When some very joyful event occurs that makes the heart tremble with happiness, and the cheeks burn with a lively blush, it seems that a person directly sows goodness around him.
Most people are in this mood for some special reason, because it’s not in vain that they say: “Laughter for no reason is a sign of a fool.” Causeless joy, of course, is not a negative phenomenon if it has boundaries. If not, then the person is said to be in a state of exaltation.
Both good and bad
Exaltation is excessively unmotivated. In this state, a person can loudly admire a border painted for Easter with high quality or original design candy wrapper. Those around such people, as a rule, are wary: who knows what exaltation can lead to. After all, this is not only unbridled fun, but also a distortion of the perception of reality, which can lead to disastrous consequences.
scary funny people
Someone may say that it is better to let a person run and laugh than lie down and cry, but there is also the other side of the coin. In general, exaltation is an abnormal state in terms of psychology. Recall all the famous films about psychiatric hospitals. The classic image of a crazy person is such an enlightened "God's dandelion" with a strange laugh and an inadequate reaction to what is happening. This is the same impression produced by the person on whom exaltation “found”. This may seem to someone too radical an opinion, but in this state, especially not to contact with others. There is a high probability that they will not only not understand such a mood, but also urgently call an ambulance and try to force-feed a happy comrade with sedatives. Unreasonable joy frightens everyone in the same way as unmotivated aggression, because it is destructive to the same extent.
What to do if exaltation has reached you
Oddly enough, not psychologists, but linguists can very intelligibly explain what exaltation is. The meaning of the word comes from the Latin noun exaltatio, which means "spiritual uplift", "inspiration". The same semantics is observed in the concept that is used today. This state can manifest itself not only in the form of active enthusiasm for any reason, but also in the form of an ordinary dreamy mood. For example, if a person suddenly decided to skip one day at work and instead arranged a lonely picnic in a local park, lay down on the grass and began to count the clouds, most likely, exaltation “found” him. it can relax, but only on condition that a person notices something is wrong in time and can calm himself down. But if the exaltation of the end-edge is not visible, it means that it is better to just leave a person alone for some time and, if possible, once again not laugh at his jokes out of place.
and inflated passion
Excessive spring happiness in mid-January - that's what exaltation means. This condition is sometimes observed in lovers who have not yet left the period pink glasses and stubbornly call their new love a lifelong companion. It doesn't matter that they met this life partner about two weeks ago at a glass day party. Their permanent exaltation will smooth out all the roughness of this acquaintance and convince the lovers that they found their destiny at the party. In this state, people usually do not notice even the most obvious disadvantages of their soulmate.
The most attentive and honest people with themselves are aware that this person may not be the most the best option for a life together, but continue to love him without memory and pretend that everything is going according to plan. It's a pity that in the end this relationship has no future, but it's good that people at least for a while feel so happy.
Exaltation among the planets
However, this term is used not only in psychology. There is also such a thing as "exaltation of planets". It is quite common in astrology, and lovers detailed horoscopes certainly not by hearsay know about its significance. Astrologers believe that the fate of a person directly depends on the location of celestial bodies, and it is they who speak of their exaltation. It is said that certain planets in certain constellations "feel" best, and astrologers start from this when compiling horoscopes.
During this period, the planets, as it were, show all their best qualities with special force, and at the same time nothing prevents them. A certain "degree" of exaltation may indicate that the planet is at the peak of its powers. At such moments, astrologers advise people to do what they have long dreamed of. Perhaps it's time to confess your love to that pretty girl over there, and then exaltation may well come to you. However, you need to remember common sense and know the measure in everything.
They have very strong attachments, they are characterized by enthusiastic impulses, strong hobbies, love for everything beautiful: music, art, nature, etc.
Characterized by extreme impressionability about sad events. Pity, compassion for others can drive them to despair. High capacity for sympathy, empathy. Sometimes the failure of another person is experienced more painfully than the victim himself.
Exalted people experience a feeling of fear, and fear grows very sharply. Outwardly, experiences of fear are manifested in trembling, some have cold sweat, and the rhythm of breathing may be disturbed.
Exaltation is closely connected with high emotional excitability, with affective manifestation of emotions, and these manifestations are very artistic and expressive.
Practical common sense is not characteristic of such natures. Conflicts with life occur in them precisely because of too painful sensitivity and inability to master the prose of life. Such conflicts can sometimes lead to mental illness. Readiness for despair, in exalted "lyricists" is associated with thoughts of suicide.
A typical example of accentuation:
Karl Moor (Schiller "Robbers")
The most striking literary example is Katerina Ivanovna Verkhovtseva ("The Brothers Karamazov"):
“... She kept me with her for continuous revenge. She took revenge on me and on me for all the insults that she constantly and every minute endured during this entire period from Dmitry, insults from their first meeting. Because even their very first meeting remained in her heart as an insult. That's what her heart is like! All the time I did nothing but listen about her love for him. I am going now, but know, Katerina Ivanovna, that you really love only him. And as the insults him more and more. This is where your breakdown is. You just love him the way he is, love you insulting him. If he corrected himself, you would immediately abandon him and stop loving him altogether. But you need it to contemplate continuously your feat of fidelity and reproach him for infidelity. And all this from your pride. Oh, there is a lot of humiliation and humiliation, but it's all from pride. »
In adolescence, extreme lability of mood appears, which changes often, abruptly and from insignificant reasons. An unflattering word, an unfriendly look can plunge into a gloomy state, and a compliment, a pleasant meeting can inspire cheerfulness and gaiety. Everything depends on the mood - well-being, appetite, performance, etc.
They have deep feelings, sincere affection, devotion. In communication, they prefer those who are able to console, understand, share joy, pleasure. They love companies and new surroundings, but unlike hyperthymic ones, they are not looking for a field of activity here, but only new experiences. Very sensitive to various signs of attention. Emotive personalities are very sensitive, they care about everything related to the soul, responsiveness, humanity.
Emotive hobbies are informational and communicative in nature.
Sexual activity is usually limited to flirting, courtship. Inclinations remain undifferentiated for a long time, so emotive ones can easily develop deviations towards transient teenage homosexuality. But sexual excesses are always avoided.
Mental upheavals have profound painful effects and can cause reactive depression. Mental discord sometimes leads to suicidal attempts. Oppression leads to a loss of resistance, and protest, as such, becomes impossible.
A typical example of accentuation:
The most striking literary example - Werther (Goethe "The Suffering of Young Werther").
Affectively exalted type, introjective accentuation;
The absence of halftones in emotions and feelings, and a quick transition from “global sorrow” to “cloudless happiness”, moreover, completely sincerely experiencing all polar relationships, regardless of their order and the opinions of people around. Affectively-exalted people react to life more violently than others. The rate of growth of reactions, their external manifestations are very intense. From the outside, such behavior is perceived as a “pose”, but, for example, deep religiosity or a passion for art, music, nature, passion for sports of such people exclude assumptions about their pretense and can capture them to the core.
Exaltation has little to do with gross, selfish stimuli, much more often it is motivated by subtle, altruistic urges. Attachment to loved ones, friends, joy for them, for their success can be extremely strong. There are enthusiastic impulses that are not associated with a purely personal relationship. The other pole of the reaction is extreme impressionability about sad facts. Pity, compassion for unfortunate people, for sick animals, can drive such a person to despair. About an easily remedied failure, a slight disappointment that others would have already forgotten tomorrow, exalted people can experience sincere and deep grief. He feels some ordinary trouble of a friend more vividly and more painfully than the victim himself. Fear in people with such a temperament, apparently, has the property of a sharp increase, since even with a slight fear that embraces an exalted nature, physiological manifestations (trembling, cold sweat) are noticeable, and hence the intensification of mental reactions.
The fact that exaltation is associated with subtle and very human emotions explains why this temperament is especially often possessed by artistic natures - artists and poets.
The negative "pole" of the affectively exalted temperament is manifested in the so-called "readiness for despair." Already in childhood people of this type are often in the grip of sad and disturbing experiences. Later, they increasingly come to despair, when they cannot achieve something, fear seizes them. When in severity it approaches psychopathy, it can be called the character of anxiety and happiness or psychosis of anxiety and happiness. In pathology, religious ecstasy is possible.
(+): Emotionality, expressiveness of assessments and actions.
(-): Intemperance of feelings, anger or tearfulness, selfishness.
Features of communication and behavior:
Very changeable mood, emotions are pronounced, increased distractibility to external events, talkativeness, amorousness.
Features attractive to interlocutors:
Altruism, a sense of compassion, artistic taste, artistic talent, brightness of feelings, attached to friends.
Features that repulse, contribute to conflict:
Excessive impressionability, pathos, alarmism, susceptibility to despair.
Situations where conflict is possible:
Failures, sad events are perceived tragically. Tendency to neurotic depression.
Work that does not require a wide range of communication, interests in theoretical sciences, philosophical reflections, collecting, chess, music, science fiction.
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Character accentuations
Personal character accentuations
Accentuations (from Latin accentus - stress, underline) - extreme variants of the norm, in which individual character traits are hypertrophied and manifest themselves in the form of "weak points" in the individual's psyche - its selective vulnerability to certain influences with good and even increased resistance to other influences . Separate accentuated character traits are usually quite compensatory. However, in difficult situations, a person with an accentuated character may experience a violation of behavior. Accentuations of character, its "weak points" can be obvious and hidden, manifested in extreme situations. Persons with personal accentuations are more malleable to environmental influences, more prone to mental trauma. And if an unfavorable situation strikes at a “weak spot”, then the entire behavior of such persons changes dramatically - accentuation features begin to dominate (Fig. 95).
The types of accentuated personalities have not yet been definitively determined. They are described by K. Leonhard and A. E. Lichko. However, these authors give an overly fractional classification of accentuations. We distinguish only four types of accentuated personalities: excitable, affective, unstable, anxious (Table 12).
Rice. 95. Structure of character
Unlike psychopathy, character accentuations do not cause a general social maladjustment of the personality.
Intensively manifesting in adolescence, character accentuations can be compensated over time, and under adverse conditions, they can develop and transform into "marginal" psychopathy.
Types of character accentuations
The main types of character accentuation include:
Sometimes accentuation borders on various types psychopathy, therefore, in its characterization, typology, psychopathological schemes and terms are used. Psychodiagnostics of the types and severity of accentuations is carried out using the "Pathocharacteristic Diagnostic Questionnaire" (developed by A. E. Lichko and N. Ya. Ivanov) and personality questionnaire MMPI (the scales of which include zones of accentuated and pathological manifestations of character).
Accentuation of character according to A. Lichko
According to the level of manifestation of character traits, characters are divided into medium (normal), pronounced (accentuated) and beyond the norm (psychopathy).
The central, or pivotal, relations of the individual are the relation of the individual to those around him (the team) and the relation of the individual to work. The existence of central, pivotal relationships and the properties conditioned by them in the character structure is important. practical value in human education.
It is impossible to overcome individual character flaws (for example, rudeness and deceit) and bring up individual positive properties(for example, politeness and truthfulness), ignoring the central, core relationships of the individual, namely, the attitude towards people. In other words, it is impossible to form only a certain property, it is possible to educate only a whole system of interrelated properties, while paying the main attention to the formation of the central, pivotal relations of the individual, namely, relations to others and work.
The integrity of character, however, is not absolute. It's related to that. that the central, core relationships do not always completely and completely determine the rest. In addition, the degree of integrity of character is individually peculiar. There are people with a more holistic and less holistic or contradictory character. At the same time, it should be noted that when the quantitative expression of a particular character trait reaches limit values and it turns out to be at the border of norms, there is a so-called accentuation of character.
Character accentuation is the extreme version of the norm as a result of strengthening individual features. Accentuation of character under very unfavorable circumstances can lead to pathological disorders and changes in personality behavior, to psychopathy, but it is wrong to identify it with pathology. Character properties are determined not by biological laws (hereditary factors), but by social (social factors).
The physiological basis of character is an alloy of traits such as higher nervous activity and complex stable systems of temporary connections developed as a result of individual life experience. In this alloy, the systems of temporary connections play a more important role, since the type of the nervous system can form all the social qualities of the personality. But, firstly, the systems of connections are formed differently in representatives of different types of the nervous system and, secondly, these systems of connections manifest themselves in a peculiar way depending on the types. For example, decisiveness of character can also be brought up in a representative of a strong, excitable type nervous system, and in a representative of a weak type. But it will be brought up and manifested differently depending on the type.
Attempts to construct a typology of characters have been repeatedly made throughout the history of psychology.
All typologies human characters have proceeded and continue to proceed from a number of general ideas.
The main ones are the following:
- the character of a person is formed quite early in ontogenesis and manifests itself as more or less stable throughout the rest of his life;
- those combinations of personality traits that enter into a person's character are not accidental. They form clearly distinguishable types that make it possible to identify and build a typology of characters.
Most of the people in accordance with this typology can be divided into groups.
One of the curious character classifications belongs to the famous Russian scientist A.E. Lichko. This classification is based on observations of adolescents.
Accentuation of character, according to Lichko, is an excessive strengthening of individual character traits (Fig. 6), in which there are deviations that do not go beyond the norm in the psychology and behavior of a person, bordering on pathology. Such accentuations as temporary states of the psyche are most often observed in adolescence and early adolescence. The author of the classification explains this factor as follows: “. under the action of psychogenic factors addressing "the place of least resistance, temporary disturbances in adaptation, deviations in behavior may occur." When a child grows up, the features of his character that manifest themselves in childhood remain quite pronounced, lose their sharpness, but with age they can again appear clearly (especially if a disease occurs).
In today's psychology, from 10 to 14 types (typologies) of character are distinguished.
They can be defined as harmonious and disharmonious.
Harmonious character types are characterized by a sufficient development of the main character traits without isolation, isolation, without exaggeration in the development of any one trait.
Disharmonious ones are manifested with the identification of different character traits and are called accented or accentuated.
In 20-50% of people, some character traits are so sharp that a “skew” of character occurs - as a result, interaction with people worsens, difficulties and conflicts appear.
The severity of accentuation can be rickety: from mild, noticeable only to the immediate environment, to extreme options, when you have to think about whether there is no illness - psychopathy. Psychopathy is a painful deformity of character (while maintaining the intellect of a person), as a result of which relationships with other people are sharply violated. But, unlike psychopathy, character accentuations appear inconsistently, over the years they can completely smooth out, approach the norm. Accentuations of character are most often found in adolescents and young men (50-80%), since it is these periods of life that are most critical for the formation of character, the manifestation of originality, and individuality. Then accentuations can be smoothed out or, on the contrary, intensified, developing into neuroses or psychopathy.
Rice. 6. Character accentuation scheme according to E. Filatova and A.E. Testicle
You can consider twelve disharmonious (accentuated) types of character (according to the typology of K. Leonhard) and describe their positive and negative qualities, which may affect professional activity of a person - we need this to confirm the foundations of personality differentiation in terms of the characterological properties of a person.
Hyperthymic type
Almost always different good mood, high vitality, splashing energy, unstoppable activity. Strives for leadership, adventures. It is necessary to be reserved about his unreasonable optimism and overestimation of his capabilities. Features attractive to interlocutors: energy, thirst for activity, initiative, a sense of the new, optimism.
For the people around him, it is unacceptable: frivolity, a tendency to immoral acts, a frivolous attitude to the duties assigned to him, irritability in the circle of close people.
The conflict is possible with monotonous work, loneliness, in conditions of strict discipline, constant moralizing. This causes the person to become angry. Such a person shows himself well in work related to constant communication. These are organizational activities, household services, sports, theater. It is typical for him to often change professions and jobs.
Dysthymic type
The opposite of the first type: serious. pessimist. Constantly low mood, sadness, isolation, reticence. These people are burdened by noisy societies, they do not closely converge with colleagues. They rarely enter into conflicts, more often they are a passive side in them. They greatly appreciate those people who are friends with them and tend to obey them.
People around like their seriousness, high morality, conscientiousness and justice. But such traits as passivity, pessimism, sadness, slowness of thinking, "separation from the team" repel others from acquaintance and friendship with them.
Conflicts are observed in situations that require violent activity. For these people, a change in their usual way of life has a negative impact. They are good at jobs that do not require a wide range of communication. Under unfavorable conditions, they tend to neurotic depression. This accentuation occurs most often in persons of melancholic temperament.
Cycloid type
The accentuation of character is manifested in cyclically changing periods of ups and downs in mood. During the period of mood rise, they manifest themselves as people with hyperthymic accentuation, during the period of decline - with dysthymic. During the recession, they perceive troubles more acutely. These frequent changes state of mind tire a person, make his behavior unpredictable, contradictory, prone to changing profession, place of work, interests.
excitable type
This type of people has increased irritability, a tendency to aggression, intemperance, gloom, boredom, but flattery, helpfulness, a tendency to rudeness and obscene language or silence, slowness in conversation are possible. They actively and often conflict, do not avoid quarrels with superiors, are quarrelsome in a team, are despotic and cruel in a family. Outside of fits of anger, these people are conscientious, accurate and show love for children.
People around do not like their irritability, irascibility, inadequate outbursts of rage and anger with assault, cruelty, weakened control over attraction. These people are well affected by physical labor, athletic sports. They need to develop endurance, self-control. Because of their quarrelsomeness, they often change jobs.
stuck type
People with this type of accentuation "get stuck" on their feelings, thoughts. They cannot forget insults and "settle scores" with their offenders. They have official and domestic intractability, a tendency to protracted squabbles. In the conflict, they are most often the active side and clearly define the circle of friends and enemies for the day. They show dominance.
The interlocutors like their desire to achieve high performance in any business, the manifestation of high demands on themselves, the thirst for justice, adherence to principles, strong, stable views. But at the same time, these people have features that repel others: resentment, suspicion, vindictiveness, arrogance, jealousy, ambition.
A conflict is possible with hurt pride, unfair resentment, an obstacle to achieving ambitious goals.
Pedantic type
These people have a pronounced "tediousness" in the form of experiencing the details, in the service they are able to torture them with formal requirements, exhaust the household with excessive accuracy.
For others, they are attractive conscientiousness, accuracy. seriousness, reliability in deeds and feelings. But such people have a number of repulsive character traits: formalism, "chicanery", "boring", the desire to shift decision-making to others.
Conflicts are possible in a situation of personal responsibility for an important matter, with an underestimation of their merits. They are prone to obsession, psychasthenia.
For these people, professions that are not associated with great responsibility, “paperwork”, are preferred. They are not inclined to change jobs.
alarm type
People of this type of accentuation are characterized by low mood, timidity, timidity, self-doubt. They constantly fear for themselves, their loved ones, experience failure for a long time and doubt the correctness of their actions. They rarely enter into conflicts and play a passive role.
Conflicts are possible in situations of fear, threats, ridicule, unfair accusations.
People around like their friendliness, self-criticism and diligence. But timidity, suspiciousness sometimes serve as a target for jokes.
Such people cannot be leaders, make responsible decisions, as they are characterized by endless experience, weighing.
emotive type
A person of this type of character is overly sensitive, vulnerable and deeply worried about the slightest trouble. He is sensitive to comments, failures, so he most often has a sad mood. He prefers a narrow circle of friends and relatives who would understand him perfectly.
Rarely enters into conflicts and plays a passive role in them. Resentment does not splash out, but prefers to keep them in himself. Those around him like his compassion, pity, expression of joy about other people's successes. He is very executive and has a high sense of duty.
Such a person is usually a good family man. But extreme sensitivity, tearfulness repel others from him.
Conflicts with a loved one, death or illness, he perceives tragically. Injustice, rudeness, being surrounded by rude people are contraindicated for him. He achieves the most significant results in the field of art, medicine, raising children, caring for animals and plants.
Demonstrative type
This person strives to be in the spotlight and achieves his goals at any cost: tears, fainting, scandals, illnesses, boasting, outfits, unusual hobbies, lies. He easily forgets about his unseemly deeds. He has a high adaptability to people.
This person is attractive to others with courtesy, perseverance, purposefulness, acting talent, the ability to captivate others, as well as his originality. He has traits that repel people from him, these traits contribute to conflict: selfishness, unbridled actions, deceit, boastfulness, a tendency to intrigue, shirking from work. A conflict by such a person occurs when his interests are infringed, his merits are underestimated, he is overthrown from the “pedestal”. These situations cause him hysterical reactions.
exalted type
People with this type of accentuation have a very changeable mood, talkativeness, and increased distractibility to external events. Their emotions are pronounced and are reflected in amorousness.
Such traits as altruism, artistic taste, artistic talent, brightness of feelings and attachment to friends are liked by interlocutors. But excessive impressionability, pathos, alarmism, susceptibility to despair are not their best features. Failures and sad events are perceived tragically, such people are prone to neurotic depression.
Their environment of existence is the sphere of arts, artistic sports, professions associated with proximity to nature.
introverted type
People of this type of accentuation are characterized by low sociability, isolation. They are aloof from everyone and enter into communication with other people only if necessary, most often immersed in themselves and their thoughts. They are characterized by increased vulnerability, but they do not tell anything about themselves and do not share their experiences. Even to their loved ones, they are cold and reserved. Their behavior and logic are often not understood by others.
These people love solitude and prefer to be alone rather than in noisy company. They rarely enter into conflicts, only when trying to invade their inner world.
They are picky in choosing a spouse and are busy searching for their ideal.
They have a strong emotional coldness and weak attachment to loved ones.
The people around them like them for restraint, degree, deliberateness of actions, the presence of strong convictions and adherence to principles. But the stubborn upholding of their unrealistic interests, views and the presence of their own point of view, which differs sharply from the opinion of the majority, repel people from them.
Such people prefer work that does not require a large circle of communication. They are prone to theoretical sciences, philosophical reflections, collecting, chess, science fiction, music.
Conformal type
People of this type are highly sociable, talkative to the point of talkativeness. Usually they do not have their own opinions and do not strive to stand out from the crowd.
These people are not organized and tend to obey others. In communication with friends and family, they give way to leadership to others. Surrounding in these people like their willingness to listen to another, diligence. But at the same time, these are people "without a king in their heads", subject to someone else's influence. They do not think about their actions and have a great passion for entertainment. Conflicts are possible in a situation of forced loneliness, lack of control.
These people have an easy adaptability to a new job and do an excellent job with their official duties when tasks and rules of conduct are clearly defined.
Exalted and cyclothymic character accentuations
Today, in a post that continues the cycle of psycho-correction of character, we will talk about cyclothymic and exalted (labile) accentuations of character (temperament).
Greetings, dear visitors of the website of the practical psychologist Oleg Matveev, I wish you all mental health!
Exalted and cyclothymic character accentuations - psychocorrection
But still, K. Leonhard put them into separate blocks, like different character accentuations.
Exalted accentuation, unlike cyclothymic, is less predictable in its opposite states, which are more arrhythmic, and "peaks" and "precipits" are more unexpected and bright, outwardly noticeable.
Exalted character accentuation
A striking feature of the exalted type is the ability to admire, admire, as well as smiling, a feeling of happiness, joy, pleasure.
These feelings can often arise in them for a reason that does not cause much enthusiasm for others, they easily become delighted with joyful events and completely despair from sad ones.
They are characterized by high contact, talkativeness, amorousness. Such people often argue, but do not bring matters to open conflicts.
AT conflict situations they are both active and passive. They are attached to friends and relatives, altruistic, have a sense of compassion, good taste, show brightness and sincerity of feelings.
They can be alarmists, subject to momentary moods, impulsive, easily move from a state of delight to a state of sadness, and have mental lability. (see mental protection)
Psychotraining exercises for exalted personalities
Develop the habit of analyzing all sudden changes in mood: what happened that changed my mood?
Ask yourself questions like this more often.
And when two or three dozen answers are typed, see which of the reasons are more common.
Now the most important thing remains - to exclude the reasons why your mood changes so sharply and unexpectedly even for you.
Try not to get into those situations that lead to a sharp change in mood in a bad way.
Try to enter into an image, for example, phlegmatic, calm person who has seen everything, knows everything, and live in this image for several hours in a row.
No matter how difficult it is for you, no matter what reasons and reasons arise, you cannot leave the image.
React to what is happening the way your hero of the image would react - a phlegmatic person.
First, calmly think about what actually happened, collect Additional information to make the necessary decision, postpone it for some more time (suddenly something else happens), and only then act.
No matter how much you want to defuse your Bad mood on someone from relatives or acquaintances, do not do it right away.
Find another way - do a mini exercise, listen to your favorite music, take a walk in the park.
You need to form a habit in yourself - do not show your irritation immediately after its manifestation, try to switch to something more pleasant.
Try, for starters, to live the whole day without being annoyed by the words and actions of the people around you. If it works, then increase the duration of this exercise to two days in a row.
Then take a short break and repeat again. Two days without irritation. And again increase the duration of periods without irritation, for example, up to three days in a row.
Cyclothymic character accentuation
It is characterized by a change in hyperthymic and dysthymic states. They are characterized by frequent periodic mood swings, as well as dependence on external events.
Joyful events cause them to have pictures of hyperthymia: a thirst for activity, increased talkativeness, a jump in ideas; sad - depression, slowness of reactions and thinking, their manner of communicating with people around them also often changes.
In adolescence, two variants of cyclothymic accentuation can be found: typical and labile cycloids.
Typical cycloids in childhood usually give the impression of being hyperthymic, but then lethargy and loss of strength appear, something that was previously given easily, now requires exorbitant efforts.
Previously noisy and lively, they become lethargic homebodies, there is a drop in appetite, insomnia or, conversely, drowsiness. They react to comments with irritation, even rudeness and anger, deep down, however, falling into despondency, deep depression, suicidal attempts are not ruled out. They study unevenly, make up for the omissions that have happened with difficulty, give rise to an aversion to classes.
In labile cycloids, the phases of mood swings are usually shorter than in typical cycloids. Bad days are marked by more intense bad mood than lethargy. During the recovery period, desires are expressed to have friends, to be in the company. Mood affects self-esteem.
Psychotraining exercises for cyclothymic personalities
Due to the periodicity (cyclicality) of your mood, perceive the “black streak” as an inevitable, and, most importantly, an intermediate period of life, which will definitely change to white.
And vice versa, when euphoria (mood lift) brings you into the sky of life, remember - this is not forever.
Use hypothymic exercises during mood swings.
During the recovery period, with euphoria - use exercises for hyperthymia.
Doing these exercises will help you overcome negative impacts these changeable character accentuations on your life, which, in turn, will have a positive impact on your personal and career growth, and will also help you achieve success.
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Demonstrative character, hysterical accentuation - correction
Psychological help, online psychologist consultation: psychoanalysis, psychotherapy
Accentuated character traits
The number of character traits that are recorded by human experience and have been designated in the language is extremely large. Their variability is also manifested not only in qualitative diversity and originality, but also in quantitative terms. When the quantitative indicator of one or another character trait reaches the final limit of the norm, the so-called character accentuation occurs.
Accentuation of character is the limiting version of the norm, as a result of the strengthening of individual character traits.
With accentuation, an individual shows increased sensitivity to certain stress factors with relative stability relative to others. The presence of accentuations in a person, as a rule, does not interfere with the satisfaction of social adaptation, but they are "Achilles' heel", in places of least resistance. The increased psychogenic impact on these unprotected aspects of the personality of unfavorable elements of the environment leads to mental trauma.
K. Leonhard highlights the following types character accentuations.
Hyperthymic type. People of this type are characterized by excessive contact, talkativeness, expressiveness of gestures, facial expressions, pantomimes. They quite often deviate from the original topic of conversation. Such people have episodic conflicts due to insufficiently serious attitude to their official and family responsibilities.
They often themselves initiate conflicts and are offended if they are made comments about this. Representatives of this type are characterized by energy, the need for activity, optimism, and initiative. At the same time, they are gullible, prone to immoral acts, and are characterized by increased excitability. They hardly endure the conditions of strict discipline, monotonous activity, forced loneliness.
Disty type. The opposite of hyperthymia. He is characterized by weak contact, reticence, dominant pessimism, depressed mood. Such people prefer to stay at home, do not like noisy companies, rarely come into conflict with others, lead a secluded lifestyle.
They highly value those who are friends with them, and are ready to obey them. Of the positive features, they are characterized by seriousness, conscientiousness, a heightened sense of justice. Among the features that interfere with communication are passivity, mental retardation, and individualism.
cycloid type. Quite frequent periodic mood swings inherent in representatives of this type cause changes in the manner of communicating with people around them. During a period of high mood, they are very sociable and behave like people with a hyperthymic accentuation of character, and during a period of depression they are closed, and the manner of communication corresponds to the dysthymic type.
Excited type. It is characterized by low contact in communication, slowness of verbal and non-verbal reactions.
Excited faces are often gloomy, prone to abuse and conflicts, in which they themselves act as an active, provocative side. They do not get along in a team, their own family, because they do not look for ways to reconciliation, they lack tolerance. In an emotionally calm state, people of this type are often conscientious, accurate, love animals and small children. In a state of emotional arousal, they are irritated, incendiary, and have poor control over their behavior.
Stuck type. Representatives of this type are moderately sociable, boring, prone to moralization, and taciturn. In conflicts, they act as initiators, an active party. They try to achieve high performance in any business they undertake. They make high demands on themselves. People of this type are sensitive to social justice, at the same time they are touchy, suspicious, vulnerable, vindictive.
Sometimes, they are overly self-confident, ambitious, jealous, make exorbitant demands on relatives and subordinates at work.
Pedantic type. Rarely enters into conflicts, acting in them as a passive rather than an active side. At work, he behaves like a bureaucrat, putting forward many formal requirements to others. At the same time, it easily gives way to the leader's place. Sometimes it upsets households with excessive claims to accuracy. Its positive features are conscientiousness, accuracy, seriousness, reliability in business, and its unattractive features are formalism.
Anxious type. People of this type are characterized by: low contact, self-doubt, minor mood. They rarely enter into conflicts, playing a mostly passive role in them. In conflict situations, they seek support and support. Through their defenselessness, they can be targets for jokes. Positive features- friendliness, self-criticism, diligence, discipline.
Emotive type. It is characterized by deep reactions in the area subtle emotions. Emotive persons prefer communication in a narrow circle of the elite, with whom they establish good contacts and understand them perfectly. They themselves enter into conflicts very rarely and play a passive role in them. Images hide in themselves. Attractive features are kindness, empathy, a heightened sense of duty, diligence, discipline. Unattractive features - excessive sensitivity, tearfulness.
Demonstrative type. Representatives of this type easily establish contacts, strive for leadership, power and praise. They know how to adapt well to people and at the same time are prone to intrigues (with an external softness of the manner of communication). Such people annoy others with self-confidence and excessive ambition, systematically provoke conflicts themselves, but at the same time actively defend themselves. They have such attractive features as artistry, the ability to capture others, originality of thinking and actions. Unattractive features - selfishness, hypocrisy, boasting, shirking work.
exalted type. This type is characterized by: high contact, talkativeness, amorousness. Exalted people are often hidden, do not bring things to open conflicts. In conflict situations, they act as both an active and a passive side. At the same time, they are friendly, attentive to friends and relatives. They are altruistic, have good taste, show brightness and sincerity of feelings. Negative traits - give in to panic and momentary moods.
The extravertive type is characterized by high contact. Such people have many friends, acquaintances, they are talkative, open to any information. Rarely enter into conflicts and usually play a passive role in them. In communication with friends, at work and in the family, they often give up leadership positions in favor of others, it is better for them to obey and be in the shadows. They have such attractive features as a willingness to listen carefully to another, to do what is asked, good performers. Unpleasant traits - fall under the influence, frivolous, prone to unbalanced actions, like to have fun and spread gossip and rumors.
Introvert type. It is characterized by low contact, isolation, isolation from reality, a tendency to philosophizing. Introverted individuals love loneliness, come into conflict only in case of unceremonious interference in their private life. Often emotionally cold, relatively weakly attached to people. Attractive features - diligence, the presence of strong convictions, adherence to principles. Unattractive traits - stubbornness, frigidity of thinking. All have own point a view that may be erroneous, but they continue to defend it, no matter what. Among introverted persons there are dissidents.
Against the background of accentuation, various disorders can occur - behavioral deviation, acute affective reactions, neuroses, etc.
K. Jung introduced the concept of extraversion and introversion to denote two opposite personality types. Extraversion excludes introversion, and vice versa, but none of these types has advantages over the other. Jung distinguished four main mental functions: thinking, well-being and intuition.
There are typical attitudes of a thinking, feeling, sensing and intuitive person. In addition to these purely psychological types there are also social types of attitudes, that is, those that have the imprint of the primary collective representation. These collectively determined parameters are very important, and sometimes even more important in terms of purely individual traits.
Introverted character type. People of this type are focused on their own subjective experience. Objects and phenomena of the external world are of secondary importance for them. They are difficult to adapt to reality, tend to defend themselves against external actions, refrain from expending energy. They interact with the environment in order to defend themselves, they are constantly ready to turn on the psychological defense mechanism.
Vulnerable and sensitive to environmental influences, they are most worried about their future, they are distinguished by responsibility, love of solitude, low obsession and at the same time caution, especially in expressing their opinion, suspicion, fear of the strong influence of the object.
Intellectual introverts are distinguished by a disciplined, strictly organized intellect and a focus on own world. They are impractical, prone to abstraction, to independence and unshakable in thought. These people are disinterested, decisive, principled, demanding of themselves and others.
Introverts of the emotional type are in close contact with reality, but have little interest in it, because they are focused on themselves, on their experiences. They deeply, but calmly experience feelings. These are soft, artistic natures.
Sensory type introverts are characterized by a subjective and shallow perception of the world around them. They do not reveal the causes of events that are perceived, they can create original artistic images.
Introverts of the intuitive type are more subjective in the perception of the world around them. Their main meaning inner world make up ideas that arose spontaneously, and experiences associated mainly with overcoming obstacles in self-expression.
Hidden contradictions determine the moral direction of their spiritual life. Among the representatives of this type there are also unselfish people, and mystical dreamers and fanatical artists, and those individuals who enrich the culture with their original ideas and products of activity.
Extraverted personality type. People of this type easily adapt to the environment, skillfully use all the possibilities for adapting to life, facing the world of external objects, self-confident, influential, not immersed in "personal" problems, their behavior is due to immediate circumstances.
Extroverts of the mental type are distinguished by stamina in communication, developed conceptual thinking, a tendency to abstract moral and aesthetic assessments. Intelligence plays an active role in their adaptation to the environment.
Extroverts of the emotional type adapt well to the environment according to the logic of feelings, can be classified as impressionable natures, with a predominance of feelings over reason, and are prone to sharp criticism, which borders on tactlessness.
Extroverts of the sensory type are prone to enthusiasm and personal initiative, to opposing their opinions, they are distinguished by the ability to adequately assess the situation and use it for their own purposes. These are neat and strong-willed natures and at the same time fickle and fastidious.
Extraverts of the intuitive type perceive in the outside world what is happening "behind the scenes of events." They do not have enough ability to think, so they rarely bring things to completion on their own.
The classification of types of character accentuations is rather complicated and does not match the nomenclature of different authors (K. Leonhard, A. Lichko). However, the description of accentuations is largely identical.
Thanks to properly organized educational work, it is possible to block manifestations of character accentuation. Teachers and parents, knowing the “places of least resistance” in the character of a child or adolescent, try to prevent stressful situations from painfully affecting the mentioned places of his character.
So, for example, sensitive teenagers react rather sharply to suspicions of bad deeds, to accusations that contradict their self-esteem, which is usually not overestimated and is generally objective. At the same time, educational influences are expedient that would help compensate for the timidity of sensitive adolescents: involving them in social work, electing them to the class asset, where it is easier for them to overcome shyness and resentment in joint activities. Adequate means of educational and corrective influences can also be applied to adolescents with other types of accentuations.
Psychology considers exaltation as a manifestation of temperament, close to psychopathy. The German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard was the first to describe the concept of exaltation, singled out and classified this type, and also characterized it as "temperament of anxiety and happiness".
Manifestations of exaltation are characteristic of certain types of temperament: sanguine and choleric. Exaltation in behavior is inherent in women more often than in men. In people from the acting environment, exaltation is an inherent feature that helps them in the profession.
Manifestations of exaltation
Exaltation is the tendency to exaggeration and abrupt transitions from a state of happiness to unreasonable grief.
How early does exaltation start to appear?
The behavior of children is quite early age exaltation is quite common. Aged 2–5 years almost every child throws tantrums from time to time with loud crying, can move from a joyful mood to sadness and tears. Sometimes children roll with laughter in such a way that it is impossible to calm them down, sometimes they run excitedly, wave their arms and shout, attracting attention. We can say that all this is characteristic of a certain stage of growth and development of each individual.
In the future, the majority of people begin to control their emotions and behavior - which can be considered sign of maturity. But individuals can remain an eternal child and deservedly gain opinion of themselves as an exalted person.
The attitude of others to exalted people
Like everything excessive, exaltation is subject to censure. For such people:
- Often there are conflicts with others.
- They try not to give important assignments at work.
- Deep friendships with them are also not tied up, as they are difficult to trust. You never know what such a person can “throw out” in the next minute.
Exaltation is a huge problem for those close to the person who has a similar temperament. Living next to such a person is tantamount to living near a dormant volcano. Coexistence with such people is full of surprises, and not always pleasant ones.
How does an exalted personality live?
Not all individuals with a similar temperament consider its manifestations my problem. Confidence in their own infallibility does not let them understand that in most of their life failures they have no one to blame, except themselves. These people often make mistakes. Being poorly adapted to everyday life, they cannot cope with the "prose of life", they can become drunk, get bogged down in everyday problems, thoughtlessly lose their homes.
At the beginning of life's journey while parents are around, close people - they participate in their fate and do not allow something irreparable to happen. Over the years, these people, more often than others, begin to pursue loneliness. One can recall quite a lot of such broken destinies on the examples of great artists and famous artists who died in loneliness and poverty.
But even if the person himself is aware of his peculiarity and would like to get rid of exaltation - alas. Your natural temperament and mental characteristics no one is given change by the power of desire alone and the knowledge of what exaltation is.
Exalted personality type
In psychology, exaltation is considered as a special property of temperament, close to psychopathy. The feelings and experiences of an exalted personality are always somewhat exaggerated. He sees the world in black and white, not noticing halftones. Exalted vividly shows emotions where other people do not even notice a reason for joy or sadness. Exaltation is characteristic of sanguine and choleric people. Women are more likely to have this trait than men.
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Signs of exaltation
Exaltation is a tendency to emotional exaggeration. A person abruptly moves from a state of happiness to exorbitant grief. Such people exaggerate the most ordinary things, attaching much importance to trifles. Another sign of exaltation is that people overestimate their capabilities and abilities, which is why they often look ridiculous in the eyes of others. An exalted personality changes mood in a matter of minutes. Failure in even the most insignificant occupation leads to sadness and longing, and the most modest success leads to jubilation.
Exalted people are amorous and talkative, compassionate, sincere and capable of altruism. Their fear quickly turns into panic. Due to the vulnerable nervous system, such individuals try to avoid open conflicts, although they may enter into disputes and small skirmishes. Surrounding exalted people are rewarded with haughty looks and contemptuous grins. Their unwavering sense of superiority borders on megalomania.
Since an exalted person constantly experiences strong feelings, he can find himself in the field of art, especially theater. These people are born artists. They express themselves pathetically, are able to convey any emotion to those around them, use ornate descriptions, colorful turns, raised tones in communication. The rest seem to them insensitive, impenetrable. They consider themselves to be unrecognized geniuses and subtle natures.
Exalted person:
- able to bow before something or someone;
- from admiration passes into deep despair;
- loves to madness and hates with every fiber of the soul;
- has favorite animals, at the sight of which he experiences a feeling of awe, tenderness, tenderness, excitement;
- does not tolerate certain types of people at all - fat, thin, men, women, taxi drivers, etc .;
- noticing any peculiarity in people, he can sharply change his opinion about them to the opposite;
- admires the work of any artist, poet, musician, artist;
- crying over a tragic movie, literary work with a sad end
- has people around whom he deeply despises or hates;
- in most cases, his opinions, positions, tastes, principles are different from the position of the majority.
Those who have 9-10 of these statements are clearly exalted. A match with 5-8 statements means moderate exaltation, with 4 or less - this quality is absent.
At what age does exaltation appear?
A two or three year old child expresses emotions very vividly. He goes from hysterical to laughter in a matter of seconds. Exaltation is also characteristic of adolescence, but as they grow older, it usually disappears.
This feature is characteristic of everyone at a certain stage of growth and development. Most people, as they nervous system reaches maturity, begin to control their emotions and behavior. Individuals remain "eternal children" and are spoken of as exalted adults.
The attitude of others
Excessive manifestation of emotions and the inability to control them greatly complicates the life of an exalted person. He often has conflicts with others, he is not trusted with important assignments at work, they do not establish deep personal relationships with him, since it is not known what he will throw out in the next minute.
Relatives of an exalted person are always on the alert, as their existence is full of surprises, and not always pleasant ones. Exalted people are poorly adapted to the conduct of everyday life. They can abuse alcohol, lose their home, become a victim of scammers. As long as there are parents and relatives nearby, something irreparable is unlikely to happen. But in the second half of life, these people often remain alone and make problems for themselves.
Exaltation is called an extremely excited, primarily enthusiastic state. Many people are inspired, and not every football fan can be called exalted after the goal of their favorite team. The main thing here is that an exalted person may not have a special reason for joy.
T&P has already talked about different types of accentuations more than once, but the affective-exalted type of temperament has not yet been touched upon. Recall that accentuation is a certain combination of clearly manifested character traits, in which a person's vulnerability to certain psychogenic influences increases. People with accentuations are normal in the generally accepted sense - however, sometimes their relationships with the outside world and with themselves are more complicated than those of people without such vivid manifestations. He was the first to single out such temperaments in separate group and classified by the German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard. One of the ten temperaments he described was just the affectively exalted type.
Leonhard called exaltation "the temperament of anxiety and happiness." From passionate jubilation to deadly longing, such people are one step away (or an ambiguous look, a friend’s inattention, sad news on the radio, a drop of coffee spilled on a shirt - whatever). It only saves that the way back to happiness is just as short for them. In psychology, the propensity for such drastic changes emotional state called increased lability.
In people with an exalted personality type, emotions are elevated to a cult. People with such a temperament not only do not hold back the manifestations of feelings, but also consider emotional experiences the most important component. human life. Often they seek to realize themselves in areas such as religion and art, and this makes sense: such people are distinguished by good taste and sensitivity. They often achieve success in creativity - largely because the value of a work of art is determined by the final emotional impact on the viewer / reader / listener, and it is quite logical that this is better for someone who is capable of a high intensity of sensory experiences.
There are many exalted personalities among the actors, because it is natural for them to generate a stream of emotions, you just need to learn to direct it in a constructive direction. Constructive, according to Leonhard, exaltation becomes when strong-willed abilities are added to it. In this combination, it turns into passion: delight and despair begin to be expressed in actions, and not in feelings and ideas, which is typical of a simply exalted person.
From passionate jubilation to mortal anguish, such people are one step away. The way back to happiness is just as short for them.
Another strong (or weak) trait of exalted personalities is compassion. A TV show about the hardships of life in concentration camps or a puppy with a broken paw can drive them to despair; they experience the ordinary trouble of a friend more painfully than the victim himself. In an impulse, they are ready for real feats of altruism and self-sacrifice. And this is often used by others: in order to borrow money from an exalted person, it is enough to convince him that, for example, buying a new car for you is a matter of life and death.
Increased emotionality in people of this type manifests itself in various ways: they are sociable, smiling, often fall in love and talk a lot, but at the same time they are touchy and prone to alarmism. People with this temperament often argue, but as a rule, it does not come to open conflicts. Fear in an exalted personality tends to increase sharply, and even in frivolous situations, its physiological manifestations will be noticeable - trembling, cold sweat.
An exalted personality type can be well illustrated with the help of heroes of works of art. With their thoughtless impulses and emotional outbursts, they inflame passions and turn the course of the story, for which the authors love them. A similar exemplary type was created by Dostoevsky in The Brothers Karamazov. His heroine Katerina Ivanovna is going to marry Mitya Karamazov not because she loves him, but because she is passionate about the idea of his salvation. At some point, inspired by the idea of making her rival Grushenka a partner in this matter, she invites her to her place. Katerina Ivanovna spiritually and enthusiastically speaks to the guest, but when she realizes that Grushenka laughed at her, the heroine experiences a severe mood swing, which ends with the fact that “Katerina Ivanovna had a seizure. She sobbed, spasms choked her. Approximately with such an amplitude of emotional fluctuations - from proud happiness to tragedy - she lives throughout the entire novel, at the end of which she finds herself in severe hysteria during the trial of Mitya. Shakespeare's Romeo can be called a vivid example of a male exalted image. The hero is constantly in an extreme state of excitement and either suffocates from the happiness of being close to his beloved, or does not find a place for himself due to the tragedy of forced separation. Romeo is simply not capable of experiences of an average order and finds reasons in everything to strengthen his own feelings.
Exalted individuals have the ability to empathize with others, sincerely rejoice at other people's successes and sympathize with grief. But the repulsive traits of people with this temperament are about the same: excessive anxiety, a tendency to panic, drama, and “increasing the volume” for no apparent reason. Often effective communication with exalted people is possible only when their emotions begin to weaken, and the best recommendation for them is to try to reduce the significance of the events experienced.
How to say
Wrong: "The Spanish Inquisition arranged terrible exaltations for all dissidents." That's right: executions.
That's right: "I have no life at all with this exalted lady: she either soars in the clouds, then beats in hysterics."
That's right: "Fedya's exaltation tired the whole group: screams, indignation and the struggle for the truth that he alone understood were his faithful companions."