The composition of vowel phonemes in the Russian language system is determined on the basis of their semantic distinctive role in a strong position. For vowel phonemes of the Russian language, the position under stress not between soft consonants is absolutely strong (both perceptually and significatively).<и>However, in a perceptually weak position, a phoneme does not enter into neutralization with other phonemes, therefore, to determine the composition of vowel phonemes, it is enough to take into account which position is significatively strong. For vowel phonemes of the Russian language, this is the position under stress. In this position, six vowels are distinguished: [a] – [o] – [i] – [s] – [e] – [y]. But two vowel sounds alternate positionally: [and]/[ы]. Positionally alternating sounds are representatives of the same phoneme. In a perceptually strong position - after and between hard consonants [s] appears, however, at the beginning of a word only [and] occurs, therefore it is considered to be the main variant of the phoneme, and [s] is only a variation of the phoneme<а>– <о>–< . So, the composition of vowel phonemes in the Russian language is as follows: –< and> –< e> – y> (she [ʌн A – y> (she ], it O ], they [ʌn’ And ], those – [t’ uh ], here ]).
at<у>Significatively weak for Russian phonemes is the position not under stress. However, this is individual for each phoneme. Yes, phoneme<а>, <о>does not enter into neutralization with any other phoneme. For<а> –< All unstressed positions are weak. In the position of the first prestressed syllable after soft consonants, four vowel phonemes enter into neutralization – < o> – < e> i>: h[i e ]sy, m[i e ]doc, r[i e ]ka, l[i e ]sa. Perceptually weak positions for Russian vowels are: after soft consonants mint [m’ˑat], before soft consonants mother
[maˑt’] and between soft consonants crumple [m’ät’].
STRONG AND WEAK POSITIONS OF CONSONANTS AND COMPOSITION OF CONSONANT PHONEMS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
The composition of voiced and voiceless consonant phonemes is determined by strong positions for voiced and voiceless consonants. Strong positions are:<з> – <с>);
1) Before vowels: ko[z]a – ko[s]a (<з’> – <’с>);
2) Before sonorant consonants: [z’l’]it – [s’l’]it (<з’>– <’с>).
3) Before /v/, /v’/: v[z’v’]it – [s’v’]it (
Weak positions for voiced and voiceless noisy consonants:<д>1) At the end of the word: ro[d]a-ro[t], p[t]a – ro[t] (<т>neutralized with
in option [t]);<с’>2) Before a voiced consonant: ko[s’]it – ko[z’b]a (<з’>neutralized with
3) Before voiceless consonants: lo[d]ochka – lo[tk]a (<д>2) Before a voiced consonant: ko[s’]it – ko[z’b]a (<т>option [t]).
Sonorant consonants do not enter into neutralization with any other consonant phonemes on the basis of voicedness/voicelessness, therefore all positions for them are strong on this basis.
In terms of hardness and softness, the strong positions for consonant phonemes of the Russian language are:
1) Before vowels<а>, <о>, <и>, <у>, <э>: in the garden - I will sit (<д> – <д’>), nose – carried (<н> – <н’>), bow – hatch (<л> – <л’>), soap – mil (<м> – <м’>), pole – gap (<ш> –<ш’:>);
2) At the end of the word: horse - horse (<н> – <н’>), angle – coal (<л> – <л’>);
3) Before back-lingual consonants: gorka - bitterly (<р> – <р’>), shelf – polka (<л> – <л’>).
However, weak positions in terms of hardness and softness are “individual”:
1) For dental consonants - before soft dental consonants: evil - to anger (<з>2) Before a voiced consonant: ko[s’]it – ko[z’b]a (<з’>in variant [z’]), chant – song (<с>2) Before a voiced consonant: ko[s’]it – ko[z’b]a (<с’>in option [s’]);
2) For dental consonants - before soft labial consonants: story - dawn (<с>2) Before a voiced consonant: ko[s’]it – ko[z’b]a (<с’>in option [s’]);
3) For labial consonants - before soft labial consonants: again - together (<в>2) Before a voiced consonant: ko[s’]it – ko[z’b]a (<в’>in option [c’]);
4) For dental<н>- in front of the anterior palatines<ч’>And<ш’:>: boar - boar (<н>2) Before a voiced consonant: ko[s’]it – ko[z’b]a (<н’>in the variant [n’]), deception – deceiver (<н’>2) Before a voiced consonant: ko[s’]it – ko[z’b]a (<н’>in the variant [n’]).
Special comments requires position before vowel<э>. For centuries, a law has been in force in the Russian language: a consonant, falling into a position before<э>, softened. Indeed, in native Russian words before<э>the consonant is always soft: forest, river, light, summer, wind. The exception is the hard hissing ones (rustle, gesture), but they were originally soft. Therefore, the position in front<э>for consonants it was weak in hardness-softness. In 20-30 In the 20th century, changes occurred in the phonetic system of the Russian language. On the one hand, abbreviations are actively formed, which become commonly used words: NEP, DNEPRO HPP, Power lines. On the other hand, many borrowings, becoming mastered, bypass the stage of phonetic adaptation. Thus, the commonly used words, without a doubt, include: antenna, atelier, stand, tennis, muffler. Consonant before<э>these words are pronounced firmly. Thus, before<э>In modern Russian, hard and soft consonants are possible. This means that the position has turned from weak to strong.
In fact, all positions except the weak ones listed above are strong in terms of hardness and softness. The range of weak positions in terms of hardness and softness has narrowed over the past 50-80 years. “Destroyed” positional patterns include:
1) Softening consonants before
2) Softening of the labials before the soft posterior linguals: paws [lap’k’i], rags [tr’ap’k’i].
In fact, the positional patterns of softening the labials before the soft labials and the teeth before the soft labials are also in the stage of destruction. The “Russian Grammar” indicates possible options pronunciations in these positions: [s'v'et] and [sv'et], [v'm'es't''] and [vm'es't'']. The reasons for such changes in the phonetic system of the Russian language will be discussed in the next paragraph.
Back-lingual consonants have a special position in the system. Hard and soft back-lingual consonants alternate positionally: soft back-lingual consonants are possible only before vowels front row <и>, <э>. In these positions there are no hard back-lingual ones: ru[k]a – ru[k’]i, ru[k’]e; but[g]a – but[g’]i, but[g’]e; sti[x]a – sti[x’]i, about sti[x’]e. Consequently, hard and soft velars are representatives of the same phonemes. Since hard back-linguals are possible in most positions, they are considered the main variants of consonant phonemes -<г>, <к>, <х..
Thus, the composition of consonant phonemes in the Russian language is as follows:<б> – <б’> – <п> – <п’> –<в> – <в’> – <ф> – <ф’> – <д> – <д’> – <т> – <т’> – <з> – <з’> – <с> – <с’> – <м> –<м’> – <н> – <н’> – <л> – <л’> – <р> – <р’> – <ж> – <ж’:> – <ш> – <ш’:> – <ч’> – <ц> –
PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTION
Phonetic transcription serves to accurately record spoken speech. Phonemic transcription reflects the composition of phonemes. This is a recording of abstract units of language, not intended for reading.
Procedure for performing phonemic transcription:
1) Perform phonetic transcription;
2) Perform a morpheme analysis of the word (to establish which morpheme a particular phoneme belongs to);
3) Determine the nature of the position for each sound unit (a strong position is indicated by “+”, weak position – «–»);
4) Select checks for all phonemes that are in weak positions: a) for phonemes in the root of the word - cognate words of the same root; b) for phonemes in prefixes – words of any part of speech with the same prefix (with the same meaning); c) for phonemes in suffixes – words with the same suffixes (checks “automatically” will belong to the same part of speech and the same grammatical category); d) for phonemes in endings - words of the same part of speech, the same grammatical category, in the same grammatical form.
5) Transfer the recording to phonemic transcription.
Note. Remember that it is necessary to check the positions of consonants according to two parameters - sonority-voicelessness and hardness-softness.
Sample.
1) correspondence [p'yr'i e p'isk];
2) [p'yr'i e -p'is-k-b];
3) [p’ p’ and e -p’ and s-k-b];
+ – + – + + – + – (for consonants according to voicedness/voicelessness)
+ + + + + (for consonants of hardness/softness)
4) Check for vowels in the prefix: P e registration, translation e abusive; for the root consonant [s], which is in a weak position in terms of voicedness/voicelessness: rewrite; for the unstressed vowel [ъ] at the end: spring(the ending of a feminine noun in the singular form, nominative case).
5) After checking, we transfer the recording to phonemic transcription:<п’эр’эп’иска>.
When performing phonemic transcription of different words, remember checks for various prefixes, suffixes, endings of different parts of speech in different grammatical forms.
Since Russian graphics and spelling are based on the phonemic principle, the recording of a word in phonemic transcription largely coincides with the orthographic appearance of the word.
1) What does phonology study? Why is it also called functional phonetics?
2) Define phoneme. Explain why the phoneme is considered the minimal sound unit of language. What is the function of a phoneme? Illustrate your answer with examples.
3) What alternations are classified as phonetic positional? Give examples of phonetic positional alternations of vowels and consonants. What are the differences between phonetic non-positional (grammatical positional) alternations? In which case are alternating sounds representatives of one phoneme, in which case are they representatives of different phonemes? How can a phoneme be defined in terms of positional alternations?
4) Define the strong and weak position of phonemes from the perceptual and significative points of view. In which case is a phoneme represented by its basic variant? With your variations? Options? What are allophones?
5) Define hyperphoneme and illustrate your answer with examples.
6) Name the strong and weak positions for Russian vowels. What is the composition of vowel phonemes in the Russian language?
7) Name the strong and weak positions of consonant phonemes of the Russian language according to voicedness - deafness.
8) Name the strong and weak positions of consonant phonemes of the Russian language according to hardness and softness.
9) What is the composition of consonant phonemes in the Russian language?
Practical tasks
№1 . Write down the definition of phoneme in your workbook. Justify each word in this definition.
№2 . Select rows of words in which vowels, voiced and voiceless consonants, hard and soft consonants perform a meaningful function. Prove that the order of sound units in a word can perform a semantic distinguishing function.
№3. Determine what alternations are observed in the following cases: a) house - house [ʌн- house-elf; b) traces - trace; c) play along - signature d) graze - pasture; e) evil - to anger; f) honor – honest; g) walk – I’m walking; h) frost - freeze; i) table - about the table. Which of these alternations are phonetic positional? Find similar examples of phonetic positional and phonetic non-positional alternations.
№4. Transcribe the text. Establish possible phonetic positional and non-positional alternations: The snow fell until midnight, the darkness fell over the gorges, and then it became quiet, and the new moon rose... This world, it is moved and alive from time immemorial by transformations, sometimes invisible, sometimes obvious, their countless succession(Yu. Levitansky).
№6 . Prove that for alternations [с']/[ш] and [д']/[ж] in pairs wear - wear, walk - go there are exceptions and, therefore, these alternations are classified as phonetic non-positional.
№7 . Show what different sounds the phoneme /z/ can be represented by (in the preposition without). Indicate the main variant of this phoneme, its variations, variants.
№8. Transcribe the words and determine which series of positionally alternating sounds represent the Phonemes<э>, <о>, <а>: running, jogging, running; move, walked, walkers; thunderstorms, thunderstorm, thunderstorm; anger, wisdom; record, record, record.
№9. What phonemes and in what positions are neutralized in the examples of task 3?
№10. Select examples illustrating the neutralization of phonemes:<б> – <п>; <и> – <э>; <э> – <о>; <д> – <д’>.
№11. Transcribe the words. Indicate strong and weak positions for vowel phonemes: brownie, honey plant, golden, groovy, subscription, story, kindness, youth, copier, cotton wool, field, strict. Select checks for vowel sounds in weak position. What vowel phonemes are they representative of?
№12 . Transcribe the words. Indicate the strong and weak positions of consonant phonemes according to their voicedness and voicelessness. Select phoneme checks: crab, trail, thunderstorm, long, hawk, scythe (short adjective), dexterous, cat, piece of wood, mowing, carving, interspersed, signature, echo, jump away, heartless, silent, make you laugh, break.
№13 . Write down the words in phonetic transcription, indicating strong and weak positions for consonant phonemes according to hardness and softness: elephant, horse, slide, bitterly, goat, song, together, with Vitya, racer, hog, cog, difference, removable, branching. Select checks for phonemes in weak position.
№14 . What hyperphonemes are there in the words listed below: watercolor, crimson, gesso, turquoise, wife, bow, suddenly, wax, becoming, light, everywhere?
№15. Give examples of words that have hyperphonemes:<а/о>; <и/э>; <а/о/э>; <а/о/э/и>; <с/з>; <г/к>; <с’/з’>; <т’/д’>; <с/c’/з/з’>.
№16. Perform phonemic transcription of the words: young, flying, show, prose writer, stay, riddle, quiet, chair, sea, play along, wash, kerosene, blind, supply, closet, delight, asphalt, here.
№19. Using the materials from the paragraph and the completed exercises, write down in your notebook and remember the checks for morphemes: a) prefixes on-, for-, under-, pere-, rose-; b) suffixes
-ost-, -chick-, -from-, -from-; c) endings of nouns of different types of declension, adjectives, personal endings of verbs; d) infinitive suffix -th and postfix -s reflexive verbs.
A sound position is called strong when it cannot be confused with another sound and is clearly pronounced. For vowel sounds, the strong position is their position under stress, and in this way, by placing a vowel under stress, it is checked for correct spelling. Accordingly, the weak position for vowels will be their unstressed position in the word. Consonant sounds are not stressed, but there are also options for them when the pronunciation of the consonant is distinct - before a vowel, before a sonar, and before a consonant V. On the contrary, a weak position for consonants is their location at the end of a word or before a sound opposite in voicing.
Each sound has its own strengths and weaknesses.
A sound is considered to be in a strong position when we clearly hear it and we have no doubts about the writing of this letter.
A sound is considered to be in a weak position when we have doubts about which letter is heard and written.
Table of strengths and weaknesses of vowels and consonants:
A strong vowel position is a position under stress, where the sound does not require checking when writing, since it is heard clearly.
A weak vowel position is a position that is not under stress, where the sound requires checking when writing, since it is not heard clearly.
As for consonant sounds, the strong positions for them are:
- before vowels
- before sonorants
- before in and in.
Sound position in phonetics, the position of a sound in a vocabulary unit is called:
- before vowel/consonant;
- at the end, as well as in the middle or beginning of lexemes and their forms;
- under stress or in the absence of it (for vowel sounds).
These positions are divided into two categories:
Strong we call the one sound in which can be heard clearly and is indicated by its letter:
- lady lady; smooth even; intellectual intellectual;
- gold z, o, l, t; solo s, o, l, n; speck p, a, t, n, k;
Weak one where the sound is indicated by a foreign letter, where the spelling is often in doubt and therefore requires verification or the application of another rule that determines its choice ( position (position) of sound non-discrimination) plant trees (graze trees):
- in the 1st syllables of both vocabulary units, the sounds A, I are indicated by foreign letters (O, E), therefore in the 1st case we need to remember about the uniform spelling of the prefix, in the 2nd word we need to find a single-root lexeme in order to check the stress of the root vowel: tree ;
- in the 2nd syllable (word 1st) the sound A is indicated by its own letter, (A), but its position is weak (unstressed), therefore the choice of A also needs to be proven, for which we also check: landing.
Thus, the nature of the position of vowel sounds is closely related to accent (stress).
Any vowel sound that is under stress has a strong position:
- provide provide;
- terem terem;
- hawk hawk
Unstressed vowels have a weak position, for example:
- frost frost;
- lazy lazy;
- pedestrian squeaks.
Quantitative as well as qualitative changes in the sound of a vowel, directly related to stress (with unstressed position), are called reduction.
If an unstressed sound is pronounced only shorter than a stressed one, but does not change its quality (for example, U in the lexemes leaving, leaving), we talk about the presence reduction of quantitative, and the further the unstressed vowel is from the stressed one (pre-stressed and post-stressed positions: 1st, 2nd, 3rd), the less long it is.
If the vowel also changes its quality (for example, AND in the lexeme tarnish on the letter is indicated by the letter I), we say that, in addition to quantitative, he was also subjected to reduction of qualitative. Let's look at sounds in place of letters as an example ABOUT in three related lexemes:
- ear 1st letter O the sound O and means (strong position), the 2nd O has a shorter sound, in universities it is customary to denote it with the symbol Ъ (at school they use the symbol A; the 1st post-stressed position is weak);
- ears of corn 1st O indicates the sound (at school they also use the symbol A; the 1st pre-stress position is weak), it is shorter in sound than A, but longer than Ъ;
- ear the 1st letter O the sound Ъ already known to us means (position 2nd pre-stress weak); in the 1st position, pre-stressed (2nd syllable), also weak, with the same letter O indicating the sound.
For clarity I made this table:
Strength/weakness of the position of consonant sounds depends on factors such as:
- type of sounds following them (vowel / consonant);
- the place occupied by a sound in a vocabulary unit (beginning, middle, end);
- another consonant occupying a postposition in relation to the 1st (voiceless / voiced, soft / hard, noisy / sonorant).
Presence of a vowel sound, located immediately after the consonant, contributes to the clear pronunciation of the first, therefore, will create a strong position for the consenter:
- there would be dust n;
- kindergarten s, d gray-haired s, d;
- lived and sewed w.
For paired voiced/voiceless consonants strong are the positions before vowels:
- doka d,k;
- toga t,g.
and before consonants:
- noisy in, in (utensils t two hundred d);
- sonorous (zhmot w shmat sh),
weak or
- at the end of lexemes and their forms (pillar n pillar n; meadow k bow k);
- at the beginning, as well as at the end of vocabulary units before noisy ones, except in, in (building z do z, fairy tale with mask with).
For paired hard/soft consonants, strong We call these positions:
- before vowels (soap m milo m);
- at the end of lexemes and their word forms (sel l sel l; elm z vyaz z);
- before hard consonants: (asphalt s before f; mowing s before b),
A weak
- before soft consonants (steppe s in preposition to t, umbrella n before t).
Weak positions consonant sounds are associated with the phenomenon of phonetic assimilation(likening the consonants in front to those behind). In school practice the term assimilation, as a rule, is replaced by expressions:
- deafening of voiced consonants before voiceless ones;
- voicing of voiceless consonants before voiced ones;
- softening of hard consonants before soft ones.
Examples:
- T-shirt, mowing (vocalization: d before b and z before b);
- fairy tale, shop (stun: s and f before k);
- bow, gift (softening: n and s before t).
Positions of consonant sounds I presented it in the following table:
A weak position of vowels and consonants is a position where the sounds are indistinguishable. for example, a voiced consonant at the end of a word is deafened, and doubt arises whether we are writing the letter correctly. And then you need to remember the rule for deafness - voicedness.
A position is called strong if sounds are distinguished from others.
It's best to explain with examples.
The teacher once taught us this: say any word sharply and rudely. They said, each to his own. And now you need to say which letter you all heard loudly and sharply, that one will stand in a strong position, and the rest, which were not audible, will be in weak positions.
Strong and weak vowel positions
Vowel position under stress called STRONG.
In this position, all six vowel sounds are distinguished (mal - mor - mir - mUL - mer - myl).
IN strong vowel positions are pronounced with the greatest force, very clearly and do not require verification.
Vowel position in unstressed syllables - this WEAK position.
In this position, instead of some vowels in the same part of the word, other vowels are pronounced, for example, vada and water, rika and rivers, place and mista, row and ridy.
The pronunciation of vowel sounds in a weak position depends on which syllable in relation to percussion syllable they are located.
In the first pre-stressed syllable after solid consonant vowels [ʌн And ], it are pronounced the same, that is, they coincide in one sound a, for example, sada, gara. Akanye is considered the Russian literary pronunciation.
Vowel sounds [ʌн And e after soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as a sound close to i (rather, sounds with an overtone e).
For example, let's compare the pronunciation of words nickel And rooster: pI(e)so, pI(e)tuh.
Hiccups are considered normative in the Russian language.
In all other pre-stressed syllables and post-stressed vowels ah, oh sound even weaker and unclear.
Weak vowel position a, o, e after the hissing and C is expressed somewhat differently.
I'll give just one example. After solid f, w, c before soft consonants instead [ʌн usually sounds s with an overtone ], those – [t’: jacket => zhy(e)ket, hut => shy(e)lash, thirty => three(e)t.
In some cases, in a weak position during rapid pronunciation, vowels may fall out, for example, on Volochka.
Strong and weak positions of consonants
The position in which the consonant sound does not change is called strong.
For consonants, this is the location of the consonant before:
VOWELS: doc - current, bow - hatch, race - cassock, dear - soap;
SONORAL: elephant - clone, sheaf - chills, down - down, grass - firewood;
consonant IN: match, create.
WEAK position is a position in which the consonants are not opposed in terms of voicedness-voicelessness and hardness-softness.
Weak is the position:
a) at the end of a word (voiced and voiceless consonants are pronounced the same way here - dull): raft - fruit, pond - twig, side - god, haystack - drain;
b) before voiced ones (voiceless ones are voiced): ask - request (s => z)
and before deaf ones (voiced ones are deafened): sharp - sharp, lows - low (z => s);
Often the position before soft ones, as well as before lt;j>, turns out to be weak for consonants paired with hardness and softness. In this position, the consonant is pronounced softly, for example: snow, bomb, blizzard.
A strong position differs from a weak position as follows:
If we are talking about vowels, then when they are stressed, then this is a strong position. And when there is no accent, it is weak.
But with consonants the matter is more complicated.
Strong The position is considered if there is a vowel after the consonant.
And if after there is a sonorant consonant or the letter B.
Weak The position is considered if the consonant is at the end of the word or before a voiced consonant or before a voiceless one.
Here is a table with examples:
The strong position of vowels and consonants is the moment when sounds can be distinguished.
A weak position of vowels and consonants is when the sounds are not entirely distinguishable.
Let's say the sound can be deafening. Sometimes, in this situation, mistakes occur in words, because it is not entirely clear which letter needs to be written.
Here's a short summary of the positions of sounds in the tables:
The location of a sound in a word, its location relative to the beginning or end of the word, as well as relative to other sounds, is called position. Depending on the degree of sound audibility in a particular position, its weak and strong positions are distinguished. Both vowels and consonants can be in a weak or strong position.
Speech sounds are studied in a branch of linguistics called phonetics.
All speech sounds are divided into two groups: vowels and consonants.
Vowel sounds can be in strong and weak positions.
A strong position is a position under stress, in which the sound is pronounced clearly, for a long time, with greater force and does not require verification, for example: city, earth, greatness.
In a weak position (without stress), the sound is pronounced indistinctly, briefly, with less force and requires verification, for example: head, forest, teacher.
All six vowel sounds are distinguished under stress.
In an unstressed position, instead of [a], [o], [z], other vowel sounds are pronounced in the same part of the word.
So, instead of [o], a slightly weakened sound [a] - [wad] a is pronounced, instead of [e] and [a] in unstressed syllables, [ie] is pronounced - a sound intermediate between [i] and [e], for example: [ m"iesta], [h"iesy], [p"iet"brka], [s*ielo].
The alternation of strong and weak positions of vowel sounds in the same part of a word is called positional alternation of sounds. The pronunciation of vowel sounds depends on which syllable they are in in relation to the stressed one.
In the first pre-stressed syllable, vowel sounds change less, for example: st [o] l - st [a] la.
In other unstressed syllables, the vowels change more, and some do not differ at all and in pronunciation approach zero sound, for example^: transported - [p''riev'6s], gardener - [s'davot], water carrier - [v'davbs] (here ъ кь indicate an unclear sound, zero sound).
The alternation of vowel sounds in strong and weak positions is not reflected in writing, for example: to be surprised is a miracle; in the unstressed position, the letter is written that denotes the stressed sound in this root: to be surprised means “to meet with a marvel (miracle).”
This is the leading principle of Russian orthography - morphological, providing for uniform spelling of significant parts of a word - root, prefix, suffix, ending, regardless of position. The designation of unstressed vowels, verified by stress, is subject to the morphological principle.
There are 36 consonant sounds in the Russian language.
Consonant sounds of the Russian language are those sounds during the formation of which the air encounters some kind of obstacle in the oral cavity; they consist of voice and noise or only noise.
In the first case, voiced consonants are formed, in the second - voiceless consonants. Most often, voiced and voiceless consonants form pairs based on voicedness-voicelessness: [b] - [p], [v] - [f], [g] - [k], [d] - [t], [zh] - [ w], [z] - [s].
However, some consonants are only voiceless: [x], [ts], [h"], [w] or only voiced: [l], [m], [n], [r], [G]. Hard ones are also distinguished and soft consonants. Most of them form pairs: [b] - [b", [v] - [v", [g] - [g", [d] - [d"], [z] - [z"], [k] - [k"], [l] - [l"], [m] - [m*], [n] - [n*], [p] - [p"], [r] - [r"], [s] - [s"], [t] - [t"], [f] - [f"], [x] - [x"]. Solids do not have paired sounds consonants [zh], [sh], [ts] and soft consonants, [h"], [t"].
In a word, consonant sounds can occupy different positions, that is, the location of the sound among other sounds in the word.
A position in which the sound does not change is strong. For a consonant sound, this is the position before the vowel (weak), sonorant (true), before [v] and [v*] (twist). All other positions are weak for consonants.
At the same time, the consonant sound changes: the voiced sound in front of the deaf becomes voiceless: hem - [patshyt"]; the deaf before the voiced becomes voiced: request - [prbz"ba]; the voiced one at the end of the word is deafened: oak - [dup]; the sound is not pronounced: holiday - [praz"n"ik]; hard before soft can become soft: power - [vlas"t"].
phonetic processes
Modification of sounds in the speech chain. Phonetic processes are caused by the interaction of the beginning and end of articulation of adjacent sounds, as well as the position of the sound in a word.
Phonetic processes are:
1) combinatorial:
a) assimilation (similarity of neighboring sounds in some component of articulation;
assimilation can be complete or partial, progressive (direct) or regressive (reverse);
b) dissimilation (dissimilarity of articulation of neighboring consonants);
c) accommodation (interaction of neighboring vowels and consonants);
d) diaeresis (miscarriage, separation): loss of sound in a complex combination of sounds (vm. sun [só"nts]);
2) positional phonetic processes:
a) reduction (quantitative, qualitative);
b) synharmonism.
Position- This is the position of the sound in the word. There are strong and weak positions of sounds.
Strong positions are those positions of sounds in which the largest number of sounds differ: [dom - tom / heat - ball // m"ir / cheese / sat / mush / rom /l"es //].
In weak positions, one of the correlative sounds is not distinguished: [tu T/sa T/ With Ù dý/sad Ù Here//].
Changing consonants
For consonant sounds distinguish between strong and weak positions: 1) by deafness and voicedness; 2) hardness and softness.
I. Strong and weak positions in voicedness and voicelessness
1. Strong positions in terms of voicedness and deafness are for paired sounds:
a) the position of voiced and voiceless consonants before vowels: [ b ar – P ar / G ork – To ork / d"el – T"el];
b) the position of voiced and voiceless voices in front of sonorants: [ b l "esk – P l "esk / P"ĵу́ – b"ĵу́ / G chickpeas - To chickpeas];
c) the position of voiced and voiceless consonants before labiodental sounds [in], [in"]:[d howl – T voį / With in "et - h in "er"];
d) unpaired sounds are always in a strong position, because they can have only one sound - either unvoiced or voiced.
2. Weak positions in voicedness and deafness are:
a) position at the absolute end of a word. In the Russian language, there is a word-ending law, the essence of which is that paired voiced consonants are deafened: [ló P/ But w/sa T/ s"n"e To];
b) position before voiceless consonants, where voiced consonants are deafened: [lo T kъ / but w kb/pro Pкъ];
c) position before voiced consonants, where voiceless consonants are voiced: [pro h"b/vÙ G hall/malÙ d"ba];
When voiced consonants are deafened and voiceless consonants are voicing, there is an assimilation (assimilation) of the preceding consonant to the subsequent one.
II. Strong and weak positions of hardness and softness
1. Strong positions in hardness and softness are:
a) before vowels: [ With at – With" at" / l uk - l uk / With er – With" er];
b) position at the absolute end of a word: [в "е́ With- in "e" With"/tro n- tro n"/ two R- dv"e R"];
c) before back-linguals: [ba n k - ba n" kb/go R k - go R" kъ / d "é T k"i - d"a T" k"i];
d) unpaired sounds in terms of hardness and softness are always in a strong position.
2. Weak position on hardness and softness is:
a) the position of hard teeth in front of soft teeth: [l "i With" t"ik / f" s"o / V"z"at"];
b) the position of the hard teeth in front of the soft noisy anteropalatines: [ba n" sh̅ "ik / zbo R"chic];
c) position of hard teeth in front [ĵ]: [With"ĵel/dru z"ĵа́ / V"ĵug];
d) position of hard teeth in front of soft labials: [bÙ m" bit" /z" m"éį / t"é R" Pete].
(In modern Russian, the softening of a consonant before a soft one fluctuates)
e) soft consonants in rare cases can harden before hard ones: [bunta R"® riot R sk"iį / m"é T"® m"e d nį].
Some consonant sounds in pronunciation have a longer sound compared to other consonants. Such consonants are called long.
For example, in Russian the sound usually represented by the letter sch - [sh̅"], can only be a long sound: sch uka – [ w̅"uka], about sch ah - [prÙ sh̅"а́i] etc.
In orthographic writing, the longitude of a consonant is most often conveyed by placing two identical letters next to each other, denoting the given consonant: kass [ʌн (cf.: to], it sa), ball (cf.: bal ), coloss (cf.: coloWith ).
Long consonants can be found in the roots of words: Ross ya, zhuLJ ah, droLJ ], they [ʌn’ etc.
In addition, long consonants can appear at the junction of a preposition and the word following it, a prefix and a root, or a root and a suffix, when two identical adjacent consonant sounds merge into one long consonant: [Ù T̅"and e b"a] – o t t yourself, [рÙ With̅ " in "et] – ra ss vet, [ V̅Ùz"it"] – bb to irritate, [h "uh-huh n̅ыi] - chugu nn y, etc.
It often happens that the placement of two identical letters next to each other in an orthographic letter is observed where there is no long consonant in the pronunciation.
For example, in the following words we usually pronounce short rather than long consonants, although their length is indicated in writing: a ll her – [a l"éiь], lawsuit ss yours - [suit With TV], arti ll eria - [Ùrt"i l" er "iiь], ba ri kada - [b R" ikad], gra mm atika - [grÙ m at "ik", ko ll section - [kÙ l" ektsyi] etc.
This circumstance creates certain difficulties in students mastering the spelling of these words.
Loss of consonants
In some cases, when several consonant sounds are combined, one of them may not be pronounced. However, it is pronounced in other forms of the word or in related words.
For example: preles T ny - [pr "l" esnyi], but lovely T b - [pr "el"s" T"], pos. d but - [pozn], but opoz d al - [ÙpÙz d al], swiss T no - [with "in"isnut"], but svis T et - [s"v"is" T" this"].
According to the rules of Russian spelling, dropped consonant sounds in writing are indicated by the corresponding letters.
Changing the vowel sounds of the Russian language
For vowel sounds in a strong position is their shock position:
[With O mm A k/m "And r/d y m/l y k/hl "uh P ].
If the vowels are in an unstressed position, then position is weak: [tr Ù va/dr Ù to you" ], they [ʌn’ ], those – [t’ hundred].
The degree of change in vowels in an unstressed position depends on the place they occupy in relation to the stressed position. Yes, in a word ogoro ́ d both unstressed vowels [O] pronounced like [Ù] ; and in the word milk ́ first [O] stands in the second pre-stressed position and is pronounced like [ъ](sound close to [s]):[mъ lÙko].
The change in vowel sounds in an unstressed position also depends on what consonants (hard or soft) they come after. For example: vowel [ ], they [ʌn’ ] after hard consonants is pronounced like [s]: circus – [tsy rk], life - [fy zn "], width - [wy R"].
Changing vowel sounds in weak positions is called reduction(from Latin reductio - bring, back).
There are qualitative and quantitative reductions.
The weakening and change in the sound of vowels in an unstressed syllable, accompanied by the loss of certain features of their timbre, is called quality reduction: [h"as / h" ], they [ʌn’ ], those – [t’ sý/h" b With Ù fsh̅ "ik]; [goal ъ wu/g Ù lof/g ъ l Ù va]; [water / in Ù yes / in ъ d Ù sun].
Reducing both the length and strength of the sound of a vowel in an unstressed syllable while maintaining timbre is called quantitative reduction: [bow/l ], here ha/l ], here gÙvói], [cheese/s s ry].
For all consonants without exception, the strong position is position before vowel. Before vowels, consonants appear in their basic form. Therefore, by doing phonetic analysis, do not be afraid to make a mistake when characterizing a consonant in a strong position: [dach’a] - Yes´ cha,[t'l'iv'i´zr] - television´ zor,[s’ino´n’ima] - sino´ nims, [b’ir’o´zy] - birch trees, [karz"i´ny] - baskets´ us. All consonants in these examples come before vowels, i.e. in a strong position.
Strong positions on deafness of voicedness:
· before vowels: [there] - there, [ladies] - I'll give,
· before unpaired voiced [p], [p’], [l], [l’], [n], [n’], [m], [m’], [y’]: [dl’a] - For,[tl'a] – aphid,
· Before [in], [in’]: [own’] - mine,[ringing] – ringing.
Remember:
In a strong position, voiced and voiceless consonants do not change their quality.
Weak positions in deafness and voicedness:
· before paired ones according to deafness-voicing: [sweet] - sla´ dky, [zu´pk’i] – zu´ bki.
· at the end of a word: [zup] - tooth,
[dup]
– oak.
End of work -
This topic belongs to the section:
Orthoepy. Phonetics. Graphic arts. Classification of sounds, transcription
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Phonetics. Graphic arts. Orthoepy. Accentology
Phonetics (Greek Phone - sound) is a branch of linguistics in which the sound side of language is studied: the sounds of human speech, methods of their formation, acoustic properties,
Speech sounds
Speech sounds are the sounds that make up words.
Speech sounds are the minimum sound unit that is distinguished by sequential sound division
The following symbols are used to indicate sounds 1. To distinguish a sound from a letter, the sounds are contained in square brackets
– .
[a], [o], [l].
– .
The entire transcribed text is enclosed in square brackets.
Vowels and consonants
Depending on the method of formation, sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds consist only of the voice. When arr.
1. During the formation of each specific sound, the movement of the speech organs is strictly individual.
For example, when forming the sounds [d], [t], the tip and the front part
Consonants
There are 36 consonant sounds in the Russian language, including 15 hard-soft pairs, 3 unpaired hard and 3 unpaired soft consonants Voiced and voiceless consonants Depending on the presence of voice, consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. Sounds consisting of noise and voice are called bells: [b], [c], [d
Hard and soft consonants
Sound speech in writing is conveyed using special graphic signs - letters. We pronounce and hear sounds, and we see and write letters. A list of letters in a specific order is called
Speech sounds and letters
1. In accordance with what sounds are indicated by letters, all letters are divided into vowels and consonants.
There are 10 vowel letters:
Transcription
– .
Transcription is a special recording system that displays sound. The following symbols are used in the transcription: – square brackets, which indicate the transcription.
Sounds are divided into vowels and consonants.
Vowels are sounds
Method of formation of consonants
Consonants are sounds, when pronounced, the air encounters an obstacle in its path. In the Russian language there are two types of obstructions: a gap and a bow - these are the two main ways of forming according to
Voiced and voiceless consonants
According to the ratio of noise and voice, consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. Indication of softness of consonants in writing Let's take a break from pure phonetics. Let's take a practical look
important question
: How is the softness of consonants indicated in writing?
There are 36 consonant sounds in the Russian language, including 15 pairs of hardness
Place of formation of consonants
Consonants differ not only according to the characteristics already known to you: · dullness-voicing, · hardness-softness, · method of formation: stop-gap.
The last one is important Strong-weak positions for vowels. Positional changes of vowels. Reduction People do not use spoken sounds in isolation. They don't need it. Speech is a sound stream, but a stream organized in a certain way. The conditions in which one or another finds itself are important.
Positional changes of consonants according to deafness-voicing
In weak positions, consonants are modified: positional changes occur with them. Voiced ones become voiceless, i.e. are deafened, and the deaf are voiced, i.e. call out.
Positional changes
observation
Assimilation of consonants
The logic is this: the Russian language is characterized by similarity of sounds if they are similar in some way and at the same time are nearby. Learn the list: [c] and [sh] → [sh:] – sew And Simplifying consonant clusters Learn the list: wstv – [stv]: hello, feel zdn – [zn]: late zdc - [sc]: by the reins lnc - [nc]: sun
Letters and sounds
Letters and sounds have
Letters and sounds
Stress is the emphasis on a group of words, an individual word, or a syllable in a word.
In Russian, the stressed element is pronounced with greater force, more distinctly and with more
Russian word stress (compared to other languages) has a number of features 1. In many languages, stress is fixed, constant, that is, stress is assigned to a specific syllable in a word. In
French
the emphasis is always on
Pronunciation of vowels
1. Vowels under stress are pronounced clearly: bor - [bor], garden - [sat]. 2. In an unstressed position, vowel sounds like
Pronunciation of consonants
1. Consonants paired in deafness-voicing can change their quality depending on their position in the word. Voiced consonants at the end of a word and before voiceless ones are deafened, i.e. pronounced
Pronunciation of consonant combinations
1. Combinations сж, зж, сш, зш at the junction of a prefix and a root, a root and a suffix are pronounced as long hard consonants [zh], [sh]: squeeze - [zh]at, lucky - ve[sh]ii, n Pronunciation of endings -ого -его In the endings -ogo, -ego
genitive case
adjectives and participles of the masculine and neuter gender, in place of the letter g the sound [v] is pronounced: good - good [v
Pronunciation of borrowed words
1. Before the letter e in many borrowed words, the consonants [d], [t], [z], [s], [n], [r] are pronounced firmly: antenna - an[te]nna, model - mo[de]