Yulia Borisovna Gippenreiter We have different characters... What should we do? Types of human character

Yulia Borisovna Gippenreiter

We have different tempers...What should I do?

To my closest and dearest person.

For forty years now I have been thanking Fate for our meeting.

and because our characters are so different!

Introduction

The reader is accustomed to the fact that I write books for parents - about how to better communicate with children, how to build harmonious relationships with them. While many of these “how tos” are appropriate for adults, the books had child care in mind first and foremost. They wanted to draw attention to the complex inner world of children, their feelings and difficulties, how they perceive their parents with their “educational” efforts, and much more.

And I was going to write this book in the same spirit - for adults about children, namely, about the characters of children. However, it immediately became clear that the plan needed to be changed. After all, every adult has his own character, and in order to raise a child well, he must, first of all, understand himself. It so happened that this book - about the characters of children and adults, that is about everyone and for everyone.

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Character is a fascinating topic for reflection, observation, and learning about yourself and others. Almost everything in a person’s life depends on character: how he builds his life, how he lives in his family, how he communicates with friends and colleagues, how he raises children.

Since very ancient times, people have been interested in questions: How to find out your character? How to understand the character of another person? Are there similar characters that can be grouped together? Is character innate or developed during life?

Doctors, philosophers and scientists have been studying these questions for more than two and a half thousand years.

TEMPERAMENT, CHARACTER, PERSONALITY

Character and temperament

It all started with a description of four types temperament. This was done by the ancient physician Hippocrates in the 5th century BC. It is noteworthy that Hippocrates was interested in physiology a person, not his behavior. According to the theory of that time (rather fantastic), it was believed that there were four main fluids in the body: blood, mucus, yellow bile and black bile, and in each person one of them predominated. From the Latin roots of such liquids came the names of four temperaments: sanguine (blood), phlegmatic (mucus), choleric (yellow bile), melancholic (black bile). The very word “temperament” meant a mixture or ratio of fluids in the entire body. So, Hippocrates did not connect temperament with the mental life of a person; he even spoke about the temperament of individual organs, for example, the heart or liver.

But over time, conclusions emerged about what mental properties a person should have, in whose body blood, yellow bile, etc. predominate. This is how psychological portraits four temperaments. The first attempt was made seven whole centuries after Hippocrates - by the ancient physician Galen in the 2nd century. n. e. Much later, in late XVIII century, psychological portraits of temperaments were compiled by the German philosopher I. Kant, and then, with different variations, they were repeated by many, many authors. From the very beginning, these were not so much scientific as artistic images.

Here, for example, is what the famous French writer Stendhal’s descriptions of temperaments look like (I quote them in a highly abbreviated form).

Sanguine temperament

A sanguine person is a person with a dazzling complexion, quite plump, cheerful, with a wide chest, which contains capacious lungs and indicates an active heart, therefore, rapid blood circulation and high temperature.

Spiritual properties: an elevated state of mind, pleasant and brilliant thoughts, benevolent and tender feelings; but habits are fickle; there is something lightweight and changeable in mental movements; the mind lacks depth and strength. A sanguine person cannot be entrusted with the protection of an important fortress, but he should be invited to the role of a kind courtier. The overwhelming majority of the French are sanguine, and therefore there was no order in their army during the retreat from Russia.

Choleric temperament

Bile is one of the most peculiar elements in the human body. Chemically, this substance is flammable, proteinaceous, and foaming. From the point of view of a physiologist, it is a very mobile liquid, highly stimulating and acting like yeast.

Spiritual properties: increased impressionability, sudden, impetuous movements. The flame that devours a person of bilious temperament gives rise to thoughts and desires that are self-sufficient and exclusive. It gives him an almost constant feeling of anxiety. The feeling of mental well-being that comes easily to a sanguine person is completely unfamiliar to him: he finds peace only in the most intense activities. A person of choleric temperament is destined for great deeds by his bodily organization. Cholerics, according to Stendhal, were Julius II, Charles V, and Cromwell.

Phlegmatic temperament

It is much more characteristic of northern peoples, for example, the Dutch. Visit Rotterdam and you will see them. A thick, tall blond man with an unusually wide chest is coming towards you. You can conclude that he has strong lungs, a big heart, and good circulation. No, those voluminous lungs are compressed by excess fat. They receive and process only a very small amount of air. The movements of a phlegmatic person are sluggish and slow. As a result, the small and agile Gascon beats the huge Dutch grenadier.

Spiritual properties: The phlegmatic person is completely alien to anxiety, from which great deeds arise that attract the choleric person. His usual state is calm, quiet well-being. He is characterized by softness, slowness, laziness, dullness of existence.

Stendhal was a participant in the War of 1812 and ended up in Moscow with Napoleon's army. He expresses surprise that Russians, living in a country with a harsh climate, do not have a phlegmatic temperament. He was convinced of this by the recklessness of the Moscow cab drivers, and most importantly, by the fact that Moscow turned out to be empty. “The disappearance of the inhabitants of Moscow is so inconsistent with the phlegmatic temperament,” Stendhal concludes, “that such an event seems impossible to me even in France.”

Melancholic temperament

Melancholic people are characterized by tightness in movements, hesitation and caution in decisions. His feelings are devoid of spontaneity. When he enters the living room, he makes his way along the walls. Most simple thing these people manage to express with hidden and dark passion. Love is always a serious matter for them. One melancholic young man put a bullet in his forehead because of love, but not because she was unhappy, but because he did not find the strength to confess to the object of his feelings. And death seemed to him less painful than this explanation.

In the writings of Stendhal we find all the signs everyday idea about temperaments, which still exists today.

Firstly, they continue to talk about four types, calling them by the names that Hippocrates gave; secondly, a physiological basis is attributed to each type; thirdly, they include in temperament a very wide range of human actions and actions, from protecting an important fortress to ways of declaring love.

However, the so-called Hippocratic doctrine of temperaments has become the property of history. Its four types no longer appear anywhere in the scientific literature - neither psychologically nor physiologically, although their descriptions still appear in popular magazines as “scientific”.

Serious research continues to search physiological basis temperament. Scientists are trying to find these foundations in the structure of the body, the type of nervous system, the strength of biological needs, and the functioning of the emotional centers of the brain. In the same time psychologists(together with philosophers and psychiatrists) have enriched science with more subtle and thoughtful descriptions of human behavior, and psychological portraits of temperaments are now discussed as various character types. At the same time, temperament is given a completely honorable place natural basis of character. By the way, this “basis” is discussed in an excerpt from the notes of the remarkable doctor and psychologist Janusz Korczak.

“One hundred babies. I lean over everyone's crib. Here they are, whose lives are calculated in weeks or months... What at first seemed like an accident to me, repeats itself for many days. I write down, highlighting the trusting and distrustful, calm and capricious, cheerful and gloomy, insecure, fearful and hostile.

Trait - This is a stable form of behavior in connection with specific situations typical for a given type of behavior. A trait can be spoken of as a stable characteristic of a person if the probability of its manifestation in a certain situation is quite high. However, probability means that this trait does not always appear, otherwise it would simply be a matter of mechanical behavior. A character trait includes a certain way of thinking and understanding. In the very general view character traits can be divided into basic, leading, setting the general direction for the development of the entire complex of its manifestations, and secondary, determined by the main ones.

Strong-willed human character traits. The group of volitional traits includes those character traits that are associated with manifestations of a person’s will. On the one hand, this includes such character traits as determination, perseverance, determination, confidence, perseverance, the desire to solve assigned problems and overcome obstacles - all these qualities relate to the character of a person with a strong will. On the other hand, character traits that correspond to people with a weak will are also included here. This is spinelessness, compliance, lack of life goals, lack of will, unpredictability, inconsistency, etc.

Business character traits of a person. Business character traits are manifested in the area where human activity is carried out. This could be an attitude towards work, towards one’s responsibilities, towards business or any other type of activity. These character traits can also be attributed to two poles: positive and negative. The positive pole of business traits will correspond to hard work, responsibility, conscientiousness, accuracy, dedication, etc. The negative pole includes: laziness, negligence, irresponsibility, dishonesty, sloppiness, etc.

Communicative character traits of a person. Communicative character traits are those human characteristics that manifest themselves in relationships with other people. The range of this type of human character traits is extremely wide. These are all those properties that are revealed when people communicate with each other. These are honesty and integrity, kindness and unselfishness, responsiveness and gentleness, sociability and attentiveness, modesty and restraint, calmness and rationality. At the same time, these are deceit and anger, callousness and selfishness, isolation and resentment, aggression and neglect, impulsiveness and cunning, rancor and contempt. All this manifests itself through the expression of emotions, through communication with others.

E. Kretschmer identified and described the three most common types of human body structure or constitution, each of which he associated with character types:

1. Asthenic type characterized by a small body thickness in profile with average or above average height. Asthenic is usually thin and thin man, due to his thinness, seeming somewhat taller than he actually is. An asthenic person has thin skin on the face and body, narrow shoulders, thin hands, elongated and flat chest with underdeveloped muscles and weak fat deposits. This is basically the characteristic of asthenic men. Women of this type, in addition, are often short.

2. Athletic type characterized by a highly developed skeleton and muscles. Such a person is usually of medium or tall height, with broad shoulders and a powerful chest. He has a dense, high head.

3. Picnic type characterized by highly developed internal body cavities (head, chest, abdomen), a tendency to obesity with underdeveloped muscles and the musculoskeletal system. Such a person is of average height with a short neck sitting between the shoulders.

Asthenic and athletic types are distinguished by aristocracy, subtlety of feelings, aloofness, coldness, selfishness, authority, dryness, and lack of emotions.

The picnic type is characterized by cheerfulness, talkativeness, carelessness, sincerity, energy, and an easy perception of life.

Character types. As shown above, there are a large number of character traits, each of which, to one degree or another, may be present or absent in a person. Due to such diversity, it is clear that it is quite difficult to identify character types, since they are completely different for different people. Nevertheless, in psychology there are various typologies of characters, which are based on one fact: the set of traits that is included in the structure of a person’s character is not random. All human character traits form very specific combinations, which make it possible to distinguish the types of people’s characters.

One example of classifying characters by type is their division into extroverts and introverts. The basis for this classification of character types is the predominance of external or internal interests in a person’s life. Extraversion and introversion how character types are manifested through a person’s openness or closedness in relation to the world around him and the people around him.

Personality type: extrovert. The extrovert character type corresponds to sociable people who clearly show interest in the outside world, in everything that happens around them. Usually these people are active, energetic, and inquisitive. They live by what surrounds them, their world is connected with what is around them. The life of people with this type of character is determined by their external interests, by the events that occur in the outside world. For an extrovert, the external world is higher than his internal subjective state.

Personality type: introvert. The introvert character type is characteristic of closed people whose attention is directed to themselves, to their own internal mental experiences. Such a person usually sooner or later becomes the sole center of his own interests. People with an introverted personality type put their individual inner world above what is happening in the world around them. They often exhibit character traits such as aloofness, detachment, and anxiety. At the same time, these are usually independent and practical individuals, whose lives are based on the dynamics of their own internal mental state.

As mentioned above, there are many other options for distinguishing different types of characters. There is no single strict classification here - the variety of character traits, the formation of which begins in early childhood, is too great.

The second typology, the founder of which is C. Jung, connects characters with the orientation of the individual and identifies a number of psychosociotypes. A psychosociotype, from the point of view of K. Jung, is an innate mental structure that determines a specific type of information exchange between a person and the environment.

K. Jung identifies four types of character:

1. Extrovert - introvert;

2. Rationalistic - irrationalistic;

3. Thinking (logical) - emotional;

4. Sensing (sensory) - intuitive.

Each of these four types can be combined with any other, forming new character types.

IN Lately A typology of character has become widespread, linking its features with accentuation - the excessive expression of individual character traits and aggregates. (K. Leongard, A. E. Lichko, etc.)

"Temperament- this is an innate feature of the course of psychophysiological processes (their pace, inertia, intensity, ability to switch, etc.). Character but it is a stable feature of a person’s attitude towards the world, the people around him and himself” (Wolfgang Kretschmer).

There are many different classifications psychological types and characters. However, all of them can only to some extent satisfy the need of an ordinary person to understand himself and others, because he ( a common person), as a rule, quickly loses orientation in a sea of psychological terms and theories. And yet, is there a classification that accurately determines which traits are inherent only in a certain type of character, and which are not inherent in it under any circumstances? And are these types sufficiently recognizable? And how can you really benefit from this information in order to overcome the difference in character with your near and dear people, if any?

There is such a guide to characters. This is the fruit of the joint efforts of clinical characterology and practical psychology. The first originates in criminology, its founder is Ernst Kretschmer- German psychiatrist and psychologist, creator of a typology of temperaments based on body features. The scientist created his descriptions of characters by observing criminal elements, so they are replete with specific nuances of a criminal nature.

Subsequently, the discoveries of the German psychiatrist served as the basis for further research by psychologists. As a result, a system emerged that included only 9 character types, some of which contain related subtypes.

Any science is perceived by its practical value. Therefore, oddly enough, only the exact sciences never become the subject of idle speculation about the necessity or uselessness of their postulates. It is obvious that psychology must also achieve the accuracy of mathematics, that is, the level at which it can be used in real everyday life. Of course, not for labeling. It should contain “advanced” knowledge that gives a person the opportunity to predict his relationships with people, prospects and the correct direction of their development.

However, despite the undoubted benefits of schemes and algorithms, psychology is enriched by something else: an irreplaceable intuitive and imaginative comprehension of reality. The “aroma” of personality and the inner spiritual drama of a person are truly accurately conveyed only by figurative language.

It is impossible to mathematically verify human behavior. Beyond the typical, there will always remain an original person with his own individual characteristics. That is why it would be more appropriate to talk about personality core , which is inherent in a person for certain reasons (anthropomorphic, physiological, psychological, and so on). This is exactly what each of us has to deal with all our lives, what we are proud of, what we complain about, fight, or sometimes decide to stop resisting and accept everything as it is. We also often come up with tricks that help us overcome in ourselves what prevents us from living the way we want, from manifesting ourselves fully, successfully realizing our desires and ambitions.

Somebody overly indecisive another is easily confused, the third inclined to stubbornly overcome all obstacles, and then find yourself on the wrong path. In addition, our psychological characteristics influence our relationships with people - both close and distant. Why do conflicts arise that often turn into fateful and fatal ones? Very often their reason lies precisely in the plane of differences in characters. A little psychological literacy in this area can help you avoid making common mistakes.

After all, the most important medicine is preventative. A person with a difficult character or mental illness systematically inflicts psychological trauma on others or himself, and has difficulty adapting to reality. If others understood such people better, then everyone would have fewer difficulties. Even healthy people, suffering from mutual misunderstanding, give rise to painful neurotic reactions in each other. The ability to correctly determine the type of character core in yourself and a loved one helps prevent mental breakdowns and nervous crises.

It is especially difficult to make adequate demands on loved ones. We want their attitude towards us to be exactly the way we see it. It seems that if a person loves us, he can do anything for us. Sometimes a person measures the love of loved ones by the number of sacrifices they are willing to make. What happens as a result? Due to good attitude and dependence, a loved one tries to fulfill our wishes, but if they do not correspond to his nature, then the efforts made fail. It all ends with his despair or resentment towards us and our resentment towards him for his supposedly insufficient love. Maybe, the principle “if you love, then you can” is born in a situation where we demand love from people, without having this love ourselves. Because if we loved ourselves, perhaps we would strive to find, if not an excuse, then an explanation for the problems that arise in our relationships with other people. The principle “you can always find an answer to any burning question” would be more appropriate. In order for family and marriage to be stable, it is necessary to take into account such a stable structure as the character (core of character) of the persons involved.

In addition, upbringing and the environment in which a person finds himself can both smooth out and soften the manifestations of an innate difficult character, and unusually aggravate them. Therefore, the ability to correctly determine the core of your own child’s character will help create for him the conditions that will be most favorable for his successful development and creative realization.

So, every character has a core, that is, the most essential thing in the character. It is the core of character that allows us to see and highlight its typical traits in different people, speaking of them as representatives of the same character. In other words, . Without feeling the core of a person’s character and how everything is colored by it, it is difficult to grasp the integrity behind the variety of individual manifestations. Character is manifested in a person’s internal reactions to the outside world, feelings, facial expressions, gestures, physique, and, of course, in behavior, a set of his stereotypes.

A character can be ugly, disharmonious - then it is called psychopathy. The definition of the German psychiatrist Kurt Schneider is widely known: a psychopath is a person who, due to a difficult character, suffers himself or makes others suffer (often both occur simultaneously, albeit to varying degrees).

So, here they are - the main types of characters that are used in practical psychology. Try to apply their description to yourself and the people around you. Who knows, maybe this will help you understand something important and this understanding will change your life for the better?

This type is also called epileptoid - due to the similarity of negative manifestations in behavior in people who have had authoritarian-intense character traits since childhood and patients with epilepsy (an epileptic may not be a representative of this type of character).

Characteristic similarity is revealed in the form of thoroughness, some malice, viscousness of perception, a tendency to flattery, vindictiveness, suspicion, and angry explosiveness of nature.

What does straightforwardness of thought and feeling mean in this case? This does not mean the external manner of harshly expressing the “truth” in the eyes, but the pattern of manifestation of internal mental processes. Straightforwardness is the tendency of thought, moving clearly and confidently, to move towards the intended goal along the shortest path, that is, in a straight line. Thought does not wander through the nooks and crannies of doubt, does not pile up florid theoretical constructions, does not delve into an intricate game of paradoxes, but, simplifying and cutting corners, moves forward in a straightforward manner, incapable of criticizing itself. A person with this mindset He has a poor sense of subtext and is not good with humor, irony, introspection, or compromise.

Now imagine that next to you is a representative of this type of character. It will be easy to identify primarily by its heavy atmosphere. If you are fluent in speech and never have difficulty expressing your own thoughts, then in the presence of this person you may not recognize yourself. Your tongue will falter, your thoughts will slip away, and your soul will feel heavy, as if someone had crushed it with a stone.

If this person has firmly taken some positions, then he, as heavy cabinet, it’s difficult to move even a little. He lacks internal reasons to deviate from his principles; the most natural thing for him is to fight for them. This mental makeup is also called “the character of a warrior, a master, a keeper of traditions.” Women can also be such “warriors”, although men are still more likely to do so.

The above-described features of thinking in communication with people inevitably turn into authoritarianism. Authoritarianism- this is the desire to dominate, to command in the broad sense of the word, the commander’s deafness to dissent, the conviction that everything should be “as I said, period.”

Strong natural instincts and drives inseparable from the core of a given character. Sexual and food passions, a craving for material wealth and thrills, the instinct of self-preservation with its inherent selfishness - all this is inherent in abundance in an authoritarian-intense character.

And to this “bouquet” of an already difficult character trait is added a pathological conviction in something without sufficient grounds. Unlike delusion, this is a psychologically understandable belief based on real circumstances that are simply overestimated.

For example: the husband unexpectedly came home early from work and saw a bottle of champagne in a bucket prepared for take-out, noticed the frightened look of his wife (she did not expect his arrival) and was convinced that there was a lover at home, and not his wife’s friend, as was actually the case in fact. The course of his thoughts is clear, there is no illogicality in it (this could happen). The pathology is that a bottle in a bucket and a frightened look are enough for him to be deeply convinced that his wife has cheated and will continue to cheat. Even if the rest of his life shows that he was mistaken regarding his wife, in the depths of his soul the conviction about that incident and wariness about similar things in the future will continue to live. Important prerequisites for his conviction are that recently his potency has become a little worse, and his wife has become a little more amiable with other men.

In childhood authoritarian-tense character manifests itself in a high need for physical comfort: It is important that such a child is fed, lies in dry and warm diapers, otherwise he will torment him with his crying and demands.

By the age of three, sadistic tendencies may appear. Children torture animals, try to hurt loved ones and other children. Sadism also manifests itself in a hidden, passive way: with emphasized pleasure they eat sausage in front of a hungry person or a homeless dog.

Childish frugality with meticulous care in relation to one's belongings is noted early. In games and activities, they show ponderous thoroughness. They often work slowly, but compensate for this by carefully completing each element of the work.

A teenager of an authoritarian-stressful type tries to take on many unlimited rights in the house, neglecting responsibilities. Therefore, it is advisable, while he has not yet done this himself, to give him certain rights, but certainly along with responsibilities. He will tend to keep rules and traditions. It is important, when granting him rights, to emphasize his merits, thanks to which he receives these rights. It is reasonable to note his willpower, thriftiness, homeliness, thoroughness, to praise him so that he himself begins to appreciate this in himself. You can “award” him with honorary “titles”: protector of the mother, example to the younger ones, faithful assistant father.

In film " Schindler's list" There is a scene where there is a conversation about power between Schindler and a cold young Nazi with sadistic tendencies. Schindler masterfully transformed this fascist's idea of power. He showed him that there is the power to kill and there is the power of milov
when he could have killed. The second power is higher, for it belongs only to God and emperors. N The azist wanted to feel like an emperor, and he began to try to show mercy.

This is an approximate scheme of interaction with people of this type. They cannot be contradicted directly and pointed out that they are wrong or even outright stupid. If you follow this path, then you can almost absolutely make an enemy, and a rather vindictive and purposeful one at that.

2. Infantile-juvenile character.

In fact, this category includes three types of character, namely: hysterical, juvenile and unstable. But we can limit ourselves to the characteristics that are inherent in all three characters.

1. Brightness, colorfulness of impressions. Children and teenagers feel keenly, are fascinated by the colorful, bright, brilliant, and the iridescent world of their feelings is mobile, like a stormy small mountain river. Their feelings can also be compared to a sparkler, which quickly flares up, burns with a bright flame and just as quickly goes out.

2. The mental life of a child is dominated by impressions about images, not abstract analytical structured thought.

3. Living in the moment. There is no serious concern about tomorrow. Eyes wide open to what is happening at the moment. The soul is completely captured by him.

4. Brightness of imagination and fantasy. Sometimes fantasy is so captivating and becomes so real in its brightness that the child begins to believe in it as if it were reality. This is the essence of innocent children's lies. Adolescence is characterized by lyricism and dreaminess.

5. Lack of a strong inner core. The child does not yet have a strong worldview or established principles. The psyche is plastic and light, responsive to everything new and unusual. The attitude towards the world changes depending on the mood of the moment. A child tends to become infected with an interest in this or that, depending on what people significant to him are interested in and admire at the moment (the mental analogue of what is called fashion in the adult world).

6. The desire to be the center of attention (egocentrism). Whatever the child does, he asks to see how he can do it, and requires a lot of attention to himself. This makes sense: adults, watching a child, can suggest something to him, teach him something. As the child develops, the need to be visible decreases, becoming more acute again in adolescence.

7. Slight mental coldness. The child is not capable of anxiously and deeply entering into the problems of loved ones. He is too absorbed in himself and his interests. Often he does not think about the state of his parents, the objective situation - deal with it, period.

8. Activity. A child and teenager cannot remain inactive for a long time. Their hobbies are often noisy and active. But if there is no “carrot and stick”, then they easily give up what they started and switch to something else. Persistent strong-willed independent determination occurs in rare cases.

9. Emotional-subjective thinking. All evaluations exist in the light of the good or bad attitude towards a given person at a given moment. This attitude changes and, accordingly, the opinion changes. An adult, mature person is able, unlike a child, to respect and highly value even someone for whom he has a strong personal antipathy, and, conversely, to clearly see the shortcomings of his loved ones.

10. In moments of sadness and joy, the child has a clearly expressed motor expression component in contrast to the secret inner experience of an adult. Children scream, stomp their feet, arch in their mother’s arms, jump with happiness, and sob violently in momentary despair. In children, unlike adults, deep, continuous, long-term depressions are rare.

11. Stubborn the desire to act contrary to the advice and requests of elders is a striking adolescent-youthful trait. In children, this trait is not so persistent and manifests itself during so-called periods of negativism (crises of age-related development). The teenager, in response to the reasonable proposals of his elders, replies that he does not care, and does the opposite, just to prove his independence.

12.High ability to displace unpleasant things from consciousness. A child and a teenager, when something unpleasant happens, are able to forget about it and live happily until the time of reckoning comes.

When dealing with such people, you should never compromise your own authority in their eyes. This is the pillar on which your interaction is based. There is authority - there is contact.

There is a significant difference between hysterics, representatives of the juvenile psyche and unstable ones. If for hysterics show off and egocentrism are the most important thing, although at the same time they sometimes have something to show, and among them there are very talented people, then juveniles usually have a sympathetic character, become everyone’s favorites and the life of the party without much effort and can be quite spiritual mature people. In unstable people, all of the above problems of this group of characters are most strongly present: they are often striking in their poverty of soul, lack of inner core, and even defects of conscience. All this is hidden behind a constant desire for spontaneity and a lack of determination.

Since deep down in their souls people with an infantile-juvenile character have deep self-doubt, it is important for them to search for themselves - their calling, their principles, preferences, goals in life .

"What exactly do I want?" - main question for such a person. And the next, logical one: “How to achieve this?”, and it is advisable to answer the latter point by point. Schemes won't hurt ready-made recipes and other specific approaches to realizing desires and goals.

An example of an infantile-juvenile character is Scarlett, the heroine of the widely known and beloved film “Gone with the Wind.”

3. Asthenic character .

Representatives of this type of character, when faced with life’s difficulties, do not go into an aggressive attack, but try to leave, hide or withdraw into a spirit of silent protest. Such people are very conscientious, which is the opposite of aggressive or lazy-indifferent people.

Asthenics are characterized by a conflict between vulnerable pride and an exaggerated sense of their own inferiority. Such a person, during difficult periods of his life, seems to himself to be worse, less significant than most people and suffers acutely, since his pride does not put up with this.

Externally, the asthenic feeling of inferiority is expressed in indecision, self-doubt, timid shyness. Feeling embarrassed, the asthenic person hides his eyes, blushes deeply, and does not know where to put his hands. Such a person often thinks of himself worse than he deserves, easily gives in to unexpected impudence, is acutely ashamed of his shortcomings. Avoids public speaking, the center of attention, because he is afraid that his “worthlessness” will be noticed and ridiculed. At times, after some success or simply daydreaming, an asthenic person is able to proudly overestimate himself, but this lasts until the first failure, after which the experience of his inferiority flares up with the same force.

Asthenic irritable weaknessmanifests itself in outbreaks of irritation. The asthenic yells at loved ones, unfairly insulting them. This outburst ends with its opposite: repentance, tears, apologies. There is no true rage in her, no danger of moving to grossly destructive aggressive actions. The reasons for the irritability of an asthenic person are usually grievances and suspicions that he is treated poorly, not loved, not helped enough, not cared for enough. An asthenic person is especially irritable when deep down dissatisfied with himself, because of this, he can find fault with everything in the world, shout that everyone hates him, wants to get rid of him. These outbursts are sometimes called “tantrums” because they are violent and loud.

However, they do not have a hysterical narrowing of consciousness with an inability to look at themselves from the outside, so sometimes you can make an asthenic person smile through a cry or convulsive sobs, or even make them think seriously.

In asthenic irritation there is no posture, no demonstration of oneself; its essence is the inability to restrain discomfort and surging emotions.

An asthenic woman can come home and, in a fit of irritability, throw the cake she just bought at the wall, but even in such an act it is not hysterical mechanisms that are manifested, but pathological incontinence.

Asthenic especially irritable due to fatigue, in times of despair. When he has to endure a lot of insults and humiliation, a lot of un-relived feelings accumulate in his soul. mental trauma, internal discomfort increases, which is also fertile ground for outbursts of irritation. The rudeness of words characteristic of such outbursts does not exclude the tenderness of the asthenic soul.

Let me explain with an example. It is the delicate skin that is easily wounded, the abrasions on it do not heal for a long time, they itch, and it can be so difficult to restrain yourself from scratching them sharply.

Vegetative instability- characteristic asthenics. It is manifested by fluctuations in blood pressure, increased heartbeat (vegetative-vascular dystonia), headache, sweating, hand tremors, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation.

The autonomic nervous system, which controls metabolism and the functions of internal organs, is not subject to ordinary volitional control, therefore the asthenic person is helpless in front of these sensations with which his body is “flooded”. He may be tormented by insomnia, poor tolerance of stuffiness, transport, heat, and weather changes. He is hypersensitive to bright light, noise, rattles, and squeaks.

The tight collar, tie, and scratchy sweater get on his nerves.

Asthenics are different increased impressionability . For a long time they cannot move away from the experiences that agitated them; at night they remember the unpleasant events of the day and deprive them of sleep. The sight of blood, road accidents, and scary scenes on the TV screen cause strong reactions in them, including fainting.

Asthenics are sensitive to rude, offensive words and therefore are sometimes uncommunicative.

The essence of asthenic anxious suspiciousness consists of exaggerating some danger, for example, an illness, an exam. The word "suspiciousness" comes from the old Russian word "mnitsya", that is, to seem. Indeed, an asthenic person often anxiously and emotionally exaggerates the danger instead of painstakingly calculating its probability with a cold mind, regardless of emotions.

However, this exaggeration, although without logical evidence, persists for a long time due to the inertia and deep anxiety of the asthenic. He often gets anxiously stuck on some kind of imaginary inferiority, thereby strengthening and making the internal conflict persistent.

Asthenic is characterized by relatively fast fatiguability. Intellectual, emotional, nervous overload exhausts such people. Due to fatigue, they manage to do much less than they would like, and therefore suffer even more from an inferiority complex.

Asthenic children from an early age are drawn to affection, warmth, kind words, keep the comfort of a family hearth in their hearts. Many beautiful childhood experiences remain in the soul of an adult asthenic person, for example, seeing the spring awakening of nature for the first time, drops of dew on the grass, the soft reflection of the sun on the roofs. During difficult periods of his life, he returns to these memories, and they warm him.

Many of these children begin to dream early and love books and films that always have a happy ending.

“Which is better: in a mink or in a palace?” - this is the main question in the life of an asthenic. Either withdrawing and trying to find a “secluded place” in life, then again beginning to suffer from his own inferiority and the desire to be like everyone else and even better, the asthenic suffers until he finds his place in life and is completely satisfied with it.

In contact with an asthenic person, one should avoid ambiguity and remember that interpretations can be taken by an asthenic person as criticism. There are such people in contact appreciate unobtrusive warmth, affection: an asthenic person will respond to this with gratitude, finding spiritual protection in it. You should not comment on the manifestations of his shyness; you should not look at him appraisingly. Your naturalness will help him be natural. Because of authoritarianism, the asthenic shrinks and withdraws into himself, sometimes he gets scared and begins to obey stupidly, like a soldier, and when he remembers, he is uncontrollably daring.

An example of an asthenic can be the heroes of Andrei Myagkov in two famous films by E. Ryazanov: Zhenya Lukashin in “The Irony of Fate, or Enjoy Your Bath” and Anatoly Efremovich Novoseltsev in “Office Romance” - sweet, soft, shy, timid people who, therefore However, at the same time they managed to show character, sort out their feelings, and achieve their goal.

4. Pedantic character .

It is believed that people with this type of character are much more common in Germany and Northern Europe than in Russia, Ukraine, and so on. However, even in our latitudes there are people with a pedantic character.

The main feature of this character, as you may have guessed, is pedantry, that is, petty, picky adherence to formal requirements. Pedantry has such positive manifestations as accuracy, conscientiousness, and rare thoroughness when performing work without any outside control.

A pedantic person is wary of hasty judgments, weighing his words and actions as if on an apothecary’s scales; he is often distinguished by his intelligence, as he is perfect in his practicality. Such people are indispensable where precise, punctual performance of duties is required.

It would be great if the aircraft technician checking the plane before takeoff turned out to be a person with similar properties. However, if pedantry is excessive, then repeatedly checking the screws and nuts, he can overdo it so much that he breaks the “neck” of some screw.

The pedantic housewife's kitchen is dominated by museum order, Every night she gets up to check the electrical appliances and gas, although she has never in her life forgotten to turn them off.

The pedant’s accounting books show clarity and completeness. In their work, such people are completely uncharacteristic of the attitude - "And so it will do."

The appearance of a pedant is usually particularly neat: his shoes are polished to a shine, his clothes are always clean and ironed, often elegant, his hair is well cut and styled.

Even at home, such a person does not look sloppy.

Very often, pedants are fond of collecting and keep their collections in exemplary order. If a representative of an authoritarian-intense character will care about the monetary value of a collection or the knowledge that others do not have such a collection, then for a pedant its completeness and integrity are important.

But sometimes, unfortunately, the letter of laws, rules, orders becomes so important that the spirit of the matter itself becomes so important that it loses its meaning. Flexibility and tolerance are enslaved by petty pickiness, from which relationships with others suffer. Even the virtue and justice of such a person, saturated with senseless pedantry, becomes heavy and oppressive.

It’s especially difficult if there are no breaks for humor, fun, or even a little frivolity. Anton Chekhov writes psychologically subtly about such a person in his story “The Extraordinary.” The main character Kiryakov "... is honest, fair, reasonable, reasonably economical, but all this is on such an extraordinary scale that it becomes stuffy for mere mortals."

Often the reason for this situation is the poor development of a person’s emotional world, which is replaced by pedantic inclinations. As a result, pedantry can turn into some form of obsessive behavior, like Jack Nicholson’s character in the film "As good as it gets".

There is so much pedantry in Melvin Yudel that he fenced himself off from people in his fortress apartment, where museum order reigns. He writes novels about love without loving anyone. Because of the fear of pollution, he goes out into the outside world only when necessary. He has many obsessions related to door locks, light switches, hand washing, cracks in the sidewalk, eating. He is obsessively afraid of other people's touches.

Melvin is ready to treat the waitress’s son for his own money, since he needs her to serve him in the cafe, because she does not destroy his rituals.

He became emotionally hardened and narrowed down to selfish interests. With people, he behaves like a misanthrope, arrogantly and sarcasticly, enhancing the causticity with the contrast of a radiant smile and an aggressive tone of voice, but is immediately lost when faced with real rebuff. He is all in the “armor” of a pinched body and hides his vulnerability from others and himself.

However, Melvin is able to overcome his inhibitions and go out into the world, entering into a complex relationship with a woman with whom, due to circumstances, he became close and eventually fell in love.

It all started with a sincere, warm attitude towards the little dog. Then the hero’s emotional world began to develop and expand until it reached a normal human form.

The psychotherapeutic value of the film lies in the fact that it shows how from a small spark of life a full-fledged desire to live and love can flare up.

5. Cycloid (naturally life-loving) character .

The main thing in this character is full-blooded naturalness. The concept of “naturalness” has different meanings.

Three types of naturalness can be distinguished.

Naturalness from a social point of view. It seems natural to people that behavior that corresponds to the norms and customs accepted in a given society. If a person’s behavior in some situation deviates significantly from the standards, then he is perceived as not one of his own, a stranger. Many people, being natural to themselves, remain mannered, demonstrative, authoritarian, rude in the perception of others, that is, not very pleasant and natural.

People with whom we feel comfortable and comfortable in communication often seem natural to us: with them we relax and become natural ourselves.

People of different subcultures (punks, hippies, bohemians, etc.) find representatives of their subculture natural. The way people evaluate each other in terms of social norms preferences, sociology deals with.

Personal naturalness is the desire to be authentic, to be yourself, to follow your own truth and experience, internal rhythm and impulse. However, not to any impulse, but only to the one that preserves our integrity and self-respect.

Personal naturalness, undemanding to oneself, is emancipation. For some people, in order to feel natural and relaxed, a fun swim in the sea or passion for some kind of game is enough. In a state of personal naturalness, a person allows the inner “spring” of tension to relax, allows what is striving for life in him to manifest itself, and he becomes at ease and pleasant.

Personal naturalness striving for spiritual growth is self-actualization. When you get closer to yourself, “as God intended you to be, but your parents did not realize you” (the expression of M. Tsvetaeva), then there is a feeling of festive elation above your everyday self. It requires internal work, which has no limit.

There are no uniform canons of personal naturalness, since its criteria lie in the sphere of self-awareness, which is different for different people.

For a homosexual, being oneself means realizing one’s homosexuality and realizing it, which many feel is unnatural.

To criminal maniacs, personal naturalness is represented as freedom to sadistically torture and kill.

Thus, we see that the state of personal naturalness either arises or disappears - depending on the circumstances of life, spiritual work on oneself, and for each person it has its own unique manifestations.

Here we come to a fundamental difference. The naturalness of the cycloid is always with him: in any situation and regardless of spiritual work.

A real cycloid exudes mental and physical warmth; it is even physically felt in contact with such a person.

The aroma of enveloping warmth, softness, good-natured love of life, humor. This manifests itself not only in relation to close people, but comes in a wide wave, warming and caressing everyone around.

The main feature of cycloid naturalness is syntony(from Greek sintonia - consonance, consistency). Syntonality means being “in one tone.” First of all, it is open spontaneity in communication. The cycloid adequately responds to the state of another person and behaves in tune with him.

The tone of the conversation changes - and the facial expressions, eye expressions, voice modulations, gestures, posture, and mood of the cycloid change. This resonance is clearly felt because the cycloid is understandable: his feelings are reflected in his appearance and behavior. He gives full vent to his emotions. From the fullness of feelings, he can hug, kiss a person, or yell at him, or lower him down the stairs.

Due to the same naturalness, the cycloid blows its nose, yawns, stretches, without causing a feeling of awkwardness in most people around it, but on the contrary, creates an atmosphere of simplicity and comfort. This facet of cycloid naturalness can be called naturalness. Due to this naturalness, a cycloid man is not shy about sexual desire for the woman he likes. A cycloid, having met a work colleague in the morning, can, beaming with a smile and extending his hand in a friendly manner, say: “Somehow, today, dear, you look bad, as if you’ve aged,” - and all this without the slightest causticity, causticity, in his own caring way and with kindness.

Disarmed by such naturalness, the touchy colleague does not get angry, but goes to look at himself in the mirror.

Thanks to its “lush” sensuality, the cycloid is in love with the earthly joys of life. The sensuality of the cycloid includes strong food and sexual desires, rich memory, quick reactions, precision and dexterity of movements, and practical intuition.

People of this character vividly, tenaciously and subtly capture the nuances of the world around them. Cycloid often learns a foreign language not so much from textbooks, but by grasping it on the fly in communication with foreigners. A cycloid woman immediately “senses” a scoundrel, a scoundrel, no matter how skillfully he pretends.

It is described how psychotherapist Milton Erickson was distinguished by his extraordinary powers of observation and practical intuition.

The painter Kuindzhi knew how to notice unusual states of nature that lasted only seconds and transferred them from memory to his canvases.

In the cycloid, as in a natural person, the “call of blood” is strong. He mysteriously biologically feels that parents, and especially children, are his flesh, and in case of conflicts it is difficult for him to erase them from his life. Unlike an asthenic person, for whom sometimes a meeting with a relative whom he has never seen before is no different from a meeting with a stranger, a cycloid, responding to the call of blood, is ready to selflessly help and cordially welcome a relative into his home.

If representatives of this type of character sing on stage, then they “sing with their souls,” such as Mark Bernes and Joe Dassin.

Most children with a cycloid character are physiologically characterized by increased vitality, good mood, activity. They are characterized by an overly optimistic attitude. They are good-natured, talkative, know how to make friends, are mischievous and naughty, loving
t joke, fun, often become informal leaders among their peers. At the same time, their negative traits clearly manifest themselves. They take on several things at once, without completing many of them, cannot stand restrictions, monotony, love to “poke their nose” everywhere and take part in everything, which can sometimes cause irritation.

It is precisely for teenagers with this type of character that there is an opportunity to attract trouble and end up in antisocial companies.

It would be beneficial for such a child to buy an affectionate dog rather than a cat. The cat offends him with its detachment: it comes when it wants, it leaves when it wants. The dog is just waiting to be called, and in its own way sympathizes with the experiences of its little owner.

It is very easy to establish contact with a representative of a cycloid character. It is more difficult to maintain distance and avoid familiarity.

Reaching this type of child is quite easy. To do this, it is enough to ask him to take the place of his mother, father or other person and try to understand him. This technique will immediately bear fruit, because this is the natural element of the cycloid. On the other hand, if a child responds to such an approach, it means that it has a cycloid character.

Anton Chekhov's story "Darling" depicts a spiritually uncomplicated woman with a cycloid character. She can be different with different people, as if losing herself. But Darling puts another person in the center of attention and dissolves in caring for him, without expecting rewards or praise. She is helpless in the face of her deep-emotional need to serve her loved one with all her body and soul. At the same time, she loses herself as an independent person. But she doesn’t regret it at all - after all, how can you help your husband with your independence?

Her love is motherly, fussy, absolutely local and finds its highest development in the little boy. She doesn't know how to live for herself. There is a detail in the film adaptation of the story when Darling asks not to remove the portraits from the wall ex-husbands. She loves them all. If her husbands had not died, she would have been a faithful wife to one husband. Staying alone, not helping anyone, was completely foreign to her, so she fell in love again.

Without a naturally life-loving core of character, Darling’s behavior, taken in its entirety of details, cannot be explained.

6. Schizoid (autistic) character type .

Despite the name, this type of character is inextricably linked with originality and talent.

Aspects of psychological autism are personal loneliness and closedness. At personal closeness a person can outwardly communicate easily and seemingly at ease, but does not let others into his soul, concealing the most intimate things (both good and bad). At the same time, he feels alienated, since he is not truly himself among people.

The parents of such a child begin to feel early that he is not like everyone else. On the one hand, the child is somewhat detached from what is happening around him, on the other hand, he is overly impressionable.

In kindergarten, such children play next to other children, but not together. From the age of six or seven, they are drawn to conversations with adults on adult topics. They lack childlike spontaneity; they are too serious, reserved and cold.

There is often a discrepancy between high intelligence and underdevelopment of the motor sphere and self-care skills. Interest in abstract things is revealed early. They easily assimilate various symbols. Some people early begin to feel the beauty of nature and art, to sense the spiritual dimension of life. Learn to read and write with minimal adult help. For some of them, a book is more important than a friend.

When expressing their thoughts, such children do it logically, but in a unique way. Working well with abstract concepts, many of them get lost in conversations on simple, everyday topics.

Some of the children show a special predilection for schematism and logical combinations. The motto of such a child is: “My beliefs are sacred to me. If the facts speak against my beliefs, I must check the facts to look for error in them.”

Schizoid children can be distracted, but not by the external, but by what is happening inside them. For this reason, they are absent-minded and do not notice what is happening under their noses.

Some schizoid children show early self-analysis abilities. They critically notice their differences from most of their peers, deep down they suffer from an inferiority complex about this. Children often choose schizoids as targets for ridicule and bullying. Some schizoid children, suffering helplessly from this, hate school. Some of them are able to stand up for themselves with unusual determination.

Typical for boys (less often girls) of this nature is the so-called philosophical intoxication. To the detriment of other aspects of life, they are fanatically interested in philosophy, trying to find answers to eternal questions. If it is important for a cycloid and an authoritarian-tense character to gain independence in real life, then the schizoid needs to feel his independence in the world of spiritual values and ideas.

In contact with a schizoid, it is important to take into account the autonomy of his personality and rely on it. A mature schizoid will not accept it if he is told in an authoritarian manner that he has such and such a problem and needs to do such and such. It is more correct to help him decide for himself what his problem is and what he really wants.

To help a person with this type of character, the so-called “velvet approach” is used, which is not aimed at “surgical intervention” in a person’s mental characteristics. It allows you to carefully develop and improve what is given to a person.

M. Kozakov’s film “The Nameless Star” shows a kind, sweet, absent-minded schizoid astronomy teacher who sits for days on end at his scientific books, gently avoiding communication with the annoying residents of a provincial town. He theoretically calculated a star that he would never see with his own eyes, but he had a good idea of its color, orbit, and satellites. When he talks about this star, he becomes passionately pathetic; not a trace remains of his quiet modesty. A woman accidentally arrives in the town and fascinates him with her beauty and the feeling that she has come from another world. He shares his secrets with her.

“There are evenings when the sky seems like a desert to me, the stars like cold, gloomy dead bodies... But there are evenings when the whole sky is full of life, when, if you listen carefully, you can hear the rustling of forests and oceans on every planet. There are evenings when the whole sky is full of mysterious signs, as if they were living beings scattered across different planets, looking at each other, guessing, giving signs, looking for each other..."

***

Here is such a kaleidoscope of characters. Do you recognize yourself, your loved ones or children in any of the descriptions?

Source

P. Volkov "Diversity of human worlds"

Sciences such as sociology, psychology, socionics and even computer science are involved in identifying different personality types, and each of them offers special classifications. As a result of many studies, scientists began to notice that there are no clear boundaries between types. Therefore, in order to determine which type a person belongs to, you need to find out which of the characteristics of a person’s personality types predominate in him. From the article you will learn about how in psychology people are divided into types: what temperaments and personality types people have.

Classification of people by temperament

One of the first to decide to study the typology of human personality was the father of medicine ─ the great Hippocrates. It was he who became the founder of personality types in modern psychology. As is known, he had an extensive clinical practice, thanks to which he was able to conduct many quantitative studies. This helped him determine a certain connection between a person’s temperament and his health. Since Hippocrates was a supporter of materialism, he began to look for a connection between temperament and the amount of one of the four fluids in the body: blood, lymph, black and yellow bile. Based on this, he proposed four main types of temperament:

sanguine
melancholic
phlegmatic person
choleric

In the body of sanguine people, according to the theory of Hippocrates, blood predominates, in the second type - black bile, in the third - lymph, and in the fourth - yellow bile. Doctors are skeptical about these assumptions, because the great scientist left no explanation as to how he managed to determine this.

It was not for nothing that Hippocrates connected temperament with physical components. After all, in our body, thoughts, emotions and the state of organs, and therefore health in general, are inextricably linked. In psychology there is such a thing as psychosomatics - the influence of psychological state on the occurrence of diseases. Many people get rid of illnesses based on psychosomatics and simply improve their health thanks to cleansing the mind. about unique system purification of the mind and its results.

What qualities does each of the above types have?

Melancholic is considered the “weakest” of human personality types. He has weakened both inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms, which makes him a hypersensitive person. He can worry for hours even about something insignificant. Melancholic people are often in a depressed mood and prone to depression. Read more about that. Among them there are often neurasthenics. They often hide their emotions, which leads to the development of nervous and mental disorders that contribute to the development of diseases of the stomach, liver, cardiovascular system, and oncology.

Choleric is an “uncontrollable” personality type. Although he has a strong, but unbalanced character. He is characterized by rage, hysteria, and disagreement with people around him. Choleric people more often than others suffer from gallbladder and liver diseases. Identifying this type among the crowd is not difficult. After all, thanks to active gestures and quick movements, he immediately catches the eye. He is impulsive, fussy, and cannot stand still.

Sanguine is the most “lively” personality type. He is very strong, balanced, constantly in action, and proactive. This is a typical case of a maximalist. He does not know how to rest, is anxious, is afraid of not being on time, of making a mistake, is very demanding of himself and those around him - all this can cause stress. The most common diseases in sanguine people are diseases of the cardiovascular system; heart attacks and strokes are not uncommon.

The phlegmatic person belongs to the “calm” type. People of this type are balanced and inert. They take care of themselves, try not to get upset over trifles, and look at all problems philosophically. They are not characterized by manifestations of anger, rage, irritation. This is why phlegmatic people get sick less often than other types. But God forbid they get sick - it will last a long time. It is also quite easy to identify them in a crowd: during times of emergency, panic and general fuss, they are indifferent and remain calm. Nevertheless, phlegmatic people are more likely to have stomach ulcers than other types.

In sociology, personality types are considered as certain products that occurred as a result of the interweaving of social, economic, historical, and cultural conditions of society. As in psychology, there are many different personality typologies proposed by famous sociologists.

According to Max Werber, the classification of people into types should occur in accordance with their social action, that is, the degree of rationality. In view of this, there are two main types of people: rationalist and irrationalist. But Erich From divides people into receptive, that is, passive (people who are ready to obey), exploitative - those who use other people's labor, and hoarders (people with a predominant market character).

Sociology also suggests the following personality types:

traditionalists
realists
idealists
hedonists
frustrated type

The first includes a person who is focused on order, law, duty and discipline. He is inert and does not strive for self-realization and self-improvement. Realists, on the contrary, strive for self-realization. At the same time, they are also not devoid of a sense of duty, they know how to control themselves and not panic. Idealists are fighters against norms of behavior developed over centuries. They strive for independence. And hedonists are people who do not care at all about what is happening in society. The main thing for them is to receive. At the same time, they are reduced only to material pleasures. To determine whether a person is a hedonist, just look at his home. If there is everything in the house except a TV, and if there is one, but it is intended exclusively for watching films and clips, then this is definitely a hedonist. As for the last type, these people are different. They feel superfluous and thrown out of society. It is this attitude towards oneself that makes a person an outcast and a homeless person.

In the second half of the 20th century, a new theory arose - socionics, according to which human types are determined in accordance with how the following characteristics are combined in people: introversion and extroversion, logic and ethics, rationality and irrationality, sensory and intuition.

Today it is popular to divide people into, that is, individuals who are either self-absorbed (introvert) or ready to communicate and interact with others (extrovert). The most prominent representative of this theory is H. Isaac. By the way, Jung’s classification, proposed back in the second half of the 19th century, is, in principle, the same thing as Isaac’s typology. Only Jung called these types differently: “Yin” (people turned inward) and “yang” (those who are focused on the world around them).

Rationals and irrationals are also fundamentally opposite types. For rationalists, reason comes first, as well as traditions that are pleasant in society, while irrationalists constantly strive for perfection and innovation. They are true innovators, pioneers. Irrationals are distinguished by their non-standard thoughts, they are creative and original.

Ethicists, as well as rationalists, are very concerned about the norms accepted in society, but in this case - moral ones. The shape and appearance of things are very important to them. Among them are great connoisseurs of beauty and art, and in the traditional sense, but logicians are more focused on logical statements that correspond to the truth. For them, the most important thing is to get to the bottom of the problem and bring clarity.

Intuitive people like to consider the information received in accordance with time and observe the process of events. Intuitive people are absent-minded; they may not notice even obvious things if they do not interest them at a given moment in time. They like to answer most questions: “wait and see.” Sensors try to sort information not in time, but in space. The sensations they receive are very important to them. Among sensory people there are many connoisseurs of art and natural beauty. For them, what is happening here and now is very important, and what will happen next does not bother them.

Personality types in conflict situations

As they say, the true face of a person can be seen precisely in a conflict situation.

Depending on how people behave in a state of conflict, the following types of personalities are distinguished:

Human demonstrator
Rigid personality
Uncontrollable personality
Ultra-accurate personality

For the demonstrator, life is nothing more than a theater, and he is an actor in it. He constantly wants to attract the attention of others. And he doesn’t care at all what exactly they think or say about him, as long as they say it. People of this type often become the instigators of conflict. They make excellent provocateurs and extremists. At any rally or demonstration there will definitely be demonstrators.

Rigid people are suspicious and suspicious. If they conflict, it is only because they suspect someone of something. They have a high, even, and when they see that others treat them with distrust, this begins to bother them, which leads to conflict. These people need constant flattery and praise, but at the same time they are very grateful to those who treat them well.

Uncontrollable people sometimes cannot cope with their emotions and actions. They are very impulsive, aggressive, and angry. Among them there are frequent cases of deviant behavior. In conflict, they completely get out of control and can harm both themselves and the people around them.

The complete opposite of this type is the hyper-precise personality. These people keep everything under control, they are very attentive and careful. Naturally, they make leaders who are ready to control not only themselves, but also the masses. However, these people are very sensitive to failure.

In addition to conflict types, there is also a conflict-free type. However, this does not mean that they are peaceful and kind. Such people are simply too timid, which is why they try to avoid conflicts. They do not know how to defend their opinions and rights, so they always remain in the shadows.

In addition to the above theories of human personality classification, there are also others. However, we must not forget that a person is unique, and each person has a special character unique to him.

Yulia Borisovna Gippenreiter

We have different characters... What should we do?

To my closest and dearest person.

For forty years now I have been thanking Fate for our meeting.

and because our characters are so different!

Introduction

Doctors, philosophers and scientists have been studying these questions for more than two and a half thousand years.

TEMPERAMENT, CHARACTER, PERSONALITY

Character and temperament

But over time, conclusions emerged about what mental properties a person should have, in whose body blood, yellow bile, etc. predominate. This is how psychological portraits of the four temperaments. The first attempt was made seven whole centuries after Hippocrates - by the ancient physician Galen in the 2nd century. n. e. Much later, at the end of the 18th century, psychological portraits of temperaments were compiled by the German philosopher I. Kant, and then, with different variations, they were repeated by many, many authors. From the very beginning, these were not so much scientific as artistic images.

Here, for example, is what the famous French writer Stendhal’s descriptions of temperaments look like (I quote them in a highly abbreviated form).

Sanguine temperament

Choleric temperament

Phlegmatic temperament

Melancholic temperament

Melancholic people are characterized by tightness in movements, hesitation and caution in decisions. His feelings are devoid of spontaneity. When he enters the living room, he makes his way along the walls. These people manage to express the simplest thing with hidden and gloomy passion. Love is always a serious matter for them. One melancholic young man put a bullet in his forehead because of love, but not because she was unhappy, but because he did not find the strength to confess to the object of his feelings. And death seemed to him less painful than this explanation.

In the writings of Stendhal we find all the signs everyday idea about temperaments, which still exists today.

However, the so-called Hippocratic doctrine of temperaments has become the property of history. Its four types no longer appear anywhere in the scientific literature, either psychologically or physiologically, although their descriptions still appear in popular magazines as “scientific.”