Question No. 1: Which astronaut spent the longest time in space orbit and when?
Answer: Valery Vladimirovich Polyakov holds the record for the duration of work in space. From January 8, 1994 to March 22, 1995, he made his second space flight as a doctor-cosmonaut-researcher on the spacecraft and the Mir orbital complex, lasting 437 days 18 hours. Behind successful implementation flight on April 10, 1995, he was awarded the title of Hero of Russia.
Valery Vladimirovich Polyakov (04/27/1942 [Tula]) USSR pilot-cosmonaut, Hero Soviet Union, Hero of Russia, instructor-cosmonaut-researcher of the cosmonaut corps of the State Research Center IBMP. 66 cosmonauts of the USSR and Russia, 207 cosmonauts of the world. He made his first space flight from August 29, 1988 to April 27, 1989 as the first cosmonaut-researcher of the Soyuz TM-6 spacecraft together with A. Ahad Mohmand under the EP-Z program, as well as as part of EO-Z together with V. A. Titov and M. X. Manarov and EO-4 together with, and J.-L. Chrétien (France). Call sign: “Proton-2”, “Donbass-3”. Flight duration 240 days 23 hours 35 minutes 49 seconds.
Emblem "Soyuz TM-18" |
For the successful implementation of a long-term space flight, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (1989), with the presentation of the Order of Lenin and the medal " Question No. 2: Representatives of which countries visited the International Space Station (ISS)?
Over the course of 10 years and 5 months, representatives visited the International Space Station (ISS) 12 states:
Russia:
1. Sergey Krikalev (Flight engineer, Long-term crew of ISS-1; Commander, ISS-11),
2. Yuri Gidzenko (Commander, Long-term crew of ISS-1),
3. Yuri Usachev (Commander, Long-term crew of the ISS - 2),
4. Mikhail Tyurin (Flight engineer, Long-term crew of ISS-3, ISS-14),
5. Vladimir Dezhurov (Pilot, Long-term crew of the ISS-3),
6. Yuri Onufrienko (Commander, Long-term crew of ISS-4),
7. Valery Korzun (Commander, pilot, Long-term crew of ISS-5),
8. Sergey Treshchev (Flight Engineer-2, Long-term crew of ISS-5),
9. Nikolay Budarin (Flight Engineer-1, Long-term crew of ISS-6)
10. Yuri Malenchenko (Commander, Long-term crew of ISS-7; flight engineer, ISS-16),
11. Alexander Kaleri (Flight engineer, Long-term crew of ISS-8; flight engineer 4, ISS-25),
12. Gennady Padalka (Commander, Long-term crew of ISS-9, ISS-19, ISS-20),
13. Yuri Shargin (Participant of the visiting expedition program),
14. Salizhan Sharipov (Flight engineer, Long-term crew of ISS-10)
15. Valery Tokarev (Flight engineer, Long-term crew of ISS-12),
16. Pavel Vinogradov (Commander, Long-term crew of ISS-13),
17. Fedor Yurchikhin (Commander, Long-term crew of ISS-15; flight engineer 2, ISS-24; flight engineer 3, ISS-25),
18. Oleg Kotov (Flight engineer 2, ISS-22; commander, ISS-23),
19. Sergei Volkov (Commander, Long-term crew of ISS-17),
20. Oleg Kononenko (Flight engineer, Long-term crew of ISS-17),
21. Yuri Lonchakov (Flight engineer, Long-term crew of ISS-18),
22. Roman Romanenko (Flight engineer 3, Long-term crew of the ISS-20; flight engineer 1, ISS-21),
23. Maxim Suraev (Flight engineer 4, Long-term crew of ISS-21; flight engineer, ISS-22),
24. Alexander Skvortsov (Flight Engineer 3, Long-term crew of ISS-23; commander, ISS-24),
25. Mikhail Kornienko (Flight engineer 4, Long-term crew of ISS-23; flight engineer 1, ISS-24),
26. Oleg Skripochka (Flight Engineer 5, Long-term crew of ISS-25).
1. William Shepherd (Commander, ISS-1),
2. Susan Helms (flight engineer, ISS-2),
3. James Voss (Flight Engineer, ISS-2),
4. Frank Culbertson (Commander, ISS-3),
5. Daniel Bursch (Flight Engineer, ISS-4),
6. Karl Walz (Flight Engineer, ISS-4),
7. Peggy Whitson (Flight Engineer, ISS-5; Commander, Flight Engineer, ISS-16),
8. Kenneth Bowersox (Commander, pilot, ISS-6),
9. Donald Pettit (Flight Engineer-2, ISS-6),
10. Edward Lu (Flight Engineer, ISS-7),
13. Lera Chiao (Commander, ISS-10),
14. John Phillips (Flight Engineer, ISS-11),
15. William MacArthur (Commander and Scientist, ISS-12),
16. Gregory Olsen (space tourist)
17. Jeffrey Williams (Flight Engineer, ISS-13; Flight Engineer 3, ISS-21 Commander, ISS-22),
19. Sunita Williams (Flight Engineer, ISS-14; Flight Engineer, ISS-15),
20. Anousheh Ansari (First female space tourist),
21. Clayton Anderson (ISS-15; flight engineer, ISS-16),
22. Charles Simonyi (space tourist),
23. Daniel Tani (Flight Engineer, ISS-16),
24. Garrett Reisman (Flight Engineer 2, ISS-16, Flight Engineer 2, ISS-17),
25. Greg Shamitoff (Flight Engineer, ISS-17; ISS-18),
26. Sandra Magnus (Flight Engineer, ISS-17; ISS-18),
28. Timothy Kopra (Flight Engineer 2, ISS-20),
29. Nicole Stott (Flight Engineer 2, ISS-20; Flight Engineer 5, ISS-21),
30. Timothy Creamer (Flight Engineer 4, ISS-22; Flight Engineer 2, ISS-23),
31. Tracy Caldwell (Flight Engineer 5, ISS-23; Flight Engineer 2, ISS-24),
32. Shannon Walker (Flight Engineer 4, ISS-24; Flight Engineer 1, ISS-25),
33. Wheelock Douglas (Flight Engineer 5, ISS-24; Commander, ISS-25),
34. Scott Kelly (Flight Engineer 3, ISS-25).
Canada:
1. Robert Thirsk (Flight Engineer 4, ISS-20; Flight Engineer 2, ISS-21).
Germany:
1. Thomas Reiter (Flight Engineer, ISS-13; ISS-14).
France:
1. Leopold Eyartz (Flight Engineer 2, ISS-13)
Italy:
1. Roberto Vittori (Participant of the visiting expedition program).
Holland:
1. Andre Kuipers (Participant in the expedition program).
Belgium:
1. Frank De Winne (Flight Engineer 5, ISS-20; Commander, ISS-21).
Japan:
1. Koichi Wakata (Flight engineer 2, ISS-18; flight engineer ISS-19; flight engineer 2, ISS-20),
2. Soichi Noguchi (Flight Engineer 3, ISS-22; Flight Engineer, ISS-23).
1. Lee So-yeon (Participant of the visiting expedition).
Brazil:
1. Marcos Pontes (Space Tourist).
Malaysia:
1. Sheikh Muzafar (Participant of the Space Expedition).
ISS in touch
Working on a station in outer space
Launch of the Shuttle to the ISS
Long-term crew of ISS-1
From left to right: S. Krikalev, W. Shepherd, Y. Gidzenko.
Question No. 3. What animals participated in space experiments?
https://pandia.ru/text/78/362/images/image008_13.jpg" alt="C:\Users\Tatyana\Desktop\belka-strelka-1.jpg" align="left" width="184" height="281 src=">Собаки !}
The first experiments with sending dogs into space began in 1951. Suborbital flights were performed by the dogs Gypsy, Dezik, Kusachka, Fashionista, Kozyavka, Unlucky, Chizhik, Damka, Brave, Baby, Snowflake, Mishka, Ryzhik, ZIB, Fox, Rita, Bulba, Button, Minda, Albina, Redhead, Joyna, Palma, Brave, Motley, Pearl, Malek, Fluff, Belyanka, Zhulba, Button, Belka, Strelka and Zvezdochka. On November 3, 1957, the dog Laika was launched into orbit. On July 26, 1960, an attempt was made to launch the dogs Bars and Lisichka into space, but 28.5 seconds after launch their rocket exploded. The first successful orbital flight with a return to Earth was made by the dogs Belka and Strelka on August 19, 1960. The last test launch of an artificial Earth satellite (the fifth unmanned spacecraft “Vostok”) before Yu. A. Gagarin’s flight included the dog Zvezdochka and a dummy cosmonaut, whom the future space explorers named Ivan Ivanovich. The “dress rehearsal” was successful - after a trip around the world, the expedition returned safely to Earth: the dog was returned, the dummy was ejected and returned by parachute. Three days later, at a conference at the Academy of Sciences, all the eyes of those present were fixed on Belka, Strelka and Zvezdochka, but no one paid attention to Gagarin, who was sitting in the front row.
Laika's heroic mission has made her one of the most famous dogs in the world. Her name is indicated on a memorial table with the names of fallen cosmonauts, installed in November 1997 in Star City.
February 2010" href="/text/category/fevralmz_2010_g_/" rel="bookmark">February 2010, two turtles made a successful suborbital flight on a rocket launched by Iran.
October 12" href="/text/category/12_oktyabrya/" rel="bookmark">October 12, 1982. On September 24, 1993, the system was officially put into operation.
Owner" href="/text/category/vladeletc/" rel="bookmark">owner of a GLONASS navigator or other equipment.
Vehicle monitoring using this satellite system – reliable way protect your car from theft. After all, thanks to GLONASS, you can easily determine the direction of movement or location of the vehicle.
Signals that come from satellites make it possible not only to almost instantly receive information about where the car is, but also to quickly respond to any changes that have occurred to the vehicle, and in the event of theft, even remotely blocking the engine.
GLONASS, it should be noted, is a high-tech system that is reliably protected from any failures or malfunctions. And all because initially this satellite monitoring system was created for defense needs, and that is why such a factor as reliability was given especially close attention.
Despite the fact that GPS monitoring of vehicles is the leader in the modern world market, the GLONASS system is not inferior in any respect.
The GLONASS system will allow you to plot a route through absolutely any unfamiliar area. In this case, the once laid route will be saved in the memory of the equipment and/or navigator and, if necessary, you can repeat it. Once you make a choice in favor of the GLONASS system, you will not have to regret it. the decision taken not under any circumstances.
Question No. 5: What planets were spacecraft used to study?
October 4" href="/text/category/4_oktyabrya/" rel="bookmark">October 4, 1957 - the first artificial satellite was launched Earth Sputnik-1. (THE USSR)
https://pandia.ru/text/78/362/images/image019_11.gif" align="left" width="168" height="126"> In 1974 The Mariner 10 space station was sent to Mercury. Having flown at a distance of 700 km from the surface of the planet, he took photographs from which one can judge the relief of this small planet closest to the Sun. Until then, astronomers had at their disposal photographs taken from Earth using powerful telescopes.
Note:
The most important telescope in space discoveries is the Hubble Telescope.
Important observations:
- Maps of the surface of Pluto and Eris have been obtained for the first time. Ultraviolet auroras were observed for the first time on Saturn, Jupiter and Ganymede. Additional data obtained about planets outside solar system, including spectrometric ones.
The most interesting human records in space
On April 12, 1961, humanity witnessed cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin go into orbit for a 108-minute flight high above the Earth.
Then Gagarin set a kind of record - he was the first man in space. Over the past 50 years, people have made many space records that have expanded human capabilities in the cold depths of space.
Below we list just a few of them, starting with the oldest man in space to the present day.
The oldest in space
US Senator John Glenn was 77 years old when he flew aboard the STS-95 Discovery mission in October 1998. This mission was Glenn's second. In the first, in February 1962, he became the first American to orbit the Earth.
Glenn has another record - the maximum difference between which was 36 years.
Youngest in space
Cosmonaut German Titov was just 26 years old when he first entered orbit aboard the Soviet Vostok 2 spacecraft in August 1961. He was the second person in Earth orbit to complete 17 orbits around our planet during his 25-hour flight.
Titov was the first person to sleep in outer space, and, according to data obtained, the first to suffer from “space sickness” (sickness in space)
Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov spent 438 days aboard the Mir space station, from January 1994 to March 1995. This is an undefeated record for the longest human spaceflight.
Shortest space flight
On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American to fly into space. He set a record in this mission that has not been broken to this day: the Sami's shortest human space flight into space.
Shepard's suborbital flight lasted only 15 minutes, taking the astronaut to an altitude of 115 miles (185 km). He landed in Atlantic Ocean just 302 miles (486 km) from the Florida launch site.
Later, Shepard went to the Moon with NASA's Apollo 14 mission. During this flight, the 47-year-old astronaut set another record, becoming the oldest person to set foot on the surface of the Moon.
Longest flight
The record for the greatest distance from Earth has been unattainable for more than forty years. In April 1970, the crew of Apollo 13 set course for the Moon at an altitude of 158 miles (254 km), thereby paving the way 248,655 miles (400,171 km) from Earth. This is the longest flight ever flown from Earth.
Longest total time spent in space
Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev still holds this record, with more than 803 days accrued during his six space flights. He spent two years and two months in total flying around the Earth.
For women, a similar record belongs to NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson, who spent more than 376 days in space.
Krikalev has something else interesting achievement: He is the last citizen and cosmonaut of the Soviet Union. When the Mir space station ceased to exist in December 1991, the cosmonaut returned to Earth to Russia rather than the USSR.
51 years ago, Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov became the first person to walk into outer space: on March 18, 1965, he, together with cosmonaut P.I. Belyaev flew into space on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft as a co-pilot. For the first time in the world, Leonov went into outer space, moved away from the ship at a distance of up to 5 m, spending 12 minutes in outer space. At the state commission after the flight, the shortest report in the history of astronautics was given: “You can live and work in outer space.”
The records of the first years of space exploration paved the way for new achievements and discoveries, allowing humanity to step far beyond the limits of the Earth and human capabilities.
Oldest man in space
The oldest person in orbit is US Senator John Glenn, who flew aboard the space shuttle Discovery in 1998. Glenn was one of America's first seven astronauts, the first American astronaut to fly into orbit on February 20, 1962. Therefore, Glenn also holds the record for the longest period between two space flights.
Youngest cosmonaut
Cosmonaut German Titov was 25 full years when he went into space on Vostok 2 on August 9, 1961. He became the second person to orbit the Earth, completing 17 orbits of the planet during a 25-hour flight. Titov also became the first person to sleep in space and the first to experience space sickness (decreased appetite, dizziness, headache).
Longest space flight
Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov holds the record for the longest stay in space. From 1994 to 1995, he spent 438 days at the Mir station. He also holds the record for the longest solo stay in space.
Shortest flight
On May 5, 1961, Alan Sheppard became the first American to leave Earth during a suborbital space flight. He also holds the record for the shortest flight into space, which lasted only 15 minutes. During this quarter of an hour, he flew to an altitude of 185 km. It splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean 486 km from the launch site. In 1971, Sheppard visited the Moon, where the 47-year-old astronaut became the oldest person to set foot on the Earth's moon.
Farthest flight
The record for the maximum distance of astronauts from the Earth was set by the Apollo 13 team, which in April 1970 flew over the invisible side of the Moon at an altitude of 254 km, ending up at a record distance of 400,171 km from the Earth.
Longest in space
Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev spent the longest time in space, spending more than 803 days in space during six flights. Among women, this record belongs to Peggy Whitson, who spent more than 376 days in orbit.
Krikalev also holds another, unofficial record: the last person to live under the USSR. In December 1991, when the USSR disappeared, Sergei was on board the Mir station, and in March 1992 he returned to Russia.
Longest inhabited spacecraft
This record, which is increasing every day, belongs to the ISS. The $100 billion station has been continuously inhabited since November 2000.
Longest shuttle mission
The space shuttle Columbia launched into space on November 19, 1996. The descent was originally scheduled for December 5, but weather delayed the landing of the spacecraft, which spent 17 days and 16 hours in orbit.
Longest on the Moon
The longest astronauts on the Moon were Harrison Schmitt and Eugene Cernan - 75 hours. During the landing, they made three long walks totaling more than 22 hours. This was the last human flight to the Moon and beyond Earth orbit to date.
Fastest flight
The fastest people on Earth and beyond were members of the Apollo 10 mission, the last preparatory flight before landing on the Moon. Returning to Earth on May 26, 1969, their ship reached a speed of 39,897 km/h.
Most flights
Americans flew into space most often: Franklin Chang-Diaz and Jerry Ross flew into space seven times each as part of the space shuttle crews.
Maximum number of spacewalks
Cosmonaut Anatoly Solovyov, during five space flights in the 80s and 90s, made 16 exits outside the station, spending 82 hours in outer space.
Longest spacewalk
On March 11, 2001, astronauts Jim Voss and Susan Helms spent nearly nine hours outside the Discovery shuttle and the ISS preparing the station for the arrival of the new module. To this day, that space walk remains the longest in history.
The most representative company in space
13 people gathered in space at the same time in July 2009, when the Endeavor shuttle docked at the ISS, where there were six astronauts. This meeting became the largest number of people in space at one time.
The most expensive spaceship
The International Space Station began to be assembled in 1998 and was completed in 2012. In 2011, the cost of its creation exceeded $100 billion. The station became the most expensive single technical object ever built and the largest spacecraft. 15 countries took part in its construction, its dimensions today are almost 110 m. Its volume residential premises equivalent to the volume of the passenger cabin of a Boeing 747.
First cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin
The youngest cosmonaut - German Titov
Sergei Korolev - great Russian designer
Cosmonaut Gennady Padalka
Alexey Leonov - the first person to walk into outer space
Alexey Leonov
Svetlana Savitskaya
Cosmonaut Valery Polyakov
The very first cosmonaut, the youngest cosmonaut, the longest flight and the first spacewalk - these and other records in my new selection for you guys.
First cosmonaut
Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin - Russian. The world's first person to travel into space. On April 12, 1961, he flew around the Earth under the guidance of the great Russian designer Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.
Youngest cosmonaut
The youngest astronaut in space was 25 years old. These cosmonauts were German Titov. In April 1961, he was Yuri Gagarin's backup, and made his first flight in August of the same year.
Record for longest stay in space
The first place in terms of total duration of stay in space is occupied by cosmonaut Gennady Padalka. During his entire flight, he spent 878 days in space. The previous record holder was cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev. His total flight time is 803 days.
Longest space flight
The longest flight into space was made by Valery Polyakov. He spent 437 days and 18 hours aboard the Mir orbital station, which became an absolute record for the duration of work in space for a single flight. By the way, Valery Polyakov went to the Mir orbital station not only as a research cosmonaut, but also as a doctor.
Solo female spaceflight
Everyone knows that Valentina Tereshkova is the world's first female cosmonaut. But she is also still the only woman to fly solo in space.
First spacewalk
In 1965, cosmonaut Alexei Leonov made the first ever spacewalk. Total time the first exit was 23 minutes 41 seconds, of which Alexey Leonov spent 12 minutes 9 seconds aboard the Voskhod-2 spacecraft. The first spacewalk among female cosmonauts was made by Svetlana Savitskaya in 1984.
On April 12, 1961, an account was opened for mankind's space records - Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. However, in the 55 years that have passed since that significant day, thousands of discoveries have been made in the space field and dozens of records have been set. We present to your attention the most significant of them.
Yuri Gagarin
Oldest man in space
American John Glenn is the oldest person to fly into space. At the time of his flight on the Discovery spacecraft in October 1998, Glenn was already 77 years old. In addition, Glenn, who is also the first American astronaut to complete an orbital space flight (the third person in the world after Yuri Gagarin and German Titov), holds another record. His first flight into Earth orbit took place on February 20, 1962, so 36 years and 8 months passed between the astronaut’s first and second flight, a record that has not yet been broken.
John Glenn. NASA
Youngest man in space
The opposite record belongs to the Soviet cosmonaut German Titov. When he found himself in Earth's orbit aboard the Soviet spacecraft Vostok 2 in August 1961, German Titov was only 25 years old. He became the second person to be in low-Earth orbit, and during a 25-hour flight he circled the planet 17 times. In addition, German Titov was the first person to sleep in space, and reportedly the first to experience "space sickness" (motion sickness in space).
German Titov, Nikita Khrushchev and Yuri Gagarin. ANEFO
Longest space flight
Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov holds the record for the longest continuous stay in space. Having gone into space in January 1994, the astronaut spent aboard the Mir orbital station more than a year, namely 437 days and 18 hours.
A similar record, but already on board the ISS, was set quite recently by two people at once - Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko and NASA astronaut Scott Kelly - they spent 340 days in space.
A similar record for women belongs to Italian Samantha Cristoforetti, who spent more than 199 days aboard the international space station in 2014–2015.
Valery Polyakov. NASA
Shortest space flight
Alan Shepard became the first American to fly in suborbital space on May 5, 1961. The flight of NASA's Freedom 7 spacecraft lasted only 15 minutes 28 seconds, while the device reached an altitude of 186.5 kilometers.
Ten years later, in 1971, he was able to compensate for such a short-term space mission by participating in NASA's Apollo 14 mission. During this flight, the 47-year-old astronaut set another record, becoming the oldest person to walk on the surface of the Moon.
Alan Shepard. NASA
Farthest space flight
The record for the greatest distance from Earth to which astronauts have traveled was set more than 40 years ago. In April 1970, the manned Apollo 13 spacecraft, with three NASA astronauts on board, moved a record 401,056 kilometers from Earth as a result of several unplanned trajectory adjustments.
Apollo 13 crew. From left to right: James Lovell, John Swigert, Fred Hayes. NASA
Longest stay in space
Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka holds the record for the longest total duration of stay in space; over five space flights, the cosmonaut accumulated 878 days, that is, Gennady Padalka spent 2 years 4 months 3 weeks 5 days of his life in space.
For women, a similar record belongs to NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson, who spent a total of more than 376 days in space.
Gennady Padalka. NASA
Longest manned spacecraft
This record belongs to the International Space Station, and it is increasing every day. This $100 billion orbital laboratory has had people on board continuously since November 2, 2000.
This time plus two days (the first station crew launched from Earth on October 31, 2000) also constitutes another record - the longest period of continuous human presence in space.
Longest stay on the moon
In December 1972, NASA Apollo 17 mission members Harrison Schmitt and Eugene Cernan spent more than three days (almost 75 hours) on the surface of the Moon. The astronauts' three walks on the Moon took a total of more than 22 hours. Note that this was the last time a person set foot on the Moon and generally went beyond the limits of near-Earth orbit.
Launch of Apollo 17. NASA
Largest number of space flights
This record belongs to two NASA astronauts: Franklin Chang-Diaz and Jerry Ross. Both astronauts flew into space seven times aboard NASA space shuttles. Flights of Chang-Diaz were made in 19862002, Rossa between 1985 and 2002.
"Shuttle". NASA
Largest number of spacewalks
Russian cosmonaut Anatoly Solovyov, who flew into space five times in the 1980s and 1990s, completed 16 spacewalks. In total, he spent 82 hours and 21 minutes outside the spacecraft, which is also a record.
Anatoly Soloviev. NASA
Longest spacewalk ever
The record for the longest single spacewalk belongs to Americans Jim Voss and Susan Helms. On March 11, 2001, they spent 8 hours and 56 minutes outside the Space Shuttle Discovery and the International Space Station performing work on maintenance and preparing the orbital laboratory for the arrival of the next module.
ISS-2 crew: Jim Voss, Yuri Usachev, Susan Helms. NASA
Largest number of people in space
The most crowded time in Earth orbit was in July 2009, when NASA's shuttle Endeavor docked with the International Space Station. The six members of the ISS mission were then joined by seven American astronauts from the shuttle. Thus, 13 people were in space at the same time. The record was repeated in April 2010.
"Endeavour". NASA
Largest number of women in space
Four women in Earth orbit at the same time - this is the second record, set in April 2010. Then NASA representative Tracy Caldwell Dyson, who arrived at the ISS on the Russian Soyuz spacecraft, was joined by her colleagues Stephanie Wilson and Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger and the Japanese Naoko Yamazaki, who arrived to work in the orbital laboratory aboard the space shuttle Discovery as part of the mission STS-131.