Most often, the basis for dividing social control into different kinds is the subjectivity of its implementation. The subjects here are workers, administration, public organizations of labor collectives.
Depending on the subject, the following are usually distinguished: types of social control:
1. Administrative control. Carried out by representatives of the administration of the enterprise, heads of various levels in accordance with normative documents. This type of control is also called external, since its subject is not included in the directly controlled system of relations and activities, it is outside this system. In an organization, this is possible due to managerial relations, so here the control exercised by the administration is external.
The advantages of administrative control are primarily due to the fact that it is a special and independent activity. On the one hand, this frees the personnel directly involved in the main production tasks from control functions, and on the other hand, it contributes to the implementation of these functions at a professional level.
The disadvantages of administrative control are manifested in the fact that it cannot always be comprehensive and operational; it is quite probable that he is biased.
2. Public control. Implemented public organizations within the limits provided for by the statutes or provisions of their status. The effectiveness of public control is due to the organization, structure and cohesion of the relevant public organizations.
3. Group control. This is the mutual control of the members of the team. Distinguish between formal group control (working meetings and conferences, production meetings) and informal (common opinion in the team, collective moods).
Mutual control occurs when the bearers of social control functions are the subjects of organizational and labor relations with the same status. Among the advantages of mutual control, first of all, the simplicity of the supervisory mechanism is noted, since normal or deviant behavior is observed directly. This not only ensures the relatively constant nature of the control functions, but also reduces the likelihood of errors in normative assessment associated with the distortion of facts in the process of obtaining information.
However, mutual control also has disadvantages. First of all, it is subjectivism: if relations between people are characterized by competition, rivalry, then they are naturally predisposed to unfairly attribute some violations of discipline to each other, to prejudice each other's organizational and labor behavior.
4. Self-control. It is a conscious regulation of one's own labor behavior based on self-assessments and assessments of compliance with existing requirements and standards. As you can see, self-control is a specific way of behavior of the subject of organizational and labor relations, in which he independently (regardless of the factor of external coercion) oversees his own actions, behaves accordingly socially. accepted norms.
The main advantage of self-control is the limitation of the need for special control activities on the part of the administration. In addition, self-control allows the employee to feel freedom, independence, personal significance.
Self-control has two main disadvantages: each subject in the assessment own behavior inclined to underestimate social and normative requirements, more liberal towards himself than towards others; self-control is largely random, that is, poorly predictable and manageable, depends on the state of the subject as a person, manifests itself only with such qualities as consciousness and morality.
Depending on the nature of the sanctions or incentives used, social control is of two types: economic (encouragement, penalties) and moral (contempt, respect).
Depending on the nature of the implementation of social control, the following types are distinguished.
1. Solid and selective. Continuous social control is of an ongoing nature, the entire process of organizational and labor relations, all individuals included in the organization, are subject to supervision and evaluation. With selective control, its functions are relatively limited, they apply only to the most significant, predetermined, aspects of the labor process.
3. Open and hidden. Choice of open or hidden form social control is determined by the state of awareness, awareness of the social control functions of the object of control. Hidden control is carried out with the help of technical means, or through intermediaries.
What is social control?
In order to prevent deviation or reduce its level, the society, specially created in it for this social institutions exercise social control. Social control is the totality of the means by which society or social community(group) ensures the behavior of its members in accordance with accepted norms - (moral, legal, aesthetic, etc.), and also prevents deviant actions, punishes deviants or corrects them. The main focus of these means is embodied in the desire of society or its majority to prevent deviant behavior, punish deviants or return them to normal (corresponding to functioning standards) life.
What are the main means of social control?
The main means of social control are as follows:
1. Socialization, which ensures the perception, assimilation and implementation by the individual of social norms accepted in society.
2. Education is a process of systematic and purposeful influence on social development personality in order to form her needs and habits to comply with the norms prevailing in society.
3. Group pressure inherent in any social group and expressed in the fact that each individual included in the group must fulfill a certain set of requirements emanating from the group, instructions, etc., corresponding to the norms adopted in it.
4. Coercion - the application of certain sanctions (threat, punishment, etc.), forcing individuals and their groups to comply with the norms and rules of behavior prescribed by society (community) and punishing those responsible for violating these norms.
12. What are the methods and principles of social control?
Among the methods of social control used to prevent deviation, reduce its level and guide deviants “on the true path”, the most frequently used, as T. Parsons established, are:
1. Insulation, i.e. excommunication of the deviant from other people (for example, imprisonment).
2. Isolation - limiting the deviant's contacts with other people, but not completely isolating him from society (for example, a written undertaking not to leave, house arrest, placement in a psychiatric hospital).
3. Rehabilitation, i.e. preparation of deviants for normal life and for the performance of their inherent social roles in society (for example, groups of "anonymous alcoholics" carry out the rehabilitation of persons suffering from drunkenness).
Social control over deviation is divided into two main types. The first of these - informal social control - includes: social encouragement, punishment, persuasion or reassessment existing norms, replacing them with new norms that are more in line with the changed social institutions. The second type of social control over deviation is formal, which is carried out by social institutions and organizations specially created by society. Among them, the main role is played by the police, the prosecutor's office, the court, and the prison.
With all the variety of means, methods and types of social control over deviation, all of them are called upon to be guided in a democratic society by several fundamental principles. The main ones are as follows:
Firstly, the implementation of real legal and other norms functioning in society should stimulate socially useful behavior and prevent socially harmful, and even more so socially dangerous actions.
Secondly, the sanctions applied to deviants must correspond to the severity and social danger of the deed, without closing in any case the path to the social rehabilitation of the deviant.
Thirdly, whatever sanction is applied to the deviant, it should in no case humiliate the dignity of the individual, combine coercion with persuasion, educate individuals who, for one reason or another, have committed deviant behavior, a positive attitude towards the law, towards moral the norms of society.
Social control, its types. Norms and sanctions. Deviant (deviant) behavior
social control - a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and laws.
Social control includes two main elements: social norms and sanctions.
social norms
social norms- these are socially approved or legislatively fixed rules, standards, patterns that regulate the social behavior of people. Therefore, social norms are divided into legal norms, moral norms and proper social norms.
Legal regulations - These are norms formally enshrined in various kinds of legislative acts. Violation of legal norms involves legal, administrative and other types of punishment.
moral standards- informal norms functioning in the form of public opinion. The main tool in the system of moral norms is public censure or public approval.
TO social norms usually include:
group social habits (for example, "don't turn up your nose in front of your own");
social customs (for example, hospitality);
social traditions (for example, subordination of children to parents),
public mores (manners, morality, etiquette);
social taboos (absolute prohibitions on cannibalism, infanticide, etc.). Customs, traditions, mores, taboos are sometimes called general rules social behavior.
social sanction
Social sanctions - they are rewards and punishments that encourage people to comply with social norms. In this regard, social sanctions can be called the guardian of social norms.
Social norms and social sanctions are an inseparable whole, and if some social norm does not have a social sanction accompanying it, then it loses its social regulatory function.
There are the following mechanisms of social control:
isolation - isolating the deviant from society (for example, imprisonment);
isolation - limiting the deviant's contacts with others (for example, placement in a psychiatric clinic);
rehabilitation - a set of measures aimed at returning the deviant to normal life.
Types of sanctions (types of social control)
Formal (official):
Negative (punishment) - punishment for breaking the law or violating the administrative order: fines, imprisonment, etc.
Positive (encouragement) - encouragement of a person's activity or act by official organizations: awards, certificates of professional, academic success, etc.
Informal (informal):
Negative - condemnation of a person for an act by society: offensive tone, swearing or reprimand, defiant ignoring of a person, etc.
Positive - gratitude and approval of unofficial persons - friends, acquaintances, colleagues: praise, approving smile, etc., etc.
Types of social control
External social control is a set of forms, methods and actions that guarantee compliance with social norms of behavior. There are two types of external control - formal and informal.
Formal social control based on official approval or condemnation, carried out by the authorities state power, political and social organizations, the education system, the media and operates throughout the country, based on written norms - laws, decrees, resolutions, orders and instructions. Formal social control may also include the dominant ideology in society. Speaking of formal social control, they mean, first of all, actions aimed at making people respect laws and order with the help of government representatives. Such control is especially effective in large social groups.
Informal social control based on the approval or condemnation of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, public opinion, expressed through traditions, customs or the media. The agents of informal social control are such social institutions as family, school, religion. This type of control is especially effective in small social groups.
In the process of social control, violation of some social norms is followed by a very weak punishment, for example, disapproval, an unfriendly look, a smirk. Violation of other social norms is followed by severe punishments - the death penalty, imprisonment, exile from the country. Violation of taboos and legal laws is most severely punished, and certain types of group habits, in particular family habits, are most mildly punished.
Internal social control- independent regulation by the individual of his social behavior in society. In the process of self-control, a person independently regulates his social behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms. This type control is manifested, on the one hand, in a sense of guilt, emotional experiences, "remorse" for social actions, on the other hand, in the form of an individual's reflection on his social behavior.
An individual's self-control over his own social behavior is formed in the process of his socialization and the formation of socio-psychological mechanisms of his internal self-regulation. The main elements of self-control are consciousness, conscience and will.
Human consciousness- it is an individual form of mental representation of reality in the form of a generalized and subjective model of the surrounding world in the form of verbal concepts and sensory images. Consciousness allows the individual to rationalize his social behavior.
Conscience- the ability of a person to independently formulate his own moral duties and demand from himself their fulfillment, as well as to make a self-assessment of the actions and deeds performed. Conscience does not allow an individual to violate his established attitudes, principles, beliefs, in accordance with which he builds his social behavior.
Will- conscious regulation by a person of his behavior and activities, expressed in the ability to overcome external and internal difficulties in the performance of purposeful actions and deeds. The will helps the individual to overcome his inner subconscious desires and needs, to act and behave in society in accordance with his convictions.
In the process of social behavior, an individual has to constantly fight with his subconscious, which gives his behavior a spontaneous character, so self-control is essential condition social behavior of people. Typically, individuals' self-control over their social behavior increases with age. But it also depends on social circumstances and the nature of external social control: the tighter the external control, the weaker the self-control. Moreover, social experience shows that the weaker the individual's self-control, the tougher external control should be in relation to him. However, this is fraught with great social costs, since strict external control is accompanied by social degradation of the individual.
In addition to external and internal social control of the social behavior of an individual, there are also: 1) indirect social control based on identification with a reference law-abiding group; 2) social control based on the wide availability of a variety of ways to achieve goals and satisfy needs, alternative to illegal or immoral.
Deviant behavior
Under deviant(from lat. deviatio - deviation) behavior modern sociology implies, on the one hand, an act, actions of a person that do not correspond to officially established or actually established norms or standards in a given society, and on the other hand, a social phenomenon expressed in mass forms of human activity that do not correspond to officially established or actually established standards. within a given society, norms or standards.
One of the recognized in modern sociology is the typology of deviant behavior developed by R. Merton.
Typology of deviant behavior Merton is based on the concept of deviation as a gap between cultural goals and socially approved ways to achieve them. Accordingly, he distinguishes four possible types of deviation:
innovation, suggesting agreement with the goals of society and the denial of generally accepted ways to achieve them (the "innovators" include prostitutes, blackmailers, creators of " financial pyramids", great scientists);
ritualism associated with the denial of the goals of a given society and an absurd exaggeration of the significance of the ways to achieve them, for example, a bureaucrat requires that each document be carefully completed, double checked, filed in four copies, but the main thing is forgotten - the goal;
retreatism(or flight from reality), expressed in the rejection of both socially approved goals and ways to achieve them (drunkards, drug addicts, homeless people, etc.);
rebellion, denying both goals and methods, but striving to replace them with new ones (revolutionaries striving for a radical breakdown of all social relations).
Some causes of deviant behavior are not social in nature, but biopsychological. For example, a tendency to alcoholism, drug addiction, mental disorders can be transmitted from parents to children.
Marginalization is one of the causes of deviations. The main sign of marginalization is the gap social connections, and in the "classic" version, economic and social ties are first torn, and then spiritual ones. As a characteristic feature of the social behavior of the marginalized, one can name a decrease in the level of social expectations and social needs.
Vagrancy and begging, representing a special way of life, received in Lately widespread among various types of social deviations. social danger social deviations of this kind lies in the fact that vagrants and beggars often act as intermediaries in the distribution of drugs, commit theft and other crimes.
Positive and negative deviations
Deviations (deviations), as a rule, are negative. For example, crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, prostitution, terrorism, etc. However, in some cases it is possible positive deviations, for example, sharply individualized behavior, characteristic of original creative thinking, which can be assessed by society as “eccentricity”, a deviation from the norm, but at the same time be socially useful. Asceticism, holiness, genius, innovation are signs of positive deviations.
Negative deviations are divided into two types:
deviations that are aimed at causing harm to others (various aggressive, illegal, criminal actions);
deviations that harm the personality itself (alcoholism, suicide, drug addiction, etc.).
One of the most complex and ambiguous concepts used in the scientific legal, political science and sociological literature is the concept of "social control" widely used in these sciences 1 .
The purpose of the lecture: to acquaint students with the phenomenon of social control; analyze interpretations this concept from the point of view of various sciences; to study the essential components of social control from the point of view of sociological science.
In accordance with the goals set, the following plan can be proposed for considering the topic:
The concept of social control.
Functions, participants, types and forms of social control.
Social norms and social sanctions.
1. The concept of social control.
The concept of "social control" entered into scientific circulation historically recently. So even in the pre-revolutionary dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, only the term “state control” is used, and it is interpreted rather narrowly, as the activity of “an institution whose duties would be to monitor the correctness and legality of state revenues and expenditures”.
Social control is a term introduced into wide scientific circulation by the French sociologist and criminologist G. Tarde, who initially considered it as a means of returning the criminal to social activities. Later, expanding the scope of the concept, G. Tarde began to understand it as one of the factors of "socialization" of the individual. Social control began to be interpreted as a purposeful influence of society on the behavior of an individual in order to ensure a "healthy" social order.
A detailed theory of social control in sociology was created by R.A. Lapierre, who considered social control as a means of ensuring the process of assimilation of culture by an individual and its transmission from generation to generation. At the same time, Lapierre identified three universal mechanisms of social control operating in various societies:
1) physical sanctions (punishment of an individual for violating group norms),
2) economic sanctions (“provocation”, “intimidation”, “fine”),
3) administrative sanctions.
Various sciences have developed approaches to the problem of social control that meet the specifics of their subject.
For example, psychology considers the problem of social control in accordance with the problem of the mental life of the individual 2 . It is characteristic that in his work T. Shibutani devotes the entire first part of his social psychology to the problem of social control. Here, social control is considered in conjunction with such topics as "The structure of organized groups", "Self-awareness and participation in groups", "The cultural matrix of role-playing" and, finally, "Communication and social control".
IN political science the problem of social control is studied within the framework of the relationship between the state and civil society. At the same time, in some cases, researchers are trying to reduce it to the problem of forms and methods of including an individual in political activity, considering social control as the impact of individuals through the institutions of civil society on the institutions of the state as a result of the development of various forms of democracy, both in direct and indirect forms of participation.
IN jurisprudence The problem of social control is present not only in the branch of "sociology of law" bordering on sociology, but also in the theory of legal science. The presence of the problem of social control is especially clearly felt in such theories as the analytical jurisprudence of Herbert Hart, the concepts of "living law" by E. Ehrlich and in the American sociological school of law.
It is known that sociological jurisprudence was most widespread in the United States, where it coexisted and competed with analytical jurisprudence and natural law. Roscoe Pound, the head of this school, began to develop new problems in the first quarter of the century and at the end of his creative way managed to bring together his developments in the five-volume "Jurisprudence" (1959). The essence of the new approach in the sociology of law was characterized by R. Pound himself as an “instrumental pragmatic approach” to the study of law, and law itself began to be perceived mainly as an “instrument of social control”. Since control is associated with the regulation and coordination of the behavior and social interaction of law-abiding citizens, the most appropriate name for jurisprudence itself was the name "legal social engineering", the authorship of which also belongs to R. Pound.
The interpretation of the analyzed concept was affected by the features of the formation of a new branch of science - the sociology of law. In the XX century. formed two approaches to the sociology of law. If in continental Europe a branch of sociology called itself legal sociology emerged, then in the United States, pragmatically oriented towards the study of practical problems of law and order, sociological jurisprudence appeared.
The first of these disciplines linked sociology to the phenomenon of group life as entailing a "right." The other one connected jurisprudence with the regulation of relations and the regulation of behavior, which is necessary in the framework of the life of social groups. The first interpretation turned out to be closer to general sociology, the second - closer to the special science of law.
It is known that if European social thought is characterized by a strict separation of various branches of science, including sociology and law, then the United States is more characterized by an integration approach. In particular, this is manifested in the wide dissemination of the sociological concept of law, when, according to the classics of American legal thought, O.W. Holmes and R. Pound, law is interpreted as "a set of real social relations" (hence the name of one of the American legal schools - realism) or as social engineering. At the same time, the law itself is considered to a greater extent instrumentally, namely, as the most important form of social control.
As part of this difference, several different ideas about the functions of law have also been formed. In the European tradition, regulatory and protective functions are the main ones for law. In American legal thought, there is a different point of view. Thus, according to the American lawyer Lawrence Friedman, the main function of law is the social control of people's behavior in society 3 . Naturally, the legal system itself is seen as part of the system of social control.
According to general sociological understanding, social control is a way of self-regulation of any social system that regulates and consolidates the activities of its members, stabilizing its own functioning and development through the formation of personal, group and institutional standards of activity (norms, values, ideals), as well as assessing on their basis the real activities of people and subsequent bringing these activities in line with the standards through a system of social sanctions.
From the point of view of a systematic approach, social control is defined as a mechanism for self-regulation of a system that ensures the orderly interaction of its constituent elements through normative (including legal) regulation. As part common system coordinating the interaction of individuals and society, the primary social control is given by the presence of the institutional organization of society. The social institution controls behavior by establishing patterns that give behavior one of many theoretically possible directions. The controlling nature of institutionalization is not strictly connected with the system of sanctions that support the institution: additional, secondary control mechanisms are required if the processes of institutionalization are not entirely successful. The application of sanctions ensures the coincidence or minimizes the discrepancy between the actual and expected behavior of members of society 4 .
Social science. Full course preparation for the exam Shemakhanova Irina Albertovna
3.9. social control
3.9. social control
social control - it is a system of social regulation of people's behavior and maintenance of public order; the mechanism of social regulation, a set of means and methods of social influence; social practice of using means and methods of social influence.
Functions of social control: protective; stabilizing (consists in the reproduction of the dominant type of social relations, social structures); target.
Types of social control
1) External social control is a set of forms, methods and actions that guarantee compliance with social norms of behavior. There are two types of external control:
– formal control based on official approval or condemnation; carried out by public authorities, political and social organizations, the education system, means mass media and operates throughout the country, based on laws, decrees, resolutions, orders and instructions; aims to make people respect law and order with the help of government officials. Formal social control may include the dominant ideology in society. Formal control is exercised by such institutions modern society like courts, education, army, production, media, political parties, government.
– Informal control based on the approval or condemnation of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, public opinion, expressed through traditions, customs or the media. The agents of informal social control are such social institutions as family, school, religion. This type of control is especially effective in small social groups.
2) Internal social control- independent regulation by the individual of his social behavior in society. self control is formed in the process of socialization of the individual and the formation of socio-psychological mechanisms of his internal self-regulation. The main elements of self-control are consciousness, conscience And will.
Conscience- the ability of a person to independently formulate his own moral duties and demand from himself their fulfillment, to make a self-assessment of the actions and deeds performed.
Will- conscious regulation by a person of his behavior and activities, expressed in the ability to overcome external and internal difficulties in the performance of purposeful actions and deeds.
Allocate: 1) indirect social control based on identification with a reference law-abiding group; 2) social control based on the wide availability of a variety of ways to achieve goals and satisfy needs, alternative to illegal or immoral.
Social control is inextricably linked with the management of people's actions, social ties and social systems. Internal controllers are needs, beliefs, and external controllers are norms, values, as well as orders, etc.
Mechanisms of social control:
psychological support of conformal motivation, role behavior, status (maternal love, support of friends and team, etc.); habits, traditions, rituals; mass youth culture; insulation; isolation; rehabilitation, etc.
Social control consists of two elements - social norms and social sanctions. Social sanctions - means of encouragement and punishment, stimulating people to comply with social norms. The sanction is recognized as the main instrument of social control and represents an incentive for compliance with the norms.
Types of sanctions:
A) Formal, imposed by the state or specially authorized organizations and persons
– formal positive sanctions: public approval from the authorities, official institutions and organizations (government awards, state awards, career advancement, financial reward, etc.);
– formal negative sanctions: punishments provided for by legal laws, regulations, administrative instructions and orders (fine, demotion, dismissal, arrest, imprisonment, deprivation of civil rights, etc.).
B) Informal, expressed by informal persons
– informal positive sanctions- public approval from the informal environment, i.e. parents, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, etc. (compliment, friendly praise, benevolent disposition, etc.);
- informal negative sanctions - punishments not provided for by the legal system of society, but applied by society (remark, ridicule, breaking friendships, disapproving feedback, etc.).
Ways to implement social control in a group and society:
- through socialization(socialization, shaping our desires, preferences, habits and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and establishing order in society);
- through group pressure (each individual, being a member of many primary groups, must share a certain minimum of the cultural norms accepted in these groups and behave appropriately, otherwise condemnation and sanctions from the group may follow, ranging from simple remarks to expulsion from this primary group) ;
- through compulsion(in a situation where an individual does not want to comply with laws, regulations, formalized procedures, a group or society resorts to coercion to force him to do like everyone else).
Depending on the sanctions applied control methods:
a) straight: rigid (tool - political repression) and soft (the tool is the operation of the constitution and the criminal code);
b) indirect: hard (tool - economic sanctions of the international community) and soft (tool - the media);
c) control is exercised in organizations: general (if the manager gives a task to a subordinate and does not control the progress of its implementation); detailed (such control is called supervision). Supervision is carried out not only at the micro level, but also at the macro level. At the macro level, the state is the subject of supervision (police stations, whistle-blower service, prison guards, convoy troops, courts, censorship).
Elements of social control: individual; social community (group, class, society); individual (controlled) action; social (controlling) action.
The general mismatch of the social structure in the field of normative-value parameters of social behavior is called anomie. The term "anomie" (introduced E. Durkheim) means: 1) the state of society in which the significance of social norms and prescriptions has been lost for its members, and therefore the frequency of deviant and self-destructive behavior (up to suicide) is relatively high; 2) the lack of standards, standards of comparison with other people, allowing one to assess one's social position and choose patterns of behavior, which leaves the individual in a "declassed" state, without a sense of solidarity with a particular group; 3) a discrepancy, a gap between universal goals and expectations approved in a given society, and socially acceptable, “sanctioned” means of achieving them, which, due to the practical inaccessibility for all these goals, pushes many people onto illegal ways to achieve them. Anomie refers to any kind of "violations" in the value-normative system of society. As a result of anomie, the lack of effective norms for their regulation makes individuals unhappy and leads to manifestations of deviant behavior.
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