Did you know that in Yellowstone national park is there a supervolcano? Perhaps you've heard that an eruption could happen much sooner than expected, within months or even days?
Researchers from Arizona State University spent weeks studying fossilized ash deposits from the Yellowstone volcano and recently shared their findings. Minerals in these sediments showed that the critical changes in temperature and composition that precede an eruption accumulate over decades, not thousands of years, as previously thought.
"It's shocking how little time it takes for a volcanic system to be quiet and unchanged until it erupts," said Hannah Shamloo, a graduate student at Arizona State University who worked on the study.
The good news is that scientists will likely be able to predict an eruption a decade in advance.
Sometimes knowing about the world around us makes us more in control of our lives and survival. And sometimes such knowledge only emphasizes how small and helpless we are in front of the forces.
Here are some facts about the Yellowstone supervolcano:
Is Yellowstone the only supervolcano we need to worry about?
No, of course not. There are about 20 other supervolcanoes around the world. While Yellowstone hasn't had a super-eruption in 631,000 years, others have been active more recently. The Phlegrean Fields, a supervolcano in Italy, had its last largest eruption 12,000 years ago. According to the researchers, the Phlegrean Fields are in a “critical condition.” The Aug. 22, 2017, eruption, which killed several women and injured several others, was a minor event compared to the largest known eruption 39,000 years ago. Then there was a release of more than 200 km³ of magma, which probably contributed to the disappearance of the Neanderthals and led to prosperity modern people in Europe and Asia.
Which regions will be affected by the eruption of the Yellowstone supervolcano?
If this supervolcano erupts, more than 1000 km³ will enter the atmosphere rock and ash. This is five times more than the super eruption of the Phlegrean Fields in Italy. An eruption at Yellowstone would produce a cloud of volcanic ash more than 500 miles wide, extending across nearly the entire western United States.
The explosion could be so strong that there is a possibility of a volcanic winter across the entire planet. This means crops will no longer be able to be grown and current food stores will only last 74 days, according to a 2012 United Nations estimate (although progress has been made Agriculture allows you to grow plants underground).
Does the eruption mean the end of the world?
According to NASA, volcanic eruptions pose a greater threat to life on Earth than any asteroid. Fortunately, NASA has a plan to neutralize the threat from super-volcanoes by drilling into the volcano to a depth of 10 km to release heat and avoid a potentially dangerous eruption.
Thanks to this, a supervolcano can cool for hundreds or even thousands of years. There is another bonus: thanks to drilling, a source of geothermal energy will appear. But there are also significant risks. Such interference can also trigger an unexpected eruption.
What is the likelihood of the Yellowstone supervolcano erupting?
Although new research confirms the possibility of occurrence within several decades favorable conditions for the Yellowstone volcano eruption, the likelihood that you will personally witness an explosion of this magnitude is still very low.
According to the USGS, the odds of a supervolcano erupting within this year are 1 in 730,000. Here's a quick comparison: That odds are significantly better than your odds of winning the lottery and only slightly worse than the odds of being struck by lightning .
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The information in it is so sensational and relevant today that we could not stand aside without publishing this material.
Today it is absolutely impossible to remain indifferent to the topic of global natural disasters. Events of the last four years and especially the winter-spring of 2014-2015. demonstrated the seriousness of the situation on the planet, as well as the absolute unpreparedness of humanity for such tests.
With the constant increase in the dynamics, frequency and strength of natural disasters, which already occur on Earth several times a week, there is a complete information vacuum. Apart from reports about the location of the event, the scale of destruction and statistics of human casualties, the media do not provide us with any information. Even the seemingly natural expectations of the public in such cases to receive comments from scientists and specialists with detailed explanations of what is happening on Earth remain unsatisfied.
All attempts to delve deeper into the study of this issue run into a blank wall of absence of any intelligible information. It is impossible to find any statements by scientists, nor reports of scientific conferences, nor the results of large-scale research in this area; they simply do not exist. It seems that the problem does not exist. But excuse me, now only a blind person will not see what is happening and will not understand that civilization is on the verge of a grandiose catastrophe.
The only topic that is more or less covered by the media, and that is largely due to the actual impossibility of limiting the leakage of information, since the situation is actually critical - the events related to the Yellowstone Reserve. It turns out that research is being conducted, the state of affairs related to natural phenomena on the planet is being monitored and studied. The question arises: why does the general public know nothing about this? Why are scientists silent? Or are those in power doing everything to prevent information leakage? If so, then this fact can only say that the situation is completely uncontrollable.
And yet, one fundamental report was found, which was published on its website in November 2014 by the International social movement ALLATRA. This scientific work is the result of the work of an international group of scientists, whose names are not disclosed for obvious reasons. It provides information about the real state of affairs on the planet (in the field of seismology, volcanology, climatology, etc.), analyzes the prospects for developments, and reports on developments in the field of managing natural phenomena, which are confirmed by specific examples.
To verify the veracity of the information presented, I, as a pragmatic person and far from this topic, needed comments from specialists. By a lucky chance, my old friend, a world-famous scientist and specialist in the field of geophysics, ended up in Russia. During our meeting, it turned out that he is part of the international group of ALLATRA SCIENCE scientists and is a co-author of the above-mentioned report. We had an extremely interesting and informative conversation. With his permission, I present some excerpts from it:
Our group was created in 1996. And for almost 20 years now we have been engaged in full-scale research in the field of geophysics and geoengineering. In fact, the situation has become quite acute. As you know, over the past two decades there have been significant changes in the geophysical parameters of the planet, the number and variety of anomalous phenomena, the frequency and scale of natural disasters have increased. The abrupt nature of the intensification of cataclysms in the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere is striking. And this leads to a sharp release of a huge amount of additional energy, both external and internal. Since 2011, these processes have entered an active phase. Just look at the statistics of earthquakes, typhoons, and hurricanes over the past four years. Natural disasters have become significantly more frequent and have become very severe. There is also an acceleration of movement tectonic plates, increase in the rate of seismic, volcanic, solar activity, change magnetic field Earth, increasing drift speed magnetic poles, displacement of the earth's axis, changes in the albedo of the planet, its orbital parameters... What am I telling you? You have already studied the report and understand the seriousness of the situation yourself, so there is no point in me repeating myself. Humanity has never faced such trials before. And now we are rapidly approaching the peak of events.
- Please tell us in detail what is actually happening on the territory of Yellowstone National Park? This information is now more than relevant.
The attention of our group, which includes many outstanding scientists and specialists from various fields of science, has been focused on Yellowstone Park since 2000. Since 2002, we have noted the formation of new geysers, deformation of the earth's surface, an increase in soil temperature to the boiling point, and the appearance of new cracks on the earth's surface through which volcanic gases are released. The above observations, as well as the frequency of seismic activity, which has been constantly increasing since 2011, indicate that in this place magma is rapidly approaching the surface at an increasing speed. That is, the supervolcano is awakening. At the same time, the US authorities, instead of seriously thinking about possible ways To prevent a future catastrophe, or, at worst, to resolve the issue of warning and evacuation of the population, since 2004, the regime for visiting the Yellowstone National Reserve has been tightened, and information about the processes occurring on site has been completely classified.
- What are your group's predictions regarding the prospects for developments in this place? globe? What can humanity expect in the near future?
Don't you understand yet? You see that I took my family, along with my children and grandchildren, and moved from “the most democratic state in the world”... you know where. Why do you think? Only a madman, a person who does not care about his loved ones, will stay there. Well, or fools fooled by consumer patterns, obsessed with the illusion of building their own “bright future” within the framework of the “American Dream”.
- So this can already be perceived as a fact?
The fact is that all events on Earth are cyclical. We are living through the Yellowstone Caldera cycle of activity, which is known to repeat itself every 640,000 years. It happens... In fact, tension is growing and humanity is in for a big disaster. We indicated everything in the report. Unfortunately, this document is no longer a forecast; it now states reality, and presented in a soft form so as not to frighten people.
- IN Lately There is a frightening trend of worsening seismic activity in Japan. Of course, it influences the process of awakening the supervolcano Aira. According to the materials presented in the report [in 2014], the probability of destruction of the Japanese archipelago in the next 10 years is 70%, and within 18 years - 99%. How relevant is this information currently?
Knowing that you love Japanese cars, my answer is this: if you have plans to upgrade your car, do it without delay. The situation in Japan is deplorable. You know that we are restraining it artificially. But our capabilities are still limited. Based on this, the forecasts set out in the report are currently a description of inevitable events that should occur in the foreseeable future. Unless, of course, a miracle happens and our capabilities expand significantly in the near future...
- So it turns out that there was a mistake in the report and the situation is much more serious?
I repeat, the information in the report is presented in a soft form. We did not pursue the goal of scaring people, we simply warned society. And once again I would like to draw your attention, Slavik, in compiling the report we relied solely on our own strengths, which at the moment, alas, are not limitless. Therefore, let the readers draw their own conclusions... But don’t delay buying a new Japanese car.
- I heard you. Tell me, isn't the US government aware of the situation? Don’t they realize that they are sitting on a powder keg, and in the literal sense of the word?
The question of the adequacy of many officials, not only American ones, in this matter remains open. People cling to illusory illusions, come up with some ridiculous excuses, get angry at “paranoid scientists” (in their understanding), and most often simply brush aside “all this nonsense.” That is, in essence, outright sabotage is taking place. You know, when I finally decided to devote myself to working in a group ALLATRA SCIENCE? It all started with enthusiasm and volunteerism. It was just interesting to me as a scientist: young guys from all over the world united by a single noble goal - serving a society without borders. New unexplored horizons, promising directions in science, and alternative knowledge were opening up. My head was spinning with overwhelming joy to do something truly worthwhile for all humanity.
But in 2002, events occurred that demonstrated the deplorability of the situation. We studied the septonic field voltage in the Yellowstone National Park. We use the term “septon field” within the group, if you are interested in learning more about it, you can read our report on physics PRIMORDIAL ALLATRA PHYSICS. As a result of our research, we found that the caldera cavity, filled with magma and hard rocks, consists of two chambers - upper and lower. It turned out that the dimensions of the lower chamber were several times larger than the dimensions of the upper chamber, known at that time. We also recorded a rapid increase in pressure in the lower chamber. It became obvious that the supervolcano was awakening. Naturally, the first thing I did after receiving the results of our research was to rush headlong to convey information to colleagues and friends “on big science.” And then events that were incomprehensible to me then began to happen. At first, they listened to me condescendingly, patting me on the shoulder, saying, “Everyone has their own fan, don’t go crazy.” Then they began to publicly ridicule him, and it all ended with absolutely specific threats of physical harm... We won’t go into details. I learned the lesson the first time, drew conclusions and firmly decided to devote myself entirely to working in the ALLATRA SCIENCE group. We didn’t need to be convinced of anything, we already understood the seriousness of the situation and realized that we had to act right now, tomorrow simply does not exist for us.
What did the representatives of, so to speak, official “science” do? They, as is their custom in such cases, classified all the information, closed access to it to the public and specialists, and began to stupidly sit and wait, watching what was happening. But today, after 13 years It turned out that they recently “conducted full-scale research using advanced technologies” and “unraveled the secret”: it turns out that the cavity under the Yellowstone Caldera has two chambers! (Scientists have discovered a new giant magma reservoir under the supervolcano in Yellowstone) Well, as always, their favorite song is: “we have nothing to worry about...”, “it’s not time for an eruption yet...”, “don’t listen to the alarmists...” and so on. Where have you been for 13 years, miracle workers?! During this time, so much could have been done. Yes, the picture is clear to the deaf-blind-mute madman! Is this how you can approach such issues? After all, the lives of almost a billion people living on two continents of the Western Hemisphere are at stake! And what are you planning to do now? Save your skins?!..
Since the beginning of 2014, we collectively decided to provide information about impending earthquakes. Thus, we tried to draw the attention of the authorities to the need for immediate intervention in the situation, nourishing naive illusions that they would pay attention to us and provide assistance. Well, or at least they won’t interfere. But they stubbornly ignored us. Each shock, about which we warned in advance, reporting the full amount of initial data: the epicenter of the future earthquake, its depth, magnitude - occurred exactly in accordance with our stated forecast. We have been sending our conclusions for a year. For a year we held back the processes, not allowing the caldera to reveal itself in all its “beauty.” The only answer we received was silence...
- That is, the state of the United States of America will cease to exist?
First of all, territorially. It's unavoidable. At least in the Western Hemisphere. And, by the way, put aside your habit of dividing people by nationality and the planet into countries. The earth is our common home. And trouble threatens every person living in this house, regardless of gender, nationality, religion or any other differences invented by people. This will be a catastrophe on a planetary scale that will affect everyone. Understand? Do not forget that there are 23 states in North America, and another 12 in South America. These are the billion people who will be the first to feel the full horror of the eruption.
- What is the situation in the United States itself? What is happening in the information space? After all, it is impossible to hide obvious facts. The whole continent is in a fever, that's obvious.
The most amazing thing is that nothing happens. There is practically no truthful information as such. Those fragments that reach people are perceived as just another “horror story.” When discussing the topic of a future Yellowstone eruption on social networks, Americans do not understand its scale. They look at the map and count the miles from the national park to their home... But so you understand, those in the subject have already sold all their assets, real estate and are urgently leaving not just a country, or a continent, but a hemisphere. There remain only those who either do not have information, or do not have the opportunity to leave America, or, knowing the truth, do not believe anything and build selfish, and therefore absolutely utopian plans for a future that they do not have.
Fig.3 Screenshot of comments under a video made by an American enthusiast about the threat of an eruption of the Yellowstone supervolcano [as of July 2016, the video became unavailable on the Internet...]
- Consciousness simply refuses to perceive such information. In other words, is a supervolcano explosion imminent?
Even if I left with my family, what do you think? And not just with family, but, so to speak, with a large family. We evacuated our grandchildren, children with their wives and husbands, with their American relatives. They took everyone, of course, who listened to us. So everything is more than serious.
Right now there is a “hot debate”: will there be an eruption or not? Gentlemen, come to your senses! It's already happening! So far it is proceeding slowly, but it is impossible not to notice it. The activation of Yellowstone began in 2013, and it is constantly increasing. Now the situation is at such a stage that we have closed our laboratories, observation posts and left America. So the process has been launched and is developing in one direction; events are practically irreversible.
- You say “practically”, that is, there is still hope? At least small?
From the point of view of science and my practical observations, the issue has been resolved. In reality, even if it sounds immodest, we can only pin our hopes on ALLATRA SCIENCE. But without outside help we have practically no chance. At least until we see them. Our scientists continue to work tirelessly and selflessly. I repeat, we are talking about the lives of the people of both Americas, Western Europe, Oceania, Japan... Human lives are already counting in the billions. We are doing everything possible to the best of our ability to, even if not prevent a global catastrophe, then at least minimize the consequences.
But you should track the events of at least the last three or four weeks on the planet [ed. as of 2015]. After all, the list of disasters is almost endless. Super Typhoon Knowle hit the Philippines, Typhoon Dolphin swept through Guam, tropical storm Ana swept along the shores of the United States, and the strongest storm in the last 60 years occurred in northern Thailand. Earthquakes in the last three weeks: Papua New Guinea a series of tremors with a magnitude of 6 to 7.5; Mexico - 5.5-5.6; Indonesia - the force of the tremors reached a magnitude of 5.9; Iran - 5. A series of serious earthquakes that resulted in massive destruction of infrastructure and human casualties in Nepal with a magnitude of up to 8; Thailand - shock strength 4.6; New Zealand, Solomon Islands, Pakistan. I'm not even talking about Japan, which is shaking every day. Floods in New Zealand, China, Afghanistan, Poland. In general, the USA has a full range of climate disasters: from drought to snowfall, from an abnormal number of tornadoes to earthquakes, information about which, however, they are trying in every possible way to hide. In China, among other things, hail the size of a chicken egg fell. And in Europe, look what’s going on: earthquakes off the coast of France and Italy, Mount Etna became active, an anomalous storm swept through Germany, which brought hail the size of a golf ball to some lands, and a destructive tornado to others! Imagine, a tornado in Germany! And the list goes on.
Now let's return to the Yellowstone Caldera. Judging by the dynamics of the reactions occurring in its lower chamber, and there is now a significant increase in pressure, then from the stage of, let’s say, “quiet insanity” to “violence” there is half a step left. We simply cannot contain this entire cascade of events. The fact is that we do not yet know what the final decision regarding the fate of our civilization will be. It no longer depends on us. But judging by recent events, the answer is disappointing.
- Personally, the situation is clear to me. But people will have a natural question that I will ask you to answer. So: a group of ALLATRA SCIENCE scientists is dealing with such a serious problem - geoengineering, and has made tremendous progress in their research. You have achieved concrete, and from the point of view of official science, fantastic results. Why don’t international organizations, state governments, or even the United States support you? Why doesn't anyone know about you?
Why doesn't he know? Not only do interested people know about us, representatives of special services, governments of various countries, and various organizations are constantly trying to get in touch with us. But the thing is, you see, that we are not particularly interested in such meetings. At least in the format that these people are trying to impose on us. After all, what do they want? What guides all these organizations and services? That's right, exclusively by issues of enslaving people, seizing new territories, resources, spheres of influence and destroying competitors in order to strengthen their illusory power. One gets the feeling that they are going to live in this little world forever. They want not only to cooperate with us, but to manage us. We are simply not interested. Our activities are aimed at protecting the interests of all humanity as a whole. We do not divide people into races, nations, skin color, social status. We are disgusted by all this worldly tinsel. This is why we prefer to work exclusively with individuals. People who suit us primarily ideologically are joining our ranks - honest, conscientious, professionals in their field, people with pure thoughts and soul. For us this is the defining criterion.
Yes, it's hard for us. Our capabilities are limited, but we do not give up. And we will continue our activities until the end. Our task is to save, if not all of humanity, then at least the maximum possible number of people. After all, human life is the highest value in this world.
- It is striking that for about six months to a year, “windows” on the topic of climate control have been actively played in the information space (meaning the “Overton Window” technology - author’s note). And, as you know, there is no smoke without fire. Is this really a bluff and no government in the world has technologies similar to those that your organization possesses?
Their motives are clear to us as daylight. Only I can tell you with authority - not a single government in the world has, and will never have, even a hundredth part of the knowledge and technology that we possess. All they can do today is baby talk and children playing in the sandbox. Because they are driven by a thirst for power, their goals are to enslave and control. Who will share Knowledge with such people? It's like teasing a monkey and handing it a grenade launcher. This is perhaps the most appropriate allegory in this case.
By the way, what do you think, what are you doing? the mighty of the world this, when catastrophic events are rapidly approaching their climax? They build underground capsule cities for themselves with food supplies, drinking water, autonomous life support systems. The most advanced technologies of our time are used during construction. These cities are capable of being completely isolated from the outside world for up to 25 years. Stocks of elite varieties of grains of various crops are brought to storage facilities. The calculation is made that after the end of the cataclysms, the survivors will be able to come to the surface and restore civilization in the shortest possible time. Ironically, the total number of people that can be accommodated in all the built underground cities scattered around the world is 144,000 people.
We watch all these attempts with irony, because we perfectly imagine the power of the upcoming cataclysms. I simply do not envy those unfortunate people who will find themselves in these death capsules if we are unable to defend the fate of civilization, and the decision to start global catastrophes is nevertheless made.
- Yes, in the current situation, only outright fools can hope for Santa Claus, and we can only act.
National Geographic magazine wrote about this, citing a study by scientists from the University of Arizona. They analyzed the fossil remains of volcanic ash from the last eruption in Yellowstone and came to the conclusion that an eruption of the local supervolcano could happen within a few decades - within a human lifetime.
Winter 4 years long
Perhaps the most famous supervolcano in Yellowstone is considered to be because it is a national park with a huge flow of tourists. Actually, this is not a volcano, but a volcanic caldera - a giant depression measuring 80 by 40 km, which was formed over millions of years as a result of several super-eruptions. The last one happened 640 thousand years ago. And the next one can happen at any moment.
The US Geological Survey modeled the development of events in the event of an eruption (more precisely, an explosion) Yellowstone supervolcano. In terms of consequences, this is comparable to a nuclear war. The explosion will eject streams of hot magma to a height of 50 km. In the very first minutes in the USA, all life within a radius of 500 km and 90% of life within a radius of 1200 km will be destroyed, 100 thousand people will die immediately - from suffocation and hydrogen sulfide poisoning. The entire west coast of the United States will turn into a dead zone, covered with a 1.5-meter layer of ash.The Yellowstone earthquake will trigger the eruption of several hundred volcanoes on Earth. They will generate many tsunamis that will wash away all the cities on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts.
In a day, acid rain will begin to fall in the United States, which will destroy almost all vegetation. The ozone hole will grow, also killing all living things.
A month later, clouds of ash and ash will cover the entire Earth from the Sun. A sharp cold snap of 10-20 degrees will disrupt gas and oil pipelines, railways, and power lines. The Nordic countries (Scandinavia, northern Russia) will simply cease to exist. But India and China will suffer the most. There, 1.5 billion people will die from hunger in the first months. In total, 2 billion people will die on Earth in the first year. The cataclysm will least affect Southern Siberia.
The “volcanic winter” will last 4 years. Over the course of a whole century, humanity will degrade, plunging into the Middle Ages.
In general, the conclusion is this: in vain the patriots are waiting for Yellow Stone to destroy only the United States; the entire planet, including Russia, will suffer.
What if we help him?
The consolation is that this scenario is hypothetical and none of the serious scientists claims that it will be realized in the 21st century, or indeed during the existence of human civilization.
“According to the geological time scale, an eruption in Yellow Stone may occur soon, but in the everyday, familiar sense - not at all soon, in tens and even hundreds of thousands of years,” explains Head of the laboratory of the Institute of Earth Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences Alexey Sobisevich.- Earthquakes constantly occur in the northwestern part of the Yellowstone Caldera, but small tremors are a common occurrence there. Strong earthquake could trigger an eruption, but so far the US Geological Survey has not observed any precursors of such a seismic event. And then let’s not forget that we are all descendants of those who survived three super-eruptions in the past.”
True, it is possible that the Yellowstone supervolcano will be helped to wake up. “There are six known ways of using an atomic bomb by terrorists, and an attack on a supervolcano is the most dangerous among them,” he believes futurologist, global risks researcher Alexey Turchin. “In addition, a volcano can be blown up artificially by attacking the lid of the magma chamber with several megaton-class warheads.”
When will Yellowstone explode?
Seismologists are concerned about the situation that is developing around the Yellowstone supervolcano, located in the very center of the United States. If it erupts, North America will actually cease to exist, turning into a lifeless desert reminiscent of the surface of Mars. And the worst thing is that this misfortune can happen... at any moment.
IS IT TIME TO PANIC?
What if it's not so scary after all? Maybe the eruption, if it ever happens, will not be so destructive? Alas, Yellowstone has already demonstrated its violent temper.
About 640 thousand years ago, during the last eruption of the supervolcano, its upper part fell into a hot abyss, forming a hole in the ground with hot magma splashing in it measuring 55 by 72 kilometers! An incredible amount of lava, ash, and stones splashed out. If such an incident were to occur today, it is difficult to imagine what it would mean for all of North America.
Since the 1980s, the number of tremors in the Yellowstone area has only increased year by year. And the activity of the volcano in 2007 was so high that it required the convening of a special US Scientific Council, which was attended by leading seismologists, geophysicists, as well as the United States Secretary of Defense and the heads of the CIA, NSA, and FBI.
Together they developed a coherent position, a clear plan that would determine once and for all what to do when the Yellowstone powder keg finally exploded. Then, fortunately, everything worked out. But whether it will work out in the future is unknown.
Since then, the USGS has regularly published reports on observations of the Yellowstone supervolcano caldera. The last of them, dated July 1, 2016, did not reveal signs of an imminent eruption. But many researchers are skeptical about official reports.
After all, in June 2016 alone, 70 earthquakes occurred in Yellowstone National Park, which is only two fewer earthquakes than in May of the same year. What does this mean? Just one thing: the supervolcano is constantly shaking. And each of the tremors is fraught with a catastrophic eruption that could destroy the United States.
Several years ago, a significant part of the national park, on the territory of which the supervolcano is located, was closed to tourists. There was no talk of an explosion then, at least officially, but experts did not hide the fact that the situation was alarming. Scientists were alarmed by both the sharp increase in earthquakes in the Yellowstone area and the fact that the underground voids of the volcano are quickly filling with magma.
COLTER'S HELL
The most paradoxical thing is that humanity learned about Yellowstone relatively recently. In 1807, during an expedition exploring the northwestern United States, John Colter first saw the Yellowstone area and described in detail the numerous geysers and hot springs gushing out of the ground. But the public did not believe the scientist’s words, sarcastically calling his report “Colter’s Hell.”
The name turned out to be symbolic. The second person to discover Yellowstone anomalies was hunter Jim Bridger in 1850. However, his description of unusual hot fountains was also considered fantastic. Only after an official report made by naturalist Ferdinand Hayden, who supported his words with photographs, did the US Congress in 1872 believe in the reality of the volcano.
Yellowstone became the first US national park and one of the favorite vacation spots for residents of the country and foreign tourists. True, visitors to the park are not informed that at any moment the volcano located under their feet can explode into the air.
However, if you are not burdened by thoughts about the future, then visiting Yellowstone is, of course, worth it: it is amazingly beautiful. On its territory there are magnificent Mountain Lake, almost three hundred waterfalls, one of which is larger than Niagara. Well, there’s no need to talk about hot springs and exotic geysers: all of America comes to see them.
APOCALYPSE SCENARIO
The average period of time between explosions of supervolcanoes, calculated theoretically, also does not add optimism. It averages 600 thousand years. Yellowstone last erupted about 640 thousand years ago. Consequently, a new explosion can be expected at any moment.
The force of the explosion of this volcano will be equal to the simultaneous detonation of several dozen modern nuclear bombs. In the event of a catastrophe, volcanologists believe, the earth's crust will rise by several meters, the soil will heat up to 60 degrees Celsius, and the content of helium and hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere over America will increase significantly.
Almost instantly, all life on an area of 1,000 square kilometers will be destroyed.
Lava flows rushing at speeds of several hundred kilometers per hour will burn out gigantic territories, and volcanic ash will rise to a height of up to 50 kilometers, causing the effect of nuclear winter. The entire US territory up to the Mississippi will be in the “death zone.”
The rest of the country will also be in trouble: it will be covered by a thick layer of volcanic ash. Nuclear, or rather volcanic winter over North America will last from one to four years. Of course, the climate will change catastrophically throughout the planet. At the same time, the safest place on Earth will be the center of Eurasia and Siberia, that is, the territory of Russia.
VULCANO WITH THE PRESET "SUPER"
Quite often you can hear that Yellowstone is a supervolcano. A person far from volcanology will probably think that the prefix “super” in this case simply describes a volcano larger than its fellows. This is wrong. “Supervolcano” is a completely scientific concept.
It denotes a volcano in which the cone-shaped peak and the vent from which lava erupts are located underground. Moreover, within one supervolcano, as a rule, there are several similar “titans” that are invisible on the surface. And the worst thing about them is that they do not erupt, but explode.
WHY DID THE BISONS LEAVE?
When will Yellowstone explode? No one can give an exact answer to this question. Some scientists expect an eruption any day now, others place it in centuries and even millennia.
In 2006, volcanologists Ilya Bindeman and John Valey, writing in the journal Earth and Planetary Science, predicted a supervolcano eruption for 2016. However, as we know, the tragedy did not happen. Nevertheless, it is too early to calm down.
Since the spring of 2014, when scientists noted a significant increase in seismic activity and geyser emissions, animals began to leave the national park. The bison were the first to leave, followed by the deer. This is a sure sign of an approaching catastrophe: animals, unlike people, unmistakably sense natural disasters.
OPERATION EVACUATION
Fans of the conspiracy theory claim that the United States allegedly offered a number of countries to pay $10 billion over 10 years for the opportunity to temporarily move to their territory in the event of an explosion in Yellowstone.
Allegedly, a substantial sum was promised to Brazil, Argentina and Australia. But whether they took the money or not is a big question. In any case, if the deal had taken place, the United States would have full swing evacuation was underway.
Volcanologists are confident that if the Yellowstone volcano explodes, an entire continent will disappear from the surface of the planet.
The University of Utah, which operates seismic stations in Yellowstone National Park, notes continued deformation of the soil: it rises by 5 centimeters every year.
Which volcanoes will erupt in 2017?
Of course, making a forecast when a volcanic eruption will occur is an absolutely thankless task, since volcanoes wake up without warning, without adhering to any schedule. Despite the fact that we live in the 21st century, modern science does not have any accurate devices that 100% show the exact date of awakening of a particular volcano. Thanks to modern devices, volcanologists can only approximate the likelihood of an eruption.
Therefore, everything written below can be regarded as a forecast, the probability of which depends on many factors.
In general, a volcanic eruption can have various consequences, from the simplest, affecting people living at most a few kilometers from the volcano, and ending with people who live thousands of kilometers from it and have never even heard of this volcano in their lives.
Judge for yourself - the eruption of the Krakatoa volcano in 1883 caused the death of more than 30 thousand people, more than two hundred thousand people were left homeless as a result. And look at the forecasts regarding a possible eruption of the Yellowstone volcano. According to scientists, if this happens, then within a radius of a thousand kilometers from this supervolcano all living things will die.
No one can say with complete certainty which volcano will wake up and when, but it is possible to make predictions about the most likely eruptions. Therefore, below is a list of “candidates” among volcanoes that have a great chance of showing their temper in 2017.
Cotopaxi, Ecuador
Volcano Cotopaxi
Even at the border of 2015 and 2016, the Cotopaxi volcano showed a certain impatience and anxiety; fortunately for those living next to it, the eruption did not occur. For now, it’s hard for scientists to say whether the excitement the day before was a warning about an upcoming eruption or whether it’s some kind of gentle snoring during the volcano’s hibernation.
The last time a serious volcanic eruption occurred was quite a long time ago - back in 1877, and Ktopaxi had a very serious explosion and an equally large emission of ash and lava from its crater in 1768. It is for this reason that volcanologists believe that the slightest sign of activity can be considered an indicator of the likelihood of an imminent eruption. After all, in the crater of the volcano there are huge reserves of lava, which just want to break out into the street.
Kilauea, Hawaii
Kilauea Volcano
In 2017, we can safely celebrate 34 years since the famous Hawaiian volcano Kilauea awoke. To date, there is no reason to assume that this smoky giant will stop spewing lava, smoke and roar from its crater and that it will fall asleep like a hero.
Back in 2015, the US Geological Survey reported the awakening of this volcano; moreover, it noted an increase in seismicity in the region, which is not a good indicator for a volcano. Most likely in 2016 it will become more active, perhaps it will begin to emit more ash, lava and begin to rumble more strongly. Local residents are not happy about this, especially those who live at the foot of or near Kilauea.
Etna, Italy
volcano Etna
The Italian volcano Etna showed the first signs of awakening at the end of 2015, many volcanologists considered it bad sign and the first harbinger of the upcoming eruption. But throughout 2016, Etna did not show any special signs of activity, or rather, it did not go beyond the boundaries of what the volcano shows every year. According to experts, 2017 may become a year of awakening for Etna, at least the forecasts for this are quite high.
Nevados de Chillan, Chile
Nevados de Chillan volcano
At the end of the year before last, scientists expected a volcanic eruption and, as a result, raised the danger level to “yellow.” Moreover, the volcano not only showed signs of waking up, but also made tremors that were felt for many tens of kilometers in the area. It is worth noting that Nevados de Chillan is one of the largest volcanoes in Chile; in addition, it has long been assigned the status of an active volcano. True, before this, this giant slept peacefully for 15 years, without showing any signs of life, but it seems that the period of calm has ended and in the near future it may wake up, perhaps this will happen in 2017.
Cascade Mountains, USA
Cascade Mountains
In total, throughout the entire Cascade Mountains there are 13 quite serious and dangerous volcano, of which only one has erupted in the last hundred years - St. Helens. Therefore, many will have a completely logical question - why is there silence in the Cascade Mountains?
Mount St. Helens
Volcanologists have already spoken out about this; in their opinion, this state of affairs in this region is anomalous. They are simply sure that this is nothing more than a “terrifying” calm before the storm. Moreover, the increase in stress is facilitated by the formation of a rupture in the San Anders fault. If we take all these factors into account, then we should expect a big “boom” in the Cascade Mountains in the near future. So why shouldn't this happen in 2017?
Joker
Over the past ten years, volcanologists have made predictions about the awakening of a number of quite large and serious volcanoes. Judge for yourself, the eruption of such volcanoes as Sarychev Peak, Eyjafjallajökull, Chaitena, Pinatubo are absolute and vivid examples of how everything can change dramatically. After all, it was these volcanoes that at first showed no signs of activity and looked like they were sleeping, but in a short period of time they showed everything they were capable of.
Therefore, volcanologists also believe that if any volcano wakes up in 2017, it may be one that scientists could not even think of.
Just recently, the European Science Foundation made a report in which its scientists stated that in the next 80 years, one of its supervolcanoes will erupt on Earth. Moreover, if this happens, the consequences will be quite serious, including global climate change. Any volcano can become this kind of joker, starting from the Yellowstone supervolcano, the eruption of which scientists have been afraid of for many years, or Paektusan.
Source - http://vulkania.ru/.
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According to American volcanologists, the eruption of the largest volcano in the world, the Yellowstone Caldera, which is located in Yellowstone National Park, could begin at any minute.
The volcano has not erupted for about 600 thousand years and its eruption could destroy two-thirds of the US territory, which could even begin a world catastrophe - the Apocalypse, as American scientists believe.
The super-volcano beneath Yellowstone National Park in the US state of Wyoming has begun to grow at a record rate since 2004 and will explode with a force a thousand times more powerful than the catastrophic eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington state on May 18, 1980, which killed 57 people.
Layout of the giant volcano.
According to volcanologists, lava will rise high into the sky, and ash will cover nearby areas with a layer of 3 meters and a distance of 1,600 kilometers.
Two-thirds of the US could become uninhabitable due to toxic air - thousands of flights would have to be canceled and millions of people would have to flee their homes.
Experts predict that the eruption volcano will happen in the near future - in 2011-2012 and will be no less powerful than all three times the volcano has erupted over the past 2.1 million years.
Robert B. Smith, a professor of geophysics at the University of Utah, noted that the magma came so close to the earth's crust in Yellowstone Park that it literally radiated heat that could not be explained by anything other than the impending eruption of a huge volcano.
July 22, 1980: Mount St. Helens in Washington definitely catches fire. The Yellowstone caldera volcano during an eruption can explode with a force a thousand times more powerful and cause many more casualties.
Yellowstone National Park is a bomb that may explode in the coming years.
Sometimes it seems that only God's punishment can stop the United States. Those who believe in the evil doom hanging over America have a very serious argument. In the very center of this country, in its most fertile corner, a natural disaster. Yellowstone National Park, known for its forests, grizzly bears and hot springs, is actually a bomb that will explode in the coming years. If this happens, the entire North American continent may perish. And the rest of the world will not find it enough. But the world won't end, don't worry.
All power to the council
And it all started with joy. In 2002, several new geysers with healing hot water appeared simultaneously in the Yellowstone Nature Reserve. Local tourism companies immediately began to promote this phenomenon, and the number of visitors to the park, which usually amounts to about three million people a year, increased even more.
However, strange things soon began to happen. In 2004, the US government tightened the regime for visiting the reserve. The number of security guards on its territory has sharply increased, and some areas have been declared closed to visitors. But seismologists and volcanologists frequented them.
They had worked in Yellowstone before, because the entire reserve with its unique nature is nothing more than a huge patch on the crater of an extinct supervolcano. Actually, this is where the hot geysers come from. On their way to the surface of the earth, they are heated by the magma rustling and gurgling under the earth's crust. All local sources were known back in the days when white colonizers recaptured Yellowstone from the Indians, and here you have three new ones! Why did it happen?
Scientists became worried. One after another, commissions to study volcanic activity began to visit the park. What they dug up there was not reported to the general public, but it is known that in 2007, a Scientific Council with emergency powers was created under the Office of the President of the United States. It included several of the country's leading geophysicists and seismologists, as well as members of the National Security Council, including the secretary of defense and intelligence officials.
George W. Bush personally chaired the monthly meetings of this body.
That same year, Yellowstone National Park moved from departmental subordination to the Department of the Interior under the direct control of the Scientific Council. Why would the American authorities pay so much attention to a simple resort?
The end has crept up unnoticed
And the whole point is that the ancient and, as it was believed, safe supervolcano, on which the Paradise Valley is located, suddenly showed signs of activity. The miraculously clogged springs became its first manifestation.
Further more. Seismologists discovered a sharp rise in soil under the reserve. Over the past four years, she has swollen by 178 centimeters. This is despite the fact that over the previous twenty years the ground rise was no more than 10 centimeters.
Seismologists were joined by mathematicians. Based on information about previous eruptions of the Yellowstone volcano, they developed an algorithm for its life activity. The result was shocking. The fact that the intervals between eruptions are constantly decreasing was known to scientists before.
However, given the astronomical duration of such intervals, this information had no practical significance for humanity. Well, in fact, the volcano erupted 2 million years ago, then 1.3 million years ago and the last time 630 thousand years ago.
The Geological Society of America expected his awakening no earlier than 20 thousand years later. But based on new data, computers produced an unexpected result. The next catastrophe should be expected in 2075. However, after some time it became clear that events were developing much faster. The result had to be adjusted again.
The terrible date has approached. Now it looms between 2012 and 2016, with the first figure looking more likely.
It would seem, just think, an eruption, especially since it is known in advance. Well, the Americans will evacuate the population from a dangerous area, and then they will spend money on restoring the destroyed infrastructure...
Alas, only those who are not familiar with supervolcanoes can argue this way.
Worse than a nuclear war
A typical volcano, as we imagine it, is a cone-shaped hill with a crater from which lava, ash and gases erupt. It is formed like this.
Deep in the bowels of our planet, magma is constantly boiling, which from time to time bursts upward through cracks, faults and other “defects” in the earth’s crust. As the magma rises, it releases gases, turning into volcanic lava, and flows through top part a fault, usually called a vent. Solidifying around the vent, the products of the eruption build up the cone of the volcano.
Supervolcanoes have a feature that, until recently, no one even suspected of their existence. They are not at all similar to the cone-shaped “caps” with a vent inside that are familiar to us. These are vast areas of thinned earth's crust, under which hot magma pulsates. A simple volcano looks like a pimple, a supervolcano looks like a huge inflammation. Several ordinary volcanoes may be located on the territory of a supervolcano. They may erupt from time to time, but these emissions can be compared to the release of steam from an overheated boiler. But imagine that the boiler itself will explode! After all, supervolcanoes do not erupt, but explode.
What do these explosions look like?
From below, the pressure of magma on the thin surface of the earth gradually increases. A hump is formed with a height of several hundred meters and a diameter of 15-20 kilometers. Numerous vents and cracks appear along the perimeter of the hump, and then its entire central part collapses down into the fiery abyss.
The collapsed rocks, like a piston, sharply squeeze out gigantic fountains of lava and ash from the depths.
The force of this explosion exceeds the charge of the most powerful nuclear bomb. According to geophysicists, if the Yellowstone mine explodes, the effect will exceed a hundred Hiroshimas. The calculations, of course, are purely theoretical. During its existence, homo sapiens has never encountered such a phenomenon. The last time it boomed was during the time of the dinosaurs. Perhaps this is why they became extinct.
As it will be
A few days before the explosion, the earth's crust above the supervolcano will rise several meters. At the same time, the soil will heat up to 60-70 degrees. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide and helium in the atmosphere will increase sharply.
The first thing we will see is a cloud of volcanic ash, which will rise into the atmosphere to a height of 40-50 kilometers.
the pieces will be thrown to great heights. As they fall, they will cover a gigantic area. In the first hours of a new eruption in Yellowstone, an area within a radius of 1000 kilometers around the epicenter will be destroyed. Here, residents of almost the entire American northwest (Seattle) and parts of Canada (Calgary, Vancouver) are in immediate danger.
Streams of hot mud will rage over an area of 10 thousand square kilometers, the so-called pyroclastic wave - the deadliest product of the eruption. They will arise when the pressure of lava shooting high into the atmosphere weakens and part of the column collapses on the surrounding area in a huge avalanche, burning everything in its path. It will be impossible to survive in pyroclastic flows of such magnitude. At temperatures above 400 degrees, human bodies will simply cook, the flesh will separate from the bones.
The hot slurry will kill about 200 thousand people in the first minutes after the eruption begins.
But these are very minor losses compared to those that America will suffer as a result of a series of earthquakes and tsunamis that the explosion will provoke. They will already claim tens of millions of lives. This is provided that the North American continent does not go under water at all, like Atlantis.
Then the ash cloud from the volcano will begin to spread wider. Within 24 hours, the entire territory of the United States up to the Mississippi will be in the disaster zone. Volcanic ash only sounds harmless, but in fact it is the most dangerous phenomenon during an eruption. Ash particles are so small that neither gauze bandages nor respirators protect against them. Once in the lungs, the ash mixes with mucus, hardens and turns into cement....
Territories located thousands of kilometers from the volcano may be most at risk. When the layer of volcanic ash reaches a thickness of 15 centimeters, the load on the roofs will become too great and buildings will begin to collapse. It is estimated that between one and fifty people in each home will be killed or seriously injured. This will be the main cause of death in the areas around Yellowstone bypassed by the pyroclastic wave, where the ash layer will be no less than 60 centimeters.
Other deaths will follow from poisoning. After all, the precipitation will be extremely toxic. To cross the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, the clouds of ash and ash will take two to three weeks, and after a month they will cover the Sun across the entire Earth.
Frost the Voivode
Soviet scientists once predicted that the most terrible consequence of a global nuclear conflict would be the so-called “nuclear winter.” The same thing will happen as a result of the explosion of a supervolcano.
Two weeks after the sun disappears into dust clouds, the air temperature on the earth's surface will drop in various parts of the globe from -15 degrees to -50 degrees or more. average temperature on the Earth's surface will be about -25 degrees.
Winter will last for at least a year and a half. This is enough to forever change the natural balance on the planet. Due to long frosts and lack of light, vegetation will die. Since plants are involved in the production of oxygen, very soon it will become difficult for everyone living on the planet to breathe. Animal world The earth will die painfully from cold, hunger and epidemics. The human race will have to move from the surface of the earth underground for at least three years, and then who knows...
But, in general, this sad forecast mainly concerns residents of the Western Hemisphere. Residents of other parts of the world, including Russians, have a much higher chance of survival. And the consequences will apparently not be so catastrophic. But for the population of North America, the chances of survival are minimal.
Save yourself who can!
But if the American authorities are aware of the problem, why are they not doing anything to prevent it? Why hasn’t information about the upcoming catastrophe reached the general public yet?
The first question is not difficult to answer: neither the States themselves nor humanity as a whole can prevent the impending explosion. Therefore, the White House is preparing for the worst-case scenario. According to analysts from the CIA, “as a result of the disaster, two-thirds of the population will die, the economy will be destroyed, transport and communications will be disorganized. In the context of an almost complete cessation of supplies, the military potential remaining at our disposal will decrease to a level sufficient only to maintain order in the country.”
As for notifying the population, the authorities recognized such actions as inappropriate. Well, in fact, it is possible to escape from a sinking ship, and even then not always. Where to run from the broken and burning continent?
The US population is now approaching the three hundred million mark. In principle, there is nowhere to put this biomass, especially since after the disaster there will be no safe places left on the planet. Each state will have big problems, and no one wants to aggravate them by accepting millions of refugees.
In any case, this is the conclusion reached by the Scientific Council under the President of the United States. According to its members, there is only one way out - to abandon the majority of the population to the will of fate and take care of preserving capital, military potential and the elite of American society. So, a few months before the explosion, the best scientists, military personnel, and specialists in high technology, and, of course, the rich. There is no doubt that every billionaire has a place reserved on the future ark. But you can no longer guarantee the fate of ordinary millionaires. They will save themselves.
God bless Liberia
Actually, the above information became known thanks to the efforts of the American scientist and journalist Howard Huxley, who has been working on the problems of the Yellowstone volcano since the 80s, has established connections in geophysics circles, like many famous journalists was associated with the CIA and is a recognized authority in scientific circles.
Realizing what the country was heading for, Howard and his like-minded people created the Foundation for Saving Civilization. Their goal is to warn humanity about the impending disaster and give everyone a chance to survive, not just members of the elite.
Over the course of several years, Foundation employees have accumulated a wealth of information. In particular, they calculated exactly where the cream of American society would go after the disaster.
Liberia, a small state in West Africa, traditionally following in the wake of American politics, will become an island of salvation for them. There have been massive injections of money into this country for several years now. There is a network of excellent roads, airports and, as they say, an extensive system of deep, very well-maintained bunkers. The American elite will be able to sit in this hole for several years, and then, when the situation stabilizes, begin to restore the destroyed state and its influence in the world.
In the meantime, there are still a few years left, The White house and the Scientific Council are trying to solve pressing military problems. There is no doubt that the coming catastrophe will be perceived by most religious people as God's punishment for America. Surely many Islamic states will want to finish off “shaitan” while he licks his wounds. You can't think of a better reason for jihad.
Therefore, since 2003, preemptive strikes have been carried out on a number of Muslim countries with the aim of destroying their military potential. Will the American one make it in time? war machine neutralize these threats by 2012, God knows.
A vicious circle has formed. Due to the aggressive policy, the United States has more and more ill-wishers, and less and less time remains to neutralize them
http://vzglyadzagran.ru/zemlia-i-priroda/jelloustonskij-vulkan.html
The Yellowstone supervolcano, the explosion of which will destroy all of North America and doom half the world to slow death, is beginning to awaken.
There is still a danger of the destruction of our entire civilization, many scientists admit. The fact is that the inevitable processes within our planet, occurring before our eyes, are recognized by experts as a global threat that can wipe out entire continents from the face of the Earth. Seismologists say that the Yellowstone Caldera is the most destructive force on our planet.
One of the last eruptions of this magnitude occurred in Sumatra 73 thousand years ago, when the explosion of the Toba supervolcano reduced the Earth's population by about 15 times. Then only 5-10 thousand people survived. The number of animals decreased by the same amount, three quarters died flora Northern Hemisphere. At the site of that explosion, a pit with an area of 1775 square meters was formed. km, which could fit two New Yorks or Londons.
Against this background, it is difficult to imagine what could happen if the Yellowstone supervolcano erupts, which is twice the size of Toba! “A supervolcano eruption dwarfs all others, and its power is a real threat to everyone living on this planet,” said Bill McGuire, professor of geophysics and climate change expert at University College London.
THE STATES LIVE ON A POWDER KEG
What is this ticking time bomb in the northwestern United States? A supervolcano is not a cone-shaped formation with a vent, like ordinary volcanoes. In appearance it is a lowland, called a caldera by volcanologists, which resembles a huge depression. This unremarkable hollow is a gigantic volcano with an eruption area of several thousand square kilometers. By the way, due to its gigantic size, scientists initially did not even recognize the caldera in Yellowstone Park in the USA. Satellite photos showed that the entire park covers an area of 3,825 square kilometers and is a caldera measuring about 55 km by 72 km.
The outside of Yellowstone Nature Reserve is covered in picturesque landscapes, but inside this huge valley is filled with hot magma. Over thousands of years, magma filled huge underground reservoirs, melting rock, becoming so dense that volcanic gases, which cause eruptions in ordinary volcanoes, cannot pass through it. Therefore, a huge amount of molten magma presses from below onto the surface of the Earth. This continues for hundreds of thousands of years until the abscess breaks and a terrible explosion occurs.
With such crushing power at their fingertips, US authorities have set scientists the task of calculating the date of the next supervolcano eruption. According to scientists, the period between supervolcano explosions is approximately 600 thousand years. Given this periodicity, the next cataclysm will fall in our century. At first, researchers talked about 2075, but in the summer of 2003, strange things began to happen in Yellowstone Park. The temperature of the soil rose to the boiling point, cracks opened, through which hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide - volcanic gases contained in the magma - began to ooze. These signs gave scientists reason to believe that magma had escaped from the chamber and was approaching the surface at a speed that had increased several times. In this regard, the date of the expected volcanic eruption was shifted by almost 50 years. “Over the past two million years, Yellowstone has had three massive eruptions, each of which turned half the continent into desert,” says Robert Smith, a professor of geology and geophysics at the University of Utah. “As long as the magma of the supervolcano (although it has been rising by 8 cm per year since 2004) is located at a depth of 10 kilometers from its vent, it is too early to worry, but if it rises to a level of 2-3 km, we will have serious reasons for concern.” .
But there are reasons for concern. Back in 2002, three new geysers appeared near the old caldera in Yellowstone, which are one of the manifestations of the later stages of volcanism. Over the past four years, the soil has risen by almost 180 cm, which is 45 times higher than the previous four years.
AS IT WILL BE
If an explosion occurs, then, according to scientists, the picture will be worse than the description of the Apocalypse. It all starts with a sharp rise and overheating of the earth in Yellowstone Park. And when enormous pressure breaks through the caldera, thousands of cubic kilometers of lava will pour out of the resulting vent, which will resemble a huge pillar of fire. The explosion will be accompanied powerful earthquake and lava flows reaching speeds of several hundred kilometers per hour.
The eruption will continue for several days, but people and animals will mostly die not from ash or lava, but due to suffocation and hydrogen sulfide poisoning. During this time, the air in the entire western United States will be poisoned so that a person will be able to survive for no more than 5-7 minutes. A thick layer of ash will cover almost the entire US territory - from Montana, Idaho and Wyoming, which will be wiped off the face of the Earth, to Iowa and the Gulf of Mexico. The ozone hole over the continent will grow to such a size that the level of radiation will approach Chernobyl. All of North America will turn into scorched earth. Southern Canada will also be seriously affected. Scientists do not deny that the Yellowstone giant will provoke the eruption of several hundred ordinary volcanoes around the world. At the same time, eruptions of ocean volcanoes will generate many tsunamis that will flood the coasts and all island states. The long-term consequences will be no less terrible than the eruption itself. And if the United States bears the brunt, the effect will be felt by the whole world.
Thousands of cubic kilometers of ash thrown into the atmosphere will block the sunlight - the world will plunge into darkness. This will cause a sharp drop in temperature, for example, in Canada and Norway the thermometer will drop by 15-20oC in a couple of days. If the temperature drops by 21 degrees, as during the last eruption of the Toba supervolcano, all territories up to the 50th parallel - Norway, Finland or Sweden - will turn into Antarctica. A “nuclear winter” will come, which will last about four years. Continuous acid rain will destroy all crops and crops, kill livestock, dooming the surviving people to starvation. The “billionaire” countries - India and China - will suffer the most from hunger. Here, up to 1.5 billion people will die from starvation in the coming months after the explosion. In total, in the first months of the cataclysm, every third inhabitant of the Earth will die. The only region that can survive is the central part of Eurasia. Most people, according to scientists, will survive in Siberia and the Eastern European part of Russia, located on earthquake-resistant platforms, remote from the epicenter of the explosion and protected from the tsunami.
ONLY NUMBERS
According to the British broadcasting corporation BBC, while ordinary volcanoes kill thousands of people and destroy entire cities, supervolcanoes claim billions of lives and devastate continents.
IN 2500 times More powerful than Etna's last eruption, Yellowstone is expected to explode.
IN 15 times The Yellowstone caldera will emit more ash than the Krakatoa volcano, which killed 36 thousand people.
Before 20-30 cm Visibility will decrease due to the resulting ash curtain.
Tokyo, the largest city in the world, will fit into the caldera formed after the explosion of the Yellowstone volcano.
1200 km- the radius of total destruction of all living things in the first minutes after the start of the eruption.
1000 atomic bombs, exploded simultaneously - such is the force of the Yellowstone volcano eruption.
1 in 1000 earthlings will survive the Yellowstone disaster.
Ekaterina Lyulchak
EXPERT OPINION
Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, leading employee of IGEM RAS Anatoly KHRENOV:
Any volcano is unpredictable, and not a single scientist or seismograph can accurately predict when to expect an eruption and with what force. So the consequences of an explosion can be many times greater than the expected effect. The Yellowstone giant is going to cause trouble. First of all, the volcanic eruption will cover the States, on whose territory Yellowstone Park is located - Wyoming, Montana and Idaho. Power plants and other life support systems may fail - the northwestern United States will be isolated due to a disruption in transport communications. And that's the best case scenario. At worst, the scale of the disaster is even difficult to imagine... The super eruption in Yellowstone will affect almost the entire US territory. The first zone adjacent to the volcano will suffer from pyroclastic flows. This avalanche, consisting of hot gas and ash, spreading at the speed of sound, will destroy all life within a radius of 100 km. 10 thousand sq. km will turn into scorched earth. No one will survive in a pyroclastic zone. The next zone is the entire United States, whose territory will be covered in ash. People won't be able to breathe. With an ash layer of 15 cm, the load on the roofs will be so strong that buildings will begin to fold like houses of cards. Hundreds of thousands of people will die either from suffocation or from the collapse of buildings. In a few days, the ash will spread throughout the United States and even cover Europe.
http://www.mirnov.ru/arhiv/mn896/mn/22-1.php
American supervolcano could destroy half the world
Seismic activity on Earth is increasing, even in tectonically stable areas. And the main danger, according to scientists, is the so-called supervolcanoes. There are few such volcanoes and they erupt rarely. One of them is in American Yellowstone. If he comes to life, he will destroy not only America, but also half the world. More about supervolcanoes presenters "Mornings of Russia" We talked with Pavel Plechov, professor of the Department of Petrology, Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University.
He said that supervolcanoes differ from ordinary ones primarily in the volume of eruptions. “The supervolcano is believed to have an eruption force of 8. This means that the volume exceeds 1,000 cubic kilometers,” the scientist noted. As a rule, these are not mountains, but depressions. Even if the supervolcano was once a mountain, then after a large eruption and removal of material many hundreds of kilometers around, a depression formed in the place of the mountain. Today, there are 20-30 supervolcanoes known in the world.
Does the eruption of such a volcano threaten to destroy all life on Earth? “Every living thing on our planet is many millions of years old. We see that, indeed, such large eruptions are associated with changes in life, the extinction of some species, the appearance of others, but not the death of all,” the professor noted.
As for Yellowstone, according to the scientist, there are three very large eruptions of this volcano. “The earliest was 2.1 million years ago, the next was about 1.2 million years ago, the last very large one was 640 thousand years ago. We can determine the periodicity - 600 thousand years. And in terms of time, another eruption may now be preparing,” he said Pavel Plechov. Meanwhile, according to him, nothing threatens us yet. “At least it won’t explode tomorrow,” the professor assured.
Speaking about our country, the scientist noted that in 2007 a large depression was discovered near Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. It is somewhat smaller than Yellowstone and there is little data about it yet. Pavel Plechov also did not confirm the information that the supervolcano is located at the bottom of Lake Baikal. “Baikal is a tectonic crack; it has nothing to do with supervolcanoes. Perhaps in the future, when Baikal continues to develop, volcanoes may form at its bottom. So far, all manifestations of volcanism on the territory of Baikal are minimal,” he concluded.
http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=448387