Task 1. Fill in the table.
Features of the external structure of insects depending on their type of development.
Representatives of insect groups: common bear - orthoptera, apple aphid - homoptera, bed bug- bugs, stag beetle - coleoptera, nettle butterfly - lepidoptera, forest wasp, pisk mosquito - hymenoptera.
Task 2. Write down the numbers of the names of insects in accordance with their type of development.
Insect names:
1. Swimming beetle
2. Honey bee
3. Pisk mosquito
4. Dragonfly rocker
5. Urticaria Butterfly
6. Green grasshopper
7. Locust
Development with incomplete transformation: 4, 6, 7
Development with full transformation: 1, 2, 3, 5
Task 3. Write down the numbers of the correct statements.
Statements:
1. Caterpillars of cabbage butterflies and adult butterflies different types oral apparatus.
2. Larvae of cabbage butterflies pupate underground.
3. Insect pupae actively feed and turn into adults.
4. Development with complete transformation takes place in the following sequence: egg - larva - adult insect.
5. During development with incomplete transformation, there is no larval stage.
6. Grasshoppers and locusts are characterized by development with incomplete transformation.
7. Flies, butterflies, mosquitoes and dragonflies develop with complete metamorphosis.
8. Locust larvae look like adult locusts.
Correct statements: 2, 3, 4, 8
Task 4. Insects reproduce fantastically fast: in five months, the offspring of one house fly could reach 7.6 billion individuals. But that doesn't happen. Explain why.
Many flies die before reaching puberty (they are eaten or killed), which means they cannot leave offspring, but they also feed on fly larvae, so the flies do not reach such a large number of individuals.
Task 5. Fill in the diagram.
Arthropod type:
Class Insects:
1. Group Orthoptera. signs: 2 pairs of wings; legs - jumping, oral apparatus - gnawing.
2. Group of Homoptera. signs: mouth apparatus - piercing-sucking type, wings fold into a house.
3. Group Bedbugs, or Hemiptera. signs: in front the wings are rigid, and behind are soft, the mouthparts are piercing-sucking.
4. Group Butterflies, or Lepidoptera. signs: soft chitinous scales on the wings, sucking mouthparts.
5. Group Beetles, or Coleoptera. signs: rigid elytra, gnawing mouthparts.
6. Group Diptera. Signs: one pair of wings, cutting-sucking and licking mouthparts.
7. Hymenoptera group. signs: two pairs of membranous wings.
The simplest in the taxonomy of insects is the definition of orders. The following features are used as the main features: the presence and structure of wings, the type of mouth apparatus, the type of metamorphosis, and the features of the external structure.
Key tables are built according to the binary scheme (thesis - antithesis). Each thesis has a number, the number of the antithesis is given in brackets. If the signs of the insect correspond to the signs described in the thesis, then it is necessary to read the antithesis and move on to the next thesis in order.
The definition of units begins with the definition of subclasses.
Below is the identification table of units and short description the most significant groups in forestry.
KEY TABLE OF SUBCLASSES AND ORDERS OF INSECTS
1 (8) No wings. On the abdominal segments there are various outgrowths from below: either paired appendages, or a retractable tubule on the 1st abdominal segment, or a bending jumping fork at the end of the body. Very small insects (subclass Primary wingless, or Lower, insects - Apterygota).
2(3) Antennae absent. The abdomen consists of 12 segments. Forelegs strongly elongated ………… ………… Squad Bessyazhkovye(Protura)
3(2) Antennae present. The abdomen consists of no more than 10 segments. The front legs are not elongated.
4 (5) The abdomen consists of 4-6 segments. Antennae consist of 3-6 segments, the last segments may be annulated. There is often a jumping fork at the bottom end of the body ………… Detachment springtail ki ( Podura
5(4) The abdomen consists of 10 segments. Antennae consist of a large number of short monotonous segments.
6(7) At the end of the body there are paired caudal filaments or pincer-like appendages. Body without scales. ……. Detachment Two-tails (Diplura)
7(6) There are 3 tail filaments at the end of the body. The body is covered with scales …………………………………………. Detachment Bristletails (Thysanura )
8(1) Wings are present - long functional or at least in the form of residual outgrowths; if they are absent, then appendages on the underside of the abdominal segments are also absent (there may be only appendages at the end of the body that do not have the shape of a jumping fork) (subclass Winged, or Higher, insects - Pterygota).
9(38) Mouth apparatus with well-developed mandibles, gnawing, sometimes additionally with a proboscis - gnawing-licking.
10(13) The forewings are dense keratinized elytra that have lost venation, completely or partially covering the abdomen (with the exception of some wingless larval females of soft beetles).
11(12) At the end of the body there are characteristic long pincer-shaped appendages ……………………………………. Detachment Earwigs (Dermaptera)
12(11) At the end of the body, long pincer-shaped appendages are not developed ………………………..…… Detachment Coleoptera,orBeetles (Coleoptera)
The largest group of insects (250 thousand species). Size from 0.3 to 170 mm. The body is rigid, the mouthparts are gnawing. Wings 2 pairs, front - in the form of elytra. Rear-engined. 2nd pair - membranous, fold up and down, may be absent. Metamorphosis is complete, sometimes complicated (hypermetamorphosis). Most of the legs are walking, there are running, digging, swimming. Antennae of different types. Larvae are woodlice-like, campodeoid-shaped or worm-like. The pupae are open. Live in all environments. Sapro-, copro-, phytophages, many predators (ground beetles, smoldering cows). There are many plant pests (weevils, bark beetles, barbels, borers, etc.). Most with one-year generation. Highly organized. Widespread (more than 100 families). 2 suborders - diversified and carnivorous.
Suborder Carnivores– coxae of hind legs are long, head is prognostic, larvae are campodeoid. Adults and larvae are predators (ground beetles, swimmers).
Suborder polyphagous- coxae of hind legs are small, mobile. The larvae are often worm-like or campodeoid. There are many phytophages, there are predators.
13(10) Forewings not keratinized, and if compacted, leathery, then with well-preserved venation. Sometimes the wings are missing.
14(17) Antennae very short, much shorter than head.
15(16) Wings well developed, with reticulate venation. The forms are large, with a slender, elongated body ………………………………………..
………………………………………………….Squad Dragonflies (Odonata )
Medium and large sizes, diurnal predators near bodies of water. 2 pairs of similarly arranged reticulate wings, long or stocky abdomen. The oral apparatus is gnawing. Metamorphosis is incomplete, complicated (hemimetamorphosis). Larvae are naiads with caudal gills and an elongated lower lip. Antennae of adults are short, first pair of legs are prehensile. There are about 150 species in Russia. All species and their larvae are predators. According to the structure of the wings, they are divided into 2 suborders: Homoptera (Zigoptera) - medium-sized, with the same wings - arrows, buttercups, beauties; Variegated (Anisoptera) - large, with adjoining eyes, the hind wings at the base are wider, in the larvae the gills in the hindgut are rockers, grandmothers, grandfathers. All species are useful, some are protected.
17(14) Antennae longer than head.
18(19) The head is extended down like a beak, at the end of which there is a gnawing mouth apparatus…. . Detachment Scorpions (Mecoptera )
19(18) The head is not extended like a beak.
20(25) Anterior and posterior pairs of wings identical in structure, with dense reticulate venation.
21(22) Antennae attached between eyes. Tarsus segments not extended ……………………………………… Detachment Reticulate (Neuroptera )
From small to large. 2 pairs of transparent mesh wings. The mouth apparatus is gnawing, the eyes are large. The metamorphosis is complete. Most larvae are predatory with large jaws. About 35 thousand species. There is family in the forest. lacewings. Their larvae eat aphids. Sem. Antlions- large sizes, live in sandy soil, predators.
22(21) Antennae attached in front of the eyes. 3rd or 4th tarsal segment expanded.
23(24) Wings brownish, without wing eye. The prothorax is wide, transverse. Expanded 4th tarsal segment……….. … Detachment Lopflies (Megaloptera),
24(23) Wings transparent, with wing eye. The prothorax is strongly elongated. The 3rd segment of the tarsi is expanded ... .. Detachment Camels (Raphidioptera )
Large insects with an elongated head and a long pronotum, with 2 pairs of membranous wings with close venation. Mouth apparatus gnawing, antennae long. The metamorphosis is complete. Females with ovipositor. They live in forests, live on trunks and under the bark, exterminate aphids, root bugs, bark beetle larvae. About 100 kinds.
25(20) Front pair of wings more dense, leathery. If all the wings are the same in structure, then the venation is not reticulate - with rare transverse veins. Sometimes the wings are missing.
26(27) Forelegs prehensile, with serrated tibia ……………………………………………. Detachment Mantises (Mantoptera)
28 (29) Hind legs jumping, with thickened thighs, or forelegs spatulate, digging. The anterior pair of wings is modified into elytra. Paired cerci are well developed. …. DetachmentOrthoptera ( Orthoptera)
Medium to large in size, with an elongated body shape and a large head. Either the hind legs are jumping or the front legs are digging. The front wings are elongated parchment-like or leathery, the hind wings are membranous and wide. Many have an ovipositor, hearing and chirping organs. Oviposition - in the soil, stems. Metamorphosis is incomplete. There are about 700 species in Russia. Predrochit open landscapes. Phytophages, there are predators. Lots of plant pests. The squad is divided into 2 suborders: long-whiskered(superfamily Grasshopper and cricket) and short mustaches(superfamily Locusts).
Superfamily grasshopper- antennae long, tarsi 4-segmented. Ndcr, if developed, lie roof-like on the body. The females have an ovipositor. Most are phytophages.
Superfamily crickets- long mustache. The wings lie flat on the body. Medvedok have digging legs, no ovipositor. Phytophages, there are predators. Harm the roots (medvedki)
Superfamily locust- antennae short, ovipositor short, hook-shaped. Egg-laying in the soil in capsules. Harmful in the gregarious phase (locust, Prus, Siberian filly).
29(28) Hind legs not jumping (if jumping, then the fore and hind wings are the same, membranous, and the cerci are absent), the forelegs are not digging.
30 (31) The head is covered from above by an expanded prothorax and is directed by the mouthparts down and somewhat back. The anterior pair of wings is noticeably denser than the posterior………………………. Detachment Cockroaches (Blattoptera )
Insects with a flat body. The head is turned downward by the oral organs and is covered by a large shield-like pronotum. Antennae bristle-shaped, multisegmented; running-type legs with flattened femora and 5-segmented tarsi. The front wings are dense, horny or leathery, with abundant venation; hindwings membranous, hidden under elytra when at rest. Elytra and wings can be shortened or completely reduced. The abdomen is elongated, 8-10-segmented, with soft integument, usually bearing segmented cerci at the end; in males, on the last segment from below, there are 1 or 2 non-segmented appendages - a stylus. Most cockroaches are yellowish-brown in color, rarely dark or black. The metamorphosis is not complete.
Females lay their eggs in edema. Mostly nocturnal, secretive insects that live under fallen leaves, under stones, sometimes in soil and sand. Omnivorous. Some species are associated with humans, live in houses and other heated premises, spoil food and can spread bacteria that cause dysentery and intestinal diseases, as well as eggs of parasitic worms (whipworm, pinworms, etc.). One family - Cockroaches (Blattidae). 4 genera, 6 species.
31(30) The head is free, the mouth parts are directed forward or down.
32(37) Prothorax distinctly separated from mesothorax. The head is usually strongly flattened, with mouthparts directed forward. Tarsi 2-4-segmented. The abdomen is never stalked. The ovipositor is not expressed.
33(36) There are churches. Insects are medium in size.
34(35) Cerci large, 2-segmented. The 1st segment of the forelegs is thickened …………………………………………….. . DetachmentEmbioptera (Embioptera))
35(34) Cerci small, 1-segmented. 1st segment of forelegs not thickened ……………………………………………… Detachment Termites (Isoptera)
36(33) There are no churches. Very small insects... DetachmentHay eaters (Psocoptera)
37(32) Prothorax fused with mesothorax. The head is not flattened, the mouth parts are directed downwards. The tarsi are usually 5-segmented. The abdomen is often stalked, in females often with a sting, ovipositor, etc. ……………..
…………………….………Detachment Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera)
Suborder sessile-bellied- the abdomen with the chest is connected by the whole base (fam. horntails, sawflies, weavers). Phytophages. Larvae with thoracic or ventral legs. Females with ovipositor.
38(9) Mouth apparatus not gnawing, mandibles not developed. Sometimes the entire oral apparatus is underdeveloped.
39(42) Mouth apparatus in the form of a jointed proboscis, bent under the thoracic segments (except for non-feeding male mealybugs, which have one pair of wings and filaments at the end of the body). Some forms are immobile, bag-shaped, develop on plants under the protection of a shield, wax secretions, etc.
40 (41) The proboscis departs from the lower surface of the head or is displaced towards its posterior edge. The front wings have a uniform surface. Some forms are non-feeding (without a proboscis), have one pair of wings and a thread at the end of the body, some are immobile sac-like insects that develop on plants under the protection of a shield, wax secretions, etc. ………………………………… ……………….. Detachment Homoptera (Homoptera)
From small to large sizes. 2 pairs of membranous wings, folding roof-like. Some types of wings have 1 pair or not. The development is not complete. The oral apparatus is piercing-sucking. Characterized by polymorphism. There are about 4000 species in Russia. Most are phytophages, pests of plants. 5 suborders: cycads, psyllids, aphids, whiteflies, coccidia (worms).
Suborder cicadas. Antennae short, legs jumping. 2 pairs of membranous wings. Males with organs of hearing and chirring. Oviposition - in stems. The larvae damage tree roots. Multi-year development. Cicadas, pennitsy.
Suborder of psyllids (coppers). The antennae are long, the legs are jumping. The larvae are flattened with rudiments of wings, live in colonies, most are monophagous, severely harmful ( apple and pear suckers).
Aphid suborder. Size 0.5-7.5 mm. The body is ovoid, often with a white down. Abdomen with thin projections. They live in colonies, often wingless. There are about 1000 species in Russia. Polymorphism is pronounced, a complex cycle of generational change, often migrate to another host plant. Reproduction by live birth, parthenogenetically. Lots of pests blood aphid, green apple. Families are included aphids and hermes.
Suborder whiteflies. Up to 2 mm. 2 pairs of wings laid flat on the abdomen. The body is covered with powdery pollen. Larvae of last age are not active. Larvae - colonies on the underside of the leaves. They eat juices. Dangerous: greenhouse, maple whitefly.
Suborder coccidae (worms). 3-7mm. Sexual dimorphism is pronounced: females are wingless, immobile, covered with a shield or wax secretions. Complex cycle of development with virgin and bisexual generations. They live in colonies. Harm worms, scale insects, false scale insects.
41(40) Proboscis moves away from leading edge head capsule. The forewings are soft and transparent at the apex; the rest of their surface is leathery, usually opaque. Detachment semi-coleoptera,orBed bugs (Hemiptera)
Size from 0.5 to 50 mm. They live on the ground, in the water, under the bark. The oral apparatus is piercing-sucking in the form of a segmented proboscis. 2 pairs of flat folding wings. The forewings are leathery at the base and membranous at the apex. Many have scent glands. In some species, the wings are shortened or absent. The development is not complete. Imagoid larvae. Many species are phytophages, there are predatory and bloodsuckers. 2 suborders: hidden, free-spirited.
Suborder Hidden mustaches. Antennae strongly shortened, no odorous glands. They live in water, predators ( smooth, water scorpion).
42(39) Mouth apparatus in the form of a short cone or non-segmented proboscis, which can be needle-shaped sticking out, fleshy retracting, spirally twisted, etc. Mouth organs may be underdeveloped.
43(44) Body leathery, strongly flattened laterally. The hind legs are jumpy. ……………………………………….. Detachment Fleas (Siphonaptera)
44(43) Body various shapes, but never strongly laterally flattened. The hind legs are not hopping.
45(48) Mouth apparatus in the form of a short, sometimes retracting oral cone. Small insects with a flattened body.
46(47) The thoracic region is subdivided into segments. Wings (if developed) in two pairs, with fringe of hairs along posterior margin. They live on plants ……………………………………………. Detachment Thrips (Thysanoptera )
48(45) Mouth apparatus in the form of a proboscis or underdeveloped.
49(56) Two pairs of wings are well developed; if only one pair of wings is developed, then there are long tail filaments at the end of the body (the exception is the wingless females of some butterflies, which are recognized by the presence of an easily washable cover of scales on the body.
50(51) Antennae shorter than head. The front legs are elongated. Detachment Mayflies (Ephemeroptera )
51(50) Antennae much longer than head.
52(53) The head is directed with the mouthparts forward. Wings without cover of hairs and scales …………………. Detachment Stoneflies (Plecoptera)
53(52) The head is directed with the mouth parts down. The wings are covered with hairs or scales.
54(55) Wings and body covered with easily washable scales. Mouth organs in the form of a spirally twisted proboscis, less often - underdeveloped…………………………. Detachment Lepidoptera,orButterflies (Lepidoptera)
From small to large. 2 pairs of membranous wings covered with scales. The mouth apparatus is sucking, the upper jaws are reduced, the lower jaws are in the form of a proboscis. Antennae are long. The metamorphosis is complete. The larvae are caterpillars. Phytophages in the caterpillar stage, many plant pests. The pupae are covered, many in a cocoon. More than 10 thousand species. Front-engined, rear wings interlock with front wings in flight. There is no ovipositor. 2 suborders.
Suborder Homoptera– Few species, low organized. Sem. Thin strands.
Suborder heteroptera- the main number of species. It is divided into 2 groups: lower heteroptera(sem. moths, leafworms, moths, glass cases, woodworms) and higher heteroptera (large whites, nymphalids, sailboats, pigeons, etc.). Moths are more harmful in the forest: fam. hawk moths, cocoonworms, moths, volnyanka, scoops.
55(54) Wings and body covered with hairs. Mouth organs are reduced ……………………………….. DetachmentCaddisflies ( Trichoptera)
56(49) Only one pair of wings is well developed, or the wings are underdeveloped. There are no tail filaments at the end of the body.
57(58) Anterior pair of wings developed, posterior pair transformed into club-shaped halteres. Wingless forms have long legs………………………. DetachmentDiptera,ormosquitoesandflies ( Diptera)
Suborder long-whiskered (mosquito-like) - the antennae are long, the abdomen is elongated. Larvae with a head. They belong to the family: gall midges, mosquitoes, midges.
58(57) The hind pair of wings is developed, the anterior one is turned into club-shaped appendages. The females are wingless and legless. DetachmentFanwings ( Strepsiptera)
Exercise
1. Using the identification table, determine up to the detachment the representatives of the class of insects proposed in sets and combined collections.
2. Outline brief characteristics orders of dragonflies, beetles, bugs, butterflies, cockroaches, orthoptera, lacewings, homoptera, hymenoptera, dipterans, focusing on the characterizing features and importance of representatives of the orders in forestry.
Reporting form: abstracts, oral survey on collections.
The class Insecta includes 34 orders of insects. Of them essential in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus they have 8 orders, including the main pests of agricultural crops.
The main features by which class Insecta divided into orders, are the types of mouth organs, the number of pairs of wings and their structure, transformation. In accordance with this, the description of the main detachments is presented in the form of a table.
Representatives of the same order are in boxes in different positions (under the same number) so that you can see the necessary signs without taking out the insect and without opening the box (dry insects are easily injured).
On the basis of the material set forth in the identification table, entries should be made as the detachment is determined.
Definition of the main orders of insects
eighteen). The mouthparts are gnawing, with two pairs of jointed palpi developed.
2(5). The wings are heterogeneous (the anterior ones are denser than the hind ones).
3 (4). The forewings are leathery, with distinct veins, narrow; the hindwings are reticulate or membranous, wide, fold like a fan under the forewings. Forelegs digging or hind legs jumping. Abdomen at the end with a pair of non-segmented, sometimes small and poorly visible cerci.
Orthoptera– Orthoptera
The transformation is incomplete. Families (listed in alphabetical order): grasshoppers - Tettigonidae, bears - Gryllotalpidae, locusts - Acrididae, etc.
4 (3). The front wings are rigid, without venation, turned into elytra, in the folded state they cover the abdomen completely or partially from above. The hind wings are membranous, at rest they fit under the elytra. Abdomen at the top without church.
Coleoptera– Co-eortera
The transformation is complete. The larva is true and legless, the pupa is free. Families: snails - Nitidulidae, weevils - Curculionidae, caryopses - Bruchidae, leaf beetles - Chrysomelidae, dead beetles - Silphidae, lamellar - Scarabaeidae, pipeworms - Attelabidae, click beetles - Elateridae, ground beetles - Carabidae, coccinellids - Cossinellidae, rove beetles - Staphylinidae, etc.
5(2). The wings are uniform, membranous or reticulate.
6(7). The wings are membranous, with a few transverse veins, no more than 15-20 closed cells, in small forms almost without veins. The hindwings are shorter than the front ones. Sometimes wingless. The abdomen is always wingless, winged - often stalked, at the top - without a church, females often with an ovipositor or sting.
Hymenoptera– Numenoptera
The transformation is complete. Larva legless and caterpillar, free pupa, often in a cocoon. Families: true sawflies - Tenthredinidae, stem sawflies - Serhidae, braconids - Bgasonidae, ichneumonids - Ichneumonidae, etc.
7(6). The wings are large reticulate, with many transverse veins (more than 15-20 closed cells), many longitudinal veins branch.
Reptiles– Neuroptera
The transformation is complete. The larva is campodeoid. Most Interest represents the lacewing family - Chrysopidae.
8(1). Mouth organs of a sucking type, usually elongated into a proboscis articulated or non-segmented, often only one pair of palps is developed, or palps and mouthparts are completely underdeveloped.
9 (14). The mouthparts are piercing-sucking with developed 2 pairs of palps or without them.
10(11). The mouthparts are piercing-sucking with 2 pairs of palps. The wings are uniform, membranous, often with reduced venation, very narrow, fringed with long hairs. The body is very small (no more than 5 mm), narrow.
fringed-winged– Thysanoptera
The transformation is incomplete. Families: true thrips - Tripidae, phleotrips - Phloeothripidae.
11(10). The mouthparts are piercing-sucking, the proboscis is jointed, and there are no palps.
12(13). The proboscis is attached to the front of the head, the forehead is not sloping back. The fore wings are heterogeneous: hard or leathery at the base, membranous at the apex, membranous hind wings. The wings fold flat on the body. There are wingless species.
Hemiptera– Hemiptera
The transformation is incomplete. Families: stink bugs - Pentatomidae, tortoise bugs - Scutelleridae, horseflies - Miridae, etc.
13(12). The proboscis is attached to the back of the head, the forehead is strongly sloping back. The wings are homogeneous membranous or heterogeneous, then the anterior ones are leathery, and the posterior membranous ones fold in a roof-like manner. Often one pair or both pairs of wings are missing.
Homoptera– Noportera
The transformation is incomplete. Families: aleurodids, or whiteflies - Aleurodidae, suckers, or psyllids - Psyllidae, true aphids - Archididae, true leafhoppers - Cicadellidae, true scale insects - Diaspididae, etc.
14(9). The oral organs are sucking, they cannot pierce the food substrate; if the mouthparts are piercing-sucking, then there is one pair of wings.
15(18). There are two pairs of wings.
16(17). The wings are uniform, membranous, partially or completely covered with scales, like the body itself. Scales in the form of easily erasable pollen. The proboscis is non-segmented, spirally twisted. Less commonly, the oral organs are underdeveloped.
Lepidoptera– Lepidoptera
The transformation is complete. Caterpillar larva, pupa often covered in a cocoon. Families: whites - Pieridae, volnyanka - Orgyidae, ermine moths - Uronomeutidae, cocoon moths - Lasiocampidae, leafworms - Tortricidae, moths - Pyralidae, moths - Geometridae, sickle-winged moths - Plutellidae, scoops - Noctuidae, glass-boxes - Aegeriidae, etc.
17(16). The wings are uniform, membranous, the hind wings are shorter than the anterior ones. Mouth organs in the form of a jointed proboscis, not spirally twisted.
Hymenoptera– Numenoptera
18(15). One pair of wings. The wings are uniform, membranous, the hind wings are turned into halteres. The oral organs are diverse, but from the type of suckers - licking, cutting-sucking, piercing-sucking, etc.
Diptera– Diptera
The transformation is complete. More often the larva is headless, the pupa is a puparia, or a false cocoon. Families: bare beetles - Рsilidae, centipedes - Tipulidae, grass flies - Chloropidae, syrphids - Sygrhidae, tachines - Tashinidae, flower girls - Anthomyiidae, scatophagids - Scatofagidae, etc.
Class Insects- this is the most highly organized, numerous, diverse class of arthropods, common in all environments of life, in aquatic - secondarily. Most representatives are capable of flight. Insects belong to the phylum Arthropoda.
Meaning of insects:
1. Participation in the cycle of substances
2. Important role in food chains
3. Pollination of flowers and seed dispersal
4. Getting food, medicines, silk
5. Agricultural pests
6. Predatory insects exterminate agricultural pests
7. Damage to fabrics, wood, books, mechanisms
Class Insects
Body sections
Head, chest, abdomen
Structural features
Got wings
Habitat
In all environments
Number of walking legs
At different types-different food and different mouthparts
Respiratory system
Tracheal bundles opening on abdominal segments
Circulatory system
OPEN; blood vessels open into the cavity of the body, on the underside of the body blood is collected in other vessels; have a heart (two-chamber - one atrium and one ventricle)
excretory system
Malpighian vessels and fat body
Nervous system
Periopharyngeal nerve ring and ventral nerve cord
In insects, the brain is the result of a fusion of clusters nerve cells(hence more complex behavior)
sense organs
Vision (mosaic), smell, touch, hearing
Representatives
Orders Coleoptera, Scale-winged, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera
Major orders of insects
|
Representatives |
oral apparatus |
Type of transformation |
||
|
Rigid-winged |
Zhuzhe-faces, May Khrushchev, lady cow-ka |
Upper - rigid (elytra), lower - flying |
Gnawing type; there are carnivores and herbivores |
↓ Larva (worm with three pairs of legs - caterpillar) pupa (resting stage) adult |
|
Scale-winged |
Machaon, pigeon, nettle |
Two pairs covered with scales |
Suction type (hobo-current); feed on plant nectar; larvae (caterpillars) have gnawing mouthparts |
|
|
Two-winged |
Flies, mosquitoes, gadflies, horseflies |
One pair; second pair of wings modified into halteres |
piercing-sucking type; feed on the blood of humans and animals |
|
|
Hymenoptera |
Bees, wasps, ants |
Two pairs, with distinct veins |
Gnawing or licking mouthparts, feed on nectar and pollen of flowers |
|
|
Straight-winged |
Saran-cha, grasshoppers, bear-ka |
Front - with longitudinal veining, rear - fan-shaped |
Gnawing mouthparts (feed on plant foods) |
INCOMPLETE (larva similar to adult; growth during moult) |
|
Bedbugs (Hemiptera) |
Forest bug, berry bug, bed bug |
Two pairs of wings |
Piercing-sucking mouthparts |
|
|
Homoptera |
Aphid, copperhead |
Two pairs of transparent wings |
oral organs - piercing-sucking proboscis |
Insects with incomplete metamorphosis
|
Lice, about 150 |
Human louse (head and clothes) |
|
|
Bed bugs, over 30,000 |
2 pairs of wings (anterior - semi-elytra, posterior - membranous) folded flat at rest on the back. Mouth apparatus - piercing-sucking |
Bed bug, water strider, harmful turtle |
|
Orthoptera, over 20,000 |
2 pairs of wings (front - elytra with direct venation, back - fan membranous wings). The oral apparatus is gnawing. The hind legs are usually hopping |
Common grasshopper, house cricket, locust |
|
Dragonflies, around 4500 |
2 pairs of mesh wings. The body is usually elongated. The head is mobile, the eyes are very large. Mouth apparatus - gnawing |
Rocker, hatch, beauty |
|
Cockroaches, 2500 |
2 pairs of wings (front - leathery elytra, back - fan membranous). The oral apparatus is gnawing. Eggs are laid in a shell |
Black cockroach, red cockroach, or Prussian |
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A source of information: Biology in tables and diagrams. / Edition 2e, - St. Petersburg: 2004.
Insects are the most numerous class of animals, there are more than 1 million species. There are about 40 orders of insects, which are divided into two groups - insects with incomplete transformation and insects with complete transformation. Examples of insect orders with incomplete metamorphosis are orthoptera, homoptera, and hemiptera. Examples of orders with complete metamorphosis are Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera.
Features of the order Orthoptera
Representatives: grasshoppers, locusts, crickets.
- Gnawing mouth apparatus.
- The wings of the first pair are narrow with longitudinal venation, the wings of the second pair are fan-shaped.
- Hind legs jumping type (not all).
- Many can make sounds and perceive them (grasshoppers make sounds with their front wings, and the hearing organ is on their feet).
Features of the order Homoptera
Representatives: aphids, suckers, shield insects. Aphids live on the shoots of trees, shrubs and grasses, forming clusters. There are usually a lot of suckers on the leaves of fruit trees.
- They feed on plant sap.
- A piercing-sucking mouthpart with a proboscis.
- Two pairs of soft transparent wings (not all).
Features of the order Hemiptera (bugs)
Representatives: green forest bugs, water strider bugs, bed bugs.
- They lead a terrestrial or aquatic lifestyle.
- Piercing-sucking mouthparts.
- A pair of semi-rigid upper wings and a pair of membranous lower wings.
- Developed odorous glands.
Features of the order Coleoptera (beetles)
Representatives: ladybugs, weevils, dung beetles, ground beetles, May beetles.
- Rigid forewings protect the hind wings from damage.
- Mouth apparatus gnawing type.
Features of the order Diptera
Representatives: flies, mosquitoes.
- One pair of membranous wings. The hind ones are modified into halteres.
- Mouth-apparatus piercing-sucking or licking.
- Legless larvae that develop in soil, water, plant and animal remains.
Features of the order Lepidoptera (butterflies)
- Scale cover of wings.
- The sucking mouthparts are coiled.
- Cirrus (in nocturnal) or club-shaped (in diurnal butterflies) antennae.
- Butterfly larvae are caterpillars. They have outgrowths of the body - false legs. Mouth apparatus gnawing type.
Features of the order Hymenoptera
Representatives: bees, wasps, ants, riders.
- Two pairs of membranous transparent wings.
- Mouth apparatus gnawing or licking.
- Females have an ovipositor at the end of the abdomen, which in some species is turned into a sting and is associated with venom glands.
- Worm-like, most often legless, larvae.