized the expulsion of erroneous and sanctioned her return to his homeland.
Three Frontovikov: Sergey Ivanovich Pelevin from the old dogs, Vasily Mikhailovich Pleshkov and Pavel Vasilyevich Shinin from the village of Yamkin were expelled. The last of them is a disabled person, four children from eleven to one and a half years, the collective farmer has never been and the benefits did not use.
And very curious, if you can say so, the case. Zinaida Kozlov from the village of Shalovo Working the trailer on the sowing hand broke and could not work two and a half months. Here and seized a meeting by decree ending with the sentence for 8 years of expulsion, excellent only in 1951.
Military actions caused the hardest blow to the economy of the Soviet state. Many industrial facilities that were painstakingly created during the industrialization period were destroyed.
Consequences of war
Fascists bold from the face of the earth thousand settlementsAs a result of the bombardments, more than 30 thousand factories and plants were brought from the workplace. Sowing areas during the war decreased by 40 million hectares. For four years, the Soviet state lost a third of their national wealth.
However, numerous human losses became the most severe. According to the minimum counting of the country's population, almost 20% decreased. The economic recovery began immediately after the liberation of the territories from the fascist occupation, long before the end of the war.
Post-war recovery of the economy took place in incredible sophisticated conditions. Enterprises were unable to quickly retrain the release of "peaceful" products, the sharp lack of labor was felt. The main sources of replenishment of the state treasury were Germany reparations and the product taxation of the peasantry
Main working force In factories and factories were prisoners for political and criminal offenses, as well as prisoners of war fighters of the German armed forces. Already 3 years after the completion of the war, all industrial were rebuilt in the USSR, cultural objects and railway tracks.
Life in the post-war village
The losses that agriculture brought war were increased unfavorable weather conditions In 1946-1949. Unprecedented drought and seizures by the state of food, led to the hunger in the territories of Russia, Ukraine and Moldova.
The peasants had no social protection: they were not paid a pension, there were still no passports. The work of collective farmers strictly controlled the state. From year to year, natural and cash taxes increased increasingly.
Hard control of the peasantry did not contribute to an increase in the volume of agricultural products. The collective farms began to produce significantly less bread and meat and dairy products.
Many people during the Great Patriotic War Lost feeders and houses. A third of the population was forced to live in barracks or trains car. Despite the difficult conditions, the Soviet people continued to selflessly work on the restoration of the state.
In the post-war time, food prices significantly increased: the cost of black bread, oil, meat and sugar rose by an average of 3 times. New clothes And the shoes were an incomplete luxury for 85% of the population.
At the same time, a sharp deficit of consumer goods was felt. If the peasants had the opportunity to eat berries, fish and mushrooms, the position of the urban population was extremely difficult.
During this period, crime levels are significantly increased, both among citizens and rural population. For petty embezzlement, liability was provided in the form of imprisonment for 15 years. Until 1953, more than 2 million people were convicted for theft.
Russian village after the war. Position in the village through the eyes of the peasants APRIL 18th, 2010
What was the true attitude of the peasantry to collective farm orders, is written and mentioned by me and other authors have a lot. In order not to engage in the hundredth time, the reasons previously driven by the facts, I will give only some links that characterize the moods in society during collectivization and the famine of the 1930s:
http://man-with-dogs.livejournal.com/495966.html - about mass performances of peasants against the regime in 1929-1930.
- On anticolatile databases (people expressed their attitude to events and thus. And, as you know, the voice of the people ...)
- About the songs that composed the peasants sent to the special settlement
- on the anti-Soviet statements of citizens caused by food supply interruptions
In the appendage, it is still possible to read how, not wanting to go beyond the wands on the "hot-favorite party" and "dear companion Stalin", other peasants left with their families away from their native places and somewhere in the wilderness founded a new settlement. And the most amazing - life there was a lot better than in collective farms.
However, all of the above refers to pre-bank time. How can you make sure the post-war life in the village almost no difference from the pre-war:
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A.A.Ilyukhova
Russian village after the war. Position in the village through the eyes of peasants
Documents presented in this publication show the life of the Smolensk village. These are the judgments of peasants, reports of local bodies of the NKVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs) -MGB, certificates containing an analysis of the state of agriculture of the region made by the local party leadership. The phenomena reflected in the documents of this particular region are typical of all agriculture, especially for the areas that have been occupied during the war, and in which stubborn battles went.
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Publication consists of three parts. Their content will not post here, I will not be limited to references and some quotes:
http://www.vestarchive.ru/content/View/737/55/ - C. 1.
http://www.vestarchive.ru/content/View/691/55/ - C.2
http://www.vestarchive.ru/content/view/639/55/ - part 3.
Exposures about the settings of peasants from MGB reports:
"This year, I finally fastened my nerves, in one word an experience of experience. In meat stations only with great difficulties managed to pay 40 kg meat. In 1948, and began to pay for 1949, which was paying 15 kg. February 26 bring me a notice on the payment of meat for 1946-1947. - 80 kg. And on the same day they make an inventory of my economy, warned me if I do not pay for March 20, the property will be seized on March 20. "(Spiritshchivsky district, p / about Log, der. Fediaevo).
"For a whole year we do not see a piece of bread. Tax 800 rub., Meat 54 kg, eggs 75 pieces, potatoes 364 kg. For the tax comes and take the last rag and shirt. " (Zakharinsky s / s, der. Abramkovo, LPS)."Slightly forget about one thing begins another. Pushes: Pay meat, let's go, and what to pay? Think to take a cow. We do not have a penny for soul, even there is no money for salt. It seems that his death does not die, so hard to live. " (Yelninsky district, Shunarensky s / s, der. Bryn).
"We arrived at us, took bread, rags. Mom left nothing. It's just impossible to live. Everyone is sought here in his own way, in his will, poorly defenseless to live. " (Monasthershchinsky district, Barsukovsky C / C, KZ "Novosella").
Messages to conduct a subscription to the loan to the instructions of the government and violation of the principle of voluntariness:
"... already ask the loan, and I have no money. No goats to live. Do I really sell a cow, which Nasil waited! ". (Yelninsky district, Christmas C / C, der. Usovo).
"... one loan for 1949 - 200 rubles. presented. ... ". (Yelninsky district, Verbilovsky S / C, der. Cigarevo).
"Already distributed the loan and you need to collect to May. Mothers brought 100 rubles. [Loan]. Here distributed in the yards. ... ". (Hislavichsky district, der. Kojovichi).
"Today, in the village council, the loan was laid out and 200 rubles were put on me., I had to quarrel, and on the Chernchik 100 rubles, and then there will be a tax. And you don't know what to do. "(Vyazemsky district, Losminovsky S / C, der. Leonidovo).
As in pre-war periodThe widespread rumors about the upcoming new war were widely:
"There is a big hype about the war among the people. Rowing the salt, we will not find matches already. "(Dorogoguzhsky district, Pervomaisky C / C, der. Lebedevo).
"The future will probably worse than the present. The conversation goes empty, even in one collective farm do not go to work, they say, they will still be war. "
(Vyazemsky district, Maslovskaya hospital).
"Rustic lap and he transfers the news that we will soon fight, and the sixth says that the war is already being. And the power does not say to us. "
(Rudnyansky district, Kenovsky s / s).
Head of the MGB Department of the Smolensk Region Volosina.
CDNICO. F. 6. OP. 2. D. 821. L. 171-174.
Script. Typescript.
in other visinal causing hostility towards the Soviet power of ordinary "anti-Soviets", from the rest it is clear that many of the authors realize that until 1962, in the USSR, it was indeed prohibited to give the passport to rural residents in order to keep them on Earth. Moreover, many many argue this on the basis of the memories of their grandfather - grandmothers, which before 1932 could not receive passports and leave the village to study, work and so on.
Others suggest that they have suffered from receiving certificates after the war, in 1948-1960.
There are even such exotic statements in which they say that everyone has passed passports and they were allegedly "stored in the Chairman's safe and he was afraid to give them" in 1952.
Many accuse me that I was never in the village, and that in their village the passport did not give out. Dear readers, passports in the villages never issued! They always issued a police department closest to the village, on the reference issued in your village council.
Since I can't answer every comment - all the same, it is still necessary to go to go, I answer the whole article.
Immediately answer those who write about the non-tech passports until 1932-33 - until that time of passports in the USSR simply did not exist, so they simply could not give them.
The issuance of passports began in 1932, from the cities of Moscow and Leningrad, therefore, even in some cities of passports, the inhabitants were not almost until the mid-30s. Thus, it should not say that with the help of non-teaching passports at that time, people were detained in the village.
To say that people held in the village before the war, in my opinion, should not at all - in those days, an unprecedented outflow of the population from the village was observed. Part of the youth was heading for study, the part left for construction and plants of the five-year plan, they were constantly driving "recruiters" from the buildings and enterprises, and we agreed to ride good-fired money paid, paid the new place of residence.
And just in the village there was an excess of the population, so it was not to hold it.
The problems of people began after the war, the first - already in the first postwar years.
And the problems were in people born in the village in the 20th-30s in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus .. The fact is that at that time the children did not "record" in the village council, especially if the church was church - the children were baptized, and church books There were grounds for issuing certificates and birth certificates. Children often did not exactly know what the number of what year they were born, often only from the words of the mother or other relatives of birth, it looked like this - on the cover day, in the year when Marya married came out. And do not think that I exaggerate something, these are valid facts.
The exact dates were recorded in church books. During the war in many churches, these books were lost, there were no birthmarks in the village counseling documents, therefore, the restoration of accurate dates was impossible. The passport tables needed the basis for issuing a passport. Such grounds were to be information taken from several witnesses, it was a long procedure that did not understand everything, but without which the passport could not give. Therefore, often, at the time of this test, people were given short-term passports, for a period of 6 months, and if during this time the entire identity procedure was completed, issued a normal passport.
Many people perceived this order as specially invented in order to secure people on the village.
In the future, as the outflow of people from the village is growing, others were added to these problems. The fact is that many peasants in principle completely left from the village did not want. In the summer they worked in the collective farm, during the absence of field work - left for earnings under contracts. If they worked near their collective farm, then it was enough for this to be just a certificate, if they went beyond the limits of their area - it was necessary to have a receipt passport for the term of the contract, which in case of renewal of the contract exchanged. By that time, the collective farms had a lack of labor, and since the collective farmer did not come out of the collective farm, naturally, the chairmen were not always interested to let them go. What is the leader of the enterprise, if the worker, instead of working at his workplace, will have somewhere to handle? Therefore, naturally, they prevented the acquisition of passports by such collective farmers.
The situation was even more aggravated at the beginning of mastering virgin. The mass of the population moved to her development. Although a lot of urban residents left for virgin, all the same, young collective farmers created the bulk mass. To prevent their departure leaders of agricultural enterprises could not, but the remaining kept with all their might. Somewhere I tried to improve the social and living conditions on the village, part of the remaining youth sent to study at the expense of the collective farm with mechanisters and zootechnics, taking the obligation to return from them, built clubs, kindergartens, at home for young people.
But it was very tempting to many managers to apply the administrative resource - simply not to issue passport people. And in this, they were very helped by the Chairmen of the village councils, I do not exclude that in some cases they even aggregate their actions with the district markets.
But this last case is the intentional interference with the receipt of passports - was a violation of the law, and the struggle was carried out.
All these events caused a lot of complaints of the authorities in both places and in Moscow.
As a result, were accepted necessary measures, allowed us to believe that it was during the time of Khrushchev "the peasants were released from slavery." Although, if you look at the position of the passports of 1953, acting during the times of Khrushchev "thaw", there were no differences in the rural population. It was operated until 1974, when it was replaced by a new one, providing for the issuance of passports to the entire population of the country since 1976. At the same time, I ask all commenting to pay attention to the fact that complaints about the non-tech passports almost ceased to the mid-60s - by that time there were already practically no people who did not have a birth certificate from the registry office (only baptized in church), and was also put an end to the facts of obstruction
obtaining a passport from the heads of agricultural enterprises. Thus, the provision on passports that did not provide for the issuance of passports in rural areas, acted after the cessation of complaints for another 12 years, but there were no complaints from the population. So talk about the fact that there is thus the state Soviet authority Tried to legislate the peasants on earth, it's not worth talking.
In one of the comments, it is said that "I saw a feature film about Soviet timeAs the chairman of the collective farm decides who will go to learn, and who is not. "
What can I answer? Indeed, the chairman decided - whom can be directed to study. Because youth, who studied in the direction, the collective farms provided material assistanceAnd this youth was obliged to return to the collective farm, so the chairman had the right to decide who he would spend collective farm money. The rest of the youth could also do learns, but counting only on their strength.
In conclusion, I want to add that all the complaints that almost all the above facts are about the fact that "Stalin fixed the peasants, as it has forbidden to give them passports" refer mainly to 50m years, so it should still be more about orders, existing after Stalin, during Khrushchev.