Features of the geographical position of the West Siberian Plain. Soil-vegetation cover and animal world. Geological structure and development history

Features geographic location Western Siberia.

Note 1.

East of the Ural Mountains spread huge expanses of the Asian part of Russia. This territory has long been called Siberia. But in view of the diversity of the tectonic structure, this territory was divided into several separate regions. One of them is Western Siberia.

The basis of Western Siberia is the West Siberian Plain. It is limited in the West by the Ural Mountains, and in the East - the River Yenisei. In the north of the plain is washed by the waters of the seas of the Northern Ocean. Southern borders are suitable for the Kazakh smallstarch and a Turgay plateau. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe plain is about $ 3 $ million km $ ² $.

The characteristic features of the West Siberian Plain are the following features:

slight height oscillation on such an extensive territory;
the length from the north to the south and almost flat relief led to a clear change of natural zones with breadth (classical latitudinal zonality);
the formation of the largest places of swamps in the taiga and landscapes of saline steppe zonese;
a climate of transitional from the moderately continental Russian plain is formed to sharply continental medium Siberia.

The history of the formation of the plain

West Siberian lowland lies on a Upper Paleozoic plate. Sometimes this tectonic structure is called Epigerzinskaya. The crystal foundation of the slab contains metamorphic rocks. To the center of the plate the foundation is immersed. The total capacity of a sedimentary cover exceeds $ 4 $ km (in some areas - up to $ 6-7 $ km).

As mentioned, the foundation of the slab was formed as a result of the Hercinsky Gorough formation. Next, there was a poisonization (equalization of the relief by erosion processes) of the ancient mountain country. In Paleozoic and Mesozoy, they are formed in the center of the deflection, and the foundation was flooded by the sea. Therefore, it is covered by a significant thickness of mesozoic sediments.

Later, in the era of Caledonian folding, the southeastern part of the plain rose from the bottom of the sea. In Triassa and Jura, the processes of deanitation of the relief and the formation of the strata of sedimentary rocks prevailed. The sedimentation continued in the Cenozoa. In the era of the ice age, the north of the plain was under the thickness of the glacier. After his melting by moraine sediments, a significant area of \u200b\u200bWestern Siberia was covered.

Western Siberian Relief Characteristics

As already noted, geological History Provided the formation of a flat relief in the territory of West Siberian plains. But a more detailed study of the physico-geographical characteristics of the region showed that the orography of the territory is characterized by complexity and diversity.

Large elements of the relief on the territory of the plains are:

lowlands;
inclined plains;
hill;
plateau.

In general, the West Siberian Plain has the shape of the amphitheater opened to the Arctic Ocean. Plots of plateau and elevations prevail in Western, South and East periphery. In the central regions and in the north the lowlands prevail. Lowlands are represented:

Kandinskaya;
Nizhneobskaya;
Nadym;
PUR.

Among the plateau there is a priobskoe plateau. And hill are presented:

North-Sosvinskaya;
Turin;
Ishim;
Chulymo-Yenisei et al.

The relief distinguishes the zones of glacial and marzloit-solid flow processes (tundra and north taiga), fluvioglacial forms of lake-glacial plains (to middle taiga) and the zone of seveniaride structural-denudation plateau with erosion processes.

Note 2.

Currently, an important relief role is played by the economic activity of man. The development of Western Siberia is accompanied by the development of minerals. This causes changes in the structure of the formation mountain breeds and changes the course of physical and geographic processes. Erosion processes are enhanced. In the south during development agriculture A large amount of mineral substances are introduced into the soil. Chemical erosion develops. It is necessary to refer to the issues of the nature of the nature of Siberia.

West Siberian Plain is one of the most extensive territories that are part of Eurasia.

Its length is 2500 km. Plain takes its beginning off the coast of the Arctic Ocean and goes to the semi-desert areas of Kazakhstan. The length of the territory from the Ural Mountains to Yenisei is 1500 km.

Fig. 1. West Siberian Plain on the map.

The area is located in two cup-shaped flat depids with many sections of wetlands.

In the hollows place Siberian Honors.

Fig. 2. Siberian Horses.

They go up 180-200 meters.

The geographical location of the West Siberian Plain is an extremely curious and attention. This aspect needs detailed Analysis. The natural natural object is almost at the same remoteness from the Atlantic and the continental center of the mainland. Almost 2.5 million square meters. The CM is a flat square.

Siberia was included in the Russian Empire in the XVI-XVII centuries.

The districts of West Siberian plains include 80% of Western Siberia.

The plain on top of the north has the form of a narrowing trapezium and is practically entirely located in Russia, only a minor part is within Kazakhstan.

Features of the landscape

The uniqueness and feature of the plain is that the heights of the territory are expressed in a slight degree.

The plain terrain consists mostly from lowlands, which are made by a variety of river ducts. And 70% of the territory is occupied by swampy manifestations.

Northern Taiga region, original landscapes cover 11% of the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe territories of West Siberian plains.

Fig. 3. Wetlands of West Siberian Plains.

Individual features of the relief are the following:

small height difference in extensive territory;
orientation from north to south and almost flat surface;
the presence of extensive swampy sites and sole-containing landscapes in the steppe zone;

The lowland extends from the shores of the Ice Ocean and comes to the southern steppe sites of Kazakhstan.

The plain is unique in that it is possible to observe five natural zones with a landscape and climatic features inherent for them.

The local relief is commonly common for low river basins. Alternation of swampy sections with small lowlands is characteristic of the territory of the interfluve. For the southern areas of the plains, the presence of saline waters of the soil occurrence.

What did we know?

We received an idea of \u200b\u200bthe territorial position of the West Siberian Plain. Found out what is the feature of the flat landscape. It was found out what percentage belongs to the original landscapes of the Northern Taiga.

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West Siberian Plain, West Siberian lowland, one of the largest plains globe (Third largest after the Amazonian and Eastern European Plains), in the north of Asia, in Russia and Kazakhstan. It takes the entire Western Siberia, stretching from the coast of the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Turgai Plateau and the Kazakh Melkosopechnik in the south, from the Urals in the West to the Meshness of the Plateau in the East. The length of the north to the south is up to 2500 km, from west to east from 900 km on (north) to 2000 (in the south). The area is about 3 million km 2, including 2.6 million km 2 in Russia. Prevailing heights do not exceed 150 m. The lowest parts of the plain (50-100 m) are located preferably in the central (Kondin and Middle Basic lowland) and the Northern (Nizhneobskaya, Nadym and Purskaya lowland) of its parts. The highest point of the West Siberian Plain is up to 317 m - is located on the Priobskogo plateau.

Based on the West Siberian Plain lies West Siberian Platform . In the east she borders with Siberian platform , in the south, with Paleozoic structures of Central Kazakhstan, Altai-Sayan region, in the West - with a folded system of the Urals.

Relief

The surface is a low accumulative plain with a rather monotonous relief (more monotonous than the relief of the Eastern European Plain), the main elements of which are wide flat interferes and river valleys; The various forms of manifestation of many years of permits are characteristic (common to 59 ° C. sh.), increased wetlands and developed (mainly in the south in loose breeds and soils) ancient and modern saline. In the north, in the dissemination of nautical accumulative and sea plains (Nadym and Purskaya lowland), the overall plane of the territory is broken by moraine wanted and hilly-dummy (North-Sochavinskaya, Lulimvore, Verkhne-, Mixetzovskaya, etc.) high elevation height 200-300 m, The southern border of which takes about 61-62 ° C. sh.; They are covered together with the south of flat-pasted hills, among which the Semi-Russian elevation, Belogorsk Mainland, Tobolsky Mainland, Siberian Honors (245 m) and others. In the north, the permanent exogenous processes (thermo-erosion, soils, solid flow) are developed on sand surfaces, deflation is distributed on sand surfaces. On the swamps - peat therapy. On the Peninsula, Yamal, Tazovsky and Gydansky are ubiquitous a long-term permafrost; The power of the murous layer is very significant (up to 300-600 m).

South to the area of \u200b\u200bthe sea relief is adjacent to flat lakes and lakes and alluvial lowlands, the lowest (40-80 m height) and the wetlands of Kondinskaya lowland and the Middle Basic lowland with a Surgut nyline (height 105 m). This territory not covered by the Quaternary glaciation (the south of the Ivdel-Ishim line is Novosibirsk - Tomsk - Krasnoyarsk), is a weaker denudation plain that increases to 250 m to the West, up to the foot of the Urals. In Mezhda Tobol and Irtysh, there is inclined, places with grivist ridges, lake-allyuvial Ishim Plain (120-220 m) with a low-power cover of loess-shaped loams and lessisses that occur on solenous clays. Alluvial adjacent to it Barabinsk lowland, Vasyugan Plain and Kulundin Plain, where the processes of deflation and modern saline are developed. In the foothills of Altai - Priobskoe plateau and Chulym Plain.

For geological structure and minerals, see Art. West Siberian Platform ,

Climate

In the West Siberian Plain, a harsh, continental climate prevails. The significant length of the territory from north to the south causes a well-pronounced latitudinal climate zonality and noticeable differences in the climatic conditions of the northern and southern parts of the plain. The nature of the climate is significantly affected by the Northern Arctic Ocean, as well as the plain relief, contributing to the unimpeded exchange of air masses between the North and South. Winter in polar latitudes is distinguished by severeness and duration up to 8 months (a polar night lasts almost 3 months); The average temperature of January from -23 to -30 ° C. In the central part of the plain, the winter lasts almost 7 months; The average temperature of January from -20 to -22 ° C. In the southern part of the plain, where the influence of the Asian Anticyclone is enhanced, with the same average monthly temperatures in the winter in short - 5-6 months. Minimum air temperature -56 ° C. The duration of the snow cover in the northern regions reaches 240-270 days, and in the southern - 160-170 days. The power of the snow cover in the tundra and steppe zones is 20-40 cm, in the forest area - from 50-60 cm in the west to 70-100 cm in the east. In the summer, the western transfer of the Atlantic air masses prevails at the invasion of the north of cold arctic air, and in the south - dry warm air masses from Kazakhstan and Central Asia. In the north of the plain, the summer, which comes in the conditions of the polar day, short, cool and wet; In the central part - moderately warm and wet, in the south - arid and dry with sukhov and dust storms. The average temperature of July increases from 5 ° C in the extreme north to 21-22 ° C in the south. The duration of the growing season in the south is 175-180 days. Atmospheric precipitates fall mainly in summer (from May to October - up to 80% of precipitation). Most of the precipitation is up to 600 mm per year - falls in the forest zone; The most wet - the Kondinskaya and the Middle Big lowland. To the north and south, in the tundra and steppe zone, the annual precipitation gradually decreases to 250 mm.

Surface waters

On the territory of West Siberian plains there are more than 2,000 rivers belonging to the Northern Ocean basin. Their overall stock is about 1200 km of 3 water per year; up to 80% annual Stok. It falls on the spring and summer. The largest rivers - Ob, Yenisei, Irtysh, pelvis and their tributaries - proceed to well-developed deep (up to 50-80 m) valleys with a steep right shore and the system of low terraces on the left bank. The nutrition of the rivers mixed (snow and raindrop), springtime stretched, interstitial summer-autumn and winter. For all rivers, minor slopes and a small flow rate are characteristic. Ice cover on rivers is held in the north to 8 months, in the south - up to 5 months. Large rivers shipping are important alloy and transport highways and, moreover, they have large stocks of hydropower resources.

In the West Siberian Plain there is about 1 million lakes, the total area of \u200b\u200bwhich is more than 100 thousand km 2. The largest lakes are Chans, the Kulinskoye, Kulundinsky and others. In the north, lakes of thermocartam and marine-glacial origin are common. In soffosic stocks, many small lakes (less than 1 km 2): on the Tobol and Irtysh interference - more than 1500, on the Barabinsk lowland - 2500, among them there are many fresh, salty and bitter and salty; There are self-made lakes. West Siberian Plain is distinguished by a record number of swamps per unit area (the area of \u200b\u200ba wetland is about 800 thousand km 2).

Types of landscapes

The disposal of the relief of the extensive West Siberian plain causes a clearly pronounced latitudinal zonality of landscapes, although compared to the East European Plain natural zones here are shifted to the north; Landscape differences inside zones are less noticeable than on the Eastern European Plain, and there is no zone of large forests. Due to the weak drainage of the territory, hydromorphic complexes play a prominent role: the swamps and wetlands occupy about 128 million hectares here, and in the steppe and forest-steppe zones there are many Solontsy, Sterode and Solonchak.

On the Peninsulas Yamal, Tazovsky and Gydan, in the conditions of continuous many years of milling, landscapes were formed by the landscapes of the Arctic and subarctic tundra with moss, lichen and shrub (dwarf birches, Iva, alder) vegetation on glezheysums, peat-glezheyama, peat-subbora and turf soils. Polygonal herbian-hypinical swamps are widespread. The proportion of indigenous landscapes is extremely insignificant. South tundra landscapes and swamps (predominantly flat-blade) are combined with larch and spruce-larch lights on podzolic-gley and peat-podzolic-gley soils, forming narrow zone Forestandra, transitional to the forest (lean) zone of a moderate belt, represented by the subzones of Northern, Central and South Taiga. Common for all subzon is a wetland: over 50% of the North Taiga Square, about 70% - medium, about 50% - southern. For the northern taiga, flat and large-borne rolling swamps are characterized, for medium-grocery-mortar and garden-lakes, for southern - moody-grocery, pine-shrub-sphagnum, transitional dock-sphagnum and low-headed wood. The largest swamp array - Vasyugan Plain . Forest forest complexes of different subbands, formed on slopes with different degrees of drainage.

Northern Forests at many-neuropus rocks are represented by rare-resistant low-spirited, strongly wetlaped, pine, pine-fir-firing and spruce-fir forests on Gley-podzolic and podzolic-gley soils. Northern Taiga's indigenous landscapes occupy 11% of the plain area. Indigenous landscapes in middle taiga occupy 6% of the Siberian Plain Square, in South - 4%. Common for forest landscapes of the Central and South Taiga is the wide distribution of lichen and shrub-sphagnum pine forests on sandy and samply illubles of iron and illuvial-humous podges. On loams in the middle taiga, along with extensive swamps, spruce-cedar forests are developed with larch and birchings on podzolic, podzolic-gleyev, peat-podzolic-gleyev and guery peat-podges.

In the southern taiga subzone on Suglinka - spruce-fir-fir-fir-cedar (including urmanas - thick darkened forests with the predominance of fir) small forests and birchings with aspen on the turf-podzolic and dend-podzolic glywood (including the second humus horizon) and peat-podzolic-gley soils.

The substirmig zone is represented by park pine, birch and birch-aspen forests on gray, gray guery and dend-podzolic soils (including with the second humus horizon) in a complex with seeded meadows on cryptogenic chernoes, salon-deceived places. Indigenous forest and meadow landscapes are practically preserved. Wetlands is moving to lowest diesel-hypinous (with rowamima) and diligent-cane swamps (about 40% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe zone). For forest-steppe landscapes of inclined plains with ice-shaped and lessisses on solenous tertiary clays typical of birch and oxide-birch slices on gray soils and malt in a complex with various grain-grained creeps on leached and crypto-cooled black soils, south - with meadow steppes on chernoles ordinary, places Soloncent and Salon. In the sands - pine bors. Up to 20% of the zone is occupied by eutrophic reed-dies. In the steppe zone, indigenous landscapes are not preserved; In the past, these were a divergent-rowed windy meadows on the chernoles of ordinary and southern, salted sites, and in more dry southern areas - a ticker-nude steppes on brown and cryptogeneous soils, glywood salons and salt marshes.

Environmental problems and protected natural areas

In areas of oil production due to pipeline breakthroughs, water and soil and petroleum products are contaminated. In forestry areas - passages, fear, the spread of silkworm, fires. In agroleandscapes, the problem of the lack of fresh water, the secondary salinization of the soil, the destruction of the soil structure and the loss of soil fertility during rebar, drought and dust storms. In the north - degradation of deer pastures, in particular, due to a re-paint, which leads to a sharp reduction in their biodiversity. No less important is the problem of preserving hunting land and fauna natural habitats.

For the study and protection of typical and rare natural landscapes, numerous reserves have been created, national and natural parks. Among the largest reserves: in the tundra - the Gydan Reserve, in the North Taiga - the Upnetovsky Reserve, in the middle taiga - the Yugansky Reserve and Malaya Society, etc. The National Park has been created in Podchinsky. Natural parks are also organized: in the tundra - deer streams, in North. Taiga - Numto, Siberian Honors, in the middle taiga - Condi Lakes, in the forest-steppe - bird harbor.

The acquaintance of Russians with Western Siberia first took place, probably in 11th century, when Novgorod residents visited the lower reaches of the river Ob. With hike Ermak (1582-85), the period of discoveries in Siberia and the development of its territory began.

general characteristics

West Siberian Plain is one of the largest accumulative lowland plains of the globe. It extends from the banks of the Kara Sea to the steppes of Kazakhstan and from the Urals in the West to the medium-grained plateau in the east. Plain has in terms of the form of a trapezium narrowing to the north: the distance from the southern border to the north reaching almost 2500 kM, width - from 800 to 1900 kM, and the area is only a little less than 3 million. kM 2 .

In the Soviet Union, there are no more such extensive plains with such a weakly crossed terrain and such small fluctuations in relative heights. Comparative monotony of the relief determines the pronounced zonality of landscapes of Western Siberia - from the tundra in the north to the steppe in the south. Due to the weak drainage of the territory within its limits, hydromorphic complexes play a very prominent role: swamps and wetlands occupy a total of about 128 million here. h., and in the steppe and forest-steppe zones, many Solontsov, Sterode and Solonchakov.

The geographical position of the West Siberian Plain causes the transitional nature of its climate between the moderately continental Russian plain and sharply the continental climate of Central Siberia. Therefore, the country's landscapes are distinguished by a number of peculiar features: the natural areas here are somewhat shifted to the north compared to the Russian plain, the zone of the deciduous forests is missing, and the landscape differences in the zones are less noticeable than in the Russian plain.

The West Siberian Plain is the most oblivious and mastered (especially in the south) part of Siberia. Within its limits, Tyumen, Kurgan, Omskaya, Novosibirsk, Tomsk and North Kazakhstan region are located, a significant part of the Altai Territory, Kustanai, Kokchetav and Pavlodar regions, as well as some eastern regions of the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions and the Western regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The acquaintance of Russians with Western Siberia for the first time took place, probably in the XI century, when Novgorod residents visited lower reaches. The hike Ermac (1581-1584) opens a brilliant period of great Russian geographical discoveries in Siberia and mastering its territory.

However, the scientific study of the nature of the country began only in the XVIII century, when the detachments were sent here by the Great North, and then academic expeditions. In the XIX century Russian scientists and engineers are studied the conditions of shipping on Obi, Yenisei and the Kara Sea, the geological and geographical features of the track that was designed by the Siberian railway, salting deposits in the steppe stripe. A significant contribution to the knowledge of Western British Taiga and Steppes made research of soil and botanical expeditions of the disposal, undertaken in 1908-1914. In order to study the conditions of agricultural development of areas allocated to the resettlement of peasants from European Russia.

The study of nature and natural resources of Western Siberia after the Great October Revolution acquired completely different scope. In the studies that were needed for development from productive forces, no individual specialists or small detachments took part, but hundreds of major integrated expeditions and many scientific institutions created in different cities Western Siberia. Detailed and versatile studies were held here by the USSR Academy of Sciences (Kulundinskaya, Barabinsk, Gydanskaya and other expeditions) and its Siberian branch, West Siberian Geological Administration, Geological Institutions, Expeditions of the Ministry of Agriculture, Hydroproject and other organizations.

As a result of these studies, ideas about the relief of the country were significantly changed, detailed soil maps of many areas of Western Siberia were drawn up, measures were developed on the rational use of saline soils and the famous West Siberian black soils. Large practical importance was the forestiopological studies of Siberian geobotniks, the study of peat swamps and tundra pastures. But the work of geologists brought especially essential results. Deep drilling and special geophysical studies have shown that the richest deposits concluded in the depths of many areas of Western Siberia natural Gas, large stocks of iron ores, brown coals and many other minerals, which are already served by a solid base for the development of the Western Siberia industry.

Geological structure and history of development of the territory

Taza Peninsula and Middle Obi in the section Nature of the Peace Peace and Mother Earth's Wheel ", dedicated to the beauty of nature and environmental issues Western Siberia and illustrated by the author's photographers.

Many features of the nature of Western Siberia are due to the nature of its geological structure and development history. The entire territory of the country is located within the West Siberian epigerzinskie slab, the foundation of which is composed of deployed and metamorphiced Paleozoic sediments close to their similar breeds of the Urals, and in the south of the Kazakh Melkosopechnik. The formation of the main folded structures of the foundation of Western Siberia, having a predominantly meridional direction, belongs to the era of the Hercinic orogenesis.

The tectonic structure of the West Siberian Plate is quite heterogeneous. However, even large structural elements Manifested in modern relief less clearly than the tectonic structures of the Russian platform. This is explained by the fact that the relief of the surface of Paleozoic rocks, lowered to a greater depth, is leveled here by the case of mesocynezoic sediments, the power of which exceeds 1000 m., and in separate depressions and syncles of Paleozoic foundation - 3000-6000 m..

Mesozoic Sweets of Western Siberia are represented by marine and continental sandy-clay sediments. The total power of them in some areas reaches 2500-4000 m.. The alternation of marine and continental facies indicates the tectonic mobility of the territory and repeated change of conditions and regime of sedimentation on the Western-Siberian stove at the beginning of the Mesozoic.

Paleogenic deposits are predominantly sea and consist of gray clays, argillites, glauconitic sandstones, whole and diatomites. They accumulated at the bottom of the Paleogenic Sea, which through lowering the Turgay Strait joined the Arctic pool with seas, located then on the territory of Central Asia. From Western Siberia, this sea left in the middle of oligocene, and therefore upper-plane deposits are presented here by sandy-clay continental facies.

Significant changes in the conditions of accumulation of sedimentary deposits occurred in neogen. Sweets of the rocks of the neogenic age, overlooking the surface mainly in the southern half of the plain, consist exclusively from continental lake-river deposits. They were formed in conditions of a low-shredded plain, coated first with rich subtropical vegetation, and later - with wide deciduous forests from representatives of the Turgay flora (beech, walnut, Grab, Lapina, etc.). In places there were areas of Savannan, where the giraffes, mastodonts, hipparones, camels lived at the time.

Even a large influence on the formation of landscapes of Western Siberia was provided by the events of the Quaternary period. During this time, the territory of the country experienced repeated lowerings and was still the region mainly accumulating loose alluvial, lakes, and in the north - marine and ice sediments. The power of quaternary cover reaches in the northern and central regions 200-250 m.. However, in the south, it decreases markedly (in some places to 5-10 m.), and in modern relief, the effects of differentiated neotectonic movements are clearly expressed, as a result of which the grinding raises occurred, often coinciding with the positive structures of the Mesozoic cover of sedimentary sediments.

Lower customs deposits are represented in the north of the plains with alluvial sands that fill the buried valleys. Allowy sole is located in them sometimes for 200-210 m. Below the modern level of the Kara Sea. Above them in the north, it is usually seen by smoker clays and loams with fossil residues of the Tundrov Flora, which indicates the noticeable cooling of Western Siberia. However, in the southern regions of the country, dark-willed forests with an admixture of birch and alder prevailed.

The middle-customer time in the northern half of the plain was the epoch of marine transgression and repeated glaciation. The most significant of them was Samarovskoye, the deposits of which the territories were found in the territory lying between 58-60 ° and 63-64 ° C. sh. According to the dominant at present, the views of the Samarovsky glacier, even in the extreme northern regions of the lowland, was not solid. The composition of Balunov shows that the sources of its nutrition were glaciers, descended from the Urals to the Obi Valley, and in the east - glaciers of the mountain arrays of the Taimyr and the Mediumness of the Plateau. However, even during the period of maximum development of glaciation on the West Siberian Plain, the Ural and Siberian glacial covers were not closed alone with the other, and the rivers of the southern regions, although they met the barrier formed by ice, but found a path to the north in the interval between them.

The deposits of the Samarovskaya thickness, along with typical glacial rocks, also includes sea and ice-marine clay and loam, formed at the bottom of the coming from the north of the sea. Therefore, typical forms of sea relief are expressed here less clearly than in the Russian plain. On the lake and fluviohydial plains, adjacent to the southern edge of the glaciers, then prevailed the forested landscapes, and in the extreme south of the country were formed aid-shaped loam in which pollen meets steppe plants (wormwood, kermek). Marine transgression continued in the post-chamber time, the deposits of which are presented in the north of Western Siberia by the Misa sands and clays of St. Schugovskaya Sweet. In the northeastern part of the plain, Moraine and glacier and sea loams are common, more young, Taza glaciation. The interledstial era, which began after the departure of the glacial cover, was marked by the spread of Kazantsevsky marine transgression, in whose deposits in the lower reaches of Yenisei and Obi enclosed residues of the thermal-loving sea fauna than inhabiting currently in the Kara Sea.

The latter, Zyryansky, glaciation was preceded by the regression of the Boreal Sea, caused by raising of the northern regions of the West Siberian Plain, the Urals and the Meshness of Siberian Plateau; The amplitude of these raises was only a few tens of meters. The maximum stage of development of Zyryansky glaciation, the glaciers went down to the areas of the princeing plain and the eastern foot of the Urals approximately 66 ° C. Sh. where there were a number of stadial final moraine. In the south of Western Siberia, at this time there was a movement of sand-clay quaternary sediments, the formation of eologous forms of relief and the accumulation of lessoidal loams.

Some researchers of the northern regions of the country draw a more complex picture of the events of the era of Quaternary glaciation of Western Siberia. Thus, according to geologist V. N. Saks and Geomorfolog G. I. Lazukov, the glaciation began here in the lower-qualitative time and consisted of four independent eras: Yarshi, Samarovskaya, Taza and Zyrianskaya. Geologists S. A. Yakovlev and V. A. Zubakov there are even six glaciations, referring the most ancient of them to Pliocene.

On the other hand, there are supporters and one-time glaciation of Western Siberia. Geographer A. I. Popov, for example, considers the deposits of the era of the beaming of the northern half of the country as a single water-glacial complex consisting of marine and glycial-sea clays, loam and sands containing the inclusions of the binary material. In his opinion, in the territory of Western Siberia there were no extensive glacial covers, as Typical Moraines are available only in the extreme Western (at the foot of the Urals) and the eastern (near the ledge of the medium-grained plateau) regions. The average part of the northern half of the plain in the era of glaciation was covered with waters of marine transgression; Boulders, concluded in its sediments, are listed here by icebergs, who left the edge of the glaciers, which descended from the medium-protein plateau. Only one quaternary glaciation of Western Siberia recognizes Geologist V. I. Gromov.

At the end of Zyryansky glaciation, the northern coastal regions of West Siberian plains once again occurred. The lowered areas were flooded with the waters of the Kara Sea and covered with marine sediments, the post-term selence terraces, the highest of which rises by 50-60 m. above the modern level of the Kara Sea. Then after the regression of the sea in the southern half of the plain, a new crossbill of rivers began. Due to small blocks of the bed in most river valleys of Western Siberia, side erosion prevailed, the deepening of the vallee went slowly, so they are usually a significant width, but a small depth. The processing of ice-time relief continued on weakly transmission spaces: in the north it was to level the surface under the influence of solifluction processes; In the southern, the extlen private provinces where more atmospheric precipitations dropped out, in the conversion of relief, the processes of a deluvial flush played a particularly prominent role.

Paleobotanic materials suggest that after glaciation there was a period with a somewhat sheer and warm climate than now. This is confirmed, in particular, the finds of the stumps and trunks of trees in the deposits of the tundra areas of Yamal and the Gyrian Peninsula 300-400 kM The north of the modern border of woody vegetation and a wide development in the south of the tundra zone of relics of large-scale peatlands.

Currently, there is a slow displacement of the boundaries of geographic zones to the south in the territory of the West Siberian Plain. Forests in many places occur on the forest-steppe, the forest-steppe elements penetrate into the steppe zone, and the tundra slowly displaces tree vegetation near the northern limit of rare-resistant forests. True, a person interferes in the south of the country in the natural course of this process: cutting out the forest, he not only suspends their natural advancing on the steppe, but also contributes to the displacement of the southern border of the forests to the north.

Relief

See the pictures of the nature of the West Siberian Plain: the Tazovsky Peninsula and Middle Ob In the section Nature of the World, and also read the book V.P. Nazarova "Song and Mother Land Plach", dedicated to the beauty of nature and environmental issues of Western Siberia and illustrated by the author's photographic freight.

Scheme of the main orographic elements of the West Siberian Plain

The differentiated lowering of the Western Siberian Plate in the Mesozoic and Cane caused the predominance of the processes of accumulation of loose deposits, the powerful cover of which levels the irregularities of the surface of the Gercinsky foundation. Therefore, the modern West Siberian Plain is different as a whole flat surface. However, it cannot be considered as monotonous lowland, as it has been recently believed. In general, the territory of Western Siberia has a concave form. The lowest sections (50-100 m.) are located mainly in the central ( Kondinskaya and Middle Basic lowland) and northern ( Nizhneobskaya, Nadym and Purce Lowland) Road parts. Along Western, South and East Okrain, low (up to 200-250 m.) Hills: North-Socyvinskaya, Turinskaya, Ishimskaya, Priobskoye and Chulymo-Yenisei Plateau, Ketsko-tymskaya, Upnetovskaya, Nizhnyeniseyskaya. A distinctly pronounced strip of hills formed in the inside of the plain Siberian Hona (average height - 140-150 m.), extending from the west of Ob to East to Yenisei, and parallel to them Vasyuganskaya plain.

Some orographic elements of the Western Siberian Plain correspond to geological structures: gentle anticline raising is responsible, for example, Upnetovskaya and Lulimvore, but Barabinsk and Kondinskaya The lowlands are confined to the syncing of the foundation of the plate. However, in Western Siberia, non-dissent (inversion) morphostructures. These include, for example, Vasyugan Plain, which formed on the site of a canopy of syneclide, and a chulym-enzyme plateau, located in the zone of the basement of the foundation.

West Siberian Plain is usually divided into four large geomorphological areas: 1) marine accumulative plains in the north; 2) glacier and water-glacial plains; 3) relegations, mainly lake-alluvial, plains; 4) South Announced Plains (Resurrection, 1962).

The differences in the relief of these areas are explained by the history of their formation in the quarter, the nature and intensity of the newest tectonic movements, the zonal differences in modern exogenous processes. In the tundra zone, the form of relief is especially widely represented, the formation of which is associated with the harsh climate and the widespread spread of permafrost. Very common thermocarty basins, bullguns, spotted and polygonal tundras, are developed solifluction processes. For the southern same steppe provinces typical of numerous closed basins of suffosion origin, busy with salt marshes and lakes; The network of river valleys here is nehbust, and erosion form of relief on interfluries are rare.

The main elements of the relief of the West Siberian Plain are wide flat interferes and river valleys. Due to the fact that the share of interrection spaces accounts for most of the country's area, it is they determining the overall look of the plain relief. In many places, the slopes of their surface are insignificant, the stock of drop-down atmospheric OspalkovEspecially in the leaning area, it is very difficult and interfluid is very wetrated. Large spaces are occupied by the swamps of the north of the line of the Siberian Railway, on the interfluents of Ob and Irtysh, in Vasyugal and the Barabinsk forest-steppe. However, in places the relief of the transferee acquires the character of a wavy or hilly plain. Such areas are especially typical for some northern plain provinces, subjected to quaternary glaciation, which left the heap of stadial and bottom mines here. In the south - in the borah, in the Ishim and Kulundy Plains - the surface is often complicated by many numerical low manems stretching from the northeast to the south-west.

Another important element of the country's relief is river valleys. All of them were formed under conditions of small blocks of the surface, slow and calm flow of rivers. Due to differences in the intensity and characteristics of erosion, the appearance of the river valleys of Western Siberia is very diverse. There are here and well designed deep (up to 50-80 m.) Valleys of large rivers - Obi, Irtysh and Yenisei - with a steep right shore and the system of low terraces in the left bank. In places the width of them is several tens of kilometers, and the Valley of Ob in the lower reaches even 100-120 reaches kM. The valleys of most small rivers are often only deep ditches with poorly pronounced slopes; During his spring, the flooded water is entirely fills them with and poured even the neighboring regions.

Climate

Western Siberia is a country with a suspicious, continental climate. The high length of it from north to the south causes a distinct climate zonality and significant differences in the climatic conditions of the northern and southern parts of Western Siberia, associated with a change in the amount of solar radiation and the nature of the circulation of air masses, especially the streams of Western transfer. The southern provinces of the country, located in the depths of the mainland, at a large distance from the oceans, are characterized, moreover, greater climate continentality.

In the cold period within the country, two baric systems are interacted: areas with respect to elevated atmospheric pressure, located over the southern part of the plain, the area of \u200b\u200breduced pressure, which in the first half of winter is stretched in the form of a hollow of the Icelandic bary minimum over the Kara Sea and the Northern Peninsula. In winter, the mass of continental air of moderate latitudes that come from Eastern Siberia Or are formed in place as a result of the heating of air over the plain territory.

In the border strip of areas of high and reduced pressure, cyclones are often passing. Especially often they are repeated in the first half of winter. Therefore, the weather in the seaside provinces is very unstable; On the coast of Yamal and the Gydansky Peninsula, strong winds are handed over, whose speed reaches 35-40 m / s. The temperature here is even somewhat higher than in neighboring forest tundra provinces located between 66 and 69 ° C. sh. However, the south of winter temperatures are gradually rising again. In general, winter is characterized by steady low temperatures, there are few thaws here. Minimum temperatures throughout Western Siberia are almost the same. Even near the southern border of the country, in Barnaul, there are frosts up to -50 -52 °, i.e., almost the same as in the extreme north, although the distance between these points is more than 2000 kM. Spring short, dry and relatively cold; April Even in the woodsobol zone is not quite spring month.

In the warm season over the country, low pressure is established, and a higher pressure area is formed above the northern ice ocean. In connection with this summer, weak northern or northeastern winds prevail and the role of Western air transfer is noticeably strengthened. In May, there is a rapid increase in temperatures, but often, during the invasions of the Arctic air, there are refunds of cold and frost. The warmer month is July, the average temperature of which is from 3.6 ° on the island of white to 21-22 ° in the Pavlodar area. The absolute maximum temperature is from 21 ° in the north (white island) to 40 ° in extreme southern regions (Rubtsovsk). High summer temperatures in the southern half of Western Siberia are explained by the arrival of heated continental air from the south - from Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Autumn comes late. Back in September, the day is warm weather, but November is even in the south for a real winter month with frosts to - 20 -35 °.

Most of the precipitation falls in summer and is brought by the air masses coming from the West, from the side of the Atlantic. From May to October, Western Siberia receives up to 70-80% of the annual precipitation. Especially many of them in July and August, which is explained by intensive activities on the Arctic and Polar Fronts. The number of winter precipitation is relatively small and ranges from 5 to 20-30 mm / month. In the south in some winter months, snow sometimes does not fall at all. Significant fluctuations in precipitation in different years are characteristic. Even in a taiga, where these changes are less than in other areas, precipitation, for example, in Tomsk, falls from 339 mM. In a dry year to 769 mM. in wet. Especially large distinguishable is observed in the forest-steppe zone, where there are about 300-350 at the average long-term precipitation. mm / year In the wet years it drops to 550-600 mm / year, and in dry - only 170-180 mm / year.

The zonal differences of evaporation values, which depend on the amount of precipitation, air temperature and evaporating properties of the underlying surface are also significant. Moisture is most evaporated in the rich sediments southern half of the woodsobol zone (350-400 mm / year). In the north in coastal tundra, where in summer the humidity of the air is relatively large, the magnitude of evaporation does not exceed 150-200 mm / year. Approximately this is the same in the south of the steppe zone (200-250 mM.), which is explained by the smallest value of precipitation falling in the steppes. However, evaporation here reaches 650-700 mM., Therefore, in some months (especially in May) the number of evaporating moisture may exceed the amount of precipitation by 2-3 times. The lack of atmospheric precipitation is replenished in this case by moisture reserves in the soil, accumulated due to the autumn rains and melting of snow cover.

For the extreme southern regions of Western Siberia, drought is characterized mainly in May and June. They are observed on average after three or four years in periods with anticyclonal circulation and increased repeatability of invasions of arctic air. The dry air coming from the Arctic when passing over Western Siberia is heated and enriched with moisture, but heating it is more intense, so the air is increasingly removed from the saturation state. In this regard, evaporation increases, which leads to the occurrence of drought. In some cases, the cause of drought is also the flow of dry and warm air masses from the south - from Kazakhstan and Central Asia.

In winter, the territory of Western Siberia dresses a snow cover for a long time, the duration of which in the northern regions reaches 240-270 days, and in the south - 160-170 days. Due to the fact that the period of precipitation in solid form continues more than half a year, and thaws begin not earlier than March, the power of snow cover in the tundra and steppe zones in February is 20-40 cm, in a wooded strip - from 50-60 cm in the west to 70-100 cm in the eastern princesssey areas. In flames - tundra and steppe - provinces where strong winds and blizzards are in winter, the snow is very uneven, since the winds blow it with elevated elements of the relief in lowering, where powerful drifts are formed.

The harsh climate of the northern regions of Western Siberia, where heat entering the soil is not enough to maintain the positive temperature of rocks, contributes to the freezing of soils and the widespread eternal permafrost. On the Peninsula, Yamal, Tazovsky and Gydan Merzlot occurs everywhere. In these areas of the solid (fusion) of its propagation, the power of the frozen layer is very significant (up to 300-600 m.), and its low temperatures (on water-seated spaces - 4, -9 °, in the valleys -2, -8 °). South, within the limits of northern taiga to a latitude of about 64 °, the Merzlota is already found in the form of broken islands, intermittent with the Taliki. Her power decreases, temperatures rise to? 0.5 -1 °, and the depth of summer pulling is increasing, especially in areas folded with mineral rocks.

Water

Western Siberia is rich in underground and surface waters; In the north of her coast is washed by the waters of the Kara Sea.

The entire territory of the country is located within the large West Siberian Artesian basin, in which the hydrogeogegis is allocated by several second-order pools: Tobolsky, Irtysh, Kulundin-Barnaul, Chuliam, Obsky, etc. due to the high capacity of the cover of loose sediments, consisting of alternating reproducible ( Sands, sandstones) and waterproof breeds, for artesian pools, a significant amount of aquifers are characterized by the suits of different ages - Jurassic, Melovy, Paleogenic and quaternary. Quality underground water These horizons are quite different. In most cases, the artesian waters of deep horizons are mineralized stronger than airing closer to the surface.

In some aquifers of the Obsters and Irtysh artesian pools at a depth of 1000-3000 m. There are hot salted water, most often chloride calcium-sodium composition. Their temperature is from 40 to 120 °, the daily flow rate of well reaches 1-1.5 thousand. m. 3, and total reserves - 65,000 kM 3; Such pressure water can be used for the heating of cities, greenhouses and greenhouses.

Underground waters of arid steppe and forest-steppe areas of Western Siberia are of great importance for water supply. In many areas of the Kulundin steppe to extract them deep tubular wells are built. The soil waters of quaternary sediments are used; However, in southern areas due to climatic conditions, weak surface drapery and slow circulation, they are often very salinated.

The surface of the West Siberian Plain is drained by many thousands of rivers, the total length of which exceeds 250 thousand. kM. These rivers are delivered to the Kara Sea annually about 1200 kM 3 waters - 5 times more than Volga. Density river network not very high and changing in different places depending on the relief and climatic features: In the Pool of Tajda, it reaches 350 kM, and in the Barabinsk forest-steppe - only 29 kM per 1000. kM 2. Some southern regions of the country with a total area of \u200b\u200bmore than 445 thousand. kM 2 refer to the territories of a closed drain and differ in abundance of small lakes.

The main sources of nutrition of most rivers are melting snowy water and summer-autumn rain. In accordance with the nature of the power sources, the flow of the season is uneven: approximately 70-80% of its annual sum falls on the spring and summer. Especially a lot of water flows during the spring flood when the level of large rivers rises by 7-12 m. (in the lower reaches of Yenisei even to 15-18 m.). For a long time (in the south - five, and in the north - eight months), West Siberian rivers are ice. Therefore, during the winter months there are no more than 10% of the annual flow.

For the rivers of Western Siberia, including the largest - Ob, Irtysh and Yenisei are characterized by minor slopes and a small flow rate. So, for example, the fall of the passage of Obi on the plot from Novosibirsk to the mouth for 3000 kM Equally only 90. m., and its flow rate does not exceed 0.5 m / s.

The most important water artery of Western Siberia - River Ob With his large left influx of Irtysh. Ob belongs to the number of the greatest rivers of the globe. The area of \u200b\u200bits pool is almost 3 million. kM 2, and length - 3676 kM. Obi pool is located within several geographic areas; In each of them, the character and density of the river network is different. So, in the south, in the forest-steppe zone, OB takes a relatively few tributaries, but in the taiga band, their number increases significantly.

Below the inventions of Irtysh Ob turns into a powerful thread of up to 3-4 kM. Near the mouth near the river width, the places comes to 10 kMand depth - up to 40 m.. This is one of the most popular Siberia Rivers; She brings per year to a row on average 414 kM 3 waters.

Ob is a typical plain river. The slopes of her bed is small: the fall in the upper part is usually 8-10 cm, and below the mouth of Irtysh does not exceed 2-3 cm on 1. kM flows. For the spring and summer Stock Ob near Novosibirsk is 78% annual; Near the mouth (at Salekhard), the distribution of the flow of the seasons is: winter - 8.4%, spring - 14.6, summer - 56 and autumn - 21%.

Six River Basin River (Irtysh, Chulym, Ishim, Tobol, Ket and Condu) have a length of more than 1000 kM; The length of even some second-order tributaries sometimes exceeds 500 kM.

The largest of the tributaries - Irtysh., whose length is 4248 kM. Its origins lie outside the Soviet Union, in the mountains of Mongolian Altai. At a considerable part of his sharpening, Irtysh crosses the steppe of the Northern Kazakhstan and until Omsk almost does not have any tributaries. Only in the lower reaches, already within the taiga, there are several major rivers in it: Ishim, Tobol, and others, throughout Irtysh, shipping, but in the upper reaches in the summer, during the period of low water, shipping is difficult due to numerous focate.

Along the eastern border of the West Siberian Plain proceeds Yenisei - the most popular river of the Soviet Union. Length Its 4091. kM (If you consider for the source of the Selengu River, then 5940 kM); The pool area is almost 2.6 million. kM 2. As well as the Ob, the pool of the Yenisei is pulled out in the meridional direction. All major right-hand tributaries flow through the territory of the medium-grained plateau. With the plane wetlands of the Western Siberian Plain, only shorter and non-none left tributaries of the Yenisei begin.

Yenisei originates in the mountains of the Tuvinian ASSR. In the upper and middle course, where the river crosses the sangs of Sayan and the Meshismic Plateau folded by indigenous rocks, thresholds (Cossack, Osinovsky, etc.) are found in her direction. After the underlying of the lower Tunguska, the flow becomes calmer and slow, and the sand islands, breaking the river on the docks. Yenisei flows into the wide Yenisei lip of the Kara Sea; Its width near the mouth, located at the Brehov Islands, comes up to 20 kM.

For Yenisei, large fluctuations in costs for the seasons of the year are characterized. Minimal winter consumption of it near the mouth - about 2500 m. 3 / sMaximum in the period of flooding exceeds 132 thousand. m. 3 / s at an average of about 19 800 m. 3 / s. Over the year, the river makes more than 623 to its mouth kM 3 waters. In the lower reaches, the depth of Yenisei is very significant (places 50 m). This makes it possible to climb up the river more than 700 kM And reach the Igarka.

On the West Siberian Plain there are about one million lakes, the total area of \u200b\u200bwhich is more than 100 thousand. kM 2. By origin, Kotlovin is divided into several groups: occupying primary unevenness of the flat relief; thermocarbon; Morny-glacial; Lakes of river valleys, which in turn are divided into floodplain and old man. Peculous lakes are "fogs" - are found in the Ural part of the plain. They are located in wide valleys, spread in the spring, sharply reducing their sizes in the summer, and by autumn, many do not disappear. In the forest-steppe and steppe areas of Western Siberia there are lakes that fill suffosionic or tectonic brands.

Soil, vegetation and animal world

The plain relief of Western Siberia contributes to pronounced zonality in the distribution of soils and vegetation cover. Within the country, there are gradually replacing one other tundra, timber, leafing, forest-steppe and steppe zone. Geographic zonality reminds thus in general features The system of zonality of Russian plain. However, the zones of the West Siberian Plains have a number of local specific features noticeably distinguish them from similar zones. of Eastern Europe. Typical zonal landscapes are located here on the dismembered and better drainaged placar and pruring sections. In weakly marked interrection spaces, the stock with which is difficult, and the soil is usually strongly moistened, marsh landscapes predominate in the northern provinces, and in the south - landscapes that are impaired under the influence of saline groundwater. Thus, there is a much greater than in Russian plain, the role in the distribution of soils and vegetation is played by the nature and demendant of the relief, which cause significant differences in soil moisture mode.

Therefore, in the country there are as far as two independent systems of latitudered zonality: the zonality of drainaged sites and the zonality of unfamiliar interfluve. The most distinct these differences are manifested in the character of soil. Thus, on the drained areas of the leashed zone, it is mainly formed by highly apolitical soils under coniferous taiga and turf-podzolic under birch forests, and in neighboring unfamiliar places - powerful podsoles, swamp and meadow-marsh soils. Drained spaces of the forest-steppe zone are most often leached and degraded chernozem or dark gray apotrole soils under birch slices; In the unfinished areas, they are replaced by marsh, salt-particle or meadow-chernozem soils. At the placarial sections of the steppe zone prevail or ordinary black soils, characterized by increased obesity, prevail, small capacity and linguity (inhomogeneity) of soil horizons, or brown soil; On poorly drained areas among them, the spots of solid and the core sollets or salt-tall meadow-steppe soils are common among them.

Fragment of the Surgut Wood Taiga site (by V. I. Orlov)

There are some other features that distinguish the zones of Western Siberia from the zones of the Russian Plain. In the tundra zone extending much northerly than in Russian plain, large areas are occupied by the Arctic tundra, which are absent in the mainland areas of the European Union. Wood vegetation Festundra is represented mainly by the Siberian larch, and not fir, as in areas lying west of the Urals.

In the leaning zone, 60% of the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is occupied by swamps and weakly cooked marshy forests 1, the arrays of pine borov, occupying 24.5% of the wood painted area, and birch (22.6%), mainly secondary. Smaller squares are covered with damp darkened taiga from cedar (Pinus Sibirica)firing (Abies sibirica) and ate (Picea Obovata). Wide breeds (with the exception of linden, occasionally occurring in the southern regions) in the forests of Western Siberia are absent, in connection with which there is no zone of large forests.

1 For this reason, the zone is called in Western Siberia woodsobol.

An increase in climate continentality causes a relatively sharp transition from wooded landscapes to the dry steppe spaces of the southern regions of the West Siberian Plain. Therefore, the width of the forest-steppe zone in Western Siberia is much less than in the Russian plain, and from tree species in it are found mainly birch and aspen.

The West Siberian Plain is entirely part of the transitional Eurosibirsk zogeographic subdomain of the Palearctic. There are 478 species of vertebrates, including 80 species of mammals. The fauna of the country is young and in its composition differs little from the fauna of the Russian plain. Only in the eastern half of the country there are some oriental, the cencing forms: the Jungan hamster (Phodopus Sungorus), Burunduk (Eutamias Sibiricus) et al. in last years The fauna of Western Siberia has been enriched by the acclimatized ondatra (Ondatra Zibethica), hare-russak (Lepus europaeus), American mink LUTREOLA VISON), protein television Sciurus Vulgaris Exalbidus), and in its reservoirs, Sazan (Cyprinus Carpio) and bream (Abramis Brama).

Natural resources

Natural wealth of Western Siberia has long served as the basis of development various industries farms. There are tens of millions of hectares of good arable land. Especially greater value is the land and forest land zones with their favorable climate and high-grade chernozems, gray forest and unsolicited chestnut soils, which occupy more than 10% of the country area. Due to the flatness of the relief, the development of land of the southern part of Western Siberia does not require large capital expenditures. For this reason, they were one of the priority areas for the development of virgin and landlords; In recent years, more than 15 million are involved in crop rotation here. h. New lands, increased production of grains and industrial crops (sugar beet, sunflower, etc.). Earth, located north, even in the South Town Strip, are still not enough and are a good reserve for development in the coming years. However, this will require significantly high labor costs and means for drainage, drawing and clearing lands from shrubs.

High economic value is the pastures of leafing, forest-steppe and steppe zones, especially filled meadows on the share of us, Irtysh, Yenisei and their large tributaries. The abundance of natural meadows creates a solid base for the further development of animal husbandry and a significant increase in its productivity. Important For the development of reindeer herring, there are behable pastures of tundra and forest tundra, which occupy more than 20 million in Western Siberia. h.; They make up more than half a million home deer.

A significant part of the plain is occupied by forests - birch, pine, cedar, fir, spruce and larch. The total wood paint area exceeds 80 million in Western Siberia. h.; Wood stock is about 10 billion. m. 3, and its annual increase is over 10 million. m. 3. Here are the most valuable forests, which give wood for various industries. national economy. The most widely used forests are currently used along the valley of Obi, Lowovyev Irtysh and some of their shipping or alloy tributaries. But many forests, including particularly valuable arrays of the Kondov Pine, located between the Urals and Operation, are still weak.

Tens of large rivers Western Siberia and hundreds of their tributaries serve important shipping highways connecting southern areas with the extreme north. The total length of shipping rivers exceeds 25 thousand. kM. Approximately the same length of the rivers, on which wood alloy is carried out. Full-water rivers of the country (Yenisei, Ob, Irtysh, Tom, etc.) have large energy resources; In full use, they could provide more than 200 billion. kWh electricity per year. The first large Novosibirsk hydroelectric station on the OBS River of 400 thousand. kw joined in 1959; Above it was created by a reservoir of 1070 kM 2. In the future, it is assumed to build a hydropower plant on Yenisei (Osinovskaya, Igarskaya), in the upper reaches of Ob (Kamenskaya, Baturin), on Tom (Tomsk).

The waters of large West Siberian rivers can also be used for irrigation and flooding semi-desert and desert regions of Kazakhstan and Central Asia, already experiencing a significant drawback of water resources. Currently, design organizations are developing the main provisions and feasibility studies of the transfer of a part of the flow of Siberian rivers to the Pool of the Aral Sea. According to preliminary surveys, the implementation of the first stage of this project should ensure the annual transition of 25 kM 3 waters from Western Siberia to Central Asia. To this end, on the Irtysh, near Tobolsk, it is planned to create a large reservoir. From him to the south along the Tobol Valley and on the Turgay decrease in the Syr Darya pool to the reservoirs created there, Ob-Caspian canal will go to the reservoirs. More than 1500 kM. Water lifting on Tobolo-Aral watershed is assumed to be carried out by a system of powerful pumping stations.

At the following stages of the project, the volume of annually transferred water can be brought to 60-80 kM 3. Since the waters of Irtysh and Tobol will not be enough for this, the work of the second stage provides for the construction of dams and reservoirs on the upper Ob, and possibly on Chulam and Yenisei.

Naturally, the withdrawal of tens of cubic water kilometers from Ob and Irtasha should affect the mode of these rivers in their middle and lower current, as well as on changes in the landscapes of the territories adjacent to the projected reservoirs and transformation channels. The prediction of the nature of these changes is now a prominent place in scientific research of Siberian geographers.

More recently, many geologists, based on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe monotolds of the stories of the plain of powerful stump of loose sediments and the seeming simplicity of its tectonic structure, very carefully assessed the possibility of opening any valuable minerals in its depths. However, the geological and geophysical studies held in recent decades, accompanied by drilling deep Wells, showed the fallacy of the previous ideas about the country's poverty of mineral resources and allowed the prospects for the use of its mineral resources in a completely new way.

As a result of these studies in the thickness of the Mesozoic (mainly Jurassic and niphelomel) sediments of the central regions of Western Siberia, more than 120 oil deposits are open. Major oil areas are located on average Priobye - Nizhnevartovsky (including the Samotlorsk deposit, which can produce oil to 100-120 million. t / year), Surgut (Ust-Balykskoe, West Surgut et al.) And South Balyksky (Mamontovskoe, Pravdinskoye, etc.) areas. In addition, there are deposits in Shaimsky district, in the Ural part of the plain.

In recent years, in the north of Western Siberia - in the lower seconds, pelvis and in Yamal - are also open the largest deposits Natural gas. The potential reserves of some of them (Urengoy, Bear, Polar) make up a few trillion cubic meters; Gas production at each can reach 75-100 billion. m. 3 per year. In general, the forecast gas reserves in the depths of Western Siberia are estimated at 40-50 trillion. m. 3, including by category A + B + C 1 - more than 10 trillion. m. 3 .

Oil and gas fields of Western Siberia

The discovery of both fields of oil and gas is of great importance for the development of the economy of Western Siberia and neighboring economic regions. Tyumen and Tomsk regions turn into important areas of oil producing, refineries and chemical industries. Already in 1975, more than 145 million was mined here. t. Oil and tens of billions of cubic meters of gas. For the delivery of oil to areas of consumption and processing, the Ust-Balyk oil pipelines were built - Omsk (965 kM), Shaim - Tyumen (436 km), Samotlor - Ust-Balyk - Kurgan - Ufa - Almetyevsk, in which oil gained access to the European part of the USSR - to the places of its greatest consumption. With the same purpose, the railway Tyumen - Surgut and gas pipelines, along which natural gas of Wessenosibirsk deposits go to the Urals, as well as to the central and northwestern regions of the European part of the Soviet Union. In the last five-year plan, the construction of a giant supergazonod Siberia - Moscow (its length of more than 3000 kM), in which the gas field of the bear is entered into Moscow. In the future, the gas of Western Siberia will go through pipelines and in Western European countries.

Also known deposits of brown coals were also known, dedicated to the Mesozoic and Neogenic sediments of the inhabitants of the plain (North-Soshivinsky, Yeniseiso-Chuliamsky and Ob-Irtysh pools). Western Siberia has both the colossal reserves of peat. In its peatlands, the total area of \u200b\u200bwhich exceeds 36.5 million. h., I am concluded less than 90 billion. t. Air dry peat. This is almost 60% of all the peat resources of the USSR.

Geological studies led to the discovery of the field and other minerals. In the south-east, in the uppermal and paleogenic sandstones of Kolpashev and Bacchara, large deposits of olith iron ore are open. They run relatively shallow (150-400 m.), iron content in them - up to 36-45%, and the projected geological reserves of the West Siberian iron ore basin are estimated at 300-350 billion. t., including in the same Baccharian field - 40 billion. t.. Hundreds of millions of tons of cook and glauble salt, as well as tens of millions of tons of soda, are concentrated in numerous salted lakes in the south of Western Siberia. In addition, Western Siberia has huge stocks of raw materials for the production of building materials (sand, clay, markel); According to her Western and southern outskirts, there are local limestone deposits, granites, diabases.

Western Siberia is one of the most important economic and geographic areas of the USSR. About 14 million people live on its territory (average population density - 5 people per 1 kM 2) (1976). In cities and working villages there are engineering, refineries and chemical plants, forestry, light and food industries. Of great importance in the western Siberian economy have various agricultural branches. It produces about 20% of the USSR commercial grain, a significant number of different technical crops, a lot of oil, meat and wool.

Decisions of the XXV Congress of the CPSU are scheduled for further giant growth in the economy of Western Siberia and a significant increase in its importance in the economy of our country. In the coming years, it is planned to create new energy bases based on the use of cheap coal deposits and hydropower resources of Yenisei and Obi, develop the oil and gas industry, to create new centers of mechanical engineering and chemistry.

The main directions of the development of the national economy are planned to continue the formation of the West Siberian territorial-production complex, turn Western Siberia to the main base of the USSR for oil and gas production. In 1980, 300-310 million will be mined here. t. Oil and up to 125-155 billion m. 3 Natural Gas (about 30% of gas production in our country).

It is planned to continue the construction of the Tomsk petrochemical complex, to put into effect the first stage of the Achinsky oil refining plant, deploy the construction of the Tobolsky petrochemical complex, to build plants for oil gas processing, a system of powerful pipelines for transporting oil and gas from the Northwestern regions of Western Siberia to the European part of the USSR and to Oil refining plants of the eastern regions of the country, as well as the Railway of Surgut-Nizhnevartovsk and begin construction of the Surgut-Urengoy railway. The tasks of the five-year plan are envisaged to speed up the exploration of oil, natural gas and condensate deposits on average Priobye and the North of the Tyumen region. The preparation of wood, production of grain and animal products will also increase. In the southern regions of the country, it is planned to carry out a number of large land reclamation events - irrigation and water large arrays Land of Kuludy and Priirtesh, to begin construction of the second stage of the Alaska system and Charysh group water supply, building drainage systems in the boarabe.

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For a better understanding of written, see also " Dictionary of Physical Geography", having the following sections:

Between the Urals in the West and the Meshness Plateorem in the East. OK. 3 million km & sup2. The length from the north to the south is up to 2500 km, from west to east to 1900 km. Height from 50 150 m in the northern and central parts up to 300 m in Western, South and ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

West Siberian Plain, between the Urals in the West and the Medium-Sivory Plateorem in the East. OK. 3 million km2. The length from the north to the south is up to 2500 km, from west to east to 1900 km. Height from 50 150 m in the northern and central parts up to 300 m in ... ... Russian history

One of the biggest on earth. Occupies b. h. Zap. Siberia, stretching out of the coast of the Kara Sea on S. to the Kazakh Melkosopechnik on Yu., From the Urals to Z. to the Middle Eybir Plateau at V.P. OK. 3 million km². Wide flat or ... Geographic Encyclopedia

Between the Urals in the West and the medium-grained plateorest in the east of about 3 million km2. The length from the north to the south is up to 2500 km, from west to east to 1900 km. Height from 50 150 m in the northern and central parts up to 300 m in Western, South and East. ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

West Siberian lowland, one of the greatest low-loop accumulative plains of the globe. It is located to C. From the small-scale plain of Kazakhstan and Altai Mountains, between the Urals on Z. and the medium-grained plateorest on B. Duration with ...

West Siberian Plain - West Siberian Plain, West Siberian lowland. One of the largest low-loop accumulative plains of the globe. It occupies most of Western Siberia, stretching from the coast of the Kara Sea in the north to the Kazakh small variety and ... Dictionary "Geography of Russia"

West Siberian Plain - sibuda sib iris is equivalent ... Russian spelling dictionary

West Siberian Plain of the USSR. Physical Card. - … Geographic Atlas

Ural landscape of the West Siberian Plain ... Wikipedia

One of the largest artesian pools (see Artesian Pool) of the world, located within the West Siberian Plain. The area is about 3 million km2. Basin aquifers are associated with the thickness of sediment sediments of the meso of Cenozoa and ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Books

Set of tables. Geography and natural science. Relief (10 tables) ,. An academic album of 10 sheets. Art. 2-060-447 Eastern European Plain. West Siberian Plain. Medium-Siberian plateau. Northeast Siberia. Ural Mountains. Caucasus. South Mountains ...