Positive and negative sanctions. What is a sanction. Informal and formal control

Majority social groups operate in accordance with certain laws and regulations that, to one degree or another, govern the behavior of all members of the community. These are laws, traditions, customs and rituals.

The first ones are developed at the state or regional levels, and their observance is mandatory for absolutely all citizens of a particular state (as well as for non-residents on its territory). The rest are rather advisory in nature and are irrelevant for modern man, although for the inhabitants of the periphery they still carry considerable weight.

Conformity as a way of adaptation

The preservation of the usual state of affairs and the existing order is necessary for people like air. Children from an early age are taught how it is desirable or even necessary to behave in the company of other people. Most educational measures are aimed at eliminating from their behavior actions that may be unpleasant to others. Children are taught:

Restrain the manifestations of the body's vital activity.
Do not annoy people with loud speech and bright clothes.
Respect the boundaries of personal space (do not touch others unnecessarily).

And, of course, this list includes a ban on the commission of acts of violence.

When a person gives in to education and develops the appropriate skills, his behavior becomes conformist, that is, socially acceptable. Such people are considered pleasant, unobtrusive, easy to communicate with. When the behavior of an individual differs from the generally accepted template, different punishments are applied to him (formal and informal negative sanctions). The purpose of these actions is to draw a person's attention to the nature of his mistakes and to correct the behavior model.

Personality psychology: a system of sanctions

In the professional vocabulary of psychoanalysts, sanctions mean the reaction of a group to the actions or words of an individual subject. Various types of punishments are used to implement the normative regulation of social systems and subsystems.

It should be noted that sanctions are also rewards. Along with values, rewards stimulate adherence to existing social norms. They serve as a reward for those subjects who play by the rules, that is, for the conformists. At the same time, deviance (deviation from the laws), depending on the severity of the offense, entails certain types punishments: formal (fine, arrest) or informal (reprimand, conviction).

What is "punishment" and "censure"

The use of certain negative sanctions is due to the severity of the socially disapproved offense and the rigidity of the norms. V modern society use:

Punishments.
Reproach.

The first are expressed in the fact that a fine, administrative penalty or access to socially valuable resources may be restricted to the violator.

Informal negative sanctions in the form of censure become the reaction of members of society to manifestations of dishonesty, rudeness or rudeness on the part of the individual. In this case, members of the community (group, team, family) may cease to maintain relations with the person, express public disapproval of him and indicate the peculiarities of behavior. Of course, there are those who like to read notations with or without it, but this is a completely different category of people.

The essence of social control

According to the French sociologist R. Lapierre, sanctions should be divided into three main types:

Physical, which are used to punish a person who violated social norms.
Economic, which consists in blocking the satisfaction of the most important needs (fine, penalty, dismissal).
Administrative, the essence of which is the lowering of social status (warning, collection, removal from office).

In the implementation of all the listed types of sanctions, other people, except for the guilty one, are involved. That's what it is social control: society uses the concept of the norm to correct the behavior of all participants. The goal of social control can be called the formation of a predictable and predictable model of behavior.

Informal negative sanctions in the context of self-control

For the implementation of most types of social punishment, the presence of unauthorized persons becomes mandatory. For example, a person who violated the law should be convicted in accordance with the adopted legislation ( formal sanctions). The trial can require the participation of five to ten people to several dozen people, because imprisonment is a very serious punishment.

Informal negative sanctions can be used by absolutely any number of people and also have a huge impact on the offender. Even if an individual does not accept the customs and traditions of the group in which he is located, he dislikes hostility. After a certain resistance, the situation can be resolved in two ways: leaving the given society or agreeing with its social norms. In the latter case, all existing sanctions matter: positive, negative, formal, informal.

When social norms are embedded deeply in the subconscious, the need for external punishment is greatly diminished, as the individual develops the ability to independently control his behavior. Personality psychology is a branch of science (psychology) that studies various individual processes. She pays quite a lot of attention to the study of self-control.

The essence of this phenomenon is that a person himself compares his actions with generally accepted norms, etiquette and customs. When he notices a deviation, he is able to determine the severity of the offense himself. As a rule, the consequence of such violations is remorse and excruciating feelings of guilt. They testify to the successful socialization of the individual, as well as his agreement with the requirements of public morality and norms of behavior.

The importance of self-control for group well-being

A feature of such a phenomenon as self-control is that all measures to identify deviations from the norms and the application of negative sanctions are carried out by the violator himself. He is a judge, a jury, and an executioner.

Of course, if other people become aware of the misconduct, public censure can also take place. However, in most cases, even if the event is kept secret, the apostate will be punished.

According to statistics, 70% of social control is carried out with the help of self-control. This tool is used to one degree or another by many parents, heads of enterprises and even states. Properly developed and implemented guidelines, corporate rules, laws and traditions can achieve impressive discipline in minimum costs time and effort to carry out control activities.

Self-control and dictatorship

Informal negative sanctions (examples: condemnation, disapproval, dismissal, censure) become a powerful weapon in the hands of a skilled manipulator. By using these techniques as a means of external control over the behavior of group members while minimizing or even eliminating self-control, the leader can gain considerable power.

In the absence of their own criteria for assessing the correctness of actions, people turn to the norms of public morality and a list of generally accepted rules. To maintain balance in a group, external control should be the more severe, the worse self-control is developed.

The downside of excessive control and petty guardianship of a person is the inhibition of the development of his consciousness, muffling of the volitional efforts of the individual. In the context of the state, this can lead to the establishment of a dictatorship.

With good intentions ...

There are many cases in history when the dictatorship was introduced as a temporary measure - its goal was called the establishment of order. However, the existence of this regime for a long time and the spread of strict coercive control of citizens hinder the development of internal control.

As a result, a gradual degradation awaited them. These individuals, not accustomed to and unable to take responsibility, cannot do without external coercion. In the future, they need a dictatorship.

Thus, we can conclude that the higher the level of self-control development, the more civilized society is and the less it needs any sanctions. In a society whose members are characterized by a high capacity for self-control, democracy is more likely to be established.

Styles of formal social control are distinguished depending on the nature of the sanctions that are applied to the deviant.

1. Punishing (moralistic) style of social control .

This style aims to punish deviants who have violated the foundations of society. Moreover, the maximum penalty is provided. It is applied to an offender who has committed a deliberate act (most often a crime).

The peculiarity of this style is that it does not compensate for the victim. deviant behavior... Justice is administered on the basis of moral justice.

Society has the main dominant values, the violation of which leads only to punitive action ( human life, property, etc.). But, in those societies where there are no clearly fixed basic values, deviant actions do not entail punitive sanctions. For example, in archaic societies, the central values are religious. Severe punitive sanctions follow the violation of taboos, family traditions. At the same time, there will be no punitive sanctions for murder for an attempt on property.

In highly developed societies, there is a very large concentration of values - there are many of them.

A social institution such as the state gravitates towards a punishing style of social control. The most terrible act in the state is considered to be treason or high treason and entails the death penalty or life imprisonment.

The intensity of the punitive style of social control is the opposite of social distance..

Social distance - the degree of closeness between people. The main characteristics of social distance are: the frequency of relationships, their type (formal or informal), the intensity of the relationship (degree of emotional inclusion) and their duration, as well as the nature of the connection between people (the relationship is prescribed or not prescribed).

The greater the social distance between the deviant and the agent of social control, the greater the role of moral rules.... For example, the murderer's relatives are inclined to forgive his act, provided that this does not happen again in the future.

The punishing style of social control is inversely proportional to the relationship between the victim of the crime and the social control agent.... If the victim is close in social distance to the agent of social control, then the response to the crime will be harsh (for example, in the United States, for the murder of a police officer, a criminal will most often be killed by the police during arrest).

Social control is usually of two types - descending and ascending.

Downward social control – from top to bottom, when a group in a higher social position controls a group in a lower position.

Upward social control – from bottom to top - subordinate control higher (the public opinion system in Zapa de).

The punishing style of social control is always top-down... Offenses against those higher on the social ladder are punished more severely.

The punishing style of social control is directly proportional to social inequality. The poorer the person, the harsher the punishment.

The punishing style of social control is subdivided into several types:

1) Open punishment- the response of the authorized bodies to the act of the deviant in accordance with the norms of law.

2) hidden punishment(informal control) - the group can itself punish its member for any offense (especially common in criminal cultures).

3) Indirect answer- mental illness can be a response to an injury.

4) Suicide- self-punishment (self-control).

2. The compensatory style of social control.

Compensating Style - Coercive Social Control Style : the offender compensates for the damage done to the victim... Most often it is material compensation. After bringing compensation for material damage, the situation is considered settled and the deviant is punished.

In this style, the focus is on the outcome of the misconduct, and it does not matter whether the misdemeanor was committed or not. The focus of this style is always sacrifice and it is to her that more attention is paid..

In compensating style usually has a third party that compels compensation (arbitrator, lawyer, court, etc.).

The compensating style is not used for murder, treason, terrorism - the punishing style is always used here. Sometimes a punishing style can be combined with a compensatory one (for example, a prison term for a crime committed with an additional punishment - with confiscation of property).

Compensating style is applied at medium and long social distance.... Any kind of close relationship discourages compensatory style. For example, neighbors rarely pay compensation for damage caused, since here close ties between people can be broken, and if close ties are broken, they never resume, especially if a third party is involved - a court. Compensation is rarely paid between friends.

With top-down control, the compensating style is very rare, since often the offender with a lower status does not have enough funds to pay compensation, moreover, compensation seems to equalize the superior with the lower, therefore, compensations are rare, or even impossible (for example, in feudal society, if a commoner killed a feudal lord, then a punishing style was applied, since compensation equated the feudal lord with the commoner). With upward social control, compensation is paid. (Rich and a famous person, going to prison loses his social status, so he pays off).

The modern world is more inclined towards a compensatory style of social control than a punitive one (lawyers of the two parties to a trial tend to agree before the court and the responsible party pays the damage to the victim, if there is no serious offense, then the case rarely reaches imprisonment, which explains the development of the institution of lawyers in the West ).

In our country, this style is very weak due to legal illiteracy of citizens and high fees for legal services.

3. Therapeutic style of social control.

This style is not aimed at punishment, but at changing the personality of the deviant and consists of the procedure of psychotherapy - this is, as it were, a symbolic change in the personality of the deviant.

This style works only with the consent of the deviant to therapy.(violent therapy is a punishing style).

Here there is an attempt by a psychotherapist (or analyst) to resolve intrapersonal problems, to help the individual to correct himself, to re-evaluate his behavior, to return the person to society and teach him to live in accordance with the norms.

Therapeutic-style agents are psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and religious leaders. For example, in religion, guilt is completely removed from an individual for misconduct, and this helps a person adapt to the situation.

Within the framework of this style, the behavior of the deviant is of great importance.... If a person's behavior cannot be explained, they are considered not entirely normal and a therapeutic style of social control is applied to them. In the Criminal Code, there is such a concept as sanity: a person who is mentally insane at the time of the crime does not bear criminal responsibility.

Therapeutic social control is inversely proportional to social distance... If the father beats up his family, they will think that he is sick. If parents beat their children, they are advised to see a psychiatrist rather than being invited by law enforcement. The greater the social distance between the deviant and the victim, the more they are inclined to consider a person a criminal rather than a sick person.

4. Regulatory style of social control.

The purpose of the regulatory style is to regulate the relationship between the deviant and the victim of deviant behavior and bring them into harmony.... It is used in violation of the relationship between two parties: between two individuals, between an individual and an organization, between organizations. This style does not provide the injured party with either moral or material compensation.

Nowadays, the regulatory style is widespread. He works in the field of family relations; in cases of conflicts between students and teachers; between students and teachers; between workers in the enterprise, etc. It is used when both parties are rooted in a group where there is a long-term and intersecting relationship; when both parties belong to the same kindred group (if there are no vested interests); when the group stays in one place for a long time (Russian peasant community).

The action of the regulatory style is directly proportional to the equality of the sides. The two parties must be equal in social status; only the positional "husband-wife, children-parents" is allowed. It is practically impossible to regulate relations between representatives of different social groups.

The regulatory style is widespread among organizations. It is very difficult for organizations to punish because they have multiple overlapping links. At the beginning of the twentieth century, trade unions emerged in Europe. With their emergence, the regulatory style became dominant among organizations. Business owners can associate with unions without feeling humiliated.

Sociology of personality

Since ancient times, the honor and dignity of the family have been highly valued because the family is the basic unit of society and society is primarily obliged to take care of it. If a man can protect the honor and life of his household, his status rises. If he cannot, he loses his status. In a traditional society, a man who is capable of protecting a family automatically becomes its head. The wife and children play second and third roles. There is no dispute about who is more important, smarter, more inventive, therefore families are strong, united in a socio-psychological sense. In modern society, a man in a family does not have the opportunity to demonstrate his leading functions. This is why families are currently so unstable and conflicted.

Sanctions- norm guards. Social sanctions are a ramified system of rewards for fulfilling norms (conformity), and punishments for deviating from them (i.e. deviance). It should be noted that conformity is only an external agreement with the generally accepted. Internally, an individual may conceal disagreement with the norms, but not tell anyone about it. Conformity there is a goal of social control.

Four types of sanctions are distinguished:

Formal positive sanctions- public approval by official organizations, formalized by documents with signatures and seals. These include, for example, the awarding of orders, titles, awards, admission to high positions, etc.

Informal positive sanctions- public endorsement that does not come from official organizations: compliment, smile, glory, applause, etc.

Formal negative sanctions: punishments stipulated by laws, instructions, decrees, etc. This is arrest, imprisonment, excommunication, a fine, etc.

Informal negative sanctions- punishments not provided for by laws - mockery, censure, notation, disregard, gossip, feuilleton in the newspaper, slander, etc.

The norms and sanctions are combined into one whole. If a norm lacks an accompanying sanction, then it loses its regulatory function. Let's say, in the 19th century. in Western Europe, the norm was the birth of children in legal marriage. The illegitimate children were excluded from the inheritance of their parents' property, they could not enter into decent marriages, they were neglected in everyday communication. Gradually, society, as it became more modern, excluded sanctions for violation of this norm, and public opinion softened. As a result, the norm ceased to exist.

1.3.2. Types and forms of social control

There are two types of social control:

internal control or self-control;

external control - a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee the observance of norms.

During self-control a person independently regulates his behavior, harmonizing it with generally accepted norms. This type of control manifests itself in a sense of guilt and conscience. The fact is that the generally accepted holes, rational prescriptions remain in the sphere of consciousness (remember, Z. Freud's "Super-I"), below which is the sphere of the unconscious, consisting of elemental impulses ("It" in Z. Freud). In the process of socialization, a person has to constantly struggle with his subconscious, because self-control is the most important condition for the collective behavior of people. The older a person is, the more, in theory, he should have stronger self-control. However, its formation can be hindered by brutal external control. The more closely the state takes care of its citizens through the police, courts, security agencies, the army, etc., the weaker self-control. But the weaker the self-control, the tougher the external control should be. Thus, a vicious circle arises, leading to the degradation of individuals as social beings. Example: Russia is swept by a wave of grave crimes against the person, including murders. Up to 90% of murders committed only in the Primorsky Territory are domestic, that is, they are committed as a result of drunken quarrels at family celebrations, friendly meetings, etc. According to practitioners, the underlying cause of tragedies is powerful control by the state and public organizations , parties, churches, peasant communities, who very harshly patronized Russians for almost the entire time of the existence of Russian society - from the time of the Moscow principality to the end of the USSR. During perestroika, external pressure began to weaken, and internal control capabilities were insufficient to maintain stable social relations. As a result, we are witnessing an increase in corruption in the ruling class, violations of constitutional rights and individual freedoms. And the population responds to the authorities with an increase in crime, drug addiction, alcoholism, and prostitution.

External control exists in informal and formal varieties.

Informal control based on the approval or condemnation of relatives, friends of colleagues, acquaintances, public opinion, which is expressed through traditions, customs, or the media. The agents of informal control - family, clan, religion - are important social institutions. Informal control is ineffective in a large group.

Formal control based on the approval or condemnation of the official authorities and administration. It operates throughout the country, based on written norms - laws, decrees, instructions, regulations. It is carried out by his education, state, parties, funds mass media.

Methods of external control, depending on the applied sanctions, are divided into hard, soft, direct, indirect. Example:

television belongs to the instruments of soft indirect control;

racketeering is an instrument of direct strict control;

criminal code - direct soft control;

economic sanctions by the international community are an indirect tough method.

1.3.3. Deviant behavior, essence, types

The socialization of a person is based on the assimilation of norms. Compliance with norms determines the cultural level of a society. Deviation from them is called in sociology deviation.

Deviant behavior is relative. What is deviation for one person or group may be a habit for another. Thus, the upper class considers their behavior to be the norm, and the behavior of the lower social groups as a deviation. Consequently, deviant behavior is relative because it relates only to the cultural norms of a given group. Extortion, robbery from the standpoint of a criminal are considered normal forms of income. However, most of the population considers this behavior to be deviation.

Forms of deviant behavior include criminality, alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, homosexuality, gambling, mental disorder, and suicide.

What are the causes of deviation? It is possible to single out the reasons for a biopsychic nature: it is believed that a propensity for alcoholism, drug addiction, mental disorders can be transmitted from parents to children. E. Durkheim, R. Merton, neo-Marxists, conflictologists, and culturologists paid great attention to elucidating the factors influencing the appearance and growth of deviation. They were able to identify social reasons:

anomie, or misalignment of society, appears during social crises. Old values disappear, new ones do not exist, and people lose their life orientations. The number of suicides and crimes is growing, the family and morality are being destroyed (E. Durkheim - a sociological approach);

anomie, manifested in the gap between the cultural goals of society and the socially approved ways of achieving them (R. Merton - a sociological approach);

the conflict between the norms of the culture of social groups (E. Sellin - culturological approach);

identification of an individual with a subculture, the norms of which contradict the norms of the dominant culture (V. Miller - culturological approach);

the tendency of influential groups to label members of less influential groups as a deviant. So, in the 30s in the South of the United States, Negroes were a priori considered rapists only because of their race (G. Becker - the theory of stigmatization);

laws and law enforcement agencies that ruling classes used against those who are deprived of power (R. Quinney - radical criminology), etc.

Types of deviant behavior... There are many classifications of deviation, but, in our opinion, one of the most interesting is R. Merton's typology. The author uses his own concept - deviation arises as a result of anomie, a gap between cultural goals and socially approved ways of achieving them.

Merton considers the only type of non-deviant behavior to be conformity - agreement with goals and means of achieving them. He identifies four possible types of deviation:

innovation- presupposes agreement with the goals of society and denial of generally accepted methods of achieving them. The "innovators" include prostitutes, blackmailers, and the creators of "financial pyramids". But these include great scientists;

ritualism- associated with the denial of the goals of a given society and the absurd exaggeration of the importance of ways to achieve them. Thus, the bureaucrat requires that each document be carefully filled in, double-checked, and filed in four copies. But at the same time, the goal is forgotten - and what is all this for?

retretism(or escape from reality) is expressed in the rejection of both socially approved goals and the ways to achieve them. Retreatists include drunkards, drug addicts, homeless people, etc.

riot - denies both goals and methods, but strives to replace them with new ones. For example, the Bolsheviks sought to abolish capitalism, private property and replace them with socialism and public property for the means of production. Rejecting evolution, they strove for revolution, etc.

Merton's concept is important primarily because it views conformity and deviation as two scales of the same balance, and not as separate categories. It also emphasizes that deviation is not the product of an absolutely negative attitude towards generally accepted standards. The thief does not reject the socially approved goal of material well-being, but may strive for it with the same zeal as a young man concerned with a career. The bureaucrat does not abandon the generally accepted rules of work, but he follows them too literally, reaching the point of absurdity. However, both the thief and the bureaucrat are deviants.

In the process of endowing an individual with the “deviant” stigma, primary and secondary stages can be distinguished. Primary deviation is the initial act of the offense. It is not even always noticed by society, especially if the norms-expectations are violated (for example, at dinner, not a spoon, but a fork is used). A person is recognized as a deviant as a result of a kind of processing of information about his behavior carried out by another person, group or organization. Secondary deviation is a process during which, after the act of primary deviation, a person, under the influence of social reaction, accepts a deviant identity, that is, rebuilds as a person from the position of the group to which he was ranked. Sociologist IM Shur called the process of "getting used to" the image of a deviant role-based absorption.

Deviation is much more widespread than official statistics indicate. Society, in fact, is 99% deviant. Most of them are moderate deviants. But, according to the estimates of sociologists, 30% of the members of society are clearly pronounced deviants with negative or positive deviations. Control over them is asymmetrical. The deviations of national heroes, outstanding scientists, artists, athletes, painters, writers, political leaders, foremost workers, very healthy and beautiful people are approved as much as possible. The behavior of terrorists, traitors, criminals, cynics, vagrants, drug addicts, political emigrants, etc. is highly discouraged.

In the old days, society considered all sharply deviating forms of behavior undesirable. Geniuses were persecuted as well as villains, the very lazy and super-industrious, the poor and the super-rich were condemned. The reason: abrupt deviations from the average norm - positive or negative - threatened to disrupt the stability of a society based on traditions, ancient customs and an ineffective economy. In modern society with the development of industrial and scientific and technological revolutions, democracy, the market, the formation of a new type of modal personality - a human consumer, positive deviations are considered as an important factor in the development of the economy, political and social life.

Main literature

Personality theories in American and Western European psychology. - M., 1996.

Smelzer N. Sociology. - M., 1994.

Sociology / Ed. acad. G.V. Osipova. - M., 1995.

Kravchenko A.I.Sociology. - M., 1999.

additional literature

Abercrombie N., Hill S., Turner S.B. Sociological Dictionary. - M., 1999.

Western sociology. Dictionary. - M., 1989.

Kravchenko A.I.Sociology. Reader. - Yekaterinburg, 1997.

Kon I. Sociology of personality. M., 1967.

Shibutani T. Social psychology. M., 1967.

Jeri D., Jeri J. The Big Explanatory Sociological Dictionary. In 2 vols. M., 1999.

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Not only punishments are called sanctions, but also rewards that contribute to the observance of social norms.

Sanctions - guards of norms. Along with values, they are responsible for why people strive to fulfill norms. Norms are protected from two sides - from the side of values and from the side of sanctions.

Social sanctions - a ramified system of rewards for fulfilling the norms, i.e. for conformism, for agreeing with them, and punishments for deviating from them, i.e. for devian-nosg.

Conformism represents external agreement with generally accepted norms, when internally the individual can maintain disagreement with them, but not tell anyone about it.

Conformity - the goal of social control. However, conformism cannot be the goal of socialization, for it must end with an internal agreement with the generally accepted.

There are four types of sanctions: positive and negative, formal and informal. They give four types of combinations that can be represented as a logical square:

Positive negative

FORMAL

INFORMAL

Formal positive sanctions(F +)- public approval from official organizations (government, institution, creative union): government awards, state awards and scholarships, awarded titles, academic degrees and titles, construction of a monument, presentation of certificates of honor, admission to high positions and honorary functions (for example, election chairman of the board).

Informal positive sanctions(H +) - public endorsement that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, tacit acknowledgment, benevolent disposition, applause, glory, honor, compliments, recognition of leadership or expertise, smile.

Formal negative sanctions (F-)- punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, prescriptions, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, deprivation, confiscation of property, demotion, demotion, deposition from the throne, the death penalty, excommunication.

Informal negative sanctions (H-) - punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, reprimand, ridicule, mockery, a cruel joke, an unflattering nickname, disdain, refusal to lend a hand or maintain a relationship, gossip, slander, unfriendly review, complaint, writing a pamphlet or feuilleton, exposing article.

So, social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control. Sanctions, together with values and norms, constitute a mechanism of social control. Social sanctions are a system of rewards and punishments. They are divided into four types: positive and negative, formal and informal. Depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal (self-control). In terms of intensity, the sanctions are strict or harsh, and lax or soft.

By themselves, norms do not control anything. Human behavior is controlled by other people based on norms that are expected to be followed by everyone. Compliance with the rules, like the implementation of sanctions, makes our behavior predictable. Each of us knows that an official award awaits an outstanding scientific discovery, and imprisonment for a serious crime. When we expect a certain action from another person, we hope that he knows not only the norm, but also the next sanction.

Thus, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm lacks an accompanying sanction, then it ceases to regulate real behavior. It becomes a slogan, an appeal, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.

Application social sanctions in some cases it requires the presence of unauthorized persons, and in others it does not. Dismissal is made out by the personnel department of the institution and involves the preliminary publication of an order or order. Imprisonment requires a complex trial procedure, on the basis of which a judgment is rendered. Bringing to administrative responsibility, for example, fines for travel without a ticket, presupposes the presence of an official transport controller, sometimes a policeman. The conferment of an academic degree presupposes an equally complex procedure for defending a scientific dissertation and making a decision by the Academic Council.

Sanctions against group habits breakers require fewer individuals. Sanctions are never applied to oneself. If the application of sanctions is done by the person himself, is directed at himself and takes place inside, then this form of control should be considered self-control.

Back to Sanctions

The formation and functioning of small social groups is invariably accompanied by the emergence of a number of laws, customs and traditions. Their main goal is to regulate public life, maintaining the given order and taking care of maintaining the well-being of all members of the community.

Such a phenomenon as social control occurs in all types of society. For the first time this term was used by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde He, calling so one of essential funds correction of criminal behavior. Later, he began to consider social control as one of the determining factors of socialization.

Among the tools of social control are formal and informal incentives and sanctions. Sociology of personality, which acts as a section social psychology, considers issues and problems related to how people interact within certain groups, as well as how the formation of an individual occurs. This science also understands the term "sanctions" as incentives, that is, it is a consequence of an act, regardless of whether it has a positive or negative connotation.

Formal control of public order is entrusted to official structures (human rights and judicial), while informal control is exercised by members of the family, collective, church community, as well as relatives and friends.

While the former is based on state laws the second is based on public opinion. Informal control is expressed through customs and traditions, as well as through the media (public approval or censure).

If earlier this type of control was the only one, today it is relevant only for small groups. Due to industrialization and globalization, modern groups have a huge number of people (up to several million), so informal control is untenable.

The sociology of personality refers to sanctions as punishment or reward used in social groups in relation to individuals. This is a reaction to the individual's going beyond the boundaries of generally accepted norms, that is, the consequence of actions that differ from those expected.

Taking into account the types of social control, distinguish between formal positive and negative, as well as informal positive and negative sanctions.

Formal sanctions (with a plus sign) are different kinds public approval by official organizations. For example, the issuance of certificates, awards, titles, titles, state awards and appointment to high positions.

Such incentives necessarily provide for the compliance of the individual to whom they are applied, certain criteria.

In contrast, there are no clear requirements for meriting informal positive sanctions. Examples of such rewards: smiles, handshakes, compliments, praises, applause, public gratitude.

Formal punishments are measures that are set out in legal laws, government orders, administrative instructions and orders. An individual who violates applicable laws may be subject to imprisonment, arrest, dismissal from work, fines, service punishment, reprimand, death penalty and other sanctions.

The difference between such measures of punishment from those provided for by informal control (informal negative sanctions) is that their application requires the presence of a specific prescription that regulates the behavior of the individual.

It contains criteria related to the norm, a list of actions (or inaction) that are considered violations, as well as the punishment for the action (or lack thereof).

Types of punishments that are not enshrined at the official level become informal negative sanctions. This can be ridicule, contempt, verbal reprimands, negative reviews, remarks, and others.

Everything existing species sanctions are divided into repressive and preventive. The first is used after the individual has already performed an action. The amount of such punishment or reward depends on public beliefs that determine the harmfulness or usefulness of the act.

The second (preventive) sanctions are designed to prevent specific actions from being taken. That is, their goal is to persuade the individual to behave in what is considered normal. For example, informal positive sanctions in school system education is designed to develop the habit of "doing the right thing" in children.

The result of such a policy is conformism: a kind of "disguise" of the true motives and desires of the individual under the camouflage of inculcated values.

Many experts come to the conclusion that informal positive sanctions allow for more humane and effective control individual behavior.

By applying various incentives and reinforcing socially acceptable actions, it is possible to foster a system of beliefs and values that will prevent the manifestation of deviant behavior. Psychologists recommend using informal positive sanctions as often as possible in the process of raising children.

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Informal

So, social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control.

Together with values and norms constitute

self-control... Thus, depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal hard, and not strict, or soft.

External control- subdivided into informal and formal. Informal control

Formal control agents of formal control.

Public opinion

socialization and control basis legal regulations: the laws.

Informal

Formal positive sanctions (F +): - public approval from official organizations: government awards, state awards, titles, academic degrees and titles, the construction of a monument, admission to high positions and honorary functions.

Informal positive sanctions (N +): - public endorsement that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, benevolent disposition, compliments, smile.

Formal negative sanctions (F -): - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, prescriptions, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, deprivation, confiscation of property, demotion, demotion, death penalty, excommunication.

Informal negative sanctions (N-): - punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, remark, ridicule, mockery, cruel joke, offensive nickname, refusal to lend a hand, spreading rumors, slander, complaint.

So, social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control. Together with values and norms constitute mechanism of social control. The norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If some norm lacks the accompanying violation of the sanction, then it ceases to regulate the real behavior of people. It becomes a slogan, an appeal, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.

Application of social sanctions in some cases it requires the presence of unauthorized persons, and in others it does not require (for example, imprisonment requires a complex judicial procedure; the award of an academic degree requires a complex procedure for defending a dissertation and a decision of the academic council). If the application of the sanction is made by the person himself, is directed at himself and takes place inside, then this form of control must be considered self-control.

Thus, depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal... According to the degree of intensity, the sanctions are severe, or hard, and not strict, or soft.

External control- subdivided into informal and formal. Informal control based on the approval or condemnation of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances (they are called agents of informal control), as well as from the side of public opinion.

Formal control based on the approval or condemnation of the official authorities or administration. In modern society, the importance of formal control is increasing. It is carried out by special people - agents of formal control. These are people specially trained and paid for performing control functions (judges, police officers, social workers, psychiatrists, etc.). Formal control is exercised by such institutions of modern society as courts, the education system, the army, production, the media, political parties, government.

Public opinion- a set of assessments, ideas and judgments shared by the majority of the population or part of it; condition mass consciousness... It is in the production collective, in a small village, it is in the social class, ethnic group, society as a whole. The impact of public opinion is very strong. Sociology studies public opinion very widely. This is her main subject. Questionnaire surveys and interviews are aimed primarily at him.

It is easy to see the similarity of the two processes in society - socialization and control... The subjects of influence in both cases are agents and institutions. In modern society basis social control advocate legal regulations: the laws.

Studopedia.org - Studopedia.Org - 2014-2018. (0.001 s) ...

Sanctions- these are the reactions of society to the actions of the individual.

The emergence of a system of social sanctions, like norms, was not accidental. If norms are created with the aim of protecting the values of society, then sanctions are intended to protect and strengthen the system of social norms. If the norm is not supported by a sanction, it ceases to be valid.

Thus, the three elements - values, norms and sanctions - form a single chain of social control. In this chain, sanctions are assigned the role of a tool through which the individual first gets to know the norm and then realizes the values.

Sanctions are of different types.

Among them are positive and negative, formal and informal.

Positive(positive) sanctions are approval, praise, recognition, encouragement, glory, honor that others reward those who act within the framework of socially accepted norms. Each type of activity has its own rewards.

Negative sanctions- condemning or punishing actions of society in relation to those individuals who violate the norms accepted in society. Negative sanctions include censure, discontent of others, condemnation, reprimand, criticism, fines, as well as more severe actions such as detention, imprisonment or confiscation of property. The threat of negative sanctions is more powerful than the expectation of a reward. At the same time, society strives to ensure that negative sanctions not so much punish as prevent violations of norms, be proactive, not late.

Formal sanctions come from official organizations - governments or administrations of institutions, which in their actions are guided by officially adopted documents

Informal sanctions come from the immediate environment of the individual and have the character of unofficial, often verbal and emotional assessments.

Social behavior that corresponds to the norms and values defined in society is designated as conformist (from Lat. Conformis - similar, similar). The main task of social control is the reproduction of a conformist type of behavior.

Social sanctions are applied to monitor compliance with norms and values. Sanction is the reaction of the group to the behavior of the social subject. Regulatory regulation is carried out with the help of sanctions social system and its subsystems.

Sanctions are not only punishments, but also rewards that contribute to the observance of social norms. Together with values, they contribute to the observance of social norms and thus social norms are protected from two sides, from the side of values and from the side of sanctions. Social sanctions are a ramified system of rewards for the fulfillment of social norms, that is, for conformism, agreement with them and a system of punishments for deviating from them, that is, deviance.

Negative sanctions are linked with socially disapproved violations of norms, depending on the severity of the rules, they can be subdivided into punishments and censures:

forms of punishment- administrative penalties, restriction of access to socially valuable resources, prosecution, etc.

forms of censure- expression of public disapproval, refusal to cooperate, breakdown of relations, etc.

The use of positive sanctions is associated not only with compliance with norms, but with the implementation of a number of socially significant services aimed at preserving values and norms. Forms of positive sanctions include awards, monetary rewards, privileges, endorsements, and the like.

Along with negative and positive, formal and informal sanctions that differ depending on the institutions that apply them and the nature of their action:

formal sanctions implemented by official institutions sanctioned by society - law enforcement agencies, courts, tax services, the penitentiary system.

informal applied by informal institutions (comrades, family, neighbors).

There are four types of sanctions: positive, negative, formal, informal. Οʜᴎ give four types of combinations that can be represented by a logical square.

(F +) Formal positive sanctions. This is a public endorsement from official organizations. Such approval can be expressed in government awards, state awards and scholarships, titles awarded, monuments erected, certificates of honor or admission to high offices and honorary functions (for example, being elected chairman of the board).

(H +) Informal Positive Sanctions - Public endorsement that does not come from formal organizations can be expressed in friendly praise, compliment, honor, compliment, or recognition of leadership or expertise. (just a smile) (F) -) formal negative sanctions - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders and orders can be expressed in arrest, imprisonment, dismissal, deprivation of civil rights, confiscation of property, fine, demotion, excommunication from the church, the death penalty.

(H-) informal negative sanctions - punishment not foreseen by official authorities: censure, remarks, ridicule, disdain, unflattering nickname, refusal to maintain relations, disapproving review, complaint, exposing article in the press.

Four groups of sanctions help determine which individual behavior can be considered beneficial to the group:

— legal - a system of punishments for actions prescribed by law.

— ethical - a system of censures, remarks arising from moral principles,

— satirical - ridicule, disdain, smirks, etc.,

— religious sanctions .

French sociologist R.

Lapierre distinguishes three types of sanctions:

— physical with the help of which the punishment for violation of social norms is carried out;

— economic blocking the satisfaction of urgent needs (fines, penalties, restrictions on the use of resources, dismissals); administrative (lowering social status, warnings, penalties, removal from office).

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, sanctions together with values and norms constitute a mechanism of social control. By themselves, norms do not control anything. The behavior of people is controlled by other people on the basis of norms. Compliance with norms, like the implementation of sanctions, makes human behavior predictable,

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm lacks an accompanying sanction, then it ceases to regulate behavior and becomes just a slogan or appeal, and not an element of social control.

The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of unauthorized persons, and in others it does not (imprisonment requires a serious trial, on the basis of which a sentence is passed). The assignment of an academic degree involves an equally complex process of defending a dissertation and making a decision by the Academic Council. If the application of the sanction is made by the person himself, directed at himself and takes place inside, then this form of control is called self-control. Self-control is internal control.

Individuals independently control their behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms. In the process of socialization, norms are assimilated so firmly that people who violate them feel guilty. Approximately 70% of social control is carried out through self-control. The higher self-control is developed among members of society, the less it is extremely important for this society to resort to external control, and, on the contrary, the weaker self-control, the more rigid external control should be. At the same time, strict external control, petty guardianship of citizens, inhibit the development of self-awareness and muffle the volitional efforts of the individual, as a result a dictatorship arises.

Often, a dictatorship is established for the time being for the benefit of citizens, in order to restore order, but citizens who are accustomed to submitting to coercive control do not develop internal control, they gradually degrade as social beings, as individuals who are able to take responsibility and do without external coercion, that is, dictatorship. thus, the degree of development of self-control characterizes the type of people prevailing in society and the emerging form of the state. With developed self-control, there is a high probability of establishing democracy, with undeveloped - dictatorship.