Homonyms are words that sound and are spelled the same, but have nothing in common in meaning. The term comes from the Greek language: homos - "same", onima - "name". Let's say onion- plant and onion- weapons for throwing arrows, drown stove and sink ships.
Consider types of homonyms.
1. Some words are spelled the same but pronounced differently: lock and lock, p'arit(linen, vegetables) and steam(in the clouds), st`oit(bread in the store) and worth it(car, tree). Such words are called homographs , which in Greek means "spelling the same way."
2. There are words that are pronounced the same way, but they need to be written differently. For example, pond and rod, metal and metal, five and span. This is homophones , translated from Greek - "the same sounding".
Among the homophones there are many such pairs that do not coincide in all their forms, but in some or even one. If you start changing words by cases and numbers, then you immediately find a difference in their sound. Let's say by the pond, to the pond – two rods, hit with a rod. Word " three" can also be a numeral ( three apples, three things) and verb ( three strong!). But not all forms of these words will match: rub, ter – three, three. The same forms of different words are called homoforms .
Homonyms can be a hindrance in linguistic communication, they are especially difficult for a translator. In this case, the context helps, because in natural conversation, words are rarely used in isolation. From the context, it is easy enough to guess what meaning is meant: This is a very simple example. - Simple equipment is quite expensive.
§ 51. Homonymy and its types
The polysemy of words is a large and multifaceted problem, various issues of lexicology are associated with it, in particular, the problem of homonymy. Homonyms – words that sound the same but have different meanings. The relationship between polysemy and homonymy is historically conditioned. With the development of the language, “the same inner shell of the word is overgrown with shoots of new meanings and meanings” [Vinogradov V. V. 1947: 14]. Homonyms in a number of cases arise from a polysemy that has undergone a process of destruction: fist- hand with clenched fingers and fist- a wealthy peasant, a good strong owner, and then fist - peasant exploiter (class definition). The problem of distinguishing between polysemy and homonymy is complex; linguists offer various criteria for breeding these phenomena. There are several approaches.
O.S. Akhmanova built the distinction between polysemy and homonymy, first of all, taking into account the nature of the relationship of the word with objective reality. If each of the meanings is an independent name of a certain object of the surrounding world and is independent of any other object, then these meanings belong to different homonymous words. For example: hail (city) and hail (precipitation); scythe (hairstyle), scythe (shallow) and scythe (tool).
E. M. Galkina-Fedoruk was of the opinion that the distinction between polysemy and homonymy should be carried out by selecting synonyms. If the synonyms have nothing in common, then these are homonyms: boron (drill) - boron (coniferous forest) - boron (chemical element).
A number of scientists, without rejecting the named criteria, also suggested taking into account derivational features: for example, reaction as a term of different sciences has different derivational rows: reaction (biol., chem.) reagent, reactive, reactivity; reaction(polit.) - reactionary, reactionary, reactionary.
Homonyms often have different syntactic compatibility, different forms controls: care from work and care for a child, for flowers; change plan, but change homeland. However, these delimitation criteria are not universal, so sometimes there are discrepancies in dictionaries. The sources of homonymy are as follows:
Homonyms are a product of the breakdown of polysemy: drying - drying and drying - type of product (steering wheel).
Derivative homonyms: to buy (from the verb "buy") and (from the verb "to bathe").
Consequence historical change the sound appearance of different words: IS (available) and ЂST (to eat) coincided in sound by the middle of the 18th century: the sound “ê” (closed) or the Old Russian diphthong “ie” (transmitted in writing by the letter Ђ “yat”) began to be pronounced as [ e], so the pronunciation of the words ceased to differ. In 1918, a spelling reform was carried out, some letters were abolished, including the letter Ђ, and the above words coincided not only in sound, but also in spelling. Let's take another example. Word lynx(animal) in ancient times it sounded “ryd” and was the same root with the words blush, red; then "ds" was simplified into "s". Word lynx how the running of a horse goes back to the Old Russian “rist” (cf. the lists), later the final “t” “disappeared, and the “r” hardened.
The richest source of homonymy are borrowed words, for example: tour (bull - Old Russian) and tour (from French): waltz tour, beam (ravine - from Turkic languages) and beam (log - from German), marriage (marriage - Russian) and marriage (flaw - from German) and others.
Homonyms are divided into full, or actually lexical homonyms, and incomplete homonyms, among which, in turn, several types are distinguished. To proper lexical homonyms include, for example: English: flaw1 – crack; flaw2 – gust of wind; Russian: light1 - energy; light2 - the world, the universe. These words have the same sound, spelling and refer to the same part of speech. The types of incomplete homonyms are as follows:
1. Homophones - words and forms of different meanings, coinciding in sound, but differing in spelling:
meadow (field) - bow (shooting tool), ball (dance party) - score (score).
2. homographs - words that are different in meaning and sound, but the same in spelling:
atlas (fabric) - atlas (a collection of geographical maps), castle - castle.
3. homoforms (morphological homonyms) - words that coincide in sound and spelling in one or more grammatical forms:
swarm (n.) of bees - swarm (vb.) pit, expensive (n.) - expensive (adj.), new saw (n.) - drank (vb.) coffee, tourniquet (v.) grass - medical tourniquet ( n.).
Adjacent to homonyms paronyms – words that are similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. They are sometimes mistakenly used one instead of the other: a subscription (the right to use something) and a subscriber (a person who has a subscription); effective (productive) and spectacular (conspicuous); a secretive (closed) person and a hidden (invisible) mechanism and many others.
Homonyms are words that are different in meaning but have the same sound and spelling.
Word homonym came from the Greek homos - identical + onima - name.
Most homonyms are among nouns and verbs.
Example:
1. DEFEND - protect (defend a friend).
2. DEFEND - to stand (to stand in line).
3. DEFEND - to be at some distance from someone, something. (the airport is five kilometers away from the city).
Reasons for the appearance of homonyms in the language
random word match:
Example:
1. ONION - loans. garden plant with a sharp taste.
2. ONION - claim.-rus. A hand-held weapon for throwing arrows, made from a flexible, resilient rod (usually wooden) tied into an arc with a bowstring.
coincidence in the formation of new words:
Example:
SEND - send with an order. The person doing the task 1. AMBASSADOR .
SALT - preserve something in a salt solution. Method of salting products - 2. AMBASSADOR .
loss of semantic connection between the meanings of a polysemantic word.
Example:
This happened in ancient times with the word LIGHT :
LIGHT - 1) lighting, 2) earth, world, universe.
These meanings have become so distant that they have lost their semantic connection. Now it's two different words.
1. LIGHT - radiant energy that makes the world around us visible.
2. LIGHT - Earth, world, universe.
Homonyms must be distinguished from polysemantic words. The meanings of homonyms are clear only in phrases and sentences. A single word GENUS unclear. But, if you introduce it into a phrase, it becomes clear what is at stake:
Example:
ancient genus , male genus .
Types of homonyms
Often homonyms, homoforms, homophones and homographs are used in puns - witty expressions, jokes.
Example:
You are NOT MINE this umbrella, because it is NOT MINE, you lost it MUMB.
Use homonyms, homoforms, homophones and homographs in your speech should be very careful. Sometimes they lead to unwanted ambiguity.
Example:
Yesterday I visited the Poetry DAY. Day poetry? Or bottom poetry?
Goals:
Planned results:
Subject:
Deepen knowledge about words that are the same in sound but different in meaning;
Know the meaning of the term homonyms;
Distinguish between homonyms and polysemantic words;
Show the role of homonyms in speech;
Develop speech while explaining the meaning words - homonyms when making proposals with them.
Metasubject:
Understand that the specific meaning of a word can only appear in the text;
· Be able to compare words by meaning and sound;
Personal:
· To form the desire to make your speech accurate, to avoid ambiguity in it.
Equipment: Textbook
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Preview:
Synopsis of the lesson in the Russian language.
Topic: Words similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning (homonyms)
Goals: Introduce words similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning "homonyms".
Planned results:
Subject:
- Deepen knowledge about words that sound the same but have different meanings;
- Know the meaning of the term homonyms;
- Distinguish between homonyms and polysemantic words;
- Show the role of homonyms in speech;
- Develop speech when explaining the meaning of homonyms, when making sentences with them.
Metasubject:
- Understand that the specific meaning of a word can only appear in the text;
- Be able to compare words by meaning and sound;
Personal:
- To form the desire to make your speech accurate, to avoid ambiguity in it.
Equipment: Textbook L.F. Klimanova, T.V. Babushkin. "Enlightenment" 2nd ed. M.: Education, 2012., presentation.
Lesson stages Methods and techniques | Time | Teacher Activities | Activity students | UUD |
Org. Moment The word teacher. Practical: vocabulary work Practical: Min-ka calligraphy motivational stage. Practical: listening to T. Verbal: answers to questions Visual: looking at the illustration | 2 minutes | Hello guys. My name is Ekaterina Alexandrovna, and today I will give you a Russian lesson.Today we are waiting for a meeting with new knowledge. We have many interesting tasks to complete. Open your notebooks, put them in the right place. Write down the number and classwork. vocabulary work- A minute of calligraphy | Welcome teachers. They sit down. Listen to the tasks of the teacher - la. Perform tasks. | R: accept and save the task |
Guys, I will tell you one story now, and you will help to understand why mother and son failed to agree? Mom made cherry jam and stirred it with a wooden spoon. The son approached her and offered: “Let me bother you!” Mom was scared and waved her hands: “No! Don't bother me!" Why mother and son do not understand each other? (Learners are trying to explain that there are two different words; interfere, shake up, and interfere - create an obstacle to work.) In what sense did the son consume the word "interfere"? (help mother stir the brew) What did mom think? (interfere - create an obstacle) Can these words be called polysemantic? (no) Why? What words are called polysemous? (One word has multiple meanings) It turns out that the guys have such words in Russian that are similar in spelling and sound, but different in meaning. And now let's try to formulate the topic of the lesson. (Words similar in sound and spelling but different in meaning) What is the purpose of our lesson? (Learn how such words are called, learn how to use them in speech) Look at the pictures that are shown on the screen, tell me what you see?. (Keys ( wrench, treble clef, spring key, door key)) Guys, but there are a lot of pictures here, and you gave me only one word. Is it all the same? Can we call these words polysemantic? (no, these are words that sound and are spelled the same but have different meanings) But our professor of samovars has prepared for you a new definition of such words. Let's open our textbooks and read. Page 25 What words are called homonyms? (Words that sound and are spelled the same, but have different meanings) | Observe the use of synonyms in the text. Characterize sounds (stressed vowels - unstressed; hard consonants - soft, voiced - deaf). Analyze: identify a sound by its characteristics. They answer questions. Listen to teachers. | P: extract necessary information from the teacher's story, own experience; searching for the required information. R: comprehend learning. material; act taking into account the guidelines allocated by the teacher; adequately perceive the assessment of the teacher. |
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Homonyms are like twins But they don't mean the same thing: The load is delivered by a crane And the tap pours water in the apartment Now let's practice. Write down Exercise 34. Consider 4 illustrations, What is shown? (Bridge supports "bulls", bull, birdie "oatmeal" porridge "oatmeal) The bull is an animal. "Bulls" are the supports on which the bridge stands. Bird "Oatmeal" Oatmeal the size of sparrow She lives in fields and forests. Herculean porridge, but in another way we call it oatmeal. And what are these words? (homonyms) Let's make sentences with these words. (sentences are displayed on the slide) And write them in a notebook. Let's warm up. (physical minute) There are two illustrations on the board. (onion (plant) onion (weapon)) Look at the pictures. What do you see on them? (onion-plant, onion-weapon) Say these two words. How they sound (single) Let's map each of these words. L- acc. unpaired, sonorous U-voice. shock K- acc. paired, deaf. Onion - onion. Lots of bows Lots of bows Bow - rast, bow - weapon. They sound the same. Look at the diagrams. What can you say about the schemes (they are the same) In both there is a steam room acc. at the end. (we check with a check word, we prove in the 1st and in the 2nd case) Let's write it down. Bow and bow. So they are spelled the same? (yeah) And they sound the same? (Yes) What conclusion can be drawn? Words that sound and are spelled the same are called homonyms. | ||||
So, what words did we get acquainted with in the lesson today? (with homonyms)
Verse. Tell your parents. | Assess your achievements. | R: accept and save account. task when performing tasks; act taking into account the guidelines allocated by the teacher; apply learned methods. R: carry out final control |
hope. For example, hail as a type of precipitation and hail as a city: Show off, city of Petrov ... (Pushkin the Bronze Horseman)
Or a key - a spring and a key to a castle, a scythe - a type of hairstyle and a scythe - a tool, etc.
Along with incomplete homonyms, there are three types of incomplete ones: homophones, homographs, homoforms.
Homophones - words that are the same in sound, but different in spelling and meaning: fruit - raft, threshold - vice, breast - sadness, beg - belittle, oxen - shafts, ear - voice.
"He believed that friends ready
It's an honor to accept him fetter"
"Her pampered fingers did not know needles;
Leaning on hoop"
homographs - on the contrary, words identical in spelling, but different in sound and meaning: organ - organ, flour - flour, castle - castle.
And finally homoforms - these are words that coincide in sound and spelling in only one or several forms, and are completely different in others.
Usually these are different parts of speech: simple (n.) - a break in work and simple (adj.) - not difficult. They only coincide in the nominative case.
All these forms activate the play on words and therefore are widely used in poetry, in all kinds of puns. For example, in the epigraph to Eugene Onegin, Pushkin uses consonant phrases: a phrase from Garatsiya O rus! (O village! and Russian O Rus!)
So he gradually inspires the reader with the idea that true Russia is rural.
A homonymous pair of words greatly enlivens speech in poetry. Sometimes it's a witty rhyme:
But what does spouse
Alone, in the absence spouse?
(A.S. Pushkin Graf Nulin)
Or lines from Onegin:
Defender of Liberty and rights
In this place was completely not right
3. Additional lexical resources of the poetic language
The poetic language, in addition to the main lexical fund, includes special lexical resources , which are usually excluded from literary language, but spontaneously function in the spoken language.
Fiction, using such words in poetic language, expands the circle of people who know them.
On the other hand, these words perform certain functions in poetic language.
Special lexical resources classified internally into 4 varieties:
1) historical: Slavicisms, archaisms, historicisms, neologisms.
2) national: barbarisms.
3) geographical: dialectisms.
4) social: vernacular and professionalisms.
1) Slavicisms, archaisms, historicisms, neologisms
Over time, any National language changes, and the texts of ancient literatures have to be literally translated into modern languages(from ancient Russian to modern Russian, from ancient Greek to modern Greek, etc.)
Each word has its own history, competes with other words, sometimes completely changes its meaning and form. There are, however, words in the language whose historical confinement does not change.
These are Slavicisms - words of Old Slavonic origin: mouth, eyes, eyelids, cheeks, etc.
Slavicisms have Russian synonyms: enemy - enemy, shore - coast, night - night, etc.
Slavicisms have 3 functions in poetic language:
1. To give the story an archaic tone.
A.S. Pushkin used many Slavic words in Onegin:
1) Listen to my sad voice…
2) young delights first dream ...
3) B mouth tried to keep...
4) "Two-legged creatures millions
We have only one weapon...
"God's Creature" in Church Slavonicism means "a living being created by God.
5) "Alkalo fatal food ... "a word of Old Slavic origin, meaning" to passionately desire something.
2. Old Slavonic language is still the professional language of the Russian Orthodox Church.
Therefore, in Pushkin's Boris Godunov, the speech of clergymen is replete with Slavicisms:
A great sin is coming
tongues of the earth...
3. The most important function of Slavisms is connected with high calm. The use of Slavicisms gives solemnity to the speech.
This is well illustrated by Pushkin's poem The Prophet:
Arise, prophet, and see, and listen,
Do my will.
And, bypassing the seas and lands,
Burn people's hearts with the verb
Artistic functions similar to Slavicisms are performed in the poetic language by archaisms and historicisms.
Archaisms (from the Greek archaios - ancient) - these are words that were later forced out of the active dictionary by other words.
A large number of archaisms are found in Pushkin in Onegin:
1) What was for him from childhood…
2) Diana's chest, cheeks flora...
3) "The final thunders, it is empty hall..."
4) "How he described himself piit..."
5) "Enemies gathered and others"
It is necessary to distinguish from archaisms historicisms , words denoting phenomena of the distant historical past. For example: archers, guardsmen, boyars, dues, corvee, maids of honor.
In Onegin we read:
1) Yarem from corvee ancient
quitrent easy replaced
2) And finally updated
On cotton wool dressing gown and cap
Academy of developing games. For children from 1 to 7 years Novikovskaya Olga Andreevna
Similar words
Say two words in a row that differ from each other in only one sound, and ask the child to repeat them.
Word examples: house - smoke, moss - fur, cat - whale; bow - hatch, mouse - bear, soap - Mila, nose - carried, cat - midge, mesh - branch, cap - sliver; duck - fishing rod, Kachu - I want, kidneys - barrels; goat - braid, soup - tooth, ball - heat, bowl - bear, jokes - day, Marina - raspberries, cancer - varnish.
Next time, complicate the task - say not two, but three words in a row. For example: "Tok - so - knock." Have the child repeat them.
Examples of other consonant words:
Poppy - tank - so.
Cat - spoon - midge.
Duck - fishing rod - street.
Ladies - house - smoke.
Wreath - stream - skating rink.
Branch - grid - cell.
Kom - house - gnome.
Mask - caress - helmet.
Olya - Kolya - Tolya.
Cancer - varnish - poppy.
Baton - concrete - bud.
Neighbor - pipette - mother hen.
The game contributes to the activation of attention, the development of speech hearing (the ability to distinguish similar-sounding words), teaches the child to select rhyming words.
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Homonyms
(from Greek homos - the same + onima, onoma - name) - words belonging to the same part of speech and sounding the same, but different in meaning.
Example: marriage (matrimony) - marriage (damaged products)
atone (guilt) - atone (in the bath)
Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism. From allegory to iambic. - M.: Flinta, Nauka. N.Yu. Rusova. 2004
See what "homonyms" are in other dictionaries:
Homonyms- (from Greek ὁμός identical and ονομα name) different in meaning, but identical in spelling and sounding units of the language (words, morphemes, etc.). The term was introduced by Aristotle. Not to be confused with homophones. Contents 1 Classification 2 Examples 2.1 Words ... Wikipedia
Homonyms- (Greek) words that coincide with each other in their sound with a complete mismatch of meanings. Example "bow" (weapon) "bow" (plant). Usually, the appearance in the language of O. is explained by an accidental coincidence of once different stems as a result of a series ... ... Literary Encyclopedia
HOMONYMS- (Greek homonymos, similar from homos, and onoma name). Words that have same pronunciation, but different meaning or spelled differently but pronounced the same. For example, a stove pipe and a musical trumpet, flour, like suffering, and ground flour ... ... Vocabulary foreign words Russian language
Homonyms Homonyms are words that sound the same but have different meanings. For example, "swords" (from the word "sword") and "swords" (from the word "to throw"); “three” (number) and “three” (from the word “rub”), etc. A punning game is built on homonyms (see Pun), and already with ... Dictionary of literary terms
HOMONYMS- (from Greek homos the same and onima name), different in meaning, but similarly sounding and spelling units of the language (words, morphemes, etc.), for example, lynx running and lynx animal ... Modern Encyclopedia
HOMONYMS- (from the Greek homos the same and onyma name) different, but the same sounding and spelling units of the language (words, morphemes, etc.), for example. lynx running and lynx animal ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
HOMONYMS- (from the Greek homos - the same + onima - name). Words that belong to the same part of speech and sound the same but have different meanings. Distinguish O. full (in which the whole system of forms coincides), partial (in which they coincide in sound ... ... A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)
HOMONYMS- (from Greek homos identical + onoma, onoma name) words with different meanings, which, however, are spelled and pronounced the same way. For example, in English the language of O. are the words pupil (student and pupil), as well as iris (iris and rainbow); in Russian language ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia
homonyms- Identical terms denoting different entities. [GOST 34.320 96] Database topics EN homonyms … Technical Translator's Handbook
Homonyms- (from the Greek homos the same and onyma name), different in meaning, but the same sounding and spelling units of the language (words, morphemes, etc.), for example, “lynx” running and “lynx” animal. … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
homonyms- (other Greek ομος homos identical + onima, ονυμά name) Words that have the same sound, but different meaning: spit1 (girl's hairstyle), spit2 (tool), spit3 (river spit, peninsula in the form of a narrow shallow). Interlingual homonyms are found ... ... Vocabulary linguistic terms T.V. Foal
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- Homonyms of Russian dialect speech, M. Alekseenko, O. Litvinnikova. This is the first attempt at a dictionary of homonyms in Russian dialectal speech. Includes words of different grammatical classes. It belongs to the part-speech explanatory type of dictionaries. Called up…