). Homographs can be referred to as words that have different meaning, so different shapes the same word.
Homographs in Russian
In Russian, homographs often arise due to the fact that stress can be placed on different syllables. For example,
Castle - castle
Another common reason for the appearance of homographs is the optionality of writing a letter. For example, if you omit the dots above the letter e, then the following words will become homographs:
Everything - everything is damn - damn
Homographs can be either perfect different words, and cognate words:
Roast - hot compass - compass excited - excited expert - expert
Homographs in other languages
IN English language Homography arises in particular due to nouns derived from many verbs as a result of stress shifting to the first syllable (English. Initial-stress-derived noun ). For example,
conflict(verb “conflict”) - conflict(noun "conflict")In addition, in English there is quite a frequent situation when homographs can arise not only because of different stress. For example:
- read ˈ riːd(verb “read” in the present tense) - read ˈ rɛ d(the verb “read” is in the past tense).
In Portuguese, it is common for homographs to arise due to differences in the opening or closing of a stressed vowel. Eg:
- port. sede(with closed pronunciation of the stressed vowel - “thirst”) - port. sede(with open pronunciation of the stressed vowel - “center”, “residence”)
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Notes
see also
Links
- Golev, N. D.. Let's practice languages.
- Grebeneva, Yu. N.. Culture of writing.
An excerpt characterizing Homographs
The Battle of Borodino, with the subsequent occupation of Moscow and the flight of the French, without new battles, is one of the most instructive phenomena in history.All historians agree that the external activities of states and peoples, in their clashes with each other, are expressed by wars; that directly, as a result of greater or lesser successes of the military, increases or decreases political force states and peoples.
No matter how strange the historical descriptions are of how some king or emperor, having quarreled with another emperor or king, gathered an army, fought with the enemy army, won a victory, killed three, five, ten thousand people and, as a result, conquered the state and an entire people of several millions; no matter how incomprehensible it may be why the defeat of one army, one hundredth of all the forces of the people, forced the people to submit, all the facts of history (as far as we know it) confirm the justice of the fact that greater or lesser successes of the army of one people against the army of another people are the reasons or, according to at least significant signs of an increase or decrease in the strength of nations. The army was victorious, and the rights of the victorious people immediately increased to the detriment of the vanquished. The army suffered defeat, and immediately, according to the degree of defeat, the people are deprived of their rights, and when their army is completely defeated, they are completely subjugated.
This has been the case (according to history) from ancient times to the present day. All Napoleon's wars serve as confirmation of this rule. According to the degree of defeat of the Austrian troops, Austria is deprived of its rights, and the rights and strength of France increase. The French victory at Jena and Auerstätt destroys the independent existence of Prussia.
But suddenly in 1812 the French won a victory near Moscow, Moscow was taken, and after that, without new battles, not Russia ceased to exist, but the army of six hundred thousand ceased to exist, then Napoleonic France. It is impossible to stretch the facts to the rules of history, to say that the battlefield in Borodino remained with the Russians, that after Moscow there were battles that destroyed Napoleon’s army.
After the Borodino victory of the French there was not a single, not only general, but any significant battle, and french army ceased to exist. What does it mean? If this were an example from the history of China, we could say that this phenomenon is not historical (a loophole for historians when something does not fit their standards); if the matter concerned a short-term conflict, in which small numbers of troops were involved, we could accept this phenomenon as an exception; but this event took place before the eyes of our fathers, for whom the issue of life and death of the fatherland was being decided, and this war was the greatest of all known wars...
What are homographs? What are homographs needed for?
Translated literally, homographs mean I write the same
In these words the spelling is the same, but the stress and sometimes the meaning of the word are different
for example: I take care (verb) I take care of you
and sit on the shore (noun)
you are dear to me and dear to me
ferry boat and get burned by the steam
I cry for everything and I cry when it hurts (cry)
In the Russian language there are words that are homonyms, and there are words that are homographs. What is it and why is it important not to confuse them?
If homonyms are written and pronounced the same way, but have different meanings, then homographs are written the same way, but are pronounced differently.
Homograph words in Russian, examples:
atlas (fabric) and atlas (geographic).
selo (noun, village) and selo (verb, for example: the sun has set). They are written the same, but they sound different, and they also have different meanings.
For comparison, the words are homonyms: plant (meaning enterprise) and factory (for example, alarm clock factory). They sound the same, but have different meanings.
Homographs, like other words, are needed to make the Russian language richer and more expressive.
Homographs are words that are spelled the same, but they can sound differently (emphasis, for example, on a different syllable), and they also have different meanings. For example, a word like big. if you put the emphasis on the first syllable, then the meaning will be the part that is larger, and if on the second syllable, then it simply means something, which is a lot
Homographs are words that have the same spelling but different pronunciations. As a rule, in these words the stress may fall on different syllables.
For example, MukA and MUKA.
There are also cases with the letter - since when writing you cannot write the letter E instead, coincidences with words with completely different meanings may occur.
For example, Sun (meaning - enough, end) -> (in writing) Everything, but there is also the word Everything (which is initially written and pronounced always with E and has the meaning complete, absolute, all-encompassing).
What's happened?
Homographs in the Russian language are words (including various word forms) that are graphically indistinguishable, but have a difference during pronunciation. For example, due to the difference in stress. The meaning of each individual homograph in a homographic pair is different from the meaning of the other. It often happens that it is impossible to find a single lexical point of contact between them.
Why are they needed??
No one will create homographs on purpose, on purpose. Therefore, you cannot say: Let’s cancel the homography, nothing will change. This is the product of constant linguistic processes that cannot be controlled. Thus, the language needs homographs for the reason that they exist and demonstrate its capabilities.
Examples:
(accents are marked in capital letters)
This character was not ugly, but ugly.
All locks were locked.
Homographs (from the Greek I write the same way) are words that are written the same but are pronounced differently, usually due to stress in different syllables or some letters that are written the same but can be read differently..
There are homographs in the Russian language - this is mainly due to the fact that in the Russian language it is usually not customary to use accent marks when writing words.
Examples of homographs (the most famous):
Spirits (if you put the emphasis on the first syllable, you get a word derived from spirit - mystical creature or the moral state of a person, if the latter, then you get an aromatic remedy)..
Castle (when the accent is on the first syllable, it is a medieval building, when the last syllable is stressed, it is a device for blocking something)..
In 1974, a small Appendix in the “Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language” by O.S. was devoted to the description of homographs. Akhmanova (M., 1974 - pp. 436 - 448).
Subsequently, no inventory of homographs was carried out for several decades.
Only in beginning of XXI V. Linguists have again turned to this little-researched topic.
As a result, several homograph dictionaries were created.
Machine with Homograph dictionaries:
HomoForm.txt
Dictionary of homonymous word formscontains homographs-homographs, i.e. forms of different (although often close in meaning) words that have the same spelling. The accent is not taken into account, the letter е is not used - as is usually the case in written text. For example, I run (run, run), take (take, takes (headdress)). We called them homonymous word forms. The dictionary is organized in such a way that word forms are on the left, and lexemes (dictionary words) to which these word forms relate are on the right. Parts of speech marks are indicated in brackets.
A complete list of homonymous word forms was obtained by generating all word forms from the computer version Grammar dictionary A.A. Zaliznyak in the department of the Machine Fund of the Russian Language of the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
YOhmg.dic
YOhmg.rex
Dictionary of substitutions for resolving e-homographs all/everything- a dictionary with support for the extended format of DIC dictionaries, allowing asterisks inside rules, and not just at the beginning/end of the rule, as well as free-standing asterisks in rules, as well as applying a rule by multiple passes through the DIC dictionary, performing replacements as long as possible .)
Fragment Dictionary of homographs of the Russian language Yu.N. Grebnevoy (Examples of dictionary entries):
GR A FE/GRAFE
Group I [noun. and noun]
GR A FE, noun, m., n. f. graph; etc., units
A person who has noble title higher than baronial.
ABOUT graph Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov is remembered as the patron of sciences, literature and the arts.
E. Karnovich
GRAPH E, noun, f., n. f. graph ; etc., units Or: date, unit.
A strip on a sheet of paper delimited by two vertical lines.
The teacher unfolded the notebook and, carefully dipping his pen, wrote Volodya five in beautiful handwriting. graph success and behavior.
L. Tolstoy
DR ABOUT JOINING / SHIRKING
Group II [n. and ch.]
DR ABOUT ZHI, noun, f., n. f. shiver; kind., units Or: ex., unit. // date, units
Frequent convulsive muscle contractions.
I felt ashamed of my excitement, my trembling .
A. Chekhov
Abogin's voice trembled with excitement; in this trembling and the tone was much more convincing than the words.
A. Chekhov
SHRIMMING AND, ch., non-returnable, non-returnable, II reference, n. f. tremble; led., units, 2nd l.
Afraid; tremble, tremble.
The doctor [before the injection] smeared iodine under Vanya’s right shoulder blade.
- Quiet, no trembling! - she said and pulled off the skin with her fingers.
V. Belov
STR WE / STRINGS
Group III [noun]
STR WE HAVE, noun, f., n. f. string; wine, plural Or: im., pl.
An elastic thread that is stretched in musical instruments and produces sound when vibrating.
Ilya sat on the bed and thoughtfully fingered strings guitars.
V. Shishkov
STRINGS Y, noun, f., n. f. string; kind., units See STRINGS.
Love's days are short,
But I can’t bear to ripen it cold;
I'll die with her, like a dull sound
Suddenly torn strings.
A. Delvig
The Russian language is a complex, vibrant, extremely diverse phenomenon. This applies to all its levels. Particularly interesting phenomena can be observed in it at the level of phonetics, vocabulary and grammar. These layers are primarily the most full form will tell us about the changes that occur verbally and over time, under the influence of events taking place in society. If archaeologists obtain information about “the affairs of bygone days” by dealing with artifacts, then linguists do the same work by studying the life of the word.
Lexical inversions
Vocabulary is perhaps the most mobile layer of language. More than other branches of philology, it is directly connected with speakers, with live communication. That is why the lexical composition of the Russian language is so rich, multifaceted, and diverse. In addition to traditional synonymous and antonymic groups that enter into complex correlative relationships with each other, linguists have identified another broad community of words called homonyms. It is extremely heterogeneous; its lexical units themselves form several separate branches. These, in addition to homonyms themselves, are homophones and homographs, examples of which we have to look at.
Definition of the concept
The term came to us from and literally translates as “spelled the same way” or “I write the same way.” What does it mean? And the fact that homographs are examples of words that have a similar graphic design, but are pronounced differently and do not coincide in their lexical meaning. The difference in pronunciation is mainly due to the mismatch of stress positions or phonetic and grammatical laws. The most famous homographs, examples of which clearly demonstrate this difference, are the words za"mok and zamo"k, and "tlas and atla"s and others.
Explaining to children
Vocabulary is studied in detail at school in the 5th grade, and then children purposefully do not return to the material covered until the final exams, when they need to remember and systematize all their knowledge. The same cannot be said about other language sections. Therefore, it is important that schoolchildren initially understand well and easily classify different types. When explaining in class what homographs are, the teacher should analyze their examples in detail, following the principle “from simple to complex.” That is, first he explains it himself, then asks his students to do the same. It is very important to give words a lexical interpretation while going through the topic. Only then will the assimilation of the material be strong and the memorization conscious.
Contextual environment
Therefore, when understanding the theory, from a methodological point of view, it would be more correct to give more than single homographs - examples of phrases with explanatory words will be much more clear. If the teacher writes on the board the phrases “ancient castle, medieval castle, stone castle, castle with high towers, royal castle,” it will be absolutely clear to children that we are talking about an architectural structure, a residential building, etc. Next, they can write down 1-2 suitable sentences with homographs themselves. Examples: “A formidable medieval castle towered on a high hill. It was surrounded by an impregnable stone wall." And now the homograph: ingenious castle, the padlock, broken lock, zip lock. Children will immediately recognize that these examples refer to a mechanism for closing something. And they will be able to continue the series themselves: “Dad put a new reliable lock on the door. Now we don’t have to worry about the safety of our apartment.” If the teacher returns to this material from time to time during classes in subsequent grades, this will have a beneficial effect on the language practice of schoolchildren.
Close, but not identical
Naturally, it is difficult for a child to retain in his memory all the information he received during his apprenticeship and convey it in its original form for exams. The first thing he begins to get confused with when the material on lexicology loses its relevance is what homographs and homophones are (synonyms and antonyms, homonyms are remembered more firmly, because their differentiated features are more clearly expressed). The phenomenon of homophony is based on sound proximity (“background” - sound).
Yes, these words are often also spelled the same (not always!) But their stress is the same, while homographs do not. Homophones are: onion - plant and onion - weapon, braid - hair and braid - agricultural implements, flu - disease and mushroom (different graphical shell with the same phonetic design!) - plant.
Systematization of homographs
Linguists began to seriously study the problem of homography of the Russian language in our 21st century. Until this time, this linguistic phenomenon was considered very superficially. In modern philology, in addition to graphic homographs (i.e., in their pure form), the following are distinguished:
- words that are spelled the same way and belong to the same part of speech, for example, flour" and mu"ka;
- comparable words with different part-speech affiliations: zvonok and zvonok;
- situational homographs: in Ko "li - if".
A variety of tasks with an entertaining twist will help schoolchildren penetrate deeper into the mysteries of Russian vocabulary and understand its features. And you definitely need to teach them to use dictionaries, including a dictionary of homographs!