How to write the scale on the drawing. Scales in GOST drawings. Scales of drawings. Scales of drawings - transverse and angular (proportional)

Scale

scale of reduction:

scale of increase:

The main lines of the drawing, features of their outline in accordance with GOST.

In order for the drawing to be expressive and easy to read, it must be decorated with lines of varying thickness and style. The lines and their purposes are established by GOST 2.303-68*.

The main line of the drawing is the visible contour line. The thickness of the solid main line s should be in the range from 0.5 to 1.4 mm, depending on the size and complexity of the image, as well as on the format and purpose of the drawing.

Drawing lines.

Name	Line thickness	Main purpose
Solid main	s (0.5 to 1.4)	Visible contour line; visible transition lines; contour lines of the section (extracted and included in the section).
Solid thin	From s/3 to s/2 (from 0.2-0.5 to 0.3-0.75)	Contour lines of the superimposed section; dimensional and extension lines; hatch lines; leader lines; leader line shelves and label underlining; lines to depict boundary details; limit lines of extension elements on views, sections and sections; transition lines depicted; fold lines on developments; projection axis, traces of planes, lines of construction of characteristic points for special constructions.
Solid wavy	Break lines; demarcation lines between view and section
Line	Invisible contour lines; transition lines are invisible.
Line-dotted thin	Axial and center lines; section lines, which are axes of symmetry for superimposed or extended sections; lines for depicting parts of products in extreme or intermediate positions; lines for the development image combined with the view.
Dash-dotted thickened	From s/2 to 2/3s (from 0.3-0.75 to 0.4-1)	Lines indicating surfaces to be heat treated or coated; lines for depicting elements located in front of the cutting plane.
Open	From s to 1.5s (from 0.6-1.5 to 0.9-2.25)	Section lines
Solid thin with kinks	From s/3 to s/2 (from 0.2-0.5 to 0.3-0.75)	Long break lines
Dot-dash with two dots thin	From s/3 to s/2	Fold lines on developments; lines for depicting parts of products in extreme or intermediate positions and for depicting a scan combined with the view

Dashed-dotted lines should end with dashes, not dots. The center of the circle should be marked by the intersection of the strokes. In circles with a diameter of less than 12 mm, dash-dotted lines used as center lines should be replaced with solid thin lines. Dimensional numbers and inscriptions should not intersect with drawing lines.

For the frames of drawings, tables, main inscriptions and specifications, solid lines of thickness s should be used.

Drawing fonts

On drawings and other technical documents, in addition to dimensional numbers, various inscriptions are applied both in the columns of the main inscription and in the field of the drawing - inscriptions indicating images, as well as those relating to individual elements of the depicted product or building. Labels must be clear and legible.

GOST 2.304-81* establishes drawing fonts for handwritten inscriptions on drawings and technical documents of all industries and construction.

The inclination of the letters and numbers of this font to the base of the line is approximately 75 degrees.

Main inscriptions, headings, names may be written in straight letters. Inscriptions can be made only from capital letters or in a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters.

The font size is determined by the height h of the capital letters (in millimeters).

The following font sizes are set: 2.5; 3.5; 5; 7; 10; 14; 20; 28; 40.

When writing numbers and letters, keep the following in mind:

For all text, the thickness of the stroke lines should be the same;

the lower branches of the letter D and the upper sign of the letter Y should be made due to the spaces between the lines, and the lower and lateral processes of the letters C and Ш - due to the spaces between the lines and letters;

a capital letter in a word with lowercase letters must have the same line thickness as the lowercase letters;

the height of lowercase letters is 7/10 of the height of uppercase letters;

the width of most capital letters is 6/10 h

the width of the letters A, D, M, X, Y, Yu is 7/10h, and the letters ZH, F, Ш, Б – 8/10h

The width of lowercase letters and Arabic numerals, except for the number 1, is 5/10h

The number 1 should be placed at a normal distance from adjacent numbers and letters.

the distance between lines must be at least the height of lowercase letters

with an apparent increase in the spaces between adjacent letters, for example G and A, G and a, R and D, T and L, etc., these spaces should be reduced.

Selecting the main type of part.

The drawing begins with the selection of the main image.

The main requirement for the main image is that it must convey the most complete idea of the shape and dimensions of the part.

As the main image (front view), either a frontal section or a combination of the view and the section can be used.

Flat parts from sheet material depicted in one projection showing their outline images, the thickness of the part is indicated by a conventional notation.

To produce shaped parts from sheet material, precise developments or approximate blanks for pressed parts with drawing are required - these are flat parts made from sheet material.

The number of images (types, sections, sections) of an object in the drawing should be the smallest, but sufficient to identify its external and internal shape and should make it possible to rationally apply dimensions.

In some cases, one projection with the corresponding symbol placed next to the dimensional number gives a complete picture of the shape of the depicted object. So, for example, the diameter sign indicates that the depicted object is a body of revolution; the square sign means that the depicted object has the shape of a prism with a normal cross section in the form of a square; the word “sphere” written before the diameter icon indicates that the surface is spherical; the symbol "S" (thickness) in front of the dimension number replaces the second projection of the part, which has the shape of a parallelepiped, etc.

After analyzing the shape of the part, it is possible to determine which images are necessary to fully convey the external and internal forms this detail. For most parts of machines and mechanisms, it is enough to make 3 images, taking into account that to depict the invisible contours of the product you can use dashed lines, you can combine parts of the views with parts of the corresponding sections, use complex sections, etc.

Selecting the main image (especially for a part drawing) is the most important stage in working on the drawing. If you make a mistake at this stage, nothing else will compensate for it. The drawing will be understood correctly by an experienced person, but reading will take a lot of time. A less experienced person will not only waste even more time, but may also misunderstand the contents of the drawing, resulting in a manufacturing defect.

Let's consider the procedure for selecting the main image, conditionally dividing it into three stages.

1.Determination of the viewing direction (projection direction) to form the main image.

2.Determining the content of the main image.

3.Selecting the position of the main image.

In assembly drawings, the main image should show the relative position of the main parts of the product, usually hidden from the view of the observer. Therefore, this image is a section, like most other images placed on the drawing.

Complex cuts.

A cut made by several cutting planes is called complex.

If a complex cut is obtained using parallel planes, then it is called stepped; if the cutting planes intersect, then it is called broken.

The position of the cutting plane is indicated in the drawing by a section line. An open line should be used for the section line. For a complex cut, strokes are also made at the bends of the section line.

For broken cuts, the secant planes are conventionally rotated until they are aligned into one plane, and the direction of rotation may not coincide with the direction of view. If the combined planes turn out to be parallel to one of the main projection planes, then the broken section can be placed in the place of the corresponding type. When rotating the secant plane, the elements of the object located behind it should be drawn as they are projected onto the corresponding plane to which the alignment occurs.

(Sections can be placed anywhere in the drawing, as well as rotated to a position corresponding to that accepted for of this subject in the main image. In the latter case, the word “Rotated” must be added to the inscription.

It is also allowed to separate the section and view by a thin dash-dotted line, coinciding with the trace of the plane of symmetry not of the entire object, but only of its part if it is a body of rotation.)

Thin walls such as stiffeners, as well as flywheel spokes, are shown unshaded if the cutting plane is directed along the axis or long side of this element.

Also, parts such as bolts, screws, rivets, etc., are shown uncut in a longitudinal section. If such parts have a hole or other plane, it is necessary to make a local cut.

Local cut

If you want to identify the shape of an element on small area parts, you don't have to cut the entire part. In this case, only part of the corresponding section is shown. An incision that serves to clarify the structure of an object only in a separate limited place is called local. The local section is highlighted in the view by a solid wavy line, which should not coincide with any other lines in the image.

Section.

Section

(Sections that are not part of the section are divided into extended and superimposed. The extended section is depicted in a free space of the drawing, if possible close to the view to which it belongs. It is allowed to depict this section in a gap between parts of the same view.

GOST 2.306-68* provides a special type of shading for various materials, from which the parts are made.)

15.Varieties of sections, their design in the drawing.

Section is the image of a flat figure resulting from the mental dissection of an object by a plane or several planes.

The section shows only what is obtained directly in the cutting plane.

In accordance with GOST 2.303-68, an open thick line is used for the section line with arrows indicating the direction of view and designating it the same in capital letters Russian alphabet, and the section itself is accompanied by an inscription in type A-A. In construction drawings, it is allowed to use numbers instead of letters at the section line, as well as inscribe the name of the section. The length of the arrow is selected within 10-25 mm. The arrows are applied at a distance of 2-3 mm from the end of the thickened stroke. The starting and ending thick strokes should not intersect the outline of the image. For complex sections, it is allowed to connect the ends of an open line with a thin dash-dotted line. In construction drawings, for symmetrical sections, an open line is used with its designation, but without arrows.

Sections that are not part of the section are divided into extended and superimposed. The extended section is depicted in a free space of the drawing, if possible close to the view to which it belongs. It is allowed to depict this section in a gap between parts of the same type.

The superimposed section is placed directly on the object view.

Extended sections should be given preference over superimposed ones. The contour of the extended section should be depicted with solid main lines, and the contour of the superimposed section with solid thin lines, and the lines of the image of the object at the location of the superimposed section are not interrupted.

The axis of symmetry of an extended or superimposed section is indicated by a thin dash-dotted line without letters or arrows. It is allowed to place the section anywhere in the drawing field, as well as with a rotation. In the latter case, the word “Rotated” must be added to the inscription. For asymmetrical sections located in a gap or superimposed, the section line is drawn with arrows, but not marked with letters.

In views and sections, it is allowed to depict in a simplified manner the projections of the lines of intersection of surfaces, if their precise construction is not required.

GOST 2.306-68 provides for a special type of shading for various materials from which parts are made.

The difference between a section and a section.

If an object is conditionally cut by a plane, mentally discard the cut-off part of it located in front of the secant plane, and project the remaining part from the side of the secant plane onto the projection plane, then such a projection is called a cut.

Consequently, a cut is an image of an object mentally dissected by one or more planes, while the mental dissection of an object relates only to this cut and does not entail a change in other images of the same object. The section shows what lies in the cutting plane (section) and what is located behind it.

A section is an image of a flat figure resulting from the mental dissection of an object by a plane or several planes.

The section shows only what is obtained directly in the cutting plane.

A section differs from a section in that it shows not only what is in the cutting plane, but also what is located behind it.

Using scales when depicting drawings.

Scale is a ratio that shows how many times the value of a line segment in a drawing is less or greater than the value of the corresponding line segment in kind.

Scales can be numerical or graphic. The latter are divided into linear, transverse and angular.

When drawing drawings using a numerical scale, you have to make arithmetic calculations to determine the size of the line segments drawn on the drawing.

To reduce calculations and quickly obtain the size of line segments drawn on a drawing at a certain scale, use a scale bar or construct a linear scale corresponding to the numerical scale.

The transverse scale makes it possible to express or determine the size with an error of up to hundredths of the basic unit of measurement.

In cases where it is necessary to construct an enlarged or reduced image, made according to a given drawing, the scale of which can be arbitrary, an angular scale is used.

The choice of drawing scale depends on the purpose of the drawing. And also on the complexity of the shapes of the object and structure, their sizes.

According to GOST 2.302-68, when making drawings, use following scales:

scale of reduction:

1:2; 1:2.5; 1:4; 1:5; 1:10; 1:15; 1:20; 1:25; 1:40; 1:50; 1:75; 1:100; 1:200; 1;400; 1:500; 1:800; 1:1000; for the image in life size M 1:1;

scale of increase:

2:1; 2.5:1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1; 20:1; 40:1; 50:1; 100:1.

When designing master plans for large objects, it is recommended to use a scale of 1:2000; 1:5000; 1:10000; 1:20000; 1:25000; 1:50000.

The scale indicated in the designated column of the title block of the drawing is designated as 1:1; 1:2, etc., and in other cases - according to type M 1:1; M 1:2, etc.

Scale is the ratio of the linear dimensions of an image in a drawing to its actual dimensions.

The scale of images and their designation in drawings is established by GOST 2.302-68 (Table 5.3). The scale indicated in the designated column of the title block of the drawing should be indicated as 1:1; 1:2; 1:4; 2:1; 5:1; etc.

Table 5.3 – Drawing scales

When designing master plans for large objects, it is allowed to use a scale of 1:2000; 1:5000; 1:10000; 1:20000; 1:25000; 1:50000.

5.3 Main inscription.

Each sheet is decorated with a frame, the lines of which are spaced from three sides of the format by 5 mm from the left side by 20 mm. The main inscription in accordance with GOST 2.104-68 is placed on the frame line in the lower right corner of the format. On A4 sheets, the main inscription is placed only along the short side. The type and thickness of lines in drawings, diagrams and graphs must comply with GOST 2.303-68. Drawings of the project design documentation are made in pencil. Schemes, graphs, and tables may be made in black ink (paste). All inscriptions on the drawing field, dimensional numbers, and filling out the main inscription are made only in drawing font in accordance with GOST 2.304-81.

Thematic headings are not depicted on the sheets, since the name of the contents of the sheet is indicated in the main inscription. In cases where a sheet with one inscription contains several independent images (poster material), individual images or parts of text are provided with headings.

The main inscription on the first sheets of drawings and diagrams must correspond to Form 1, in text design documents - Form 2 and Form 2a on subsequent sheets. It is allowed to use Form 2a on subsequent sheets of drawings and diagrams.

The corner inscription for drawings and diagrams is located in accordance with Figure 5.1. Filled by rotating the sheet 180 o or 90 o.

Figure 5.1–Location of title block on various drawings

In the columns of the title block, Figures 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, indicate:

– in column 1 – name of the product or its component: name of the graph or diagram, as well as the name of the document, if this document is assigned a code. The name must be short and written in the nominative singular case. If it consists of several words, then a noun is placed in the first place, for example: “Threshing drum”, “Safety clutch”, etc. It is allowed to write in this column the name of the contents of the sheet in the order accepted in the technical literature, for example: “Economic indicators”, “Technological map”, etc.;

– in column 2 – designation of the document (drawing, graphics, diagram, specification, etc.);

– in column 3 – designation of the material (the column is filled in only on drawings of parts). The designation includes the name, brand and standard or specification of the material. If the brand of a material contains its abbreviated name “St”, “SCh”, then the name of this material is not indicated.

Figure 5.2 – Form No. 1

Figure 5.3 – Form No. 2

Figure 5.4 – Form No. 2a

Examples of recording material:

– SCh 25 GOST 1412-85 (gray cast iron, 250 - tensile strength in MPa);

– KCh 30-6 GOST 1215-79 (malleable cast iron, 300 - tensile strength in MPa, 6 - relative elongation in%);

– HF 60 GOST 7293-85 (high-strength cast iron, 600 - tensile strength in MPa);

– St 3 GOST 380-94 (carbon steel of ordinary quality, 3- serial number become);

– Steel 20 GOST 1050-88 (carbon steel, high-quality structural, 20 - carbon content in hundredths of a percent);

– Steel 30 KhNZA GOST 4543-71 (alloy structural steel, 30 - carbon content in hundredths of a percent, chromium no more than 1.5%, nickel 3%, A - high quality);

– Steel U8G GOST 1425-90 (tool carbon steel, 8 - carbon content in tenths of a percent; G - increased manganese content);

– Br04Ts4S17 GOST 613-79 (deformable bronze, O-tin 4%, C-zinc 4%, C-lead 17%);

– BrA9Mts2 GOST 18175-78 (tin-free bronze , processed by pressure, A- aluminum 9%, manganese 2%);

– LTs38Mts2S2 GOST 17711-93 (cast brass, zinc 38%, manganese 2%, lead 2%);

– AL2 GOST 1583-89 (casting aluminum alloy, 2-order alloy number);

– AK4M2TS6 GOST 1583-93 (cast aluminum alloy, silicon 4%, copper 2%, zinc 6%);

– AMts GOST 4784-74 (deformable aluminum alloy, manganese 1.0...1.6%,).

When manufacturing parts from the assortment:

- Square
(from a square profile bar with a square side size of 40 mm according to GOST 2591-88, steel grade 20 according to GOST 1050-88);

– Hexagon
(made of hot-rolled steel with a hexagonal profile in accordance with GOST 2579-88 of normal rolling accuracy, with the size of an inscribed circle - turnkey size - 22 mm, steel grade 25 in accordance with GOST 1050-88);

- Circle
(hot-rolled round steel of normal rolling accuracy with a diameter of 20 mm in accordance with GOST 2590-88, steel grade St 3 in accordance with GOST 380-94, supplied in accordance with the technical requirements of GOST 535-88);

- Band
(strip steel 10 mm thick, 70 mm wide according to GOST 103-76, steel grade St 3 according to GOST 380-94, supplied according to the technical requirements of GOST 535-88);

– Corner
(angular equal-flange steel 50x3 mm in size according to GOST 8509-86, steel grade St 3 according to GOST 380-94, standard rolling accuracy B, supplied according to the technical requirements of GOST 535-88);

– I-beam
(hot-rolled I-beam number 30 in accordance with GOST 8239-89 of increased accuracy (B), steel grade St 5 in accordance with GOST 380-94, supplied in accordance with the technical requirements of GOST 535-88);

– Pipe 20x2.8 GOST 3262-75 (ordinary non-galvanized pipe of standard manufacturing precision, of unmeasured length, with a nominal bore of 20 mm, a wall thickness of 2.8 mm, without threads and without a coupling);

– Pipe Ts-R-20x2.8 – 6000 GOST 3262-75 (zinc-coated pipe with increased manufacturing precision, measured length 6000 mm, nominal bore 20 mm, with thread);

- Pipe
(steel seamless pipe normal manufacturing precision according to GOST 8732-78, with an outer diameter of 70 mm, wall thickness of 3.5 mm, length multiple of 1250 mm, steel grade 10, manufactured according to group B of GOST 8731-87);

- Pipe
(seamless steel pipe in accordance with GOST 8732-78 with an internal diameter of 70 mm, wall thickness 16 mm, unmeasured length, steel grade 20, category 1, manufactured according to group A, GOST 8731-87);

– Column 4 – letter assigned to this document according to GOST 2.103-68 depending on the nature of the work in the form of a project. The column is filled in from the left cell:

–U – educational document;

–DP – documentation of the diploma project;

–DR – documentation of the thesis;

–KP – course project documentation;

–KR – course work documentation;

– Column 5 – product weight (in kg) according to GOST 2.110-95; on drawings of parts and assembly drawings indicate the theoretical or actual mass of the product (in kg) without indicating units of measurement.

It is allowed to indicate the mass in other units of measurement indicating them, for example, 0.25 g, 15 t.

In drawings made on several sheets, the mass is indicated only on the first.

On dimensional and installation drawings, as well as on drawings of parts of prototypes and individual production, it is allowed not to indicate the mass;

– Column 6 – scale (indicated in accordance with GOST 2.302-68).

If the assembly drawing is made on two or more sheets and the images on individual sheets are made on a scale different from that indicated in the title block of the first sheet, column 6 of the title block on these sheets is not filled out;

– Column 7 – serial number of the sheet (on documents consisting of one sheet, the column is not filled in).

Column 8 – the total number of sheets of the document (the column is filled out only on the first sheet).

Column 9 - the name or distinctive index of the enterprise issuing the document (since the department in which the diploma project is being carried out is encrypted in column 2 - designation of the document, in this column it is necessary to enter the name of the institute and the group code). For example: “PGSHA gr. To-51";

– Column 10 – the nature of the work performed by the person signing the document. In the diploma project, the column is filled in starting from the top line with the following abbreviations:

– “Developer”;

– “Consult.”;

- “Hand. etc.";

- “Head. cafe";

- “N.cont.”

– Column 11 – surname of the persons who signed the document;

– Column 12 – signatures of persons whose names are indicated in column 2. Signatures of the persons who developed this document and are responsible for standard control are mandatory;

– Box 13 – date of signing of the document;

Before you start looking standard scales drawings, you should understand what exactly this concept represents. So, such a value is, in general, the ratio of two linear dimensions. However, this definition is more widely known as the ratio of the size of the drawing to the dimensions of the real object. Therefore, we can quite rightly assume that the term described above has found wide application in cartography, geodesy and, of course, design.

Why is this necessary?

As mentioned earlier, real objects can have both quite significant sizes and very small ones. However, a person cannot draw everything in full size, since to display it on a sheet of paper would require a canvas of colossal dimensions, and, in turn, to recreate small elements (as, for example, in a clock mechanism) would require high degree detailing. As a result, a person has adapted to depict the necessary objects, which are reduced (or enlarged) by a certain number of times for ease of perception and the so-called “readability” of the drawing. Currently, certain standards are in force, for example, GOST "Scales of drawings", which describe all the requirements for the type and content of the corresponding images.

Large objects

As mentioned earlier, to display buildings and other large objects, it is necessary to use the scale of the so-called reduction drawings. They are standardized, which means a random sample will not work. The most common values are: 1: 2; 2.5; 4; 5; 10; 15; 20; 25; 40; 50; 75; 100; 200; 400; 500; 800; 1000. Let's consider what a record of this type means. So, the real (in other words, natural) size of any object is expressed in the form of an inscription 1: 1. Consequently, when reduced, the scales of the drawings first describe the original size (1), and then a number that shows how many times the drawing is reduced in relation to actual dimensions. In construction, in addition to the above standard records, 1:2000 indicators may also be used; 5000; 10,000; 20,000; 25,000; 50,000.

Small parts

If it is necessary to depict small objects in the drawing, then the scale of enlarged drawings is traditionally used. In this case, there is not such a wide variety of values, but the standard specifies the most commonly used values. So, the typical series looks like this: 2; 2.5; 4; 5; 10; 20; 40; 50; 100: 1. The decoding of such inscriptions reads like this: first, a number indicating how many times the image in the drawing is enlarged compared to the original object. The second digit after the colon displays the real (also known as natural or real) size of the object in question (it is taken equal to 1).

Conclusion

This article examined the scale of the drawings and their standard rows. It should also be noted that on the plans, projects and images themselves, the scale value is indicated in a specially designated box in a frame, otherwise called a stamp.

Machines and some of their parts, buildings and their parts have big sizes, therefore it is not possible to draw them in full size. Their images have to be drawn in. Smallest details wrist watches and other mechanisms have to be drawn, on the contrary, on an enlarged scale.

In all cases where possible, details should be drawn in actual size, i.e. on a scale of 1:1.

After defining the page parameters, the program defaulted to displaying a program view containing all the model space occupied by the model - below.

Before we start working with viewports, it's a good idea to insert a drawing format to see how much space we have. Of course, you need to do something first to insert something.

Please note that the drawing format is too large for the specific page layout - to ensure the layout is not sized correctly, you must measure it.

Note that the form was inserted as a block, so just point it anywhere and everything will be highlighted.

Reducing or enlarging images any number of times is not permitted. GOST 2.302-68 establishes the following reduction scales: 1:2; 1:2.5; 1:4; 1:5; 1:10; 1:15; 1:20; 1:25; 1:40; 1:50; 1:75; 1:100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:500; 1:800; 1:1000. When drawing up master plans for large objects, it is allowed to use a scale of 1:2000; 1:5000; 1:10,000; 1:20,000; 1:25,000; 1:50,000. Magnification scales are written as a ratio to unity; The standard establishes the following magnification scales: 2:1; 2.5:1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1; 20:1; 40:1, 50:1; 100:1. IN necessary cases It is allowed to use magnification scales (100l): 1, where n is an integer. In cases where the full word “scale” is not included in the entry, the letter M is placed before the scale designation, for example they write: M 1:2 (reduction scale), M 2:1 (increase scale). In Fig. 1 washer rectangular shape depicted in three scales: life-size (M 1:1), reduced scale and enlarged scale. The linear dimensions of the last image are four times larger than the middle one, and the area occupied by the image is sixteen times larger. Such a sharp change in image size should be taken into account when choosing the scale of the drawing.

As a result of this simple operation, a drawing format was created. Contains tools for determining the size of objects. It is good to review the size of the operation as shown below.

As you can see in the picture below, the defined paper area and print area do not overlap with the drawing format.

Now that the page settings are as expected, you can begin “layouting” the drawing, that is, arranging projections, details, and adding comments to the drawing. During design, it is important to be aware that design elements will be subject to changes over time due to, for example, changes in shape or material resulting from, for example, technological changes, modernization caused by better adaptation to the market, etc. which should be inserted in the same way as the drawing format - picture below.

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Rice. 1. Comparison of different scales. Linear scales

In addition to numerical scales, linear scales are used in drawing. Linear scales There are two types: simple and transverse (Fig. 1). A simple linear scale, corresponding to a numerical scale of 1: 100, is a line on which, from the zero division, centimeter divisions are laid out to the right, and one of the same divisions, divided into millimeters, to the left. Each centimeter division of the linear scale corresponds to 100 cm (or 1 m). Each millimeter division corresponds, obviously, to one decimeter. Having taken any size from the drawing with a meter, place one needle on the corresponding full division to the right of zero, on -
example for division 3. Then the second needle will show how many decimeters over 3 m the measured size has. In this case it is equal to 3.4 m.

Now you can start working with viewports.

Note that the viewport frame has changed from thin to thick, which means you can edit model space from paper space. The actions that can be performed here are no different from those in model space, and most importantly, changes made here are reflected in model space.

As you can see, this is not possible because both the drawing table and the revision table take up too much space. In this case, resize the viewport to a smaller size or insert more large format drawing.

Now that the main view and its cross section are obtained by intersecting the drawn object represented by the cutting line.

The advantages of a simple linear scale over a regular ruler are as follows:

it is always on the drawing;
gives more accurate readings, since the dimensions in the drawing are plotted, as a rule, according to a given linear scale;
After photographing the drawing, the scale, decreasing proportionally, makes it possible to obtain dimensions without constructing a proportional scale.

More perfect is linear transverse scale. In the drawing it is given for the same scale of 1:100. Oblique lines, transversals, allow you to get not only decimeters, but also centimeters. As an example, the scale shows a size of 3.48 m. Linear scales are used primarily in construction and topographical drawings.

The result of the above operation is an indeterminate viewport that shows everything drawn in model space - in the image below.

Please note that there are currently two viewports in the drawing, only one of which is active, i.e. one where the model space can be edited. It can be recognized by the bold frame, and the mouse cursor that is located above it is a crosshair with a "viewfinder" selection - the cursor located above the inactive darts is an arrow - picture below.

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Rice. 2. Scale chart

In design and production practice they often use proportional (angular) scale. It is a simple graph. Suppose you need to construct such a graph for a scale of 1:5. On a horizontal line from point A (Fig. 2) lay a segment equal to 100 mm; at point B, a right angle is constructed and a segment reduced by 5 times (100: 5 = 20 mm) is laid along its second side; connect the resulting point C to point A. The value of 12.8 mm, corresponding to 66 mm, is taken with a measuring compass directly from the graph, without calculating it or using a ruler. The graph is drawn on graph paper or on checkered paper.

You can change the inactive rollover to active in a very simple way - just hover over the cursor and left click. Intentionally inserted, as shown in previous chapters, has a default rectangle shape. However, there is nothing stopping you from defining your own shape.

However, when the ellipse is specified in the Properties window, there is no scale factor option - in the image below.

When creating the layer, the viewfinder was set to a thickness of 0.5, which was not the best because it lost one of the characteristics of the active viewport - bold. The thickness of the frame is not important, because the layer can be hidden or blocked before printing - this is only for operating comfort.

For a scale of 1: 2.5, 40 mm are set aside on the continuation of the leg of the aircraft, for a scale of 1: 2-50 mm. The series of proportional scales shown in the figure is called a scale graph. Using it allows you to save a significant amount of time. Having constructed a scale graph, use it throughout the entire work on the drawing course.

This is the relationship between the natural dimensions of an object or object to the linear dimensions of the one depicted in the drawing. The scales of drawings can be expressed in numbers, in which case they are called numerical scales and graphically linear scales.

Of course, this element can be manually copied by removing unnecessary elements from it, but it can also save you valuable time.

The effect above is a viewport in which the only visible layer is the outline layer - picture below.

When it comes to text on drawings, it is generally believed that drawing comments, assembled by the designer into compact point descriptions, supplement the as-built drawing with information that cannot be conveyed in symbols or symbols. These comments are usually placed above the drawing table, although this is not a strict rule and in the absence of space - in any free space of the drawing form, of course, so as not to reduce the readability of the drawing.

The numerical scale is indicated by a fraction and shows the factor of reduction and increase in the size of the depicted objects in the drawing. Depending on the purpose of the drawings and also on the complexity of the shapes of the depicted objects and structures in the drawing, the following scales are used when drawing up drawing documents:

Decreases 1:2; 1:2.5; 1:4; 1: 10; 1:15; 1:20; 1:25; 1: 40; 1:50; 1:75; 1: 100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:500; 1:800; 1:1000;

Completing the drawing table is one of the last steps to create an as-built drawing. The layout of the lugs and their resins have already been determined, the material from which the part is made is known, and this figure will be checked and verified - in a word, all the data necessary to complete it is known. Of course this is not a rule, the table may be populated at the beginning, but then almost certainly some data will change and you will have to remember to view and update the entire table, and often it will not be remembered.

Increases: 2:1; 2.5:1;4:1; 5:1; 10:1; 20:1; 40:1; 50:1; 100:1;

Life-size image 1:1. In the process of designing master plans for large objects, the following scales are used: 1:2000; 1: 5000; 1:10000; 1:20000; 1: 25000; 1:50000 .

If the drawing is made on the same scale, then its value is indicated in the title block of the drawing according to the 1:1 type; 1:2; 1:100 and so on. If any image in the drawing is made in a scale that differs from the indicated scale in the main inscription of the drawing, then in this case indicate a scale of type M 1: 1; M1:2 and so on under the corresponding image name.

When drawing up construction drawings and using a numerical scale, it is necessary to make calculations to determine the size of the line segments that are drawn on the drawing. For example, if the length of the depicted object is 4000 millimeters, and the numerical scale is 1: 50, in order to calculate the length of the segment in the drawing, it is necessary to divide 4000 millimeters by (degree of reduction) 50, and put the resulting value of 80 millimeters on the drawing.

In order to reduce calculations, use a scale bar or construct a linear scale (see Figure 4 a) on a numerical scale of 1:50. At the beginning, draw a straight line in the drawing and mark the base of the scale on it several times. The scale base is a value that is obtained by dividing the unit of measurement adopted in this case (1 m = 1000 mm) by the reduction size 1000:50 = 20 millimeters.

On the left side, the first segment is divided into several equal parts, so that each division corresponds to an integer. If you divide this segment into ten equal parts, then each division will correspond to 0.1 meters, if you divide it into five parts, then 0.2 meters.

In order to use the constructed linear scale, for example, to take the size of 4650 millimeters, you need to place one leg of the measuring compass at four meters, and the other at the sixth and a half fractional division to the left of zero. In cases where the accuracy is insufficient, a transverse scale is used.

Scales of drawings - transverse and angular (proportional)

The transverse scale allows you to determine the size with a certain error. The error can be up to hundredths of the basic unit of measurement. Figure 4b shows an example of determining a size equal to 4.65 m. Hundredths are taken on the vertical segment and tenths on the horizontal.

In the case when an arbitrary scale is used and it is necessary to construct a reduced or enlarged image of an object made according to a given drawing format, an angular scale is used, or as it is also called proportional. The angular scale can be constructed in the form right triangle.

The ratio of the legs of such a right triangle is equal to the multiplicity of the image scale (h: H). If necessary, change the image scale using an angular scale, using only abstract values and without calculating the dimensions of the depicted object. For example, when it is necessary to depict a given drawing on an enlarged scale.

For this we build a right triangle (see Figure 4 c) ABC. In such a triangle, the vertical leg BC is equal to a segment of some straight line, which is taken in a given drawing. The horizontal leg AB is equal to the length of the segment on the scale of the enlarged drawing. In order to enlarge the desired segment of a straight line in a given drawing, for example, segment h, you need to lay it parallel to the leg BC of the angular scale (vertically), between the hypotenuse AC and the leg AB.

In this case, the increased size of the desired segment will be equal to the size H taken (horizontally) on the AB side of the angular scale. The angular scale is also used when converting quantities from one numerical scale to another.