What a technique underlies the composition of the ballad. Ballad is a classic of literary genres

Ballad: History and Features of the genre

Ballad - Laro-epic poems with a pronounced story of a historical or domestic nature, in which themes and heroes of myths are often used.
The term "ballad" comes from Provencal word and means "dance song". There were ballads in the Middle Ages. By origin, ballads are associated with legends, folk legends, connect the traits of the story and songs. Many ballads about the National Hero named Robin Hood existed in England XIV-XV centuries.

The ballad is one of the main genres in poetry sentimentalism and romanticism. The world in ballads appears mysterious and mysterious. They have bright heroes with clearly defined characters.

The creator of the genre literary ballad Robert Burns became (1759-1796). The basis of his poetry was the oral folk creativity.

In the center of the literary ballad, a person always turns out, but poets XIX. A century, who chose this genre, knew that human strength would not always make it possible to answer all the questions, to become a full owner of her destiny. Therefore, often literary ballads are a storylive poem about the fatal fate, for example, the Ballade "Forest King" of the German poet Johanna Wolfgang Goethe.

The Russian Balad tradition was created by Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky, writing as original ballads ("Svetlana", "Ealar Harp", "Achille" and others), and translated by the Burger, Schiller, Goethe, Ulanda, South, Walter Scott. All Zhukovsky written more than 40 ballads.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin created such ballads as "a song about Oleg's meaning", "Bridegroom", "Drill", "Raven to Raven flies", "the Knight of the poor knight ...". Also to the genre of ballads include its cycle "Western Slavs" songs.

Separate ballads have Mikhail Yurevich Lermontov. This is a "aircraft" from Zeidlitz, "Sea Tsarevna".

The genre of ballads used in his work and Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy. He calls his ballads on the themes of his native antiquity of the epics ("Alesh Popovich", "Ilya Muromets", "Sadko" and others).

Whole departments of their poems were called ballads, applying this term already more freely, A.A.Fet, K.K. Sreaty, V.Ya. Bruisov. In their "experiments" of Bryusov, speaking of the ballad, indicates only two of their ballads of the traditional lyrol-epic type: "Berth's abduction" and "pruney".

A number of comic ballads parodies left Vl.Solviev ("Mysterious Ponoloire", "Autumn Walk of the Ralph Knight" and others)

The events of the stormy XX century again caused a genre of literary ballads. The Ballad of E. Bagritsky "Watermelon" although it does not tell about the turbulent events of the revolution, but he was born by the revolution, the romance of that time.

Features ballads as genre:

the presence of the plot (there is a climax, tie and omission)

the combination of real with fantastic

romantic (unusual) landscape

motion motive

the plot can be replaced by a dialogue.

laconicity

the combination of lyrical and epic began

Features of the genre of ballads in the work of V. A. Zhukovsky

V. A. Zhukovsky introduced the Russian reader with one of the most beloved genres of Western European romantics - Balladiya. And although the genre of ballads appeared in Russian literature long before Zhukovsky, but it was he who gave him a poetic charm and made popular. Moreover, he captivated poetics of the genre of ballads with aesthetics of romanticism, and as a result, the genre of ballads turned into a characteristic sign of romanticism.

What is the ballad? And why exactly this genre attracted Zhukovsky? Ballad is a brief poetic story of predominantly heroic-historical or fantastic nature. The presentation of a pronounced plot in the ballad is lyribically painted. Zhukovsky wrote 39 ballad, of which only five are original, the rest are transfers and translating.

The beginning of the XIX century. Zhukovsky is disappointed in life, his soul suffers from unfulfilled happiness with his beloved girl, with early years It constantly feels bitterness of social inequality. With social issues, he faces constantly. This is the Decembristian movement, which he is forced to perceive from two points of view: and as a friend of many Decembrists and people from their environment, and as a court man close to royal family. All this and prompted Zhukovsky to stand on the path of ethical solutions to acute problems. From the very beginning of his balladic creativity, Zhukovsky fought for a moral personality.

The main topic of his ballads is a crime and punishment, good and evil. Permanent hero ballad - strong personality, dropping the moral restrictions and performing a personal will, aimed at achieving a purely egoistic ^ ate. Recall the Ballad "Varvik" - the original translation of the Sau-Ty's identity of the same name. Warwik captured the throne, destroying his nephew, the legitimate throne. And all because Varvik wants to reign.

According to Zhukovsky, the crime is caused by individualistic passions: ambition, greed, jealousy, egoistic self-affirmation. A person failed to curb himself, succumbed to passions, and his moral consciousness was weakened. Under the influence of passions, a person forgets his moral debt. But the main thing in the ballads is not an act of crime, and its consequences are punishment of a person. The criminal in the ballads of Zhukovsky is punished, as a rule, not people. Punishment comes from human conscience. So, in the Ballade "Castle Smalgolm", no one punished the killer of Baron and his wife, they voluntarily go to the monasteries, because conscience torments them. But the monastery life does not bring them moral relief and consolation: the wife is sad, it does not cute the White Light, and the Baron "is silent and silent." Having committed a crime, they themselves deprive themselves happiness and joy of life.

But even when the criminal does not wake up conscience, the punishment of it still comes. According to Zhukovsky, it goes as it were from the very depths of life. The conscience is silent at Ghatton's greedy bishop, which burned the shed with the hungry poor and with cynical satisfaction I thought about having got rid of the hungry edge from greedy mice (ballad " God's court above the bishop ").

"Nature in the ballads of Zhukovsky is valid, and she herself takes on the function of revenge - for a crime: the River Avon, in which a small throne river was surrounded, came out of his shores, spread, and in fierce waves she had a criminal warwork. Mice began to fight against Gatton's bishop and bought it.

In the Bala5th World, nature does not want to choose evil, keep it, she destroys him, takes forever from the world of being. The Ballad World of Zhukovsky claiming: in life, the duel of good and evil is often performed. Ultimately always wins good, high moral principles), JJBCV PP at Zhukovsky is a fair retail. The poet believes that the vicious act will be punished. And the main thing in the ballads of Zhukovsky is in the celebration of moral law.

Special place among the works of Zhukovsky is occupied by ballads dedicated to love: "Lyudmila", "Svetlana", "Ealar Harp" and others. The main thing here for the poet is to calm down, instruct the true in love of a person who survived the tragedy in love. Zhukovsky and here requires curbing of egoistic desires and passions.

£ Guo Unfortunate Lyudmila is cruelly condemned because she indulgesed passion, wish to be at all means happy with her cute. Love passion and bitterness of the loss of the groom so blind her, that she forgets about moral responsibilities towards other people. Zhukovsky romantic means seeks to prove, as unreasonable and even dangerous for a person, this is a selfish desire for his own happiness, contrary to everything:

Coffin, open;
fully live;
Twice heart
not to love.

So exclaims the distraught from the grief of Lyudmila. The coffin opens, and the dead man takes Lyudmila in his arms. The horror of the heroine is terrible: they mowy, flashed eyes, the blood is cold. And it is no longer possible to return life, so unreasonably rejected. But the terrible ballad of Zhukovsky Lifebiva. The poet gives preference real lifeDespite the fact that she sends a person harsh tests.

Ballad "Svetlana" in the plot is close to "Lyudmila", but also deeply excellent. This ballad is a free crossing of the ballads of the German poet G. A. Burger "Lenor". It tells about how the girl goes about the bridegroom: he left far and for a long time not sends. And suddenly he is in a charming sleep, inspired by fortune. Cute calling the bride to marvel, they will jump through the blizzard on the rabid horses. But the groom unexpectedly turns around the dead and hardly drags the bride into the grave. However, everything ends well: awakening awakening, the groom appears in the appearance, alive, and is made the desired, joyful wedding. Zhukovsky is far away from the original, bringing national Russian flavor to the ballad: it includes a description of ghosts in the "Epiphany Evening", and adoptions and customs:

Once in the baptisman evening
Girls wondered:
Behind the gate shoe.
Having removed from his legs, threw,
Snow polishes under the window
Listened, Kormili
Counting chicken grain
Yellow wax rope
In the bow of S. pure water
Clan golden ring,
Earrings are emerald
Spread white plates
And over the bowl sang in the way
Songs are reflined.

The poet reproduces an attractive and elegant maiden world, which is significant and the shoe, and Earrings are emerald, and gold ring.

The ballad not only told about the episode from the life of a young creature, but introduced it inner world. The whole ballad is full of life, movement and internal, and external, some kind of maiden fuss. Svetlana's mental world is also full of movements. It refuses to the baptismic games, it agrees to join the gadgets; She is afraid and hopes to get the desired news, and in a dream it is overcome the same feelings: fear, hope, anxiety, confidence .. And the bridegroom. Her feelings are extremely tense, the feelings are exacerbated, the heart on everything, responds. The ballad is written in a rapid rhythm: Ballad horses rushing, a girl with a fiance rushes on them, and her heart breaks.

Interesting in the Svetlana ballad and color gamut. White color is permeated with the whole text: it is primarily snow, the image of which arises immediately, from the first rows, the snow that dreams Svetlana, the blizzard over the sleigh, Metelitsa around. Next is a white scarf used during fortune-telling, a table covered with a white tablecloth, a snow-white dove and even a snowy canvas, which covers the dead man. White color is associated with the name of the heroine: Svetlana, light, A: Pee-Lodna - white light. Zhukovsky here white color, undoubtedly, a symbol of purity and indispensability.

The second contrast color in the ballad is not black, but rather dark: dark in the mirror, dark Dal roads, on which horses rushing. The black color of the terrible Baladnaya night, the night of crimes and punishments, in this ballad is softened, flashed.

Thus, white snow, dark night and bright points of lights of candles or eyes - this is a kind of romantic background in the Svetlana ballad.

Nevertheless, charm of ballads in the image of the young Svetlana in love. Her fears dispelled, it is never obey. But the poet, the faithful of his ethical principles, warned a young creature about the vice of Saga Molubia. Belief in Providence turns into faith in life:

Smile, my beauty,
On my ballad
There are great wonders in it
Very little warehouse.
Here's a lot of ballads:
« Best friend We have this life -
The benefits of the Zaton:
There is a misfortune - a false sleep;
Happiness - awakening. "

So, on the example of the best and main ballads V. A. Zhukovsky, we tried to disassemble the basic principles of the genre of ballads, I must say that Russian writers actively appealed to this genre: this is A. S. Pushkin "Song about Oleg" (1822), and M. Yu. Lermontov "Aerial ship" (1828), "Mermaid" (1836), and A. Tolstoy "Vasily Shibay" (1840).

Over time, the genre overlooked stamps, which caused numerous parodies to life: "German ballad" Kozma Prutkova (1854) - parody of Schiller's ballad translated by Zhukovsky "Knight Togenvurg". In 1886, several parodies-ballad wrote VL. Solovyov: "Vision", "Mysterious Ponomar".

"Ballad" is a word that came to Russian Lexicon from italian language. It translates as a "dance", from the word "Ballare". Thus, the ballad is a dance song. They wrote such works in the poetic form, and there were a lot of computers. It is worth noting that they were performed only for any musical accompaniment. But over time, the ballads stopped danced. Then they converted at all. Poems - ballads began to wear an epic and very serious meaning.

The base of the genre

In literature? First, it is one of the most important poetic genres of romanticism and sentimentalism. The world that poets painted in their ballads, mysterious and mysterious. It has extraordinary heroes with certain and well-pronounced characters.

It is impossible not to note this person as Robert Burns, who became the founder of this genre. In the center of these works, there was always a person, however, poets who were working in the 19th century, which elected this genre, knew that the human forces would not always be able to answer every question and become a full owner of their own destiny. That is why it is often a ballad - this is a plot poem, which tells about Rock. Such works belong to the "Forest King". It was written by the poet Johann Wolfgang Goethe.

Century traditions

It is worth noting that the ballad is a genre that has undergone changes and continues to endure them. In the Middle Ages, these works became songs with household themes. They were talking about raids of robbers, courageous exploits of knights, historical warriors, as well as about any other events that concerned people's lives. It should be related that at the heart of any ballad always lay a conflict. He could unfold between anyone else - children and parents, a young man and a girl, because of the invasions of enemies or but the fact remains a fact - the conflict was. And in was another moment. Then the emotional impact of the data was based on that dramatic conflict Between death and life helped to start appreciating the meaning of essence and being.

The disappearance of the literary genre

How does the ballad develop? it interesting storybecause in XVII and XVIII centuries It ceases to exist as in this period on theatrical scenes was made by the play of mythological nature or those in which he was told about heroes ancient history. And this was all very far from the life of the people. And a little earlier it was said that the center of ballads is the people.

But in the next century, in the XIX, the ballad again appeared in the literary, as well as in musical art. Now she turned into a poetic genre, having received absolutely other sound in the works of the authors such as Lermontov, Pushkin, Heine, Goette and Mitskevich. In Russian literature, he appeared at the very beginning of the 19th century, when in Europe he returned to his existence. In Russia, at that time, the tradition of pseudoclassicism was rapidly falling due to romantic German poetry. The first Russian ballad was the work under the name "Gromas" (author - G.P. Kamenev). But the main representative of this literary genre is V.A. Zhukovsky. He even was given a corresponding nickname - "Balarynik".

Ballad in England and Germany

It should be noted that the German and British ballad wore an exceptionally gloomy character. Previously, people assumed that these verses were brought by the Norman conquerors. The English nature inspired the mood, which affected the image of creepy storms and bloody battles. And the bards in the ballads sang about the peirs and the battles of the same.

It is worth notify that in Germany, such a word as a ballad is used as a term denoting poems that are written in the nature of Scottish and English vintage songs. Action in them, as a rule, develops very episodic. In this country, the ballad in particular was popular in late XVIII The century and the beginning of the following, when romanticism flourished and the works of such great authors appeared as Goen, Heine, Burger, Iland.

Ballad as a literary genre

The features of the "ballad" genre are very different from those who are inherent in works written in another form. So, it is necessary to preserve the plot with the concerned, culmination and the junction. Much attention is paid to the feelings of the heroes and the emotions of the author himself. The works combines fantastic with real. There is an unusual all ballad is necessarily filled with a mystery and intrigue - this is one of key features. Sometimes the plot was replaced by a dialogue. And, of course, in the works of this genre, the epic and lyrical principle was combined. In addition, the authors who did the ballads were able to draw up the work as concisely as possible, which was not affected by the sense.

Features of the genre of ballads in the work of V. A. Zhukovsky

The beginning of the XIX century. Zhukovsky is disappointed in life, his soul suffers from unfulfilled happiness with her girlfriend, from an early age he constantly feels bitterness of social inequality. With social issues, he faces constantly. This is the Decembristian movement, which he is forced to perceive from two points of view: and as a friend of many Decembrists and individuals from their environment, and as a court man close to the royal family. All this and prompted Zhukovsky to stand on the path of ethical solutions to acute problems. From the very beginning of his balladic creativity, Zhukovsky fought for a moral personality.

The main topic of his ballads is a crime and punishment, good and evil. The permanent hero of ballads is a strong person who has dropped moral restrictions and performing personal will, aimed at achieving a purely egoistic ^ ate. Recall the Ballad "Varvik" - the original translation of the Sau-Ty's identity of the same name. Warwik captured the throne, destroying his nephew, the legitimate throne. And all because Varvik wants to reign.

But even when the criminal does not wake up conscience, the punishment of it still comes. According to Zhukovsky, it goes as it were from the very depths of life. The conscience is silent at the greedy bishop Gatton, who burned the shed with the hungry poor and with cynical satisfaction I thought about having got rid of the hungry edge from greedy mice (Ballad "God's trial over the bishop").

Coffin, open;
fully live;
Twice heart
not to love.

So exclaims the distraught from the grief of Lyudmila. The coffin opens, and the dead man takes Lyudmila in his arms. The horror of the heroine is terrible: they mowy, flashed eyes, the blood is cold. And it is no longer possible to return life, so unreasonably rejected. But the terrible ballad of Zhukovsky Lifebiva. The poet gives preference to real life, despite the fact that it sends a person harsh tests.

Once in the baptisman evening
Girls wondered:
Behind the gate shoe.
Having removed from his legs, threw,
Snow polishes under the window
Listened, Kormili
Counting chicken grain
Yellow wax rope
In a bowl with pure water
Put the ring golden
Earrings are emerald
Spread white plates
And over the bowl sang in the way
Songs are reflined.

The poet reproduces an attractive and elegant maiden world, which is significant and the shoe, and Earrings are emerald, and gold ring.

The ballad not only told about the episode from the life of a young creature, but presented her inner world. The whole ballad is full of life, movement and internal, and external, some kind of maiden fuss. Svetlana's mental world is also full of movements. It refuses to the baptismic games, it agrees to join the gadgets; She is afraid and hopes to get the desired news, and in a dream it is overcome the same feelings: fear, hope, anxiety, confidence .. And the bridegroom. Her feelings are extremely tense, the feelings are exacerbated, the heart on everything, responds. The ballad is written in a rapid rhythm: Ballad horses rushing, a girl with a fiance rushes on them, and her heart breaks.

Interesting in the Svetlana ballad and color gamut. White color is permeated with the whole text: it is primarily snow, the image of which arises immediately, from the first rows, the snow that dreams Svetlana, the blizzard over the sleigh, Metelitsa around. Next is a white scarf used during fortune-telling, a table covered with a white tablecloth, a snow-white dove and even a snowy canvas, which covers the dead man. White color is associated with the name of the heroine: Svetlana, light, A: Pee-Lodna - white light. Zhukovsky has white color, undoubtedly, a symbol of purity and indispensability.

Thus, white snow, dark night and bright points of lights of candles or eyes - this is a kind of romantic background in the Svetlana ballad.

Smile, my beauty,
On my ballad
There are great wonders in it
Very little warehouse.
Here's a lot of ballads:
"The best friend to us in this life -
The benefits of the Zaton:
There is a misfortune - a false sleep;
Happiness - awakening. "

- 155.50 KB

Department of Education Administration Khabarovsk

Municipal General Education

gymnasium №3 them. M.F. Pankova

Features of the genre of ballads

In the work of V. A. Zhukovsky

Examination work on literature

Performed:

Pesotsky Alexander,

student 9 "in" class

Scientific adviser:

Fadeeva T.V.

Khabarovsk

Introduction

Several times the name of Columbus as a symbol of the opener of the new worlds adds V.G. Belinsky to the name V. A. Zhukovsky: "The appearance of Zhukovsky was amazed Russia, and not without reason. He was the Columbus of our Fatherland. " 1 Indeed, in the allow-mask period of development of Russian literature Zhukovsky belongs to the first place; He stood out by the force of artistic dating, innovative endeavors, a scale of creativity, literary authority.

Zhukovsky can be bolded to call the founder of romanticism in Russian literature. A.S. Pushkin in one of the letters enthusiastically exclaimed: "What the hell of his celestial soul! He is holy, although he was born a romantic, not the Greek, and man, so what else! ". Contemporaries celebrated the extraordinary mentality of the poetry of Zhukovsky.

V.G. Belinsky, determining the essence and peculiarity of the poetry of Zhukovsky and its importance for the Russian literature of the beginning of the XIX century, noted: "Only the romanticism of the Middle Ages could turn the literature ... Zhukovsky was a translator into Russian romanticism of the Middle Ages, resurrected at the beginning of the XIX century by German and English poets, Preferably Schiller. Here is the meaning of Zhukovsky and his merit in Russian literature. " 2 It is Zhukovsky who became acquainted with the Russian reader with one of the most beloved genres of Western European romantics - Ballowa. The ballad becomes a favorite genre of the poet, in which his romantic aspirations were most expressed.

Creativity V.A. Zhukovsky dedicated to a significant number of literary studies, although mostly this introductory articles to the collections of the works of the poet.

In the course of work on the abstract, the works of R.V. were studied. Jesuit "Zhukovsky and his time", V.N. Kasatnaya "Poetry V.A. Zhukovsky ", A.S. Yanushkevich "In the world of Zhukovsky", I.M. Semenko "Life and Poetry Zhukovsky" and others. The work of IM was the greatest interest. Semenko. 3 The researcher claims that Zhukovsky can rightly be called the genius of translation. After all, the poet wrote 39 ballads, among them 34 translations. He translated not only ballads, but also many other works, among which the most famous - "Odyssey" of Homer. Attentive researcher of the translation art of Zhukovsky V. Cheychin noted in his best translations "The lifetime in the transfer of the author's thoughts, the exact reproduction of the poetic form of the original and self-restraint in the sense of unlimited respect for the original ..." 4 Zhukovsky always chose to transfer only the work to him internally consonant.

Significant assistance in writing the abstract was the work of V.N. Casatina, in which the literary crude analyzes Zhukovsky's ballads, reveals their main topics and reveals the artistic peculiarity of the poetry of Zhukovsky.

Good and evil, in a sharp opposition, appear in all Ballades of Zhukovsky. The poet also took the problems of fate, personal responsibility and retaliation. The atmosphere in the Ballades of Zhukovsky is purely romantic. She does not have anything in common with conventional. She creates the impression of romantic inspiration, the pleasant of the poet and the reader of the mysterious and sublime life of the world.

In the school year of literature ballads V.A. Zhukovsky is studied very little, although the themes of his ballads are relevant and interesting in that the criterion of humanity is the decisive for all works of Zhukovsky. In them, the poet as it would be a sign of equality between "eternal" and "modern."

The purpose of this abstract is the disclosure of the characteristics of the genre of ballads in the work of V. A. Zhukovsky.

In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were solved in the abstract:

reveal characteristics ballads as a genre of literature;
consider the value of the Creativity of Zhukovsky as the translator of the famous Western European ballad;
reveal the main topics of the ballads of Zhukovsky;
analyze the cycle of ballads about love;
show artistic peculiarity Ballades Zhukovsky.

1. Ballad as a literary genre

Ballad is a lyrol-epic genre, in which historical, fantastic and loving and dramatic plots are depicted.

People's ballads were created by nameless obsequators, were transmitted orally and in the process of oral transmission were very modified, thus became the fruit is no longer individual, and collective creativity. Sources of scenes ballads were Christian legends, knightly novels, antique myths or works of Greek and Roman authors in medieval retelling, the so-called "eternal" or "stray" plots, as well as genuine historical events, stylized on the basis of ready-made song schemes. The first editions of the folk ballad appeared in the XVIII century. And they were associated with the revival of the interest of writers, philology scientists and poets to the national past and the people's origins of literary creativity.

The genre of literary ballads, having revived in life in a few decades before the beginning of the XIX century, reached his heyday and higher popularity in the era of romanticism, when he took it hardly a leading place in poetry for a while. The popularity and timeliness of this genre is precisely in the romantic era, primarily by its multifunctionality, the ability to serve as a variety of (and sometimes multidirectional) public and literary purposes. A popular ballad (knight, heroic, historical) could satisfy the widespread readers' wide circles interest in the national past, to the Middle Ages, in general to the old days. Natural for ballads mythological or wonderful element quite corresponded to the desire of romantics to all unusual, mysterious, mysterious, and often to mystical or otherworked. The original for ballads to the synthesis of epic, lyrical and dramatic elements was well combined with the attempts of romantics to create a "universal poetry", "mix artificial poetry and natural poetry", to update it, pass the experiences of a person, the dramatic glow of feelings. The ballad provided great opportunities for searching for new expressive means of a poetic language.

Mostly romantic ballads are built around one, often a tragic event. As expositions in some ballads, informations of the author are informed, entering the reader to the event rate, but most often ballads have a sharp principle that does not give the reader any explanations. Very often, ambiguity and incomprehensibility are accompanied in the ballad from the beginning to the very end. Although as a conclusion in some ballads, a generalizing reflection of the author sometimes acts, for the most part the authors do not impose the reader ready conclusions, leaving him alone with them, giving the opportunity to make their own conclusions.

At the end of the XVIII - early XIX. century in Russian literature Genre ballads was not perceived as an independent lyrol epic genre. Classicism was still in force and assumed certain obligations on poets in their work. However, the need for the development and acquisition of something new has already been felt at the beginning of the XIX century, this led to the emergence of creative search for Russian poets. Relationships between genres on the border of ages becomes mobile, the interaction of different genres gave birth to something new in genre system. Ballads appear in the work of many poets, but these experiments are not perfect yet, their genre structure is not clear. On their background, the Ballade of Zhukovsky appears, which brought popularity to the poet and established the demand for ballads as a genre.

It was the ballad that Zhukovsky helped, according to Belinsky, to bring in Russian literature "Revelation of secrets of romanticism" 5: Romantics of fantastic and terrible, characteristic of romantic interest in folk creativity.

2. Features of the genre of ballads in the work of V. A. Zhukovsky

2.1. Zhukovsky - Translator of the famous Western European ballad

Almost all thirty-nine ballads of Zhukovsky are transfers. V. A. Zhukovsky translated Schiller's ballads: "Kassandra", "Ivikov Zhuravly", "Celebration of winners", Goethe: "Forest Tsar" "Rybak", South: "Warwik", "Adelstand", "Donika", Walter Scott: "Castle Smalgolm, or Ivanov Evening", "Repentance", Burger "Lenor" and others. Among them there are many free translations, where the poet recreates the meaning and plot, does not possess the purpose of the literal following text. In accurate translations, the text of the original is reproduced, but there are discrepancies here, since adequate artistic translation from one language is impossible.

Zhukovsky rightly called the genius of translation. He always chose to transfer only the work, to him internally consonant, shaded and focused on the motives closest to the translator, but not minorly, but associated with the very essence of the work translated. Translated ballads produce the impression of the original at Zhukovsky, because the poet of his imagination will recreate the inner essence of the phenomena depicted, deeply surviving with the author of the original.

We give the statements of the poet itself about the essence of poetic translation: "The translator in prose is a slave, translator in verses - rival"; "This is generally the character of my author's creativity: I have almost all or someone else, or about someone else's - and everything, however, mine." 6.

Based on the translation manner of Zhukovsky - the deep synthesis of thematic, figurative, language means. So the poet reaches the tops of translation skill. In its best ballads, while maintaining the most important features of the original, Zhukovsky enhances them, slightly rushing into the shadow of the moments of concomitant, intolerate for ideological essence. So, in Schiller ballads, the desire for unattainable beautiful is accepted. In accordance with the general building of its poetry, the Zhukovsky plot transfers somewhat generalizable in ballads, precisely because he prefers to recreate the essence, and not the part. However, this does not mean that Zhukovsky did not transfer details: in this case, it would be impossible to talk about the accuracy of the translation.

Among the ballads of Zhukovsky, you can highlight a group of genuine masterpieces of accurate poetic translation. This is primarily transfers to Schiller: "Cassandra", "Ivikov Zhuravly", "Knight Togenburg", "Count Gapsburg", "Celebration of winners", "Cup", "Polycrats", "Elezinskaya Holiday". Also wonderful ballad, which describes how one old woman went on a black horse together, and who sat ahead, "the Queen of the Uraka and five martyrs" (from R. Sauti), "Castle Smallgolm, or Ivanov Evening" (from Walter Scott), "Forest Tsar" and "Rybak" (from Goethe). It is significant that the most accurate translations contain works the most significant in the foreign original.

All thirty nine ballads, despite the thematic differences, are a monolithic whole, an art cycle, bonded not only by genre, but also semantic unity. Zhukovsky attracted samples in which the issues of human behavior and choice between good and evil were addressed with particular sharpness.

2.2. Crime and Punishment - Basic topic Ballades V. A. Zhukovsky

Basic topic Ballades V.A. Zhukovsky - a crime and punishment. Poet-Balarynik Different manifestations of egocentrism. The permanent hero of his ballads is a strong person who discarded moral restrictions and performing personal will, aimed at achieving a purely egoistic goal. Warwik (from the same name ballads) captured the throne, destroying his nephew, a legitimate throne, because Warwik wants to reign, such is his will. The greedy bishop Gatton ("God's trial over the bishop") is not divided by bread with the starving people, believing that he, the owner of the bread, has it right. Knight Adelstan (ADELLAN BALLADA), as a new Faust, contacted the devil, bought a terrible price with his personal beauty, the Knight's valor and the love of beauties. The robbers kill the unarmed poet of Ivik in the forest, arguing the right of physically strong over the weak and defenseless (Ballad "Ivikov Zhuravly"). The poet pointed to immorality in family relationships: while the Baron husband participates in battles, the wife changes him with those who are also called the knight. But the baron kills his rival is not in an honest match, not in the knight, but from behind the corner, secretly, cowardly, protecting himself from danger. Everyone thinks only about himself and about her good. Egoistic will, selfish self-consciousness turn out to be so short-sighted, morally poor, blind before retribution!

According to Zhukovsky, the crime is caused by individualistic passions - ambition, borestip, greed, jealousy, egoistic self-affirmation. A person failed to curb himself, succumbed to passions, and his moral consciousness was weakened. Under the influence of passions, a person forgets his moral debt. But the main thing in the ballads is not the crime itself, but its consequences are punishment of a person. How is the punishment? In the ballads of Zhukovsky, as a rule, the criminal is punished not people. In the "Ivik Zhuravs," where they say about the massacre of citizens with robber, the behavior of people is still a secondary act, because they perform the will of Furi, the goddias-Avenitian. Exception - "Three Songs", here the son of Mustrate Oswald for the murder of the Father. The punishment often comes from the conscience of man - she does not stand the oppression of crime and torments. Baron's murderer and his wrong wife ("Castle Smalgolm, or Ivanov Evening") Nobody punished, they voluntarily went to the monastery, but the monastic life did not bring them moral relief and consolation: she "sad and not looking at the light," he Mrathed, "and silent people and silent." Having committed the crime, they deprived themselves and happiness and the joys of life, were excluded from harmoniously bright being. It is not calm the conscience of Warwick, adelstand. P.Florensky said: "Sin is the moment of the disadvantage, decay and collapse of spiritual life" 7. He also revealed the moral and psychological mechanism of sin: "Wanting only herself, in his" here "and" now "the evil self-assertion is indiscriminately locked out of all that it is not; but, in an impunity, it does not even have a similar one and scatters And decomposes and crushes in the inner struggle. Evil on the very essence of his own - the kingdom that divided into the "Sia". Similar thoughts on the alienation of the personality from the moral, organized by the God of Being, self-service personality, awareness of self-sufficiency, the desire to satisfy their own "I" ultimately He leads to disregard all the "non-me", to the harmful effect on it. And since the Being of one person, his happiness depend on another person and other people, they turn out to be drawn into the vicious circle of self-affirmation of a strong personality that their bays. But extractive , destroying the obstacles standing on the way of satisfying the will of their "me", the sinner in the poet's poet, and his soul and his life. He sows death not only the Vast g yourself, but also in yourself. Sin "eats himself" (P.Florensky). Zhukovsky was aware of the idea of \u200b\u200bself-dissecting nature of evil.

The plot motive of many ballads turns out to be waiting for payback. The crime was committed, but immediately the criminal begins to feel the day before. Freshness of valleys and forests in his eyes, the transparency of the rivers: "One Warwik was alien to the abrasions of nature", "but the sinful eyes are not a thing of the beauty", and he is alien to the usual feastful fun, alienated from loved ones and native places, from his own home - " No shelter in the world. " From who violated the humane principle of life, there is peace of mind, soulful harmony. He smelled in search of his place in life, prosperous existence and does not find them. The psychological drawing of the poet is aimed at analyzing fear experiences. Warlvik's fears are afraid, and the fear is most stronger than His heart, terrifiedly from the waiting for the sinful old woman, the fear increasingly covers the criminal bishop of Gatton ("He Oboml." He's a little breathing with fear "), forcing him to look at the shelter to panic. The awakened conscience suggested the need to be afraid: "trembling! (His voice conscience is broadcast)." The criminal is constantly "in the thrill", "in confusion", "with fear", "tremble". Fear - the result of "bogobelity". Conscience does not allow the sinner to donate from the deed, forget it. He heard a moan of killed, his voice, his plea, see his glistening eyes, a pale lyrics - "the terrible conscience is wandering everywhere for him for him." The plot of ballad "Warwik", "Adelstand", "Donika", "God's trial over the bishop" is built on the secret waiting for payback, horror in front of her more and more encompasses the criminal, changes the whole world in his eyes and transforms himself. It turned into a deducer, in a living dead man.

Work description

"Zhukovsky was the first poet in Russia, whom poetry came out of life," said V.G. Belinsky. Zhukovsky made a great contribution to the domestic literature. Now we do not imagine not only Russian, but also world literature without V. A. Zhukovsky, just as I do not present it without A. S. Pushkin. Zhukovsky can be bolded to call the founder of romanticism in Russian literature. A.S. Pushkin in one of the letters enthusiastically exclaimed: "What the hell of his celestial soul! He is holy, although he was born a romantic, not the Greek, and man, so what else! ". Contemporaries celebrated the extraordinary mentality of the poetry of Zhukovsky.