Lexical and grammatical meaning. The grammatical meaning of the word

T.S. CHELNOKOVA,
Moscow

Lexical and grammatical meaning

(Two lessons)

5th grade

5th grade students, mastering the Russian language course, get acquainted with big amount definitions. Faced with an abundance of terms, children often do not understand their essence. A fifth-grader smartly gives a definition, but gets lost if he needs to reproduce it in his own words. This does not happen because the student is poor at giving definitions. The child just doesn't understand internal filling phenomenon, its essence, the formulation is easily memorized, like poetry or an expression in a foreign language - automatically.

Any 5th grade textbook offers the student and teacher to master the conceptual apparatus, which, on the one hand, is a little familiar from the elementary school course, but on the other hand is not yet entirely clear, since in primary school Definitions of linguistic phenomena are not always given. At the same time, already known things are considered again, and, of course, this must be done not only at a new scientific level, but in such a way as to interest the student, to show the unusual in the familiar.

By taking this approach to working with terms, we can reveal an already familiar phenomenon in a new way, arouse interest in it, help us understand it and comprehend it more deeply.

The concepts that every fifth grader should be fluent in include the terms lexical and grammatical meaning .

Let's turn to the textbooks. As an example, let’s take a textbook traditionally used in many schools, edited by T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranova, L.T. Grigoryan (1) and “Russian Language” edited by M.V. Panov (2), which is either used as additional material or serves as the main textbook in a number of gymnasiums and schools with humanities classes. The terms considered in them are found when studying the topics: 1) “Vocabulary”, “Word formation. Morphemics"; 2) “Vocabulary”, “Morphology”.
Let's see what definitions of lexical and grammatical meaning they offer.
In the textbook, ed. T.A. Ladyzhenskaya we read:

“Each word means something. For example, the word spruce forest means “a forest consisting only of fir trees.” It is his lexical meaning. In addition to the lexical, the word also has grammatical meaning. For example, for nouns you can determine gender, case, number, for verbs - tense, person and number.

"Russian language" ed. M.V. Panova offers the following option:

Christmas tree is an evergreen coniferous tree with cone-shaped needles and long scaly cones. This is the basic meaning of the word Christmas tree. It means main meaning in a word, what we think about when we pronounce it. This meaning of the word is called lexical meaning.

Christmas tree is a feminine noun in them. pad. units h. Such values are called grammatical values.

Agree, it is not very successful to give a definition through an example, but the essence is revealed very clearly.

Let's turn to the encyclopedia "Russian Language", where general definitions are given.

Lexical meaning- the content of a word, reflecting in the mind and consolidating in it the idea of an object, property, process, phenomenon, etc.

Grammatical meaning– a generalized, abstract linguistic meaning inherent in a number of words, word forms, syntactic structures and finding its regular expression in grammatical forms.

Of course, no one will offer such definitions in the 5th grade.

Having set the goal to combine the principle scientific approach with a fascinating presentation of the material, in order to help students master it more deeply, I used when studying the terms lexical And grammaticalmeaning the famous phrase of Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba.

The lessons are introductory to the topic “Vocabulary” according to the textbook edited by. T.A. Ladyzhenskaya.

About the glock bush

Lesson 1

Target :

1) introduce the concept lexical and grammatical meaning;
2) consolidate knowledge about parts of speech;
3) improve the skill of giving definitions linguistic phenomena in your own words.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Introductory conversation.

Remember which sections of the science of language you already know, what you have already studied.
Often the main object of our study was the word. We observed how it works in a sentence, phrase, and built texts from words.
How to name all the words in a language? (Vocabulary.)
Remember the names of the branches of linguistics and think: does the word have vocabulary more meanings?

II. Working with a dictionary.

The words are written on the board:

coloring
be nominated
popular print

Do you know the meaning of these words?
If the meaning of a word is not clear, how can you find out what it is? (Use a dictionary.)
Can any dictionary help us find out the meaning of words? Why do we need Dictionary? (It is there that the definition and interpretation of words is given.)
Before turning to the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova, N.Yu. Shvedova, think about whether you can say something about each of the words given. Let's consider them as parts of speech and write down the conclusions.

coloring– noun, m.r., unit. h., im. p./v. P.
be nominated– verb, nesov. c., I reference
popular print– adj., m.r., unit. h., im. p./v. P.

Below write down the definition of these words from the explanatory dictionary.
Tell me, are there other words that have the meaning “printed from popular prints”?
This means that the word popular print unique meaning, that is, one that only it has.
Try to find words with the same characteristics as the adjective popular print(see entry above). Are there many such words?

III. Formulation of concepts.

So, we saw that each of the words we are considering has two meanings. How are they different? (One matches many similar ones, the other matches only a specific word.)
If vocabulary considers the meaning of words, which of the two meanings will we call lexical? Try to define it.
Lexical meaning is the meaning of a word, a meaning peculiar only to a given word, or a unique meaning. How will the grammatical meaning differ from it? (Not unique.)
Now that you know that grammatical meaning looks at a word in terms of its part of speech, try to define it.
Grammatical meaning – the meaning of a word as a part of speech; The characteristics that a given word has can be found in many other words.

IV. Fixing the material.

1) Write it down lexical meaning words:

caftan, based, discerning.

2) Indicate the grammatical meaning of these words and give several (4-5) words with a similar grammatical meaning.

3) Consider the phrase glokaya kuzdra. Write down its lexical and grammatical meaning. What meaning – lexical or grammatical – were you able to write down? Which is easier to do? Why?
Do you think these words will be in other dictionaries?
Tell me: which part of the word helped you find out the grammatical meaning of words?

V. Testing of acquired knowledge.

1) Tell us how you understood what it is grammatical And lexical meaning.
2) How are they different?
3) Which morpheme shows grammatical meaning?
4) Name the words according to their lexical meaning:

– demanding, strict...;
– vintage long brimmed men's clothing...

VI. Homework.

1. Prepare a story about what lexical and grammatical meaning is.

2. Establish the lexical meaning of the words: comfortable, conveyor, bask, militia, take up arms, contradict, curtsy.

3. Come up with your own phrases (3-4) from words that do not have a specific lexical meaning, but have a grammatical meaning.

When checking this task, it turned out that the greatest difficulties are caused by explaining (not from the dictionary, but one’s own) the lexical meaning of words. Undoubtedly, the proposed examples are complex and belong to passive vocabulary, but one of the reasons why such words were given was the need to understand how (successfully or not) work with difficult words. The problems mainly arose with nouns. I believe this is due to the fact that for words conveyor belt, militia it is impossible to find synonyms, only a detailed explanation is possible. Word curtsy, which has a synonym bow, caused fewer difficulties. This is the situation with verbs. By selecting synonyms, fifth-graders determined for themselves the place of a particular verb in a series of related concepts.

Lesson 2

Target :

1) consolidate the concept of lexical And grammatical meaning;
2) establish how knowledge of lexical and grammatical meaning will help in the study of morphemics.

I. Checking homework.

Read what lexical meaning these words have. Were there any words among them whose definitions included marks given in brackets?
What grammatical meaning do these verbs have?
Which parts of speech were there more in the words given for analysis?
Were there words related to sublime vocabulary? Used in a specific context?

II. Reinforcing concepts lexical And grammatical meaning.

Explain what lexical meaning and grammatical meaning are using the words as an example: run, runner, grow, sprouts.
Tell us what meaning is unique to the word.
What meaning can be applied to a group of words?
Listen to the text.

A charade is a special riddle in which you have to guess the word by its parts.

For example:

First - forehead.
Second - a hundred years.
The whole is a rational being.

Answer: Human.

The first charades appeared in ancient Roman literature, but they were especially loved in the 18th century.
Now tell me: where does the text begin? (Since the lexical meaning of the word is given.)
This is a common construction method scientific text, which tells about some unknown subject or phenomenon to the reader.
Let's write down the first sentence, explaining the punctuation marks.
Specify the grammatical meaning of the word charade. Are there words in the sentence with the same grammatical meaning? (Mystery.)

III. Mastering new material.

Listen carefully and think about what it is about.

Gloka kuzdra shteko budlanula bokra and curls bokrenok.

Can this be understood? Why?
This phrase was invented for his students by the famous linguist L.V. Shcherba.
(Leaflets with this phrase are distributed.)
Is it possible to understand which parts of speech Shcherba uses, which parts of the sentence?
Why do we understand this?
If we carefully analyze by what part of the word we recognize it, we will see that this is the ending. Can you tell which morpheme is associated with grammatical meaning? We see that the ending carries the grammatical meaning of the word.
Try to discard the endings, will we be able to recognize the parts of speech in this case?
Study the phrase; Are there any cognates in it? How to find out? If we remember that the main meaning, the meaning of the word, lies in the root, then this morpheme is the bearer of lexical meaning.
How and from what is a word formed? bokrenok?

bokr<-- бокренок

What value element does it add? -enok- ? Think about what meaning – lexical or grammatical – this suffix expresses.

For classes that know morphemic composition well, it can be noted that -l- , Unlike -enok- , conveys a particle of grammatical meaning, indicating the tense of the verb.

IV. Conclusion.

We tried to look for elements of grammatical meaning and lexical meaning in an unfamiliar, artificially created text. Are there morphemes in words that help determine whether a word belongs to a certain part of speech and establish its grammatical features? What morphemes are carriers of lexical meaning?

V. Homework.

Try to compose your own sentences, text, where the endings help reveal the grammatical meaning of the word, and the roots have an unclear lexical meaning.

Form nouns with meaning:

– baby animal;
– a resident of a locality;
– person by occupation –
from roots:

-resn-,
-borl-,
-omkr-.

Try forming other parts of speech.

Examples of creative works by 5th grade students at the Pirogov School in Moscow

1. Temochka was tired of being exhausted, but the storm began to dawn. And she had to come to her senses. Brilliant chamber!

Hannah Brener

2. Surkalo. The companion was grunting along the road. “Shall we wunrak?” - he guided the rvubatnik, who was hanging out with him. Rvubatnik did not answer. Svoblo 2 30 , and the companion pointed to the elderberry and told him to quiet down. The ruffian made the little one go crazy, and they sipped a little.

Dmitry Leonkin

3. Vomil Turlut Furklu: “Don’t walk around Mabrak without drabrus. In Mabrak the pubs are running low. They hide it. Pralomy did not quarrel.”
But Furcle did not muzzle Turlut. Potlal Furkl to Mabrak without drabrus. Furkle's dud and scraped it up. But the dud szizmal about the udramla of Furklya Turlut. Turklyut knocked down the tukalka and went to Mabrak, for the sake of pouring pabla and ticked the tukalka against the fool. The pabl hesitated and collapsed, and Furkle kicked the pabla out of the fool.

Grammatical meaning

(formal) meaning. A meaning that acts as an addition to the lexical meaning of a word and expresses various relationships (the relationship to other words in a phrase or sentence, the relationship to the person performing the action or other persons, the relationship of the reported fact to reality and time, the attitude of the speaker to the communicated, etc. .). Usually a word has several grammatical meanings. Thus, the word country has the meaning of feminine, nominative case, singular; the word wrote contains the grammatical meanings of the past tense, singular, masculine, perfective. Grammatical meanings find their morphological or syntactic expression in the language. They are expressed mainly by the form of the word, which is formed:

a) affixation. Book, books, book, etc. (case meanings);

b) internal inflection. Collect - collect (imperfect and perfect meanings);

c) accent. At home. (gen. fallen. singular) - at home (named. fallen. plural);

d) suppletivism. Take - take (meanings of the form). Good - better (values of the degree of comparison);

f) mixed (synthetic and analytical methods). To the house (the meaning of the dative case is expressed by a preposition and a case form).

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what “grammatical meaning” is in other dictionaries:

Grammatical meaning is a meaning expressed by an inflectional morpheme (grammatical indicator). The difference between lexical and grammatical meanings (each of these rules is not absolute and has counterexamples): grammatical ... ... Wikipedia

grammatical meaning- One of the two main aspects of a grammatical unit, along with grammatical form. The grammatical meaning accompanies the word and predetermines the boundaries of its syntactic use (the book has the grammatical meaning of the noun noun).... ...

Grammatical meaning- Grammatical meaning is a generalized, abstract linguistic meaning inherent in a number of words, word forms, syntactic structures and finding its regular (standard) expression in the language. In the field of morphology, these are the general meanings of words as parts... ...

grammatical meaning- the meaning of the formal affiliation of the word, i.e. the meaning of a relationship expressed not by a separate word, but by non-independent elements, additional to the main (meaning) part of the word... Explanatory translation dictionary

grammatical meaning as opposed to lexical meaning- 1) G.z. is an intralingual meaning, because contains information about relationships, connections between linguistic units, regardless of the presence of these relationships in extra-linguistic reality; L.z. correlates a linguistic unit with an extralinguistic one... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

This term has other meanings, see Meaning(s). Meaning is an associative connection between a sign and the object of designation. Words are distinguished by their lexical meaning, the correlation of the sound shell of the word with the corresponding... ... Wikipedia

The meaning contained in a word, the content associated with the concept as a reflection in the consciousness of objects and phenomena of the objective world. The meaning is included in the structure of the word as its content (internal side), in relation to which the sound... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

This term has other meanings, see Number (meanings). Number (in grammar) is a grammatical category expressing the quantitative characteristics of an object. The division into singular and plural is perhaps... ... Wikipedia

Meaning of the word- For the meaning of the word, see Grammatical meaning, Lexical meaning of the word... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

- (derivational meaning) one of the basic concepts of word formation; a special type of word meaning that only a derived word can have. Derivative meaning is expressed using a derivational formant and... ... Wikipedia

Books

Friedrich Nietzsche. Selected works in 2 books (set of 2 books), Friedrich Nietzsche. Dear reader, we bring to your attention two books of selected works by the great German philosopher, poet and musician - Friedrich Nietzsche. I would like to immediately note that all the syntax...

GRAMMATICAL MEANING, a generalized, abstract linguistic meaning inherent in a number of words, word forms, syntactic structures and finding its regular (standard) expression in the language (see Grammatical form). In the field of morphology, these are general meanings of words as parts of speech (for example, the meaning of objectivity in nouns, procedural in verbs), as well as particular meanings of word forms and words in general, contrasted with each other within the framework of morphological categories (see Grammatical category) (for example, the meanings of that or other time, person, number, gender). In the field of syntax, this is the meaning of predicativity (the attribution of what is being communicated to one or another temporal and objective-modal plane, inherent in a sentence), as well as various relationships of the components of phrases and sentences as abstract grammatical patterns (in abstraction from their lexical content): the meaning of the semantic subject, this or that another adverbial qualifier (local, temporal, causal, target, etc.); components of the thematic-rhematic structure of a sentence formalized in certain linguistic means (see Actual division of a sentence); relationships between parts of a complex sentence expressed by a conjunction. Grammatical meanings can also include word-formative meanings as generalized meanings expressed by intra-word means in some motivated words of a particular part of speech. These are mutational meanings (for example, the bearer of a characteristic, the producer of an action), transpositional (for example, an objectified action or characteristic), modification (for example, gradational - indicating one or another degree of manifestation of the characteristic). Grammatical meanings are opposed to lexical meanings, which are devoid of regular (standard) expression and not necessarily of an abstract nature, but are closely related to them, sometimes limited in their manifestation to certain lexical groups of words.

In the system of grammatical meanings, knowledge about objects and phenomena of reality, their connections and relationships is objectified (through the level of concepts): thus, the concept of action (in the broad sense - as a procedural feature) is abstractly revealed in the general meaning of the verb and in the system of more specific categorical meanings inherent verb (tense, aspect, voice, etc.); the concept of quantity - in the grammatical meaning of number (category of number, numeral as a special part of speech, etc.); different relationships of objects to other objects, actions, properties - in the system of grammatical meanings expressed by case forms and prepositions.

Lit.: Studies on the general theory of grammar. M., 1968; Invariant syntactic meanings and sentence structure. M., 1969; Principles and methods of semantic research. M., 1976; Bondarko A.V. Grammatical meaning and meaning. L., 1978; aka. Theory of meaning in the system of functional grammar. M., 2002; Kubryakova E. S. Types of linguistic meanings. Semantics of a derived word. M., 1981; Maslov Yu. S. Introduction to linguistics. 2nd ed. M., 1987; Wierzbicka A. The semantics of grammar. Amst., 1988; Bulygina T.V., Shmelev A.D. Linguistic conceptualization of the world: (On the material of Russian grammar). M., 1997; Melchuk I. A. Course of general morphology. M., 1998. T. 2. Part 2.

Lexical meaning words (also called material) are the content of the word, which reflects one or another element of reality (object, event, quality, action, attitude, etc.); This is the meaning contained in the word, the content.

Grammatical meaning words are a generalized meaning that characterizes a word as an element of a certain grammatical class (for example, table - noun, m.p.), as an element of an inflectional series (table, table, table, etc.) and as an element of a phrase or sentence, in in which the word is connected with other words (table leg, put the book on the table). Each part of speech is characterized by a certain set of grammatical meanings. For example, nouns that have singular forms. and many more numbers or singular parts only, express three grammatical meanings - number, case, gender; Nouns used only in the plural have two grammatical meanings - number and case.

Lexical and grammatical meaning are the two most important properties of a word. Lexical meaning allows us to talk about the world, naming its phenomena in words. Grammar makes it possible to connect words with each other and construct statements from them.

How does lexical meaning differ from grammatical meaning?

1. Lexical meaning of the word individually- only this word has it.

Grammatical meaning, on the contrary, is inherent in entire categories and classes of words; it categorically.

Each of the words - road, book, wall– has its own, unique lexical meaning. But their grammatical meaning is the same: they all belong to the same part of speech (they are nouns), to the same grammatical gender (feminine), and have the form of the same number (singular).

2. An important feature of grammatical meaning that distinguishes it from lexical meaning is obligatory expression. The grammatical meaning is necessarily expressed in the text or in the statement using endings, prepositions, word order, etc. A word cannot be used without expressing its grammatical characteristics (exception: indeclinable words like metro, taxi out of connection with other words).

So, saying the word table, we not only name a specific object, but also express such characteristics of this noun as gender (masculine), number (singular), case (nominative or accusative, cf.: There was a table in the corner. - I see a table). All these signs of form table the essence of its grammatical meanings, expressed by the so-called zero inflection.

Pronouncing a word form table(for example, in the sentence The passage was blocked by a table), we are using the ending -ohm We express the grammatical meanings of the instrumental case, masculine gender, singular.

The lexical meaning of the word table– ‘a piece of household furniture that is a surface made of hard material, supported by one or more legs, and used to put something on it’ – remains unchanged in all case forms of this word.

In addition to the root base -table-, which has the specified lexical meaning, there are no other means of expressing this meaning, similar to the means of expressing the grammatical meanings of case, gender, number, etc.

3. Compared to the grammatical meaning, the lexical meaning is more subject to change: the lexical meaning can expand, narrow, acquire additional evaluative components of meaning, etc.

The distinction between lexical and grammatical meanings should not be understood as their opposition in a word. Lexical meaning is always based on the grammatical (more general, classifying) meaning and is its direct concretization.

Lexical meaning can be considered in two aspects. On the one hand, the word names specific objects, objects, phenomena of reality that the speaker has in mind in this particular situation. In this case, the word performs only a nominative function and has denotative lexical meaning.

On the other hand, the word names not only individual objects and phenomena, but also entire classes of objects and phenomena that have common characteristic features. The word in this case performs not only a nominative function, but also a generalizing one (the word denotes a concept) and has significative lexical meaning.

Meaning GRAMMARICAL MEANING in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms

GRAMMATIC MEANING