Types of rhymes. A.S. Pushkin. M.Yu. Lermontov. Closed rhyme. Alexey Pleshcheev. Feminine rhyme. Dactylic rhyme. The rain rustled. Poetic speech. Methods of rhyming. Poems by Mandelstam. Banal rhymes. ON. Nekrasov. Rock the swing. Varieties of rhymes. Rhyme can be precise or imprecise. The rhyme connects the lines. V.A. Zhukovsky. Natasha looked. Influence of European poetry. Let the coolness of the morning dawn in. Rhyme.
"Russian fabulists" - Moral story. Monument to Krylov. Illustrations. We guess. Dragonfly and ant. Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev. Aphorisms from fables. What do fables teach? Swan, pike and cancer. Ivan Andreevich Krylov. Fables. Russian fabulists. Features of fables. Idioms. A Crow and a fox.
"Novokrestyanskaya Poetry" - Klychkov (Leshenkov) Sergei Antonovich (1889-1937). Klychkov. S. Yesenin. Nikolai Alekseevich Klyuev (1884-1937). The peasant theme in Russian literature. Pride in the centuries-old rich national culture. New Peasant Poetry (early 20th century). The dusk is gray on the watch, on the watch at the gate. From curly shavings pulls pitch, smells like a beehive, a white blockhouse. Everything that is dirty in the life of the poorest. Group "Beauty".
"Ritual poetry" - Hyperbole. Customs. Folklore. Christmastide. Collect information about Christmastide. Calendar ritual poetry. Subtle songs. Researchers of folklore. Observation. Holiday script. Song. Ritual poetry. Survey among loved ones. Collection.
"Nature in English Poetry" - Texts of poems and poems. Analysis of the works of English poets. Storm in the North Sea. Active romantics. Water element. Embodiment. Conceptosphere. Flora. Segment. The essence of the concept "conceptual picture of the world". Rainy manifestations of nature. Steamer. Wind. Lexemes. Flora and fauna. Shipwreck. Seasons.
"Poetry about Autumn" - I love Russian nature. Autumn will wake up soon. Combine the title of the work with the surname of the author. Remember and insert the missing words. Comparison. Dry leaves. Autumn bad weather. The foliage turned yellow. Remember the quatrains. Sickle. Come up with a little poem. Lingonberries ripen. Expressive means of language. Leaf fall. Autumn has come. Impersonation. Peace and space. Epithet. The brushes are bright red wilting mountain ash.
Originating back in Ancient Greece... It is based on a moralizing story that contains morality either in the text of the work itself, or in a separate part of it. Traditionally, this genre has a small volume and is written in poetic form. As the main characters, famous fabulists most often choose animals that embody the vices of both an individual and society as a whole.
Development of the genre
The fable is believed to have originated in ancient Greece. Its first authors are called Stesichora and Hesiod. However, Aesop reached the greatest fame, whose works were later used by famous fabulists as the basis for creating works of this genre. Demetrius of Phaler (300 BC) and Babrius (2nd century AD) were less popular.
From the Middle Ages to the 19th century, fables were written by Jean de La Fontaine, who lived in France in the 17th century, the German poet Gellert. In the 18-19th centuries, this genre is gaining great popularity in Russian literature. V.K.Trediakovsky, A.P. Sumarokov, and, of course, I.A.Krylov achieved the greatest fame here.
Aesop - famous ancient Greek fabulist
This is a fairly well-known and yet mysterious person. Aesop is believed to have lived in the 6th century BC. NS. in one of the cities of Thrace or Phrygia.
The main source of information about the fabulist is legends, since it is still not known for certain whether such a person actually existed. He is credited with creating small fascinating stories in prose, from which a moralistic meaning flowed. Basically, they were directed against the nobility, which required a special, veiled content. The heroes were conditional animals that spoke in simple language... Hence the popular expression "Aesopian language", which is actively used in our time in the meaning of "allegory".
Interest in the subjects of Aesop's fables has always existed. His followers Phaedrus, Flavius Avian made the transcription of texts into Latin language... Many of the most famous fabulists of different times used them as a basis for creating their own works. Hence, quite familiar and similar stories in the texts of different authors. Here is one example of Aesop's fable: a wolf saw the shepherds eating a sheep, approached and said, addressing them: "And how much noise would it have been if I did it."
Creativity Jean de La Fontaine
The story begins with the work of a French fabulist who lived in the years 1621-1695.
His childhood was spent close to nature, as his father served in the forestry department. La Fontaine did not take the position transferred from his parent seriously and soon found himself in Paris, where he lived all his life, having achieved, by the way, great fame. In front of him, the doors of almost all the capital's salons were open, with the exception of the royal palace: they did not like the free and frivolous poet, who did not accept any obligations.
The main fame of the poet is brought by 6 books under the single title "Fables of Aesop, transcribed into verses by M. La Fontaine". They were distinguished by a very good, figurative language, various poetic forms and a special rhythm. The content organically intertwined the most interesting philosophical reflections and lyrical digressions. La Fontaine's heroes usually succeeded due to their dexterity and their ability to take advantage of the situation.
The genre of fables in Russian literature
Interest in the work of Aesop, and then La Fontaine, was observed in many countries, including Russia. Back in the 17th century, the fables of Stefanit and Ihnilat were known. However, this genre reaches its greatest popularity only after the Peter the Great era, when truly famous fabulists appear in literature. Russian imitative works of this genre are gradually being replaced by original ones.
The first here were A. Cantemir, who wrote 6 fables in the spirit of Aesop, and was engaged in the processing of the works of the ancient Greek poet.
Famous fabulists A. Sumarokov, I. Khemnitser, I. Dmitriev
The next serious step was taken by A. Sumarokov: in his creative heritage there are 334 fables, most of which are already independent works. These are small live scenes, written in free verse and somewhat rude language. According to the author, this was demanded by the low calm, to which the fables belonged. The works themselves were very reminiscent of a naturalistic scene from everyday life, and the plot originated from folklore, which also gave the works a folk character. Sumarokov himself often called them fables-parables, which already determines the author's intention.
In the second half of the 18th century, the collection “Fables and Tales by N.N. in verse ”, a feature of whose works was a combination of features of classicism and sentimentalism. The name of the author, I.I.Khemnitser, became known to the general reader only two decades later, when the book was republished after the poet's death. The main features of his fables are well expressed in the epigraph to the second collection: "In nature, in simplicity, he was looking for the truth ..." For the poet, accuracy and logical expression of thought were more important, which limited him in his choice expressive means... Many noted that, unlike Sumarokov with his "peasant" conversation, Chemnitzer's language was more like a noble speech, smoother and more graceful.
Closing this row of fabulists I. Dmitriev, who was very friendly with Karamzin. This left an imprint on his work. Dmitriev's language is particularly light, fluid and good taste, and the animal heroes express themselves wittily and at the same time cute. It is no coincidence that he was called a reformer in the field of poetic language and the founder of the salon fable.
In Russian literary criticism, the opinion has been preserved that these famous fabulists managed to reform the language of works of this genre and laid the foundations for the formation of the creativity of another famous poet.
Veliky I. A. Krylov
This poet, known to us from childhood, began with the translations of his beloved La Fontaine in 1805, and then tried his hand at different genres for another 6 years.
Krylov was recognized as a fabulist in 1811, during which 18 fables were written, 15 of them being original. A bright and well-aimed figurative language, attractive and often unexpected images, almost all of which have become common nouns, instant feedback on the most relevant social and political events - these are the most essential features of I. Krylov's fables. His works embodied the wisdom and identity of the people and laid the foundations of realism. The creative heritage of I. Krylov includes 340 fables, published in 9 collections. During the poet's lifetime, his books were translated into Italian, German, English, French.
It so happened that the famous Russian fabulist I.A.Krylov played a leading role in the development of this genre in the entire world literature. Better and more than him, no one could say.
Fable is the oldest genre of literature, dating back to Ancient Greece. It is based on a moralizing story that contains morality either in the text of the work itself, or in a separate part of it. Traditionally, this genre has a small volume and is written in poetic form. As the main characters, famous fabulists most often choose animals that embody the vices of both an individual and society as a whole.
Development of the genre
The fable is believed to have originated in ancient Greece. Its first authors are called Stesichora and Hesiod. However, Aesop reached the greatest fame, whose works were later used by famous fabulists as the basis for creating works of this genre. Demetrius of Phaler (300 BC) and Babrius (2nd century AD) were less popular.
From the Middle Ages to the 19th century, fables were written by Jean de La Fontaine, who lived in France in the 17th century, the German poet Gellert. In the 18-19th centuries, this genre is gaining great popularity in Russian literature. A. Kantemir, V. K. Trediakovsky, A. P. Sumarokov, I. I. Dmitriev and, of course, I. A. Krylov achieved the greatest fame here.
Aesop - famous ancient Greek fabulist
This is a fairly well-known and yet mysterious person. Aesop is believed to have lived in the 6th century BC. NS. in one of the cities of Thrace or Phrygia.
The main source of information about the fabulist is legends, since it is still not known for certain whether such a person actually existed. He is credited with creating small fascinating stories in prose, from which a moralizing meaning flowed. Basically, they were directed against the nobility, which required a special, veiled content. The heroes were conventional animals that spoke a simple language. Hence the popular expression "Aesopian language", which is actively used in our time in the meaning of "allegory".
Interest in the subjects of Aesop's fables has always existed. His followers Phaedrus and Flavius Avian transcribed texts into Latin. Many of the most famous fabulists of different times used them as a basis for creating their own works. Hence, quite familiar and similar stories in the texts of different authors. Here is one example of Aesop's fable: a wolf saw the shepherds eating a sheep, approached and said, addressing them: "And how much noise would it have been if I did it."
Creativity Jean de La Fontaine
The history of the modern fable begins with the work of a French fabulist who lived in the years 1621-1695.
His childhood was spent close to nature, as his father served in the forestry department. La Fontaine did not take the position transferred from his parent seriously and soon found himself in Paris, where he lived all his life, having achieved, by the way, great fame. In front of him, the doors of almost all the capital's salons were open, with the exception of the royal palace: they did not like the free and frivolous poet, who did not accept any obligations.
The main fame of the poet is brought by 6 books under the single title "Fables of Aesop, transcribed into verses by M. La Fontaine". They were distinguished by a very good, figurative language, various poetic forms and a special rhythm. The content organically intertwined the most interesting philosophical reflections and lyrical digressions. La Fontaine's heroes usually succeeded due to their dexterity and their ability to take advantage of the situation.
The genre of fables in Russian literature
Interest in the work of Aesop, and then La Fontaine, was observed in many countries, including Russia. Back in the 17th century, the fables of Stefanit and Ihnilat were known. However, this genre reaches its greatest popularity only after the Peter the Great era, when truly famous fabulists appear in literature. Russian imitative works of this genre are gradually being replaced by original ones.
The first here were A. Cantemir, who wrote 6 fables in the spirit of Aesop, and V. Trediakovsky, who was engaged in the processing of the works of the ancient Greek poet.
Famous fabulists A. Sumarokov, I. Chemnitser, I. Dmitriev
The next serious step was taken by A. Sumarokov: in his creative heritage there are 334 fables, most of which are already independent works. These are small live scenes, written in free verse and somewhat rude language. According to the author, this was demanded by the low calm, to which the fables belonged. The works themselves were very reminiscent of a naturalistic scene from everyday life, and the plot originated from folklore, which also gave the works a folk character. Sumarokov himself often called them fables-parables, which already determines the author's intention.
In the second half of the 18th century, the collection “Fables and Tales by N.N. in verse ”, a feature of whose works was a combination of features of classicism and sentimentalism. The name of the author, I.I.Khemnitser, became known to the general reader only two decades later, when the book was republished after the poet's death. The main features of his fables are well expressed in the epigraph to the second collection: "In nature, in simplicity, he was looking for the truth ..." For the poet, accuracy and logical expression of thought were more important, which limited him in his choice of expressive means. Many noted that, unlike Sumarokov with his "peasant" conversation, Chemnitzer's language was more like a noble speech, smoother and more graceful.
Closing this row of fabulists I. Dmitriev, who was very friendly with Karamzin. This left an imprint on his work. Dmitriev's language is particularly light, fluid and good taste, and the animal heroes express themselves wittily and at the same time cute. It is no coincidence that he was called a reformer in the field of poetic language and the founder of the salon fable.
In Russian literary criticism, the opinion has been preserved that these famous fabulists were able to reform the language of works of this genre and laid the foundations for the formation of the work of another famous poet.
Fable is a genre that has come to us since ancient Greece. In the distant past, a famous person appeared before us. Later, writers and poets turned to the fable in order, with the help of their heroes, where various animals often appear, to ridicule the shortcomings of people, rulers and to teach readers. There were fabulists in Russian literature as well. What is only Ivan Andreevich Krylov, who is called the great Russian fabulist and for a reason. However, let's start in order, because before Krylov, just like after him, there were other equally talented writers, whose list of names begins to be studied from grade 4.
List of surnames of Russian fabulists
So, a fable is a wonderful genre where, with the help of small poetic works, fabulists conveyed and convey the truth to readers and where there is always morality. If you name the fabulists of our country, then in my list I will include those people who really achieved success in this genre, becoming famous. Among them are A. Kantemir, V. K. Trediakovsky, A. P. Sumarokov, D. I. Fonvizin, G.R. Derzhavin, I.I.Dmitriev. Of course, I.A.Krylov, whose fables even a child knows. After Krylov there were such wonderful fabulists as Zhukovsky, Prutkov, Tolstoy, and our contemporary Mikhalkov. I would now like to consider the list of the names of the fabulists, dwelling in more detail on some of them.
The legendary writer Sumarokov A.P.
Sumarokov was one of the famous fabulists who not only inherited their predecessors, imitating the work of Aesop and remaking the works of ancient Greek poets, as Kantemir and Trediakovsky did. Sumarokov was talented person, who was one of the first among writers to take a serious step forward and began to write his own small works. Their short sketches, which resembled everyday life and were written in a rude language. He called them parables.
Russian fabulist Dmitriev I.I.
Dmitriev became the founder of the salon fable. The language of his works was distinguished by lightness, and the heroes were animals with their wit. Reading Dmitriev's works, we celebrate him good taste... He, like his predecessors Sumarokov, Fonvizin, Derzhavin, reformed the language and provided the basis for the work of the well-known poet - fabulist Krylov.
Krylov I.A.
- a writer familiar to us from childhood. His short satirical works reflect the life of the nineteenth century. In his works, the author uses unexpected images, the language of his works is accurate, bright and figurative. When you read Krylov's fables, you see not only shortcomings and vices, because the author makes fun of cunning, laziness, cowardice, stupidity and ignorance. In his works, the author also shows the ways of correction. This is how we see the writer's desire to make the world a better, kinder, more honest world. At the same time, everything is done in a language accessible to us, simple and understandable. This is probably why his fables are easy to read and perceived correctly even by schoolchildren.
The fabulist Mikhalkov
Mikhalkov Sergey - favorite writer of all girls and boys Soviet Union... His fables, as well as Krylov's fables, have been known by many since childhood. He continued the tradition of Russian classical fable by painting negative phenomena in everyday life and morals, subjecting to ridicule the vices of mankind and the actions of people.
Fable is a poetic or prose genre of a short literary work.
Characteristics of the fable
The fable contains an instructive thought (morality), uses an allegory technique and uses a large number of dialogues. Basically, the main characters are intelligent animals with mores, traits and vices of people (stubbornness, greed, cunning). The purpose of writing a fable is to teach people how to root out their shortcomings. Also, the heroes of this genre can be people, plants, objects.
The following Russian fabulists are known:
- Ivan Ivanovich Chemnitser;
- Ivan Andreevich Krylov;
- Alexander Efimovich Izmailov;
- Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev;
- Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy.
Information about the fabulists
I.I.Khemnitser - Russian poet, translator and fabulist of the 18th century. In total, the poet wrote 91 fables; this number includes works own composition, as well as his translations of La Fontaine and Gellert's fables. Chemnitzer's fables lack the satirical character characteristic of this genre; they are more melancholic. Examples of his works: "Dragonfly", "Happy Husband".
I.A.Krylov is a poet and fabulist at the turn of the 18-19th centuries. The plot of his fable "The Dragonfly and the Ant" was largely copied from the plot of the fable of his predecessor Chemnitzer "The Dragonfly", but this work was supplemented with humor and satirical turns. Krylov's fables are known for their numerous catch phrases(for example, “Though the eye sees, but the tooth doesn’t care” - the fable “The Fox and the Grapes”).
A. Ye. Izmailov - official, journalist, teacher and fabulist of the first half of the 19th century. His fables are characterized by realism, and also related to satire. An example of his fable is "The Wolf and the Crane", in which the ingratitude of a person is condemned with the help of an allegory.
I.I.Dmitriev - poet, satirist and prose writer of the 18-19th centuries. Translated fables and tales from French into Russian (example: "Oak and cane"). Some of his poems were later set to music.
L. N. Tolstoy is the most famous Russian writer and thinker of the 19th century. Tolstoy did not write his fables, but he was engaged in literal translations of the fables of Aesop, the ancient Greek poet-fabulist who lived him before our era. Examples of fables: "The Wolf and the Lamb", "The Cat and the Mice".