Depending on the nature of the sanctions that are applied to the deviant, styles of formal social control are distinguished.
1. Punishing (moralistic) style of social control .
This style aims to punish deviants who violated the foundations of society. Moreover, the maximum punishment is provided. Applies to a violator who has committed a deliberate act (most often a crime).
The peculiarity of this style is that it does not compensate the victim for anything. deviant behavior. Justice is administered on the basis of moral justice.
Society has the main dominant values, the violation of which leads only to punitive action ( human life, property, etc.). But, in those societies where there are no clearly fixed core values, deviant actions do not entail punitive sanctions. For example, in archaic societies the central values are religious. Severe punitive sanctions follow for violations of taboos and family traditions. At the same time, there will be no punitive sanctions for murder for an attempt on property.
In highly developed societies there is a very large concentration of values - there are many of them.
A social institution such as the state gravitates toward a punitive style of social control. The most terrible act in the state is considered treason or treason and entails the death penalty or life imprisonment.
The intensity of the punitive style of social control is the opposite of social distance.
Social distance – the degree of closeness between people. The main characteristics of social distance are: frequency of relationships, their type (formal or informal), intensity of relationships (degree of emotional inclusion) and their duration, as well as the nature of the connection between people (relationships prescribed or non-prescribed).
The greater the social distance between the deviant and the agent of social control, the greater the role moral rules play. For example, the relatives of a murderer are inclined to forgive his act, provided that this does not happen again in the future.
The punitive style of social control is inversely proportional to the relationship between the crime victim and the agent of social control. If the victim is close in social distance to the agent of social control, then the response to the crime will be harsh (for example, in the USA, for the murder of a police officer, the criminal will most often be killed by the police during arrest).
Social control is usually of two types - top-down and bottom-up.
Descending social control – top-down, when a group occupying a higher social position controls a group occupying a lower position.
Bottom-up social control – from bottom to top - inferior control their superiors (system of public opinion in the West de).
The punitive style of social control is always top-down. Offenses against those higher up on the social ladder are punished more harshly.
The punitive style of social control is directly proportional to social inequality. The poorer the person, the harsher the punishment.
The punitive style of social control is in turn divided into several types:
1) Open punishment– the response of authorized bodies to the act of a deviant in accordance with the rules of law.
2) Hidden punishment(informal control) - the group itself can punish its member for any offense (especially common in criminal cultures).
3) Indirect answer– mental illness can be a response to an insult.
4) Suicide– self-punishment (self-control).
2. Compensatory style of social control.
Compensating style - coercive style of social control : the offender compensates for the damage caused to the victim. Most often this is financial compensation. After compensation for material damage is provided, the situation is considered resolved and the deviant is punished.
In this style, the main attention is paid to the result of the offense, and it does not matter whether there was intent in committing the offense or not. The focus of this style is always the victim and it is she who is given more attention.
In compensating style there is usually a third party, which forces compensation (arbitrator, lawyer, court, etc.).
The compensating style is not used in cases of murder, treason, terrorism - the punitive style is always used here. Sometimes a punitive style can be combined with a compensatory one (for example, a prison sentence for a crime with an additional penalty - confiscation of property).
Compensating style applies to medium to long social distance. Any close relationship interferes with the compensatory style. For example, neighbors rarely pay compensation for damage caused, since close ties that exist between people can be severed, and if close ties are broken, they are never renewed, especially if a third party is involved - the court. Compensation is rarely paid between friends.
With top-down control, the compensatory style is very rare, since often a violator with a lower status does not have enough funds to pay compensation, moreover, compensation seems to equate the superior with the inferior, so compensation is rare or even impossible (for example, in feudal society, if a commoner killed a feudal lord, then a punitive style was used, since compensation equated the feudal lord with the commoner). In bottom-up social control, compensation is paid. (Rich and a famous person, going to prison loses his social status, so he pays off).
The modern world is more prone to a compensatory style of social control than to a punitive one (lawyers on both sides of a trial tend to reach an agreement before the trial and the responsible party pays damages to the victim; if there is no serious offense, then it rarely comes to imprisonment, which explains the development of the institution of lawyers in the West ).
In our country, this style has very little effect due to the legal illiteracy of citizens and high fees for legal services.
3. Therapeutic style of social control.
This style is not aimed at punishment, but at changing the personality of the deviant and consists of a psychotherapy procedure - this is, as it were, a symbolic change in the personality of the deviant.
This style only applies if the deviant agrees to therapy.(violent therapy is a punitive style).
Here there is an attempt by a psychotherapist (or analyst) to resolve intrapersonal problems, help the individual improve, reevaluate his behavior, return the person to society and teach him to live in accordance with the norms.
Agents of the therapeutic style are psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and religious figures. For example, in religion, an individual’s guilt for misdeeds is completely removed and this helps the person adapt to the situation.
Within this style, the behavior of the deviant is of great importance. If a person's behavior cannot be explained, he is considered not entirely normal and a therapeutic style of social control is applied to him. In the Criminal Code there is such a thing as sanity: a person who is mentally insane at the time of the crime does not bear criminal liability.
Therapeutic social control is inversely related to social distance. If a father beats his family, they will think he is sick. If parents beat their children, they are advised to see a psychiatrist, rather than law enforcement agencies being invited. The greater the social distance between the deviant and the victim, the more inclined they are to consider the person a criminal rather than a sick person.
4. Regulatory style of social control.
The goal of the regulatory style is to regulate the relationship between the deviant and the victim of deviant behavior and bring them to harmony. It is used when there is a violation of relations between two parties: between two individuals, between an individual and an organization, between organizations. This style does not provide the injured party with either moral or material compensation.
Nowadays, the regulatory style is quite widespread. It operates in the area of family relations; in cases of conflicts between students and teachers; between schoolchildren and teachers; between employees at the enterprise, etc. Applies when both parties are rooted in a group where there is a long-term and overlapping relationship; when both parties belong to the same kinship group (if there are no selfish interests); when a group lives in one place for a long time (Russian peasant community).
The effect of the regulatory style is directly proportional to the equality of the parties. The two parties must be equal in social status; Only the positional “husband-wife, children-parents” is allowed. It is almost impossible to regulate relations between representatives of different social groups.
The regulatory style is widespread among organizations. It is very difficult for organizations to punish because... they have multiple intersecting connections. At the beginning of the twentieth century, trade unions emerged in Europe. With their advent, the regulatory style among organizations became dominant. Business owners can communicate with unions without feeling humiliated.
The word “sanctions” is now on everyone’s lips, and the meaning of this word is already clear to many. However, the phrase “social sanction” is a little-known sociological term and can be confusing. Who imposes sanctions on what in this case?
The concept of sanctions
The term itself comes from the Latin sanctio (strictest decree). In law, a sanction is considered as an element of a legal norm that provides Negative consequences for a person who has violated the rules established in such a norm. The concept of social sanctions has a similar meaning. When we talk about a social sanction, then, accordingly, it means a violation of a social norm.
Social control and social sanctions
Sustainability social system, the preservation of social stability, the emergence of positive changes in society are ensured by such a mechanism as social control. Sanctions and norms are its constituent elements.
Society and surrounding people give the individual rules social behavior and exercise social control, controlling compliance in its essence - this is the subordination of a person social group, society, it implies following social norms. Control is exercised through coercion, public opinion, social institutions, group pressure.
This is the most important means of social control. In combination with social norms, they form a mechanism of social control. In a broader sense, social sanction is all measures and means that are aimed at bringing an individual to the norm of a social group, stimulate him to have a certain behavior and determine his attitude towards the actions performed.
External social control
External control is a combination of mechanisms and institutions that control people's activities and ensure compliance with social norms. It is divided into formal and informal. Formal control consists of a positive or negative reaction from official bodies. It is based on acts that have legal and administrative force: laws, decrees, regulations. Its effect applies to all citizens of the country. Informal control is based on the reactions of others: approval or disapproval. It is not formalized and is not effective in a large group.
External control may include isolation (prison), isolation (incomplete isolation, detention in a colony, hospital), rehabilitation (assistance in returning to normal life).
Internal social control
If social control is too strong and petty, it can lead to negative results. The individual may lose control of own behavior, independence, initiative. Therefore, it is very important that a person has internal social control, or self-control. The person himself coordinates his behavior with accepted standards. The mechanisms of this control are guilt and conscience.
Social norms
Social norms are generally accepted standards that provide orderliness, stability and stability. social interaction social groups and individuals. They are aimed at regulating what people say, think, and do in specific situations. Norms are standards not only for society, but also for specific social groups.
They are not documented and are often unwritten rules. Signs of social norms include:
- General relevance. Applies to a group or society as a whole, but cannot extend only to one or a few members of the group.
- Possibility of application group or society of approval, censure, rewards, punishments, sanctions.
- The presence of a subjective side. The individual himself makes the decision whether or not to accept social or society.
- Interdependence. All norms are interconnected and interdependent. Social norms may contradict each other, and this creates personal and social conflict.
- Scale. By scale, norms are divided into social and group.
Types of social norms
Social norms are divided into:
- Rules of law- established and protected by the state formal rules behavior. Legal norms include social taboos (pedophilia, cannibalism, murder).
- Moral standards- society’s ideas about manners, morals, etiquette. These norms work thanks to the internal beliefs of the individual, public opinion, and measures of social influence. are not homogeneous throughout society, and a particular social group may have norms that contradict those of society as a whole.
- Norms of customs- traditions and customs that have developed in society and are regularly repeated by the entire social group. Following them is based on habit. Such norms include customs, traditions, rituals, and rituals.
- Organization norms- rules of conduct within organizations, which are reflected in their charters, regulations, rules, apply to employees or members, and are protected through measures of social influence. Such norms apply in trade unions, political parties, clubs, companies.
Types of social sanctions
Social sanctions are of four types: positive and negative, formal and informal.
- Negative social sanction- This is a punishment for unwanted actions. It is directed against a person who has deviated from accepted social norms.
- Positive sanctions- reward for actions approved by society, aimed at supporting an individual who follows the norms.
- Formal social sanctions- come from official, public, government bodies.
- Not formal sanctions - are the reaction of members of a social group.
All types of sanctions form several combinations. Let's consider these combinations and examples of social sanctions.
- Formal positive- public approval from official organizations (awards, titles, prizes, academic degrees, certificates).
- Informal positive- public approval, expressed in praise, compliment, smile, etc.
- Formal negative- penalties provided for by law (fines, arrest, imprisonment, dismissal, etc.)
- Informal negative- remarks, ridicule, complaint, slander, etc.
Effectiveness of sanctions
Positive sanctions have a greater impact than negative ones. Simultaneously informal sanctions are the most effective compared to formal ones. For a person, personal relationships, recognition, shame and fear of condemnation are greater incentives than fines and rewards.
If in a social group, society, there is agreement regarding the application of sanctions, they are constant and unchangeable and exist for a sufficiently long time, then they are most effective. However, the existence of such a thing as social sanction is not a guarantee of the effectiveness of social control. It largely depends on the characteristics specific person and whether he strives for recognition and security.
Sanctions apply to people whose behavior is recognized by society or a social group as deviating from the norm and unacceptable. The type of sanctions applied and the acceptability of their use in certain situation depend on the nature of the deviation from social norms and on the degree of social and psychological development groups.
POSITIVE SANCTIONS
- English sanctions, positive; German Sanctionen, positive. Influences aimed at obtaining social or group approval of desired behavior.
Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009
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Social behavior that corresponds to the norms and values defined in society is designated as conformist (from the Latin conformis - similar, similar). The main task of social control is the reproduction of a conformist type of behavior.
Social sanctions are used to monitor compliance with norms and values. Sanction- this is the reaction of a group to the behavior of a social subject. With the help of sanctions, normative regulation of the social system and its subsystems is carried out.
Sanctions are not only punishments, but also incentives that promote compliance with social norms. Along with values, they contribute to the observance of social norms and thus social norms are protected on both sides, from the side of values and from the side of sanctions. Social sanctions are an extensive system of rewards for fulfilling social norms, that is, for conformity, agreement with them, and a system of punishments for deviation from them, that is, deviance.
Negative sanctions are associated with socially disapproved violations of norms, Depending on the degree of rigidity of the norms, they can be divided into punishments and censures:
forms of punishment- administrative penalties, restriction of access to socially valuable resources, prosecution, etc.
forms of censure- expression of public disapproval, refusal to cooperate, breakup of relations, etc.
The use of positive sanctions is associated not simply with compliance with norms, but with the performance of a number of socially significant services aimed at preserving values and norms. Forms of positive sanctions include awards, monetary rewards, privileges, approval, etc.
Along with negative and positive, there are formal and informal sanctions, which differ depending on the institutions that use them and the nature of their action:
formal sanctions implemented by official institutions sanctioned by society - law enforcement agencies, courts, tax services, and the penitentiary system.
informal are used by informal institutions (comrades, family, neighbors).
There are four types of sanctions: positive, negative, formal, informal. Οʜᴎ give four types of combinations that can be depicted as a logical square.
| f+ | f_ |
| n+ | n_ |
(F+) Formal positive sanctions. This is a public endorsement by official organizations. Such approval may be expressed in government awards, state bonuses and scholarships, awarded titles, construction of monuments, presentation of certificates of honor or admission to high positions and honorary functions (for example: election as chairman of the board).
(H+) informal positive sanctions - public approval that does not come from official organizations can be expressed in friendly praise, compliments, honor, flattering reviews or recognition of leadership or expert qualities. (just a smile) (F)-)formal negative sanctions - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders and orders can be expressed in arrest, imprisonment, dismissal, deprivation of civil rights, confiscation of property, fine, demotion, excommunication from the church, the death penalty.
(N-) informal negative sanctions - punishment not provided for by official authorities: censure, remarks, ridicule, neglect, unflattering nickname, refusal to maintain relationships, disapproving review, complaint, revealing article in the press.
Four groups of sanctions help determine what behavior of an individual can be considered useful for the group:
- legal - a system of punishments for actions provided for by law.
- ethical - a system of censures, comments arising from moral principles,
- satirical - ridicule, disdain, smirks, etc.,
- religious sanctions .
French sociologist R. Lapierre identifies three types of sanctions:
- physical , with the help of which punishment for violation of social norms is carried out;
- economic blocking the satisfaction of current needs (fines, penalties, restrictions on the use of resources, dismissals); administrative (lower social status, warnings, penalties, removal from positions).
However, sanctions, together with values and norms, constitute a mechanism of social control. The rules themselves do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people based on norms. Compliance with norms, like compliance with sanctions, makes people's behavior predictable,
However, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm does not have an accompanying sanction, then it ceases to regulate behavior and becomes simply a slogan or appeal, and not an element of social control.
The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, but in others it does not (prison requires a serious trial on the basis of which the sentence is imposed). The awarding of an academic degree involves an equally complex process of defending a dissertation and the decision of the academic council. If the application of a sanction is carried out by the person himself, is directed at himself and occurs internally, then this form of control is called self-control. Self-control - internal control.
Individuals independently control their behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms. During the process of socialization, norms are internalized so firmly that people who violate them experience a feeling of guilt. Approximately 70% of social control is achieved through self-control. The more self-control is developed among the members of a society, the less it is extremely important for this society to resort to external control, and, on the contrary, the weaker the self-control, the stricter the external control should be. At the same time, strict external control and petty supervision of citizens inhibit the development of self-awareness and muffle the volitional efforts of the individual, resulting in a dictatorship.
Often, a dictatorship is established for a time for the benefit of citizens, in order to restore order, but citizens who are accustomed to submitting to coercive control do not develop internal control, they gradually degrade as social beings, as individuals capable of taking responsibility and doing without external coercion, that is, dictatorship, Thus, the degree of development of self-control characterizes the type of people prevailing in society and the emerging form of the state. With developed self-control, there is a high probability of establishing democracy; with undeveloped self-control, there is a high probability of establishing dictatorship.
Social sanctions and their typology. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Social sanctions and their typology." 2017, 2018.
- a mechanism for maintaining social order through normative regulation, implying social actions aimed at preventing deviant behavior, punishing deviants or correcting them.
Concept of social control
The most important condition for the effective functioning of a social system is the predictability of social actions and social behavior of people, in the absence of which the social system will face disorganization and collapse. Society has certain means with the help of which it ensures the reproduction of existing social relations and interactions. One of these means is social control, the main function of which is to create conditions for the sustainability of the social system, maintaining social stability and at the same time for positive social changes. This requires flexibility from social control, including the ability to recognize positive-constructive deviations from social norms, which should be encouraged, and negative-dysfunctional deviations, to which certain sanctions (from the Latin sanctio - the strictest decree) of a negative nature must be applied, including including legal ones.
- this is, on the one hand, a mechanism of social regulation, a set of means and methods of social influence, and on the other hand, the social practice of their use.
In general, the social behavior of an individual occurs under the control of society and the people around him. They not only teach the individual the rules of social behavior in the process of socialization, but also act as agents of social control, monitoring the correct assimilation of patterns of social behavior and their implementation in practice. In this regard, social control acts as a special form and method of social regulation of people’s behavior in society. Social control is manifested in the subordination of an individual to the social group into which he is integrated, which is expressed in meaningful or spontaneous adherence to social norms prescribed by this group.
Social control consists of two elements— social norms and social sanctions.
Social norms are socially approved or legally enshrined rules, standards, patterns that regulate people’s social behavior.
Social sanctions are means of reward and punishment that encourage people to comply with social norms.
Social norms
Social norms- these are socially approved or legally enshrined rules, standards, patterns that regulate the social behavior of people. Therefore, social norms are divided into legal norms, moral norms and social norms themselves.
Legal norms - These are norms formally enshrined in various types of legislative acts. Violation of legal norms involves legal, administrative and other types of punishment.
Moral standards- informal norms that function in the form of public opinion. The main tool in the system of moral norms is public censure or public approval.
TO social norms usually include:
- group social habits (for example, “don’t turn up your nose in front of your own people”);
- social customs (eg hospitality);
- social traditions (for example, the subordination of children to parents),
- social mores (manners, morals, etiquette);
- social taboos (absolute prohibitions on cannibalism, infanticide, etc.). Customs, traditions, mores, taboos are sometimes called general rules social behavior.
Social sanction
Sanction is recognized as the main instrument of social control and represents an incentive for compliance, expressed in the form of encouragement ( positive sanction) or punishment (negative sanction). Sanctions can be formal, imposed by the state or specially authorized organizations and individuals, and informal, expressed by unofficial persons.
Social sanctions - they are means of reward and punishment that encourage people to comply with social norms. In this regard, social sanctions can be called a guardian of social norms.
Social norms and social sanctions are an inseparable whole, and if a social norm does not have an accompanying social sanction, then it loses its social regulatory function. For example, back in the 19th century. in countries Western Europe The social norm was the birth of children only in a legal marriage. Therefore, illegitimate children were excluded from inheriting their parents’ property, they were neglected in everyday communication, and they could not enter into decent marriages. However, as society modernized and softened public opinion regarding illegitimate children, it began to gradually eliminate informal and formal sanctions for violating this norm. As a result, this social norm ceased to exist altogether.
The following are distinguished: mechanisms of social control:
- isolation - isolation of the deviant from society (for example, imprisonment);
- isolation - limiting the deviant’s contacts with others (for example, placement in a psychiatric clinic);
- rehabilitation is a set of measures aimed at returning the deviant to normal life.
Types of social sanctions
Although formal sanctions seem to be more effective, informal sanctions are actually more important to the individual. The need for friendship, love, recognition or the fear of ridicule and shame are often more effective than orders or fines.
During the process of socialization, forms of external control are internalized so that they become part of his own beliefs. An internal control system called self-control. A typical example of self-control is the torment of conscience of a person who has committed an unworthy act. In a developed society, self-control mechanisms prevail over external control mechanisms.
Types of Social Control
In sociology, two main processes of social control are distinguished: the application of positive or negative sanctions for an individual’s social behavior; interiorization (from the French interiorisation - transition from outside to inside) by an individual of social norms of behavior. In this regard, external social control and internal social control, or self-control, are distinguished.
External social control is a set of forms, methods and actions that guarantee compliance with social norms of behavior. There are two types of external control - formal and informal.
Formal social control based on official approval or condemnation, carried out by authorities state power, political and social organizations, education system, means mass media and operates throughout the country, based on written norms - laws, decrees, regulations, orders and instructions. Formal social control may also include the dominant ideology in society. When we talk about formal social control, we primarily mean actions aimed at making people respect laws and order with the help of government officials. Such control is especially effective in large social groups.
Informal social control, based on the approval or condemnation of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, public opinion, expressed through traditions, customs or the media. Agents of informal social control are social institutions such as family, school, and religion. This type of control is especially effective in small social groups.
In the process of social control, violation of some social norms is followed by very weak punishment, for example, disapproval, an unfriendly look, a grin. Violation of other social norms results in severe punishments - the death penalty, imprisonment, exile from the country. Violation of taboos and legal laws is punished most severely; certain types of group habits, in particular family ones, are punished most leniently.
Internal social control— independent regulation by an individual of his social behavior in society. In the process of self-control, a person independently regulates his social behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms. This type control manifests itself, on the one hand, in feelings of guilt, emotional experiences, and “remorse” for social actions, and on the other hand, in the form of the individual’s reflection on his social behavior.
An individual’s self-control over his own social behavior is formed in the process of his socialization and the formation of socio-psychological mechanisms of his internal self-regulation. The main elements of self-control are consciousness, conscience and will.
- this is an individual form of mental representation of reality in the form of a generalized and subjective model of the surrounding world in the form of verbal concepts and sensory images. Consciousness allows an individual to rationalize his social behavior.
Conscience- the ability of an individual to independently formulate his own moral duties and demand that he fulfill them, as well as to make a self-assessment of his actions and deeds. Conscience does not allow an individual to violate his established attitudes, principles, beliefs, in accordance with which he builds his social behavior.
Will— a person’s conscious regulation of his behavior and activities, expressed in the ability to overcome external and internal difficulties when performing purposeful actions and deeds. Will helps an individual overcome his internal subconscious desires and needs, act and behave in society in accordance with his beliefs.
In the process of social behavior, an individual has to constantly struggle with his subconscious, which gives his behavior a spontaneous character, therefore self-control is the most important condition social behavior of people. Typically, individuals' self-control over their social behavior increases with age. But it also depends on social circumstances and the nature of external social control: the stricter the external control, the weaker the self-control. Moreover, social experience shows that the weaker an individual’s self-control, the stricter external control should be in relation to him. However, this is fraught with great social costs, since strict external control is accompanied by social degradation personality.
In addition to external and internal social control of an individual’s social behavior, there are also: 1) indirect social control, based on identification with a law-abiding reference group; 2) social control, based on the wide availability of a variety of ways to achieve goals and satisfy needs, alternative to illegal or immoral ones.