Man at war
Many works of art have been written about the Great Patriotic War, including large-scale and epic ones. It would seem that against their background short story MA Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" should have been lost. But he not only did not get lost, but became one of the most popular and beloved by readers. This story is still being studied at school. Such a long century of the work testifies to the fact that it is talentedly written and distinguished by its artistic expressiveness.
This story tells about the fate of the ordinary Soviet man named Andrei Sokolov, who went through the civil war, industrialization, the Great Patriotic War, a concentration camp and other tests, but managed to remain a man with a capital letter. He did not become a traitor, did not break down in the face of danger, showed all his willpower and courage in captivity of the enemy. An illustrative episode is an incident in the camp when he had to stand face to face with the Lagerfuehrer. Then Andrey was just a hair's breadth from death. One wrong move or step, he would be shot in the yard. However, seeing in him a strong and worthy opponent, the Lagerführer simply let him go, treating him with a loaf of bread and a piece of bacon as a reward.
Another incident, testifying to the heightened sense of justice and moral strength of the hero, occurred in the church where the prisoners spent the night. Upon learning that there was a traitor among them who was trying to hand over one platoon commander to the Nazis as a communist, Sokolov strangled him with his own hand. Killing Kryzhnev, he felt no pity, nothing but disgust. Thus, he saved an unknown platoon commander and punished the traitor. Strength of character helped him escape from fascist Germany... This happened when he got a job as a chauffeur for a German major. Once on the way, he stunned him, took away the pistol and managed to leave the country. Once on his home side, he kissed the ground for a long time, could not breathe it.
The war more than once took away all the most precious things from Andrey. During Civil War he lost his parents and sister, who starved to death. He himself was saved only by leaving for the Kuban. Subsequently, he managed to create new family... Andrey had a wonderful wife and three children, but the war also took them away from him. A lot of sorrows and trials fell to the lot of this man, but he was able to find the strength in himself to live on. The key incentive for him was little Vanyusha, an orphaned person just like him. The war took Vanya's father and mother away from him, and Andrei picked him up and adopted him. It also testifies to the inner strength of the protagonist. Having gone through a series of such difficult trials, he did not lose heart, did not break down and did not become bitter. It was this personal victory over the war.
(Based on the works of Russian literature of the XX century)
K. Simonov, B. Pole-voy, Yu. Bondarev, V. Grossman and many other writers have created bright and lively pages about the war.
But among them there are authors who described not so much the war itself as analyzed the behavior of a person on it, deeply penetrating into the mechanism of his actions. They wanted to understand why the most a common person hitting extreme conditions, can despise danger and step into immortality. What drove such people? I want to reflect on this when analyzing the story of Fyodor Tendryakov "The Day That Supplanted Life ...". I liked him because the war is shown without embellishment, truthfully.
"The day that supplanted life ..." - the first day of yesterday's school-liner in the war.
Only one day is described, but he supplanted his entire previous life, where school remained, exams, a fire by the river and many happy days... Therefore, the story is called that.
Ahead is the unknown, possibly death. The hero Tenkov saw films about the war, but his impressions of it do not coincide with what he sees. Around burned tanks, craters from mines and shells, earth disfigured by tank tracks and killed German soldiers.
But these soldiers do not evoke hatred and anger, but only "embarrassing pity"; "I stood over the enemy and experienced only disgust and disgust ... But disgust is not in my soul, my bodily insides disdain, and uninvited, embarrassing pity seeps into my soul."
Sergeant Tenkov remembers his father killed in the war, but even after that, hatred does not boil in him.
I would like to believe that this pity will remain in the hero, although the war will change him too. It changes everything: people, their fates, characters, life. Nobody knows how a person will behave in an extreme situation. This is clearly seen on the example of the images of Sashka Glukha-rev and Ninkin.
Sashka, who seemed brave and courageous, turned out to be a coward, and Ninkin, who was inconspicuous and inconspicuous in life, did his duty and died like a hero. But the price of his life is not a hundred non-Mets, but only a bayonet shovel.
This first death was remembered for a long time by the protagonist of the story. He remembers her even after the war, although for long years saw many deaths, even more heroic than this one.;.
A feat is self-sacrifice. But a person does not always realize that he is doing a great deed - he simply cannot act otherwise, this act seems to him natural and the only right one.
Everyone can accomplish the feat, but not everyone finds the strength to overcome fear, as Glukharev could not. War changes the psyche and moral principles of people. At some point in the battle, the old values suddenly become insignificant. At this moment of fracture, a person is capable of all- life it fades into the background, and instead of it there is something more - the fate of the rest. It is then that the feat is accomplished. This is exactly what is happening with Ninkin.
Tendryakov was able to show how the war affects people in different ways, this is the main pathos of his story. It affects a person's attitude to life, because it is unnatural for him, invades his destiny and breaks it.
"War is an event contrary to human reason and all human nature." These words belong to Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. Written about another war - 1812. And although it was the same liberating and just for the Russian people, the weapon in it was less terrible. But she is just as inhuman and cruel.
The feat of a man is also in the center of attention of another writer who traveled along the front lines - Konstantin Vorobyov.
The main idea of his story "Killed near Moscow" is an epiphany from spiritual blindness, overcoming the fear of death.
The writer now and then stops to fix our attention now on a concordant, dashing step, almost like in a parade of a marching company, now he snatches one or two cheerful faces out of the faceless multitude, lets us hear someone's sonorous boyish voice. And immediately the company itself - an abstract army unit - becomes for us a living organism, a full-fledged and full-fledged protagonist of the story. The gaze then stops on the main thing acting person- Alexei Yastrebova, who carries in himself "some indefatigable, hidden happiness: joy in this fragile morning, that he did not find the captain and that he still had to go and walk on a clean crust."
This feeling of joy that overwhelms the heroes more and more enhances the contrast that opens already on the first pages, more sharply denotes the two poles - overflowing life and inevitable - just a few days later - death. After all, we know what awaits them there, ahead, where they are going so merrily now. We know right away, from one name, already beginning with the terrifying in its inescapable definiteness of the word - "killed." The contrast becomes even sharper, and the feeling of impending tragedy reaches a tangible density when we are faced with the discouraging naivety of the cadets. They, it turns out, are, in essence, still boys, donned military uniforms and thrown to the front by the inexorable law of wartime ...
German tanks crushed the company, which fought bravely, although it could do nothing against them with its bottles and self-loading rifles. But the tanks were detained, albeit at a terrible cost.
The first battle, which Alexei Yastrebov dreamed of as a victory accompanied by shouts of "Hurray!", Proceeds quite differently. The platoon does not shout "Hurray!" everybody.
By the end of the story, the boy-lieutenant becomes a man. It is he who knocks out a tank and goes into the forest with a captured machine gun, in order to come across the scattered among his own.
“He almost physically felt,” writes K. Vorobyov about Alexei Yastrebov, “how the shadow of fear of his own death had melted in him. Now she stood in front of him like a distant and indifferent beggar relative to him, but next to her and closer to him was his childhood ... ”After what he experienced in the night battle, after the death of Captain Ryumin, who died in his arms, after everything that happened to his company, he almost does not care - and he rises to meet the tank. The scene was written by Konstantin Vorobyov with soul-tearing clarity and tension.
Yes, the Russian people performed a feat. They died but did not give up. The consciousness of his duty to the Motherland drowned out the feeling of fear, pain, and thoughts of death. This means that this action is not unaccountable - a feat, but the conviction of the righteousness and greatness of the cause for which a person deliberately gives his life. The warriors understood that they shed their blood, gave their lives for the triumph of justice and for the sake of life on earth. Our soldiers knew that it was necessary to defeat this evil, this cruelty, this ferocious gang of murderers and rapists, otherwise they would enslave the whole world.
The prose of K. Vorobyov is accurate, cruel both in detail and in general. He does not want to conceal anything, to miss anything. The main advantage of his works is that the romantic veil has been torn from the war. K. Vorobyev knew: if we are to write, then only the truth. The untruth turns into a lie, into an outrage over the memory of the dead ...
Former German soldiers who fought at Stalingrad, on May 9, laid wreaths on the Mamayev Kurgan to the dead Russian soldiers there as a sign of reconciliation and repentance. This gives hope that the world will change and there will be no place for war in it, and the memory of the feat will remain, because it is not for nothing that thousands of people did not spare themselves, sacrificing their lives for a just cause. Therefore, you read with great attention the lines from the letter of Maselbek, the hero of Ch. Aitmatov's story “Mother's Field”: “We did not beg for a war, and we did not beg for it, this is a huge disaster for all of us, all people. And we must shed our blood, give our lives to destroy this monster. If we do not do this, then we will not be worthy of the name of Man. In an hour I am going to carry out the task of the Motherland. I’m unlikely to return alive. I go there to keep many of my comrades alive on the offensive. I go for the sake of the people, for the sake of victory, for the sake of all that is beautiful in a Man. "
Works about the war reveal to us not only its cruel ruthlessness, but also the power of heroism, courage, and dedication of our soldiers. They knew for sure why they were going to death: they defended the Motherland! And this is a feat.
The past war is a habit of violence. It is formed and clearly manifested in the course of hostilities and long time continues to exist after their end, leaving an imprint on all aspects of life. V extreme situations when a person is not faced with death, he begins to look at himself and the world around him in a completely different way. Everything that filled his daily life suddenly becomes insignificant, a new, completely different meaning of his existence is revealed to the individual.
For many, in war, qualities such as superstition and fatalism are formed. If superstition is not manifested in all individuals, then fatalism is the main feature of the psychology of a military man. It consists of two opposite sensations. The first is to be sure that the person will not be killed anyway. The second is that sooner or later the bullet will find him. Both of these sensations form the soldier's fatalism, which after the first battle is fixed in his psyche as an attitude. This fatalism and the superstitions associated with it become a defense against the stress that every fight is, dulling fear and unloading the psyche.
War with its conditions of chronic danger of losing health or life every minute, with the conditions of not only unpunished, but also encouraged destruction of other people, forms in a person new qualities that are necessary in war time... Such qualities cannot be formed in peacetime, and in conditions of hostilities are revealed in the maximum short term... In battle, it is impossible to hide your fear or show feigned courage. Courage either completely abandons the fighter, or is manifested in its entirety. So are the highest manifestations of the human spirit in Everyday life happen rarely, and during the war they become a mass phenomenon.
In a combat situation, situations often arise that place too high demands on the human psyche, which can cause drastic pathological changes in the psyche of the individual. So, along with heroism, fighting brotherhood and mutual assistance in war, robberies, torture, cruelty to prisoners are not uncommon, sexual assault to the population, robbery and looting on the enemy's land. To justify such actions, the formula "the war will write off everything" is often used and responsibility for them in the consciousness of the individual is shifted from him to the surrounding reality.
A strong influence on the human psyche is exerted by the features of the front-line life: frost and heat, lack of sleep, malnutrition, lack of normal housing and comfort, constant overwork, lack of sanitary and hygienic conditions. As well as themselves fighting, extremely perceptible inconveniences in life are stimuli of unusually great strength that form a special psychology of a person who has gone through a war.
(Based on one of the works of modern literature.)
The Great Patriotic War was the most difficult of the wars that our people had to endure in their centuries-old history. The war was the greatest test and test of the strength of the people, and our people passed this test with honor. The war was also a most serious test for all Soviet literature, which in the days of the war showed the whole world that it did not and cannot have interests above the interests of the people.
Wonderful works were written by M. Sholokhov, A. Fadeev, A. Tolstoy, K. Simonov, A. Tvardovsky and many other writers.
A special place among the works of the Great Patriotic War takes M. Sholokhov's story "The Science of Hatred", published in June 1942.
In this story, the author shows how he matures and grows stronger in Soviet people a feeling of love for the Motherland and the people, as contempt and hatred for the enemy matures. The writer creates a typical image of a war participant - Lieutenant Gerasimov, in which he embodies the best features of the warring Soviet people.
Sholokhov in his previous works painted amazing pictures of Russian nature, which he never had a background for action, but always helped to reveal deeper and more fully human character, the psychological experiences of the heroes.
The story begins with a description of nature. Already in the very first phrase, Sholokhov brings man closer to nature and thus emphasizes that she did not remain indifferent to the hard struggle that had begun: "In war, trees, like people, each have their own destiny." Symbolic meaning has in this story the image of an oak tree mutilated by a shell, which, despite a gaping wound, continues to live: “A torn, gaping hole dried up half a tree, but the other half, bent to the water by the gap, miraculously came to life in the spring and was covered with fresh foliage. And to this day, probably, the lower branches of the crippled oak are bathing in the flowing water, and the upper ones are still eagerly attracting juicy tight leaves to the sun ... " Gerasimov.
Already the first acquaintance of readers with the hero allows us to conclude that this is a courageous person with tremendous willpower, who has endured a lot and changed his mind.
Victor Gerasimov is a hereditary worker. Before the war, he worked in one of the factories Western Siberia... He was drafted into the army in the first months of the war. The whole family instructs him to fight enemies until victory.
From the very beginning of the war, the working man Gerasimov was seized by a feeling of hatred for the enemy, who destroyed the peaceful life of the people and plunged the country into the abyss of a bloody war.
At first, the Red Army men treated the captured Germans good-naturedly, called them "comrades", treated them to cigarettes, and fed them from their kettles. Then Sholokhov shows how our soldiers and commanders went through a kind of school of hatred during the war against the Nazis.
Our troops found terrible traces of the fascist domination, expelling the Nazis from the temporarily occupied territory. One cannot read without a shudder the descriptions of the monstrous atrocities of the enemies: "... Villages burned to the ground, hundreds of women, children, elderly people shot, mutilated corpses of captured Red Army soldiers, raped and brutally murdered women, girls and teenage girls ..." These atrocities shocked the fighters, who understood that the fascists are not people, but fanatics who are mad with blood.
Heavy, inhuman trials fell to the lot of Lieutenant Gerasimov, who was captured. Describing the behavior of the hero in captivity, the writer reveals new character traits inherent in the Russian person. Wounded, having lost a lot of blood, Gerasimov retains his own dignity and is full of contempt and hatred for the enemy.
The lieutenant's one desire is not to die. In the column of prisoners, barely moving his legs, he thinks about escape. Great joy covers Gerasimov and makes him forget about thirst and physical suffering, when the Nazis do not find his party card, this gives him courage and stamina in the most hard days bondage.
The story depicts a camp in which the Germans kept prisoners, where “they were subjected to the most severe tortures, where there was no restroom and people defecated here and stood and lay in the mud and ominous slurry. The weaker ones did not get up at all. Water and food were given once a day. Another day they completely forgot to give something ... ”But no atrocities, writes Sholokhov, could break the mighty spirit in the Russian man, extinguish the stubborn thirst for revenge.
The lieutenant endured a lot, he looked death in the eyes many times, and death itself, conquered by the courage of this man, retreated. "The Nazis could kill us, unarmed and exhausted from hunger, they could torture us, but they could not break our spirit, and they will never break it!" This stubbornness of the Russian man and indestructible courage helped Gerasimov escape from captivity. The lieutenant was picked up by the partisans. For two weeks he recovered his strength, participated with them in combat operations.
Then he was transported to the rear, to the hospital. After treatment, he soon returned to the front.
The Science of Hatred ends with Gerasimov's words about hatred and love: “... And they learned to fight for real, and to hate, and to love. On such a touchstone as war, all feelings are perfectly honed ... I hate the Germans very much for everything that they have done to my Motherland and me personally, and at the same time I love my people with all my heart and do not want them to suffer under the German yoke. This is what makes me, and all of us, fight with such ferocity, these two feelings, embodied in action, will lead us to victory. "
The image of Lieutenant Gerasimov is one of the first generalizing images in the literature of the period of the Great Patriotic War.
The peculiarity of his character lies in the fact that he always feels like the son of the people, the son of the Motherland. It is this feeling of belonging to the great army of the Russian people, the feeling of selfless love for their Motherland and responsibility for its fate that gives Gerasimov the strength not only to endure all the horrors of captivity, but also to flee to rejoin the ranks of the avengers for all the atrocities that the Nazis brought to our country ...
And quite convincingly given in the story is a comparison of the fate of the lieutenant with the fate of a mighty oak, crippled by a shell, but retaining its strength and will to live. And how majestically beautiful is the image of a Russian man who went through the hard trials that befell him, and retained an inexhaustible faith in victory and the desire to continue the war until the victorious defeat of fascism!
Man at war
(Based on one of the works of modern literature.)
The Great Patriotic War was the most difficult of the wars that our people had to endure in their centuries-old history. The war was the greatest test and test of the strength of the people, and our people passed this test with honor. The war was also a most serious test for all Soviet literature, which in the days of the war showed the whole world that it did not and cannot have interests above the interests of the people.
Wonderful works were written by M. Sholokhov, A. Fadeev, A. Tolstoy, K. Simonov, A. Tvardovsky and many other writers.
A special place among the works of the period of the Great Patriotic War is occupied by the story of M. Sholokhov "The Science of Hatred", published in June 1942.
In this story, the author shows how the feeling of love for the Motherland and the people matures and grows stronger in Soviet people, how contempt and hatred for the enemy matures. The writer creates a typical image of a war participant - Lieutenant Gerasimov, in which he embodies the best features of the warring Soviet people.
In his previous works, Sholokhov painted amazing pictures of Russian nature, which for him was never a background for action, but always helped to reveal deeper and more fully the human character, the psychological experiences of the heroes.
The story begins with a description of nature. Already in the very first phrase, Sholokhov brings man closer to nature and thus emphasizes that she did not remain indifferent to the hard struggle that had begun: "In war, trees, like people, each have their own destiny." Symbolic meaning in this story is the image of an oak tree mutilated by a shell, which, despite a gaping wound, continues to live: “A torn, gaping hole dried up half a tree, but the other half, bent to the water by the gap, miraculously came to life in the spring and was covered with fresh foliage. And to this day, probably, the lower branches of the crippled oak are bathing in the flowing water, and the upper ones are still eagerly attracting juicy tight leaves to the sun ... " Gerasimov.
Already the first acquaintance of readers with the hero allows us to conclude that this is a courageous person with tremendous willpower, who has endured a lot and changed his mind.
Victor Gerasimov is a hereditary worker. Before the war, he worked at one of the factories in Western Siberia. He was drafted into the army in the first months of the war. The whole family instructs him to fight enemies until victory.
From the very beginning of the war, the working man Gerasimov was seized by a feeling of hatred for the enemy, who destroyed the peaceful life of the people and plunged the country into the abyss of a bloody war.
At first, the Red Army men treated the captured Germans good-naturedly, called them "comrades", treated them to cigarettes, and fed them from their kettles. Then Sholokhov shows how our soldiers and commanders went through a kind of school of hatred during the war against the Nazis.
Our troops found terrible traces of the fascist domination, expelling the Nazis from the temporarily occupied territory. One cannot read without a shudder the descriptions of the monstrous atrocities of the enemies: "... Villages burned to the ground, hundreds of women, children, elderly people shot, mutilated corpses of captured Red Army soldiers, raped and brutally murdered women, girls and teenage girls ..." These atrocities shocked the fighters, who understood that the fascists are not people, but fanatics who are mad with blood.
Heavy, inhuman trials fell to the lot of Lieutenant Gerasimov, who was captured. Describing the behavior of the hero in captivity, the writer reveals new character traits inherent in the Russian person. Wounded, having lost a lot of blood, Gerasimov retains his own dignity and is full of contempt and hatred for the enemy.
The lieutenant's one desire is not to die. In the column of prisoners, barely moving his legs, he thinks about escape. Great joy seizes Gerasimov and makes him forget about thirst and physical suffering when the Nazis do not find his party card, this gives him courage and stamina in the most difficult days of bondage.
The story depicts a camp in which the Germans kept prisoners, where “they were subjected to the most severe tortures, where there was no restroom and people defecated here and stood and lay in the mud and ominous slurry. The weaker ones did not get up at all. Water and food were given once a day. Another day they completely forgot to give something ... ”But no atrocities, writes Sholokhov, could break the mighty spirit in the Russian man, extinguish the stubborn thirst for revenge.
The lieutenant endured a lot, he looked death in the eyes many times, and death itself, conquered by the courage of this man, retreated. "The Nazis could kill us, unarmed and exhausted from hunger, they could torture us, but they could not break our spirit, and they will never break it!" This stubbornness of the Russian man and indestructible courage helped Gerasimov escape from captivity. The lieutenant was picked up by the partisans. For two weeks he recovered his strength, participated with them in combat operations.
Then he was transported to the rear, to the hospital. After treatment, he soon returned to the front.
The Science of Hatred ends with Gerasimov's words about hatred and love: “... And they learned to fight for real, and to hate, and to love. On such a touchstone as war, all feelings are perfectly honed ... I hate the Germans very much for everything that they have done to my Motherland and me personally, and at the same time I love my people with all my heart and do not want them to suffer under the German yoke. This is what makes me, and all of us, fight with such ferocity, these two feelings, embodied in action, will lead us to victory. "
The image of Lieutenant Gerasimov is one of the first generalizing images in the literature of the period of the Great Patriotic War.
The peculiarity of his character lies in the fact that he always feels like the son of the people, the son of the Motherland. It is this feeling of belonging to the great army of the Russian people, the feeling of selfless love for their Motherland and responsibility for its fate that gives Gerasimov the strength not only to endure all the horrors of captivity, but also to flee to rejoin the ranks of the avengers for all the atrocities that the Nazis brought to our country ...
And quite convincingly given in the story is a comparison of the fate of the lieutenant with the fate of a mighty oak, crippled by a shell, but retaining its strength and will to live. And how majestically beautiful is the image of a Russian man who went through the hard trials that befell him, and retained an inexhaustible faith in victory and the desire to continue the war until the victorious defeat of fascism!
Bibliography
For the preparation of this work were used materials from the site coolsoch.ru/