The development of Russian sociology of management in the pre-war period. Development of sociology of management in Russia

Sociology, social work and statistics

Features and main reasons for the development of sociology in Russia The social life of Russia has largely determined the originality of its ideological theories in comparison with the social theories of the West and the United States. First, for a long time, the problems of social science were covered in Russia mainly with the help of artistic means poetry, prose, journalism, etc. The emergence of sociological thought in Russia is associated with the works of Yu. Vovtorov, the emergence of sociology in Russia as a completely independent field of scientific knowledge preceded ...

Domestic sociology of management: formation and development.

Features and main reasons for the development of sociology in Russia

The social life of Russia has largely determined the originality of its ideological theories in comparison with the social theories of the West and the United States. The main ones are as follows.

At first , for a long time the problems of social science were covered in Russia mainly with the help of artistic means (poetry, prose, journalism, etc.). It is no accident that Plekhanov, speaking of the great Russian critic Belinsky, characterized him as a "great sociologist." The emergence of sociological thought in Russia is associated with the works of Y. Krizhanich, M. Lomonosov, A. Radishchev, P. Chaadaev, with the ideology of the Slavophiles, as well as with the works of the Russian religious philosopher, poet and critic B.C. Solovyov. In their works, they showed brilliant examples of sociological analysis of Russian society and personality, proved that in understanding many issues of state structure and social relations, Russian thinkers are not inferior to their colleagues from other countries, and in some ways they are significantly superior to them.

Secondly , the emergence of sociology in Russia as a completely independent field of scientific knowledge was preceded by preparatory stage, coinciding with the development of two worldview orientations: Westernizing and Slavophil. The first direction was focused on assimilation and development, already on Russian soil, of the ideas of the great European philosophers - Kant, Hegel, Fichte, etc. Slavophilism, however, presupposed, first of all, the comprehension of the historical fate of Russia, of its culture and place in world civilization. By by and large, social scientists of Russia did not adhere to a narrow framework, but strove for a synthesis of ideas, polemics with Western science.

Third and perhaps main feature the initial stage of development of sociology in Russia was almost simultaneous emergence in the middle of the XIX century. two currents emerging on the basis of the ideas of the West - positivism and Marxism. And this is not accidental, since for all the originality of Russian sociology, its development basically proceeded in the general channel of the world movement.

The reform of 1861, which laid a dividing line between the pre- and post-reform stages of Russian history, sharpened the problems of economic, social and spiritual life. Decomposition feudal system and the development of capitalist relations had the following consequences: a) weakening of the positions of communal socialism; b) the growth of bourgeois-liberal views: c) the strengthening of the influence of Marxist theory on the basis of active growth social base... There is also a clear need for understanding tradition and innovation in a rapidly changing social order.

Thus, the following factors contributed to the development of sociology in Russia:

the growing interest of the intelligentsia in the social structure and social problems society;
the rapid development of capitalist relations, the complication of the social structure of society and the growth of social mobility of the population;
the development of humanistic theories that seek to help oppressed people.

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1. Development of Russian sociology of management in the pre-war period 1

2. Formation of sociology of management in the post-war period 4

3. Development of factory sociology in Russia 5

4. Development of psychotechnics in the 20-30s of the XX century. 5

Advantages and disadvantages of psychotechnics 6

5 post-war stage of factory sociology 6

6.Academic and industrial sociology: status and structure 7

The relationship between academic and factory sociology 8

Comparison of two stages in the development of factory sociology 9

7 Applied Sociology and market relations 10

The development of Russian sociology of management in the pre-war period

In Russia, serious attention was paid to management issues already in the 17th century.

outstanding Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov... Merits are great in reforming the Russian management system P.A. Stolypin, who since 1906 combined two posts - the Minister of Internal Affairs and the Prime Minister.

The movement for the scientific organization of labor (abbreviated as NOT) and management originated in Russia at about the same time as in the United States and European countries. According to the well-known Soviet theoretician and practice of NOT and production management A.K. Gastev ( Alexey Kapitonovich Gastev), already in 1904 “somewhere in the Urals, attempts were made to apply the principles of NOT” 12.

The first national scientific school of Professor N.I. Savin, who published the work "Cutting Metal", which in Western European literature was placed on a par with the works of F. Taylor. Pupils of this school were engaged in practical activities for the implementation of the principles of NOT at a number of factories, primarily at the machine-building plant "Ayvaz" in St. Petersburg. Before World War I, there were eight enterprises in Russia, the work of which was organized according to the Taylor system, while in France there was only one.

The movement for the scientific organization of labor and management is reflected in the literature. A special publishing house, headed by engineer Levenstren, arose, the journals Russkoe Bogatstvo, Mir Bozhiy, Zhurnal dlya vsekh were published, in which articles on this problem were actively published.

The crown of legitimization of F. Taylor's ideas in Russia should be considered 1913 - the year of the appearance of the world's first Taylorist magazine "Factory Business", in which a wide variety of information about the creator of "scientific management" was systematized. At the same time, attempts to implement the principles of NOT were in pre-revolutionary Russia mainly spontaneous, rather than systematic. The reasons that held back large-scale innovation in Russian industry were the country's economic backwardness.

During the First World War and "war communism" the scientific principles of the organization of labor could not be widely disseminated, they were used in a truncated form and only at individual enterprises of war production. After the end of the war, with the transition to the New Economic Policy, the movement for the scientific organization of labor and management rapidly intensified.

A powerful impetus to the process of formation of Russian scientific management was given by The First All-Russian Initiative Conference on the Scientific Organization of Labor and Production, convened on the initiative of L.D. Trotsky and began her work on January 20, 1921. Worked in 5 sections:

1) organization of work in mechanical production, in particular in railway workshops;

2) organization of work on railway transport;

3) organization of management and its parts;

4) reflexology of labor;

5) measures to combine the work on NOT and their practical implementation.

The process of formation and development of domestic scientific management took place in difficult historical conditions. During the recovery period, with an acute shortage of resources, science was primarily required to develop purely practical guidelines. The attention of scientists was focused on such particular problems as

rational organization of the workplace,

improving the structure of the management apparatus,

simplification of office work,

creation of simple and cheap forms of accounting and reporting,

setting control over the execution of tasks, etc.

Many works have been devoted to the study of individual functions and methods of economic management.

In the 1920s. in our country were conducted and theoretical and methodological research... Discussions were held, for example, on such issues as the definition of the concept of "management", the possibility and necessity of highlighting a special science of management. The subject, method, ways of development of the latter were discussed. So, in the opinion of the majority of Russian scientists, production management could not be interpreted solely as an art, without noticing the presence of general principles in it. and cause and effect relationships. Management science was thought by Russian scientists to be interdisciplinary, and the development of scientific management from the very first steps was carried out by them in the organic unity of applied and general theoretical research.

Second conference on NOT

The need to determine the main line for the further development of organizational and managerial science led to the convocation Second conference on NOT, which began its work on March 10, 1924 in Moscow under the leadership of V.V. Kuibyshev ( Valerian V. Kuibyshev). The most numerous of its seven sections was the management section.

Much attention to practical problems.

In accordance with the developed line, the main tasks in the field of NOT were identified:

1) processing of the achievements of Western theorists and practitioners and exchange of experience with them;

2) linking research activities with the needs of production;

3) the establishment of a close relationship between the institutes and laboratories of NOT and their specialization;

4) the experimental study of labor in production and management, as well as the study of individual labor processes;

5) organizing schools to train instructors capable of implementing best practices;

6) introduction into work and study at all levels and in all types of schools of the principles of NOT.

After the Second Conference, applied research begins to dominate over theoretical and methodological, and the NOT movement is increasingly called rationalization.

Mass movement for the scientific organization of labor and management

developed in Russia in five main organizational forms:

♦ research institutes and laboratories, the main task of which was the study of the problems of labor organization and management, the development of generalizing theoretical provisions, the creation of systematized concepts in the field of management. Here academic research was closely intertwined with practical work: most of the research institutes of that time were also centers of excellence. In addition to research and development and rationalization, many leading institutes carried out another function - personnel training. The triune interweaving of the above-mentioned functions was one of the most valuable discoveries of the Russian organizational and managerial thought of the 1920s, for it was the essence of the mechanism for the formation of domestic scientific management;

departmental organizations in the field of NOT and management(Initiative Commission for the organization of scientific production at the Supreme Council of the National Economy Council-F, the Central Bureau for the Organization of Production at the Technical Department of the Main Directorate of the Military Industry of the Supreme Council of the National Economy, the NOT section at the Supreme Technical Committee of the People's Commissariat for Railways, etc.). Unlike institutes and laboratories, the listed organizations performed primarily rationalization functions;

rationalization bodies of institutions and enterprises(experimental stations, organizational stations, organizing bureaus, rationalization bureaus), designed to “excite and push rationalization thought, practically carry out rationalization measures to improve the organization of production and management” 17;

♦ self-employed public organizations(cells of the League "Time" - League "NOT", circles NOT, production circles), which were strongholds and sources of strengthening the activities of scientific organizations of labor and management;

central bodies that directed the entire movement for NOT and control and played the role of administrative and coordination centers. The XII Congress of the RCP (b), held in April 1923, decided to create a joint body of the Central Control Commission of the RKI (Central Control Committee of the Workers 'and Peasants' Inspection) and entrusted it with the leadership of the whole matter of rationalizing labor, production and management. The new commissariat was headed by Valerian Kuibyshev. At the board of the commissariat, the Council of the Scientific Organization of Labor and Management (Sovnot) was created, designed to coordinate, plan and coordinate all research and practical institutions and organizations on NOT. However, it was not possible to "embrace the immense": it soon became obvious, and in November 1926 Sovnot was abolished.

In general, the development of scientific management in our country was very successful, including thanks to the presence of bright, talented scientists who headed the original scientific directions:

A. Chayanov (Alexander Vasilievich Chayanov),

N. Kondratyev,

S. Strumilin (Stanislav Gustavovich Strumilin),

Alexey Kapitonovich Gastev,

Alexander Alexandrovich. Bogdanov.

Nikolay Andreevich Vitke,

Plateon Mikhailovich Kerzhensev,

Osip Arkadievich Yermansky

Alexey Feoktistovich Zhuravsky

Alexander Romanovich Luria,

Joseph Mendelevich Burdyansky,

I.N., Zimmerling dr.

In the 20s and 30s. XX century in the country there was a wide network of psychotechnical and psychophysiological laboratories, opened at factories and plants. There were laboratories that carried out comprehensive studies of the human factor and labor activity.

Sociology as a science is banned throughout the entire period of Stalin's personality cult. Its revival begins only in the late 1950s, during the period of the “Khrushchev thaw”.

In the 1960s. Special attention paid to the problems of scientific management of society (V.G. Afanasyev, D.M. Gvishiani). At the same time, several of its directions stood out. One of them was associated with the appearance general theory social management, second - with the analysis of the problematic government controlled, third - with an interest in production management. If in the first direction worked mainly philosophers and sociologists who were engaged in general sociological theory, the second - lawyers, then the third attracted the attention of applied sociologists and economists Zborovsky G.E., Kostina N.B., the same, p. 73 ..

The development of general problems of social management, on the one hand, and the practical need of enterprises, districts, cities, regions, on the other, led to the emergence in the 1960-1970s. an important new direction in the sociology of management - social planning(N.A. Aitov, Yu.E. Volkov, V.I. Gerchikov, V.M. Elmeev, DA Kerimov, L.N. Kogan, N.I. Lapin, N.F. Naumova, Yu.L. Neimer, L.A. Olesnevich, A.S. Pashkov, V.R. Polozov, Zh.T. Toshchenko, Z.I. Fainburg, S.F. Frolov, O.I. Shkaratan, etc.).

Social planning is usually understood as a scientifically grounded definition of goals, tasks, indicators (terms, rates, proportions) of the development of social objects and social processes, as well as the main means of its implementation. Society as a whole and its individual sections - territorial and functional - are considered as objects. We are talking about the social planning of certain areas public life, as well as territories, republics, regions, cities, districts, enterprises, etc. It becomes obvious that in social planning it is necessary to take into account regional, territorial-administrative, national, geographic, production and other peculiarities.

In the 1980s. social planning as a direction in the development of sociology of management began to lose ground, until finally, under the conditions of perestroika, it completely lost its relevance. The reasons are quite understandable, some of them go back to the understanding of social planning as an integral part of the management of a socialist society. A loud, even noisy parting with the latter meant a rejection of social planning.

However, didn't it happen too quickly? Can't the transition to a different type of society be associated with the use of the best (of course, not all) elements of social planning? Isn't the social sphere of the life of society subject to planning in some of its hypostases? Is it possible that the full-fledged development of this sphere can take place without it? The answer follows from the very nature of the questions. We believe that Russian society, domestic sociology of management, one way or another, and in the coming years, will return to certain aspects of social planning G.E. Zborovskiy, N.B. Kostina, the same, pp. 73-74.

Among the domestic researchers who developed the sociology of management at the theoretical level in the period up to the end of the 1980s, one should mention (in addition to the authors mentioned above) A.N. Averina, Yu.P. Averina, A.A. Zvorykina, Val N. Ivanova, P.N. Lebedeva, A.M. Omarova, L. Ya. Suvorov, I.M. Slepenkova, Yu.A. Tikhomirova, V.M. Shepel, etc.

Within the framework of the second stage in the development of the sociological science of management, there was a kind of "spinning off" of it as a specific branch of knowledge, which has its own subject, object, categorical apparatus, research methods, etc. Here is a definition typical of that time: "Sociology of management is a branch of sociological knowledge that studies the system and processes of management in the conditions of social relations developing in society" Russian Sociological Encyclopedia. M., 1998.S. 525.

In the works of domestic researchers during the 1980s. reflected the most diverse aspects of social management in Soviet society. Were examined in detail - as a rule, not only theoretically, but also on specific material - various functions management: development and decision-making, planning, organization, regulation, accounting and control. The implementation of precisely these functions created the management cycle (sometimes they were associated with the characteristics of similar management stages).

Some attention was paid to the specifics of public self-government. The foreign experience was analyzed, which was constantly compared with the domestic one (with the comparison ending most often in “our favor”). It is also important to note that sociologists since the 1970s. began to concretize the process of social management, considering not only the general problems of theory and methodology, but also social planning, social foresight, social forecasting, social design, social technologies, a social experiment.

However, until the end of the 1980s. over the works of sociologists - managers hung the sword of Damocles of the party ideological press Zborovskiy G.E., Kostina N.B., the same, pp. 74-75. Of all the branches of sociological science, the sociology of management was one of the most ideologically engaged and dependent on party control. It is not difficult to understand why: after all, it was about the problems of power at all its levels, about the effectiveness of administrative activities.

The "emancipation" of the sociology of management began only at the end of the 1980s, but it really took place in the 1990s. It is no coincidence that this period saw a sharp increase in research on the sociology of management, carried out in a new plan, free from ideological dictate (the works of A.N. Averin, Yu.P. Averin, E.M. Babosov, V.S. Dudchenko, A.I. Kravchenko, Yu.D .. Krasovsky, A.I. Prigozhin, M.V. Udaltsova, V.V. Shcherbina, etc.).

Another feature of the works of this period in the field of sociology of management lies in their connection not only with the sociology of management, but also with its theories, which have a purely economic or psychological character... This connection gradually acquired such close forms that Western management was sometimes presented under the guise of sociology of management (since its own had only just begun to emerge). The situation is generally understandable and understandable: in the context of the transition of Russian society to a market economy, the popularity of foreign theories and management practices has sharply increased, which today are more “economic” and “psychological” than “sociological”.

But in the case when such a substitution occurs, the specificity of the subject is lost. And the point is not only in the theoretical "yxodes" of representatives of the sociology of management in the sphere of other interests. The main thing is that the social aspects of management, if they remain, then only at the level of enterprises and firms.

Other management structures of society, from federal to local ones, cease to attract the attention of sociologists of management G.E. Zborovskiy, N.B. Kostina, the same, pp. 75-76. They become the subject of special consideration by lawyers, state scientists, representatives of management science. All this is necessary and good, but in this case, the social aspects of various social structures that are subjects of government disappear from the field of vision of sociologists, which is already wrong. Sociologists of management cease to deal with the problems of social policy - an integral part of social management at its most diverse levels.

Therefore on the present stage development sociology of management should focus on the social aspects of management Zborovskiy G.E., Kostina N.B., the same, p. 76.

Sociology of Management - Definition and Historical Development

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Formation of sociology of management at the present stage

Management sociology is one of the young sociological disciplines. Obviously, this is largely due to the fact that it "still does not have its generally recognized place in the system of sociological knowledge and the existing conceptual apparatus."

The immaturity of its methodology is expressed in broad borrowing from the sociology of labor, the sociology of organizations, the foundations of management and other sciences and scientific disciplines.

The need for scientific reflection on the ongoing changes has become especially acute in the context of the transformation of Russian society, at the time of the transformation of basic institutions. Qualitative changes have affected the entire Russian institutional system: forms of ownership, laws in the labor sphere, economic rights of enterprises. At the same time, it was found that during the reforms there was a weakening of the integrity of the institution of enterprise management, manifested in the violation of "the mutual consistency and internal balance of management functions and end-to-end management processes, as well as innovation processes in this system." With the nominal preservation of the design of the "Soviet" institution of management, there has been a significant change in its functions and regulatory capabilities. In these conditions, it seems to us, the development of the theoretical and methodological foundations of the sociology of management, clarification of its subject should create the preconditions for studying the transformation of the social institution of management and the formation of the post-Soviet institution of management as a whole.

We regard management sociology as a mid-level, cross-sectoral sociological theory. The object of sociology of management as an interdisciplinary sociological theory of the middle level is "the process of joint activities of people, in which, under certain conditions, an artificial structure arises, the main functions of which are the coordination and programming of this activity." The separation of this artificial structure from the depths of joint activities is the process of institutionalizing social management. Management relations, the processes of their institutionalization and functioning, as well as social mechanisms optimization of management impact.

The point of view according to which management is regarded as a social institution has become popular in recent years. Many authors use the sociological category “institution” in the analysis of management: G.V. Atamanchuk, A.I. Kravchenko, P.V. Romanov, V.I. Franchuk. In our opinion, the social institution of management represents stable types and forms of social practice, through which the stability and regulation of relations between the subjects of management relations are ensured.

In the course of historical development, the evolution of the institution of management takes place. A.V. Tikhonov proposes to single out the institutional, managerial and technical levels of management analysis. The Institute of Management, in his opinion, “functions both together with these levels and with other social institutions with which it interacts”. M.V. Pavenkova draws attention to the fact that the process of creating a management institution is usually “a process of reconfiguration, and not a process of creating something new. In this regard, it invisibly contains the subjects of management not only of the current, but also of the previous generation, as well as the results of past activities. " Developing this idea, the author identifies three problem areas around which failures may occur, leading to the transformation of the institution ("reconfiguration" in the terminology of M.V. Pavenkova): the composition of the subjects of management in time (between previous and current generations) and at the moment in spatial section (vertical and horizontal power) (1); the product of the institute, i.e. establishments, management relations (both past establishments and present ones) (2); the transformation process itself as a combination of possibly incompatible (3).

A more in-depth idea of a social institution can be provided by an analysis of its structure. Considering social institutions, most sociologists recognize the systemic nature of its structure. For example, J. Feiblman identifies six elements in the structure of a social institution: social group, institutions, customs, material tools, organization, and a specific goal. J. Schepansky k constituent elements the structure of a social institution refers to the goal, functions, institutions and means of achieving the goal, social sanctions.

To understand the structure of the institute of industrial management, it is important to consider management relations. According to V. Afanasyev's definition, management relations include "the whole complex of interrelationships between the subjects of any kind of activity regarding the management of this activity." Management relations have been formed throughout the development of management and have gone through a long evolution of their content and composition of participants, gradually "overgrowing" the social infrastructure, which includes norms and rules, mechanisms and organizations, roles and statuses. Adhering to the given framework, the structure of a social institution can be represented as a system, the elements of which are the roles and statuses of its actors; a stable complex of formal and informal rules, principles and norms governing the status-role interaction of the actors of managerial relations (this role is played by the organizational culture); social sanctions, which control the fulfillment of prescribed roles, statuses and observance of the “rules of the game”, and, finally, informal and formal organizations for the implementation of the sanctions mechanism.

Understanding and interpreting management as a social institution within the framework of sociological theory thus brings a number of significant advantages. The focus of research attention includes the institutional level of management relations; productive norms associated with the implementation of the institution of its main purpose, and the norms of subordination, according to which the activities of some people are subordinated to the activities of others. At the same time, the tasks of considering the technical and managerial level, on which effective tools achieving results, creating and maintaining an organization are also included in the subject field of sociology of management. The chosen analytical framework also makes it possible to highlight the subject of sociology of management and conduct a demarcation section with subjects of other sociological disciplines: sociology of labor, sociology of organizations, psychology of management, etc. The proposed approach allows us to place disparate facts of empirical research in the broad context of modern social theory, which allows us to explain the directions of transformation of the most important social processes and analyze the potential and vector of development of the country as a whole. The results of the institution's activities can be interpreted as functions and dysfunctions for the social system as a whole, and the transformation of an institution means a change in a significant part of the social space in the form of roles and statuses.

Cognition, sociological substantiation and interpretation of management as the most important social institution is the main function of management sociology, which is experiencing a rebirth. This is all the more important in the context of social changes, when the institution of management existing and functioning in society cannot remain unchanged, and the transformations taking place in it are of a fundamental nature.

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Emergence and developmentsociologistsandmanagement

Introduction

Management is one of the most difficult and at the same time the most delicate spheres of public life. Its importance is constantly growing.

Management is internally necessary both for society as a whole and for each of its parts, therefore, the degree of organization of management mechanisms can be considered as one of the essential indicators of the level of development of society itself, each of its spheres. First of all, labor activity, division of labor, joint labor presuppose, to a greater or lesser extent, management. And where the production process takes on the character of a socially organized one, a special type of labor, management, arises inevitably.

Any enterprise, any organization needs structures for management. And the future fate of the enterprise and organization depends on what kind of structures they will be, what goals they will pursue.

The sociology of management helps to choose certain methods and forms of managing social processes.

1 . History of the science of sociology of management

The first primitive elements of the science of management, that is, attempts at this phenomenon, can be found in Socrates, Xenophon, Plato, Aristotle.

Plato called management "the science of human nutrition", thereby emphasizing it critical importance in ensuring the material existence of society. The philosopher believed that laws should govern the country, but they are too abstract, and therefore a politician who knows the art of government should supervise their implementation. Moreover, depending on the circumstances, Plato distinguishes two styles of government: political and tyrannical. If citizens perform their functions in society and comply with the laws, then the style of government should be soft (political); if there is no proper order and harmonious relationships in society, then a management style based on force (tyrannical) is used. Thus, in Plato we find the origin of ideas about management styles and about the most "modern" nowadays situational approach to management.

Aristotle gave a lower assessment of managerial activity. He called management "master's science", the meaning of which is the supervision of slaves. And he gave advice, if possible, to entrust these troubles to the manager, and himself to engage in more noteworthy sciences: philosophy and other fine arts.

Given the historical approach, the types of social management can be classified in accordance with the stages of development of society: tribal management, management in the slave, feudal, industrial societies... In conditions of tribal relations, the leaders of the tribe, endowed with power and enjoying authority, coordinated all the basic functions of the life of tribal collectives. In this mechanism of management, group consciousness, embodied in traditions, played an essential role.

In a slave-owning society, legislative principles are already emerging, the differentiation of power, a strict delimitation of the spheres of the subject and the object of government. If the tribal community was regulated by unwritten laws, then during slavery, written laws appear, for example, the laws of Hammurabi. Having studied the experience of his predecessors, Hammurabi found it insufficient to govern only on the basis of unwritten laws, popular law and customs. The famous collection of Hammurabi, containing 285 laws of state administration, is a certain stage in the development of management.

Under the conditions of feudalism, there is a great differentiation of management systems - political, legal, moral, religious, philosophical, artistic and others designed to ensure the appropriate principles of social behavior of people, social groups, society as a whole. Political power here was of an elitist nature (it was inherited), as, indeed, almost all forms of material and spiritual production (craft, medicine, agricultural culture, art, etc.).

In the context of the general democratization of public life, political power, having forever lost its hereditary character, becomes elective, and the ruling elite is formed from people capable of leading various parts of public life. The achievements of science and technology, as well as the reserves of human capabilities are used to the maximum. In each specific case, the organization of management has a clearly expressed purposeful character, at the same time being subordinate to the spontaneous forces of the market as a whole. Control different kinds material and spiritual production has become an independent profession that requires special education, experience, mindset and even character. A special science of management has been formed, which is based on economic research, sociology, psychology, mathematics, cybernetics, and others. The institution of managers has also been formed - hired specialists in the management of various fields of activity.

If we consider the emergence of management as a field of scientific research, the year 1911 is unanimously named in foreign historiography. This year Taylor's book "Fundamentals of Scientific Management" was published. This date is the starting point from which the science of management began to develop. The fact is that in Taylor's time the need for scientific management was caused primarily by the fact that the growth of labor productivity, in connection with the industrial revolution, had exhausted itself, and it was necessary to look for new levers to increase it. It was then that there was a breakthrough in public consciousness regarding the role of management in the production process. The increasing complexity of industrial production required highly qualified mechanical engineers to service the machines. In this regard, highly educated, specially trained, thinking people came to production. They were interested not only in technical operations, but also in the process of organizing labor at an industrial enterprise.

Thus, a certain desire to integrate the technical and economic spheres of production appeared, and it was at the junction of these areas that a breakthrough took place, which singled out such an independent science as management. However, in the development of managerial thought, this is not a beginning, but a certain qualitatively new stage.

The classical or administrative school in management takes a period of time from 1920 to 1950. Henri Fayol is considered the founder of this school. Unlike the school of scientific management, which dealt mainly with the rational organization of the work of an individual worker and increasing the efficiency of production, representatives of the classical school began to develop approaches to improving the management of an organization as a whole. The aim of the classical school was to create universal principles management.

Fayol's merit lies in the fact that he divided all management functions into general ones, related to any field of activity, and specific ones, related directly to the management of an industrial enterprise. One of the shortcomings of the school of scientific management and the classical school was that they did not fully understand the role and significance of the human factor, which, ultimately, is the main element of the organization's effectiveness. Therefore, the school of psychology and human relations, which eliminated the shortcomings of the classical school, is often called the neoclassical school.

The formation of the school of management science is associated with the development of mathematics, statistics, engineering sciences and other related areas of knowledge. The School of Management Science was formed in the early 50s and is successfully functioning at the present time. The merit of the school of management science lies in the fact that it was able to identify the main internal and external variables (factors) that affect the organization. Modern science management is developing very intensively, at a rapid pace, it is a synthesis theoretical developments and reflection on the conclusions drawn from many years of practical activity.

Thus, the 50s of the XX century are characterized by the formation of a new stage in the development of management thought. Based on the synthesis of ideas put forward in previous periods, researchers came to an understanding of the need integrated approach to management. In addition, the idea was formulated that management is not only a science, but also an art.

2 . Subject and object of sociology of management

The subject of sociology of management is the patterns, forms and methods of purposeful management of social processes and groups to achieve a specific goal.

Often the term "management" is used as an equivalent to the term "sociology" of management. However, the sociology of management considers only the social aspects of management and in this sense is a superstructure of management. In general, the sociology of management and management have a lot in common - the same goals and objectives, solve the problems of managing objects and people, but have different methods and approaches to this problem.

In management, broader issues are considered: special socio-economic institutions, a special circle of persons (managers) employed in the field of management, technical, organizational and social aspects of production and people management. The social aspect of production and people management, managers-managers and other issues of social management coincide with management.

Sociology of management is interested in the social aspects of economic and scientific and technological development, social policy, the development and implementation of management decisions, the study of the process of self-government, the relationship between the head and subordinates. The system of information necessary for the implementation of management activities is also considered.

Information processes are not an end in themselves, they are called upon to ultimately manage material flows, the interaction of material and information flows.

governance feudalism sociology aristotle

3 . Formation of sociology of management at the present stage

Sociology of management is considered as an intersectoral sociological theory of the middle level. The object of sociology of management is "the process of joint activities of people, in which, under certain conditions, an artificial structure arises, the main functions of which are the coordination and programming of this activity." The separation of this artificial structure from the depths of joint activities is the process of institutionalizing social management. The subject of sociology of management is management relations, the processes of their institutionalization and functioning, as well as social mechanisms for optimizing management impact.

The point of view according to which management is regarded as a social institution has become popular in recent years. Many authors use the sociological category “institution” in the analysis of management: G.V. Atamanchuk, A.I. Kravchenko, P.V. Romanov, V.I. Franchuk. The social institution of management represents stable types and forms of social practice, through which the stability and regulation of relations between the subjects of management relations are ensured.

A more in-depth idea of a social institution can be provided by an analysis of its structure. Considering social institutions, most sociologists recognize the systemic nature of its structure. In the structure of a social institution, six elements are distinguished: a social group, institutions, customs, material tools, organization, a specific goal. The constituent elements of the structure of a social institution include the goal, functions, institutions and means of achieving the goal, social sanctions.

4 . Sociology in the service of management

Sociology in many countries has long and successfully been included in the mechanism of public administration, because it arms scientific knowledge about society. Management efficiency in modern conditions depends on the quality of information, its reliability, completeness, efficiency, etc. This is precisely what the modern technique of sociological research can provide. With a well-developed program, methodology and analysis procedures, the process of collecting and processing data becomes so formalized that a biased assessment of social phenomena is unlikely.

Sociology fulfills a variety of functions. First of all, it is able to diagnose the state of the control object. Any social system can be described by a certain number of indicators reflecting the vital factors of its functioning. For example, the level of social tension, dominant orientations of the population, loyalty to the authorities, etc. The implementation of the diagnostic function is carried out in the monitoring mode in the presence of a normative model, the need for which is due to the fact that data on a real object are meaningless for management if specific criteria are not developed. This model reflects the achieved level social development, which can be considered the norm. Let's say the housing regulatory model means that each family has a separate comfortable apartment. Revealing the real situation with housing in society, sociologists compare it with the normative model and thereby determine the direction and magnitude of deviations. The combination of these deviations provides information for decision-making.

Sociology is needed by government bodies to perform a predictive function. Usually, two types of forecasts are developed: search ones, designed to show the possible state of a social object by extrapolating the observed trends, and normative, determining the forms, methods and timing of achieving the desired state of the object based on predetermined criteria. This function is realized through social modeling, design, construction and planning.

Social modeling is most often associated with the allocation of a limited number of factors affecting fundamental changes in people's lives. In the system of human relations, changes in one factor inevitably lead to changes in others. In everyday practice, it is not always possible to predict how, say, the social activity of civil servants will change, if after the adoption of the relevant law the factor “growth prospects” changes, i.e. each official will clearly know what awaits him in his material, professional, and official position. Moreover, this will not depend on the personal attitude of his boss towards him.

Thus, if the main factors that determine the system of human relations are known, their interrelationships are revealed, then by changing any parameter, it is possible to simulate changes in a social object. What does it do? The ability to make a decision, having previously tested it on a model and finding out its consequences.

Social design is the development of a model of a social object in clear qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Of course, it is possible to regulate relations at the farm level without a social project, but it will be very difficult to form the collective of a large joint-stock company. A kind of design is social construction. It is a general, speculative construction of human relations, not specified by specific parameters. However, no matter how competently the social structure is developed, it needs to be thoroughly tested. This is usually done through a social experiment.

Social planning acts as not only a method for determining the desired state of a social object, but also a tool for achieving it. The plan is scientific rationale goals, sequence and rate of change in human relations in close connection with the life of various social groups.

Recently, the role of the control and analytical function has been growing. We are talking about a sociological examination of draft laws and management decisions. Sociology is able to test how a solution will "work", how people, in particular, will perceive it.

The organizational and technological function is of particular importance. As a result of case studies, not only are social projects, but also the technology of their implementation. Essentially, this is a socio-engineering activity focused on the purposeful change of organizational structures that determine human behavior. Thus, it is directly related to the process of forming a new way of life of people with an effective socially oriented system of public administration.

Sociology performs a consulting function that optimizes the internal activities of administrative institutions. She is involved in improving organizational structures, decision-making processes, leadership style, selection, placement of personnel, etc. For these purposes, the achievements of sociology of organizations, sociology of management, sociology of public service are used.

Sociology also performs an image function, which is aimed at preserving or changing the image of a state organization, creating an atmosphere of trust and goodwill on the part of the public, and ensuring that the population is informed about the work of this organization.

The above managerial functions of sociology change the nature of the civil service. The very fact of the inclusion of sociology in the management mechanism is a kind of indicator of the state of democracy, testifies that the administrative-political elite is oriented towards civil society, towards ensuring the expectations and interests of people.

Solving the problem of including professional knowledge in organizational structures and the methods of work of the civil service largely depend on the sociologists themselves, their active position and responsibility. First of all, we are talking about sociologists working in one team with officials as experts, advisers, assistants, etc. Often, the role of these specialists is limited to making an opinion on government programs and policies for their implementation. As a result, sociological knowledge has only an advisory, but not a decisive voice. It is necessary to overcome the stereotype of the secondary role of sociologists in decision-making. To do this, they must free themselves from the obsolete academic paradigm of distancing from practical orders. Sociologists should be more bold in acting as independent management consultants, which will allow them to use a specific methodology for involving officials in the process of understanding the problems and tasks of their institutions and finding ways to solve them. In this regard, it is important to develop and improve methods of sociology of "small forms", procedures for "rapid assessment", etc.

Sociologists are called upon to train civil servants. Here it is also necessary to rationalize some traditional forms of work, to offer new types of their "products". Organizational-activity games and trainings at the workplace may well become such. They are able not only to provide a certain amount of knowledge of employees, but also the maximum of their skill. Therefore, it is hardly worth discussing with officials what needs to be known and what needs to be done, but it is more useful to decide the main thing - what they should do in non-standard situations. All this will make it possible to intensify activities for the sociological support of the civil service.

Conclusion

Thus, we can conclude that the sociology of management plays an important role in the management process, for solving managerial problems, in solving issues of reorganization, the introduction of new structural divisions, etc.

With the help of social research, it is possible to identify optimal solutions to issues that arise in the production process and management of the organization.

Bibliography

1. Kapitonov E.A. Sociology of the 20th century. History and technology, - R. 2006

2. Kravchenko A. Sociology: General course. Tutorial for universities. - M. PERSE; Logos, 2005

3. Tyurina I. Sociology of management: fundamental course: Study guide for university students educational institutions... - M .: Academic Project, 2007.

4. Kravchenko A.I. Introduction to Sociology. Tutorial. - M. "New School" 2008

5. Radugin A.A., Radugin K.A. Sociology. Lecture course. - M. "Vlados" 2007

6. Sociology as a science. Tutorial Technical editor: T.A. Smirnova - Tver, 2009

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