Career. What is a quarry? Open pit mining technology

Career(incision) is a set of grooves in earth crust formed during the extraction of minerals open way; open pit mining enterprise.
In a broad sense, a quarry is a huge borehole dug in the earth's surface. Quarries are formed when rock is taken out of the ground in huge or fragmented pieces, and they are different.

The principle of opencast mining is that the thicker layers of waste rocks that cover the mineral, located on top, are divided into horizontal layers within the mining allotment, which are removed successively in the direction from top to bottom, ahead of the lower layers by the upper ones. The height of the ledge depends on the strength of the rocks and the technique used, and ranges from several meters to several tens of meters.

The pit bottom is the pit bottom (also called the pit bottom). In the conditions of the development of steep and inclined bodies of minerals, the minimum dimensions of the open pit bottom are determined taking into account the conditions for safe extraction and loading rocks from the last ledge: in width - not less than 20 m, in length - not less than 50-100 m.

In conditions of development of morphologically complex deposits of significant stretching, the bottom of the open pit can have a stepped shape.

Pit depth is the vertical distance between the level of the earth's surface and the bottom of the pit, or the distance from the top of the pit to the bottom. Distinguish between design, final and maximum depth of the quarry.

A quarry is a system of benches (as a rule, the upper ones are rock or overburden, the lower ones are mining), which are constantly moving, ensuring the extraction of rock mass in the contours of the open pit field.

Explosions

One way of mining rock in a career is an explosion. For blasting, wells of a given depth are drilled using a drilling machine. The borehole diameter can be different, depending on the composition of the stone. Well grid (distance between wells) can also be different. Wells are usually drilled in advance and then closed with bags so that water or small stones do not get in before starting work. The components are laid out: a bag of explosives and a detonator. Then the detonators are connected and lowered down. The cable is tied so that it does not go down.

The well is charged with an explosive. In the course of work, the level of the explosive in the well is measured.

After charging, stemming (plug) is performed in the well from the rock that remains after drilling the well.
The shackle is needed to block the explosion products so that they do not "fly out" up from the well, and so that the explosion goes along the shortest path not up, but to the side.

Finish the work, connect the wires into a garland. Check the circuit for breaks.

A warning signal is given before the explosion. All equipment from the quarry is removed to a safe distance from the point of the explosion, people are hiding in a shelter, and an explosion occurs. After the explosion, a signal is given to end the blasting work.

Types of quarries

Career

Careers are:

diamond;
copper;
coal and others.

Quarry products

Granite quarries are mined and produced by screening out granite and rubble stone.

Quartzite quarries: quartzite crushed stone, quartzite screening.

On sand pits: construction, ravine sand, quarry sand.

On limestone quarries: limestone crushed stone, limestone flour, gypsum crushed stone.

On andesite quarries: andesite, rubble stone, finely crushed rubble stone.

On a marble quarry: marble chips, marble sand, marble flour, rubble stone.

On block quarries: granite blocks, granite slabs, gabbro blocks, paving stones.

At perlite quarries: perlite crushed stone, sand, perlite stone, expanded perlite.

At zeolite quarries: zeolite crushed stone, crushed natural zeolite.

« »

Granite Quarry Video

Sand is considered a cheap and harmless material used for construction. And there are a lot of stocks. There are quarries in the Moscow region that are used for sand extraction. It hides under a layer of soil, therefore, to get to it, you need to open this obstacle. The cost of sand may depend on the technique that was used to extract it, on the loading, on the type of operation that was performed. In addition, sand is also obtained under water, for which special pumps are used.

Basically, the sand, which was provided by the quarries of the Moscow region, contains stones and clay. Even in this form, this material is used, but for construction it is sieved or washed.

Sand processing methods

Sand quarries in the Moscow region usually provide material that must be processed for further production. Its types are divided:

Washed sand. After the material has been loaded and brought in, it should be cleared of stones and clay. In this case, the this method... Subsequently, the resulting material is used for floor screed, plaster, as well as for reinforced concrete products. It can sometimes be packed in bags.
Seeded sand. This method is used to obtain material for laying bricks, asphalt or concrete mixtures. It is harvested in large volumes, which are called screenings. They are then used to fill concrete. If there are larger particles, then such sand is taken for brick or stone.

The most famous locations

Sand quarries are very rich different kinds mined materials. The most interesting are limestone and phosphorous quarries. They are quite old, as they even find here deposits of the Carboniferous and Jurassic periods (respectively, of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras). For several centuries, sand has been mined, which is provided by the quarries of the Moscow region. Basically, the resulting limestone is used for further cement production or for road crushed stone.

There are such deposits in the southeast of the Moscow region, namely, in the region of Yegoryevsk and Voskresensk.

Description of quarries

We have already found out what the sand provides from the quarry. The Moscow region is full of points where such material can be mined. Basically, they are all up to 5 km long and resemble a stepped trough. There is a special excavator that travels on rails. It removes rocks with a tape, and the length of the cut is about 50 m. All of them fall into the dump. Then the procedure is repeated in the opposite direction. Thus, in the end, huge dumps remain, which are located in parallel. There are phosphorite quarries in Voskresensk. The sand is black here. Such places are a paradise for gem lovers.

Several well-known quarries of the Moscow region

The careers of the Moscow Region are constantly expanding. After all, sand is needed for people who are engaged in construction. There are several famous places that are saturated with sand:

Sychevsky sand quarry... It is located in the Volokamsk district, from Moscow it is required to drive 90 km to get to this place.
Malkinsky sand pit. It is located not far from Pyatigorsk, namely, 35 km from it.
Bogaevsky sand pit. This place is considered to be very famous. The material that was obtained here provided more than one construction site in the capital. This quarry is located in the small village of Oreshki, Ruzsky district.

The map of the quarries of the Moscow region is rich in various deposits. The Chulkovsky quarry is located in the Ramensk region. Near it there is the Yeganovskoye deposit, which provides glass sands. These two places are very similar, they seem to complement each other. There is a group of quarries in this area, where there are different deposits, namely:

coal;
Lower Cretaceous;
neogene;
Upper Jurassic.

These places are rich in Oxford clays. To open them, you have to penetrate to a depth of 2.5 m.Quartz-glauconite sands stand out appearance among the rest. They have a greenish tint, are small grains, and contain clay.

In addition, in the quarries of the Moscow region, they are mined, For example, in the Zaoksky districts. Quarries in the Serebryanoprud and Serpukhov regions, which are rich in iron ore and titanium, are considered well-known.

The Eganovskoye deposit is a source of quartz sands. They are overlain throughout the area by moraine clays, alluvial loams, and sandstones with different grains. This layer reaches up to 7 m. In addition, there is another popular quarry, which is nodular phosphorites. This is the Yegoryevskoye field. It's very big.

So, the Moscow region is full of quarries, which are sources of sand, which is so necessary for construction.

By open method (from the surface of the earth); in relation to a coal mining company, the term “open pit” is used. The quarry is a system of benches. The upper benches are usually overburden and rock, and the lower ones are mining: they are used for the development of minerals, export routes are located, the movement of machines is organized, the movement of drilling rigs for the formation of blast holes, etc. loaders, crushing units. Transportation of minerals and rock mass is carried out by dump trucks, railway trains, conveyor systems, dumpers, etc. The open method of mining is known since the Paleolithic era: marble, stone, sand and others were mined in quarries. V Ancient egypt the first quarries were developed in connection with the construction of the pyramids. In the end. 20th century up to 95% of building rocks, up to 70% of ores, 20% of bituminous coals, 90% of brown coals were mined by this method. The scale of production in open pits reaches tens of millions of tons per year. The largest coal and ore quarries with an annual production of 20-50 million tons or more are located in Russia, Canada, Germany.

Encyclopedia "Technics". - M .: Rosman. 2006 .

Synonyms:

See what "quarry" is in other dictionaries:

- (French carriere). 1) the fastest running of a horse. 2) stone breaking, breaking, breaking, mine. Dictionary foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov AN, 1910. QUARRY to put a horse into a quarry means to gallop at full speed. Dictionary of foreign ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Mining enterprise for open pit mining of coal, ores and nonmetallic minerals: sand, building stone, etc. Quarry in the coal industry open pit. A quarry in the mining industry, sometimes a mine. Quarry totality ... ... Financial vocabulary

Operational open pit of significant transverse dimensions, serving for the extraction of ore, sand, building stone, etc. Its depth can be insignificant (for example, when extracting sand, gravel, etc.) or very significant up to 400 600 m ... ... Geological encyclopedia

Horse racing gallop; full gallop (Dahl) See ... Synonym dictionary

Explanatory dictionary Ushakova

1. CAREER1, career, pl. no, husband. (French carrière) (special). Fastest gait, accelerated gallop, jump. Launch a horse in a quarry or in a quarry. The hunting dog should not be worn by the quarry. ❖ Right off the bat (colloquial) immediately, without any ... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

1. CAREER, but; m. [French. carrière] Fastest gait, accelerated canter. Let the horse go to the (quarry). Rush at full speed. ◊ From the start. Immediately, immediately, without preparation. ◁ Career, oh, oh. K. gait. 2. CAREER, but; m. [French ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Husband. career female, French path, course, field of life, service, success and achievement of what. | Quarry, full speed gallop, full spirit; horse pace gallop, slate, insole. | Stonebreaking, breaking, breaking, breaking, mine. Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. IN AND.… … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

career- CAREER, a, m. Carrier signal. The modem does not catch the quarry. From jarg. computer users; from English Carier ... Dictionary of Russian argo

- (French carriere) a set of mine workings formed during the extraction of minerals by the open method; open pit mining enterprise ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Career(from French carriere, var .: section) - a set of mine workings formed during the extraction of a mineral by an open-cut method; open pit mining enterprise. Most of the quarries (large quarries) are used for the extraction of metal ores, building materials... But there are also diamond deposits where quarries are used for the extraction of precious stones. Chuquicamata, Chile The world's largest open pit mine (quarry), in which copper ore is mined at the deposit of the same name. Its dimensions are: 4.3 km in length; 3 km wide and 850 m deep. For many years, starting in 1910, the quarry was known as the largest quarry in the world with the largest daily volume of rock mass extracted and moved, but recently it ceded the palm to the Escondida quarry (Minera Escondida)

Escondida, Chile Escondida is located in northern Chile in the Atacama Desert. The company's infrastructure consists of two quarries (Escondida and Escondida Norte), two concentrators (Laguna Seca and Los Colorados), a plant for the production of cathodes from oxide and sulphide ores and two pipelines for transporting copper concentrate to the filtration station. This mining is considered one of the foundations of the Chilean economy. Suffice it to say that Escondida employs 2,951 people in direct employment. In 2006, there was a major strike here, workers wanted to get more. After the refusal of the management to pay large salaries, the workers simply blocked the road to their careers. In the end, the company had to go along with the demands of the employees.

Udachnaya deposit, Russia The depth of the Udachnoye quarry has already reached 600 meters. This is the largest diamond deposit in Russia in terms of raw materials and ore body size. Many large stones were mined in it, including crystals that are now in the Diamond Fund. The work is complicated by the fact that this field is located as far as the Arctic Circle, which is also quite an interesting fact. It can be added that the Udachnoye field was discovered a few days after the Mir field was discovered.

Kimberlite pipe "Mir" Quarry located in the city of Mirny, Yakutia. The quarry has a depth of 525 m and a diameter of 1.2 km, and is one of the largest quarries in the world. Opencast diamond mining, which lasted 44 years. Near the quarry, the settlement of Mirny was formed, which became the center of the Soviet diamond mining industry. The largest diamond found in Russia was mined at the Mir mine on December 23, 1980. It weighs 342.5 carats (over 68 g) and is called "XXVI Congress of the CPSU". V last years quarry trucks were "winding" along a spiral road 8 km from the bottom to the surface. The mining of diamondiferous kimberlite ore ceased in June 2001. At present, an underground mine of the same name is being built on board the open pit to develop the remaining underpit reserves, the extraction of which is unprofitable in the open pit.

Sibay deposit(Bashkortostan Sibay yaktyly) is a copper-zinc-pyrite deposit in Russia, located in Bashkortostan, near the city of Sibay. Opened in 1913. The development began in the 1930s of the XX century. The depth is more than 500 meters, the diameter is 2 km.

Bingham Canyon, USA One of the largest quarries in the world, gold and copper are mined. Development has been going on for almost 150 years. For 2008 it has the following dimensions: 1.2 km deep, 4 km wide and covers an area of 7.7 km2. Ore is transported by 64 huge dump trucks, each of which is capable of transporting 231 tons of ore in one trip. In one year, 715 tons of gold, 17 million tons of copper are mined. More than 1400 people are employed in the development.

Grasberg mine, Indonesia The Grasberg porphyry copper ore quarry, the largest and highest mountainous mine in the world, is engaged in the exploration and development, extraction and processing of ores containing copper, gold and silver. The quarry is located in the Papua province of Indonesia, near Mount Punchak Jaya - highest point Oceania, the most high mountain in the world, located on an island (~ 5030 m)

Diavik Diamond Quarry, Canada The Diavik diamond mine is located in the northern part of Slave Lake in northwestern Canada. After surveying the area in 1992, construction began on the open pit, which began production in January 2003. It has become an important part of the region's economy, employing more than 700 people and mining 8 million carats (1600 kg) of rough diamonds worth $ 100 million annually. The quarry is located on the islands and has its own infrastructure with an airport capable of receiving passenger Boeings.

Super pit, Australia. Western Australia known for its gold and nickel mines. Kalgoorlie is full of mines and quarries, the most famous of which is the Super Pit open pit, a unique gold ore hydrothermal deposit. The total area of the ore field is more than 10 km2. The remaining reserves amount to at least 70 tons of metal.

Used materials from the site: http://www.spletnik.ru/blogs/vokrug_sveta/36651_samye_krupnye_karery