Depending on the nature of the sanctions that are applied to the deviant, styles of formal social social control are distinguished.
1. Punitive (moralistic) style of social control .
This style is intended to punish deviants who have violated the foundations of society. Moreover, there is a maximum penalty. Applies to an offender who has committed an intentional act (most often a crime).
The peculiarity of this style is that it does not compensate the victim. deviant behavior. Justice is administered on the basis of moral justice.
Society has the main dominant values, the violation of which leads only to a punishing action ( human life, property, etc.). But, in those societies where there are no clearly fixed core values, deviant actions do not entail punitive sanctions. For example, in archaic societies, the central values are religious. Tough punitive sanctions follow for violations of taboos and family traditions. At the same time, there will be no punitive sanctions for murder for an attempt on property.
In highly developed societies, there is a very large concentration of values - there are many of them.
Such a social institution as the state gravitates toward a punitive style of social control. The most terrible act in the state is considered treason or treason and entails the death penalty or life imprisonment.
The intensity of applying the punishing style of social control is the opposite of social distance.
social distance - the degree of closeness between people. The main characteristics of social distance are: the frequency of relationships, their type (formal or informal), the intensity of relationships (the degree of emotional inclusion) and their duration, as well as the nature of the connection between people (relationships prescribed or unprescribed).
The greater the social distance between the deviant and the agent of social control, the greater the role played by moral rules. For example, the relatives of a killer tend to forgive his act, provided that this does not happen again in the future.
The punishing style of social control is inversely proportional to the relationship between the victim of the crime and the agent of social control.. If the victim is close in social distance to the agent of social control, then the response to the crime will be harsh (for example, in the USA, for killing a policeman, the criminal will most often be killed by the police during arrest).
Social control is usually of two types - top-down and bottom-up.
descending social control – from top to bottom, when a group occupying a higher social position controls a group occupying a lower position.
Upward social control – bottom to top - downstream supervise superiors (public opinion system in the West de).
The punishing style of social control is always top-down.. Misdemeanors against those higher on the social ladder are punished more severely.
The punishing style of social control is directly proportional to social inequality. The poorer the person, the harsher the punishment.
The punishing style of social control is subdivided in turn into several types:
1) Open punishment- the response of the authorized bodies to the act of the deviant in accordance with the rule of law.
2) Hidden Punishment(informal control) - the group itself can punish its member for any misconduct (especially common in criminal cultures).
3) Indirect response- mental illness can be a response to an insult.
4) Suicide- self-punishment (self-control).
2. Compensatory style of social control.
Compensatory style - forced style of social control : the perpetrator compensates for the damage done to the victim. Most of the time, this is financial compensation. After bringing compensation for material damage, the situation is considered settled and the deviant is punished.
In this style, the main focus is on the result of the misdeed, and it does not matter whether the offense was intent or not. The focus of this style is always the victim and it is she who is given more attention..
In the compensatory style usually involves a third party which enforces compensation (arbitrator, lawyer, court, etc.).
The compensatory style is not used for murder, treason, terrorism - the punishing style is always used here. Sometimes a punishing style can be combined with a compensatory one (for example, a prison term for a crime committed with an additional penalty - with confiscation of property).
Compensatory style is used for medium and long social distance. Any kind of close relationship prevents compensatory style. For example, it is rare for neighbors to pay compensation for damages, since close ties that exist between people can be broken here, and if close ties are broken, they will never be renewed, especially if a third party is involved - the court. Compensation is rarely paid between friends.
With top-down control, a compensating style is very rare, since often a violator with a lower status does not have enough funds to pay compensation, moreover, compensation, as it were, equalizes the superior with the inferior, so compensation is rare, or even impossible (for example, in feudal society, if a commoner killed a feudal lord, then a punishing style was used, since compensation equalized the feudal lord with a commoner). With upward social control, compensation is paid. (Rich and a famous person, going to prison loses his social status, so he pays off).
The modern world is more prone to a compensatory style of social control than to a punitive one (lawyers of two parties to a trial tend to agree before the trial and the responsible party pays damages to the victim, if there is no serious offense, then it rarely comes to imprisonment, which explains the development of the institution of lawyers in the West ).
In our country, this style is very weakly effective due to the legal illiteracy of citizens and the high fees for lawyer services.
3. Therapeutic style of social control.
This style is aimed not at punishment, but at changing the deviant's personality and consists of a psychotherapy procedure - this is, as it were, a symbolic change in the deviant's personality.
This style is valid only if the deviant agrees to therapy(violent therapy is a punishing style).
Here there is an attempt by a psychotherapist (or analyst) to resolve intrapersonal problems, help the person to improve, reevaluate his behavior, return the person to society and teach him to live in accordance with the norms.
Agents of the therapeutic style are psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, religious figures. For example, in religion, guilt is completely removed from an individual for misconduct and this helps a person to adapt to the situation.
Within the framework of this style, the behavior of the deviant is of great importance.. If the behavior of a person cannot be explained, it is considered not quite normal and a therapeutic style of social control is applied to it. In the Criminal Code, there is such a thing as sanity: a mentally insane person at the time of the crime does not bear criminal liability.
Therapeutic social control is inversely proportional to social distance. If a father beats his family, they will think that he is sick. If parents beat their children, they are advised to see a psychiatrist, and not invited by law enforcement agencies. The greater the social distance between the deviant and the victim, the more they tend to consider the person a criminal, not a sick person.
4. Regulatory style of social control.
The purpose of the regulatory style is to regulate the relationship between the deviant and the victim of deviant behavior and bring them into harmony.. It is used in violation of relations between two parties: between two individuals, between an individual and an organization, between organizations. This style does not give any moral or material compensation to the injured party.
Nowadays, the regulatory style is quite widespread. It operates in the field of family relations; in cases of conflicts between students and teachers; between students and teachers; between employees in the enterprise, etc. It is used when both parties are rooted in a group where there is a long and intersecting relationship; when both parties belong to the same kindred group (if there are no vested interests); with a long stay of a group in one place (Russian peasant community).
The action of the regulating style is directly proportional to the equality of the sides. The two parties must be equal in social status; only the positional “husband-wife, children-parents” is allowed. It is practically impossible to regulate relations between representatives of various social groups.
Regulatory style is widespread among organizations. It is very difficult for an organization to punish they have multiple cross-links. At the beginning of the 20th century, trade unions arose in Europe. With their advent, the regulatory style among organizations has become dominant. Business owners can connect with unions without feeling humiliated.
Sanctions are not only punishments, but also incentives that contribute to the observance of social norms.
Sanctions - norm guards. Along with values, they are responsible for why people strive to comply with norms. Norms are protected from two sides - from the side of values and from the side of sanctions.
Social sanctions - an extensive system of rewards for the fulfillment of norms, i.e. for conformity, for agreeing with them, and punishments for deviating from them, i.e. for deviance.
conformism represents external agreement with generally accepted norms, when an individual can internally maintain disagreement with them, but not tell anyone about it.
Conformism - goal of social control. However, conformism cannot be the goal of socialization, because it must end with internal agreement with the generally accepted.
There are four types of sanctions: positive and negative, formal and informal. They give four types of combinations that can be represented as a logical square:
positive negative
FORMAL
INFORMAL
Formal positive sanctions(F+)- public approval from official organizations (government, institutions, creative union): government awards, state awards and scholarships, bestowed titles, academic degrees and titles, construction of a monument, presentation of diplomas, admission to high positions and honorary functions (for example, election chairman of the board).
Informal positive sanctions(H+) - public approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, tacit recognition, benevolent disposition, applause, fame, honor, flattering reviews, recognition of leadership or expert qualities, smile.
Formal negative sanctions (F-)- punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, prescriptions, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, deprivation of bonuses, confiscation of property, demotion, demolition, dethronement, the death penalty excommunication from the church.
Informal negative sanctions (H-) - punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, remark, ridicule, mockery, cruel joke, unflattering nickname, neglect, refusal to lend a hand or maintain relations, spreading rumors, slander, unfriendly feedback, complaint, writing a pamphlet or feuilleton, exposing article.
So, social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control. Sanctions, together with values and norms, constitute the mechanism of social control. Social sanctions are a system of rewards and punishments. They are divided into four types: positive and negative, formal and informal. Depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal (self-control). According to the degree of intensity, sanctions are strict, or hard, and non-strict, or soft.
Regulations by themselves do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people based on norms that are expected to be followed by everyone. Compliance with norms, like the implementation of sanctions, makes our behavior predictable. Each of us knows that for an outstanding scientific discovery an official award awaits, and for a serious crime - imprisonment. When we expect a certain act from another person, we hope that he knows not only the norm, but also the sanction following it.
In this way, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm lacks an accompanying sanction, then it ceases to regulate real behavior. It becomes a slogan, an appeal, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.
The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, while in others it does not. The dismissal is formalized by the personnel department of the institution and involves the preliminary issuance of an order or order. Imprisonment requires a complex procedure of judicial proceedings, on the basis of which a judgment is issued. Bringing to administrative responsibility, say, a fine for traveling without a ticket, requires the presence of an official transport controller, sometimes a policeman. The assignment of a scientific degree involves an equally complex procedure for defending a scientific dissertation and the decision of the Academic Council.
Sanctions for violators of group habits require the presence of a smaller number of persons. Sanctions are never applied to oneself. If the application of sanctions is committed by the person himself, directed at himself and occurs inside, then this form of control should be considered self-control.
SANCTIONS INFORMAL
- English sanctions, informal; German Sanctionen, unformal. Spontaneous, emotionally colored reactions of the immediate environment (friends, neighbors, relatives) to the behavior of the individual, deviating from the social. expectations.
Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009
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Most social groups function in accordance with certain laws and rules that, to one degree or another, regulate the behavior of all members of the community. These are laws, traditions, customs and rituals.
The first ones were developed at the state or regional levels, and their observance is mandatory for absolutely all citizens of a particular state (as well as for non-residents located on its territory). The rest are rather advisory in nature and are irrelevant for modern man, although for the inhabitants of the periphery they still have considerable weight.
Conformity as a way of adaptation
The preservation of the usual state of affairs and the existing order is necessary for people, like air. Children from an early age are taught how it is desirable or even necessary to behave in the company of other people. Most educational measures are aimed at eliminating from their behavior actions that may be unpleasant for others. Children are taught:
- Restrain the manifestations of the vital activity of the body.
- Do not annoy people with loud speech and bright clothes.
- Respect the boundaries of personal space (do not touch others unnecessarily).
And, of course, this list includes a ban on acts of violence.
When a person lends himself to education and develops appropriate skills, his behavior becomes conformist, that is, socially acceptable. Such people are considered pleasant, unobtrusive, easy to communicate with. When the behavior of an individual differs from the generally accepted pattern, various punishment measures are applied to him (formal and informal negative sanctions). The purpose of these actions is to draw the attention of a person to the nature of his mistakes and correct the model of behavior.
Psychology of personality: a system of sanctions
In the professional lexicon of psychoanalysts, sanctions mean the reaction of a group to the actions or words of an individual subject. Different kinds penalties are used to implement the normative regulation of social systems and subsystems.
It should be noted that sanctions are also incentives. Along with values, rewards encourage adherence to existing social norms. They serve as a reward for those subjects who play by the rules, that is, for conformists. At the same time, deviance (deviation from laws), depending on the severity of the offense, entails certain types punishments: formal (fine, arrest) or informal (reprimand, condemnation).
What is "punishment" and "reprimand"
The application of certain negative sanctions is due to the severity of the socially disapproved offense and the rigidity of the norms. AT modern society use:
- Punishments.
- Reprimands.
The former are expressed in the fact that a fine, an administrative penalty may be imposed on the violator, or access to socially valuable resources may be restricted.
Informal negative sanctions in the form of censure become a reaction of members of society to manifestations of dishonesty, rudeness or rudeness on the part of the individual. In this case, members of the community (group, team, family) may cease to maintain relations with the person, express public disapproval of him and point out the peculiarities of behavior. Of course, there are those who like to lecture with and without it, but this is a completely different category of people.
The essence of social control
According to the French sociologist R. Lapierre, sanctions should be divided into three main types:
- Physical, which are used to punish a person who has violated social norms.
- Economic, which consist in blocking the satisfaction of the most important needs (fine, penalty, dismissal).
- Administrative, the essence of which is to lower the social status (warning, penalty, removal from office).
In the implementation of all these types of sanctions, except for the guilty person, other people take part. This is social control: society uses the concept of norm to correct the behavior of all participants. The goal of social control can be called the formation of a predictable and predictable model of behavior.
Informal negative sanctions in the context of self-control
For the implementation of most types of social punishment, the presence of unauthorized persons becomes mandatory. For example, a person who breaks the law must be convicted in accordance with the law ( formal sanctions). The trial may require the participation of five to ten people up to several dozen people, because imprisonment is a very serious punishment.
Informal negative sanctions can be used by absolutely any number of people and also have a huge impact on the violator. Even if an individual does not accept the customs and traditions of the group in which he is located, hostility is unpleasant for him. After a certain resistance, the situation can be resolved in two ways: leaving a given society or agreeing to its social norms. In the latter case, all existing sanctions matter: positive, negative, formal, informal.
When social norms are embedded deep in the subconscious, the need for external punishment is greatly weakened, as the individual develops the ability to independently control his behavior. Personality psychology is a branch of science (psychology) that deals with the study of various individual processes. She pays quite a lot of attention to the study of self-control.
The essence of this phenomenon is that a person himself compares his actions with generally accepted norms, etiquette and customs. When he notices a deviation, he is able to determine the severity of the offense himself. As a rule, the consequence of such violations are remorse and a painful sense of guilt. They testify to the successful socialization of the individual, as well as his agreement with the requirements public morality and norms of behavior.
The importance of self-control for the well-being of the group
A feature of such a phenomenon as self-control is that all measures to identify deviations from the norms and apply negative sanctions are carried out by the violator himself. He is the judge, the jury, and the executioner.
Of course, if the offense becomes known to other people, public censure can also take place. However, in most cases, even if the event is kept secret, the apostate will be punished.
According to statistics, 70% of social control is carried out with the help of self-control. Many parents, heads of enterprises and even states resort to this tool to one degree or another. Properly designed and implemented guidelines, corporate rules, laws and traditions allow you to achieve impressive discipline in minimal cost time and effort to carry out control measures.
Self-control and dictatorship
Informal negative sanctions (examples: condemnation, disapproval, suspension, censure) become a powerful weapon in the hands of a skilled manipulator. Using these techniques as a means of external control over the behavior of group members and at the same time minimizing or even eliminating self-control, the leader can gain considerable power.
In the absence of their own criteria for assessing the correctness of actions, people turn to the norms of public morality and a list of generally accepted rules. To maintain balance in the group, external control must be the tougher, the worse self-control is developed.
The reverse side of excessive control and petty guardianship of a person is the inhibition of the development of his consciousness, the muting of the volitional efforts of the individual. In the context of the state, this can lead to the establishment of a dictatorship.
Good intentions...
There are many cases in history when dictatorship was introduced as a temporary measure - its goal was called restoring order. However, the existence of this regime for a long time and the spread of strict coercive control of citizens hinder the development of internal control.
As a result, they were waiting for a gradual degradation. These individuals, not accustomed to and unable to take responsibility, are not able to do without external coercion. In the future, the dictatorship becomes necessary for them.
Thus, we can conclude that the higher the level of development of self-control, the more civilized the society and the less it needs any sanctions. In a society whose members are characterized by a high capacity for self-control, democracy is more likely to be established.
Social behavior that corresponds to the norms and values defined in society is designated as conformist (from Latin conformis - similar, similar). The main task of social control is the reproduction of a conformist type of behavior.
Social sanctions are used to control the observance of norms and values. Sanction is the reaction of the group to the behavior of the social subject. Regulatory regulation is carried out with the help of sanctions social system and its subsystems.
Sanctions are not only punishments, but also incentives that contribute to the observance of social norms. Along with values, they contribute to the observance of social norms and thus social norms are protected from two sides, from the side of values and from the side of sanctions. Social sanctions are an extensive system of rewards for the implementation of social norms, that is, for conformity, agreement with them, and a system of punishments for deviation from them, that is, deviance.
Negative sanctions are linked with socially unapproved violations of norms, Depending on the degree of rigidity of the norms, they can be divided into punishments and censures:
forms of punishment- administrative penalties, restriction of access to socially valuable resources, prosecution, etc.
forms of censure- expression of public disapproval, refusal to cooperate, rupture of relations, etc.
The use of positive sanctions is associated not only with the observance of norms, but with the performance of a number of socially significant services aimed at preserving values and norms. The forms of positive sanctions are rewards, monetary rewards, privileges, approval, etc.
Along with negative and positive, formal and informal sanctions are distinguished, which differ depending on the institutions that use them and the nature of their action:
formal sanctions implemented by official institutions sanctioned by society - law enforcement agencies, courts, tax authorities, the penitentiary system.
informal applied by informal institutions (comrades, family, neighbors).
There are four types of sanctions: positive, negative, formal, informal. Οʜᴎ give four types of combinations that can be represented as a logical square.
| f+ | f_ |
| n+ | n_ |
(F+) Formal positive sanctions. This is a public endorsement by official organizations. Such approval may be expressed in government awards, state awards and scholarships, titles awarded, erection of monuments, presentation of certificates of honor or admission to high positions and honorary functions (for example: election as chairman of the board).
(H+) informal positive sanctions - public approval that does not come from official organizations, can be expressed in friendly praise, complement, honor, flattering reviews or recognition of leadership or expert qualities. (just a smile) (F)-) formal negative sanctions - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders and orders can be expressed in arrest, imprisonment, dismissal, deprivation of civil rights, confiscation of property, fine, demolition, excommunication from the church, the death penalty.
(N-) informal negative sanctions - punishment not foreseen by official authorities: censure, remarks, ridicule, neglect, unflattering nickname, refusal to maintain relations, disapproving feedback, complaint, exposing article in the press.
Four groups of sanctions help to determine what behavior of an individual can be considered beneficial for the group:
- legal - a system of punishments for actions prescribed by law.
- ethical - a system of censures, remarks arising from moral principles,
- satirical - ridicule, neglect, smirks, etc.,
- religious sanctions .
The French sociologist R. Lapierre identifies three types of sanctions:
- physical , with the help of which punishment is carried out for violation of social norms;
- economic blocking the satisfaction of urgent needs (fines, penalties, restrictions on the use of resources, dismissals); administrative (downgrading of social status, warnings, penalties, removal from office).
Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, sanctions together with values and norms constitute the mechanism of social control. Regulations by themselves do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people on the basis of norms. Compliance with norms, like the implementation of sanctions, makes people's behavior predictable,
Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If some norm does not have a sanction accompanying it, then it ceases to regulate behavior and becomes just a slogan or appeal, and not an element of social control.
The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, while in others it does not (imprisonment requires a serious trial, on the basis of which a sentence is issued). The assignment of a scientific degree involves an equally complex process of defending a dissertation and making a decision by the Academic Council. If the application of the sanction is made by the person himself, directed at himself and occurs inside, then this form of control is called self-control. Self-control is internal control.
Individuals independently control their behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms. In the process of socialization, norms are assimilated so firmly that people who violate them feel guilty. Approximately 70% of social control is carried out through self-control. The higher self-control is developed among members of a society, the less it is extremely important for this society to resort to external control, and, on the contrary, the weaker self-control, the tougher external control should be. At the same time, strict external control, petty guardianship of citizens, hinder the development of self-consciousness and muffle the volitional efforts of the individual, as a result, a dictatorship arises.
Often a dictatorship is established temporarily for the benefit of citizens, in order to restore order, but citizens who are accustomed to submit to coercive control do not develop internal control, they gradually degrade as social beings, as individuals who are able to take responsibility and do without external coercion, that is, dictatorship, thus, the degree of development of self-control characterizes the type of people prevailing in society and the emerging form of the state. With developed self-control, the likelihood of establishing democracy is high, with undeveloped self-control - dictatorship.
Social sanctions and their typology. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Social sanctions and their typology." 2017, 2018.