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Life on planet Earth originated from water, and it is water that continues to support this life. The human body is 80% water, it is actively used in food, light and heavy industries. Therefore, a sober assessment of available reserves is extremely important. After all, water is the source of life and technological progress. The reserves of fresh water on Earth are not endless, so ecologists are increasingly reminded of the need for rational environmental management.
Let's deal with ourselves first. Fresh water- this is one that contains no more than one tenth of a percent of salt. When calculating reserves, not only liquid from natural sources is taken into account, but also atmospheric gas and reserves in glaciers.
world reserves
More than 97% of all water reserves are in the World's oceans - it is salty and unsuitable for human use without special treatment. Slightly less than 3% is fresh water. Unfortunately, not all of them are available:
- 2.15% is accounted for by glaciers, icebergs and mountain ice.
- About one thousandth of a percent is gas in the atmosphere.
- And only 0.65% of the total is available for consumption and is found in freshwater rivers and lakes.
At the moment, it is generally accepted that freshwater reservoirs are an inexhaustible source. This is true, the world's reserves cannot exhaust themselves even with irrational use - the amount of fresh water will be restored due to the planetary circulation of substances. Every year, more than half a million cubic meters of fresh water evaporate from the oceans. This liquid takes the form of clouds and then replenishes freshwater springs with precipitation.
The problem is that readily available supplies can run out. We are not talking about the fact that a person will drink all the water from rivers and lakes. The problem is source pollution. drinking water.
Planetary Consumption and Scarcity
Consumption is distributed as follows:
- About 70% is spent on maintaining the agricultural industry. This figure varies greatly from region to region.
- The entire world industry spends about 22%.
- Individual household consumption accounts for 8%.
Available available freshwater sources cannot fully meet the needs of mankind for two reasons: uneven distribution and pollution.
Fresh water shortage is observed in the following territories:
- Arabian Peninsula. Consumption exceeds available resources by more than five times. And this calculation is only for individual household consumption. Water on the Arabian Peninsula is extremely expensive - it has to be transported by tankers, pipelines are pulled, and seawater desalination plants are built.
- Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan. The level of consumption is equal to the amount of available water resources. But with the development of the economy and industry, the risk is extremely high that the consumption of fresh water will increase, which means that fresh water resources will be depleted.
- Iran uses 70% of its renewable freshwater resources.
- All North Africa is also under threat - fresh water resources are used by 50%.
At first glance, it may seem that the problems are typical for dry countries. However, it is not. The greatest deficit is observed in hot countries with high population density. For the most part, these are developing countries, which means that further growth in consumption can be expected.
For example, in the Asian region, the most big square freshwater reservoirs, and Australia is the smallest on the continent. At the same time, a resident of Australia is provided with a resource more than 10 times better than a resident of the Asian region. This is due to differences in population density - 3 billion inhabitants of the Asian region versus 30 million in Australia.
nature management
The depletion of fresh water resources leads to a pronounced shortage in more than 80 countries of the world. The reduction in stocks affects the economic growth and social well-being of a number of states. The solution to the problem is the search for new sources, since a decrease in consumption will not be able to significantly change the state of affairs. The share of annual depletion of fresh water reserves in the world is, according to various estimates, from 0.1% to 0.3%. This is quite a lot if you keep in mind that not all freshwater sources are available for instant use.
Estimates show that there are countries (mainly the Middle East and North Africa) where reserves are slowly depleted, but water is not available due to pollution - more than 95% of fresh water is not suitable for drinking, this volume requires careful and technologically complex treatment.
It makes no sense to hope for a decrease in the needs of the population - consumption only grows every year. As of 2015, more than 2 billion people were restricted to some extent in consumption, food or household. According to the most optimistic forecasts, with the same consumption of fresh water reserves on Earth, there will be enough until 2025. After that, all countries with a population of more than 3 million people will find themselves in a zone of serious deficit. There are almost 50 such countries. This number shows that more than 25% of states will be in a deficit.
As for the situation in the Russian Federation, there is enough fresh water in Russia, the Russian region will be one of the last to face shortage problems. But this does not mean that the state should not take part in the international regulation of this problem.
Ecological problems
Fresh water resources on the planet are unevenly distributed - this leads to a pronounced shortage in specific regions, along with population density. It is clear that this problem cannot be solved. But you can deal with another - with the pollution of existing freshwater reservoirs. The main impurities-pollutants are salts of heavy metals, products of the oil refining industry, chemical reagents. The liquid contaminated by them requires additional expensive treatment.
Water reserves on Earth are also depleted due to human intervention in hydro circulation. Thus, the construction of dams led to a drop in the water level in such rivers as the Mississippi, Huang He, Volga, Dnieper. The construction of hydroelectric power plants provides cheap electricity, but damages freshwater sources.
The modern strategy for dealing with scarcity is desalination, which is becoming more and more widespread, especially in Eastern countries. And this despite high cost and energy intensity of the process. At the moment, the technology fully justifies itself, allowing you to replenish natural reserves with artificial ones. But the process capacity may not be enough for desalination if freshwater depletion continues at the same pace.
Almost 70% of our planet is covered with water. If converted to cubic kilometers, the figure is quite impressive - 1,500 million cubic kilometers. And it seems that this is a huge figure, but do not forget that this one and a half million includes absolutely all the water - sea, ocean, lake, river. Of these 70%, only 3% is fresh water. About 190 million cubic kilometers of water resources are located under the earth's crust (underground reservoirs). Depending on the depth of these sources, they are divided into underground and surface water. At the same time, taking into account the number of people living on earth, and, consequently, people in need of drinking water, this indicator is scanty. Today, the lack of clean fresh water is the most basic problem of mankind. Scientists around the world are developing programs and technologies that are aimed at desalination of marine and ocean water.
Water pools, which are located underground at a depth of tens to hundreds of meters, are a kind of vessels where water is surrounded by solid rock and is under high pressure. Water accumulating at a shallow depth is an excellent basis for wells, water columns. This water is suitable for domestic needs, but requires special purification if it is used for food. Water located at a depth of several meters from the ground has one significant drawback - it is constantly in contact with the upper loose soil layer and can be contaminated with pesticides, heavy metals, radionuclides and other substances and compounds. Therefore, water bodies at greater depths are cleaner and safer to use.
Glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica are the largest source of fresh water on earth. Approximately, this is from 20 to 30 million cubic kilometers of fresh and, most importantly, clean drinking water.
Quite a few fresh water falls in the form of a variety of precipitation (snow, rain, dew), and this is about 14 thousand cubic kilometers. Today, many special technologies have been developed for the desalination of ocean water. The main method for extracting fresh water is the principle of distillation. But in addition to this method, other physicochemical methods are also used, which are cheaper and more accessible.
The main sources of fresh water on earth are rivers and lakes. These are inherently unique "gifts" of nature. Humanity has been using fresh water to meet your needs. The largest lake in the world is Lake Baikal, located on the territory of Russian Federation. This reservoir is considered not only the largest in the world, but also the cleanest with the richest flora and fauna. The volume of water in Baikal is about 20 thousand cubic kilometers. The composition of water in Lake Baikal is approximately the following: arsenic - 0.3 μg / l (at the maximum permissible concentration - 10 μg / l), lead 0.7 μg / l (MAC is 10 units), mercury - 0.1 μg / l ( norm - 1 μg / l), cadmium - 0.02 μg / l (at a maximum allowable rate in 1 µg/l). About six thousand cubic kilometers of water is found in all animals and plant organisms on the planet, including in the people themselves. Therefore, we can safely say that Natural resources waters are distributed literally all over the planet.
A person is 80% composed of liquid, a decrease in the water balance in the body leads to rather sad consequences. The most interesting thing is that we absolutely do not pay attention to the processes of fluid exchange with nature. And this happens not only through sweat and urine, but also through the droplets of liquid exhaled by us. But in order to give away the liquid, we draw it from nature itself. And it is unlikely that any of us asked the question “What will happen if the exchange of liquids stops?”. In case of interruption of fluid supply to human body dehydration will occur - in other words, dehydration of the body.
The main symptoms of dehydration are: weakness, headache, heart palpitations, dizziness, nausea, shortness of breath. With the loss of 10% of the fluid from the mass of the human body, it leads to loss of consciousness, impaired speech, impaired hearing and vision. If there is a loss of fluid in the region of 15 to 20%, there are complications in the cardiovascular and nervous system and ultimately death.
It is for this reason that you should be attentive to the needs of your own body and not ignore its alarming signals. And the most important thing - water sources on earth should be protected to prevent their pollution and disappearance.
As you know, water is the source of life, and it has its own holiday. Every year on March 22, the planet celebrates World Water Day or World Water Day, designed to draw public attention to the problems associated with the protection of water resources. But there are problems.
Thus, in 2006, about 1.1 billion people did not have normal and safe drinking water, and more people died from floods and droughts than from other natural disasters.
Mindlessly pouring drinking water in the kitchen and bathroom? These photos will make you think.
Let's see where people get water. This is how they draw water from a well in Zimbabwe. Compared to the options below, this is still pretty clean water.
The queue at a huge well with water in the Indian state of Gujarat. 
According to the World Health Organization, infections caused by lack of clean water lead to the death of one person every minute somewhere in the world. 
In this area in Kenya drinking water go to the swamp. 
In Mumbai, drinking water can also be collected from a puddle. The main thing is not to hit the train. 
A picturesque column in the northern Indian city of Allahabad. 
Constructor from in Caracas, Venezuela. Rainwater collection plant. 
The water from the reservoir in Dhaka seems to be quite clear. Against the background of the next option ... 
Collection of drinking water from a puddle in Somalia. 
Let's take a closer look at the process. 
Many scientists believe that the problem is not the lack of water, but its irrational use. One of the most pressing issues of our time is the excessive consumption of water in food production.
So, a person drinks 2-3 liters of water per day, while 2000-5000 liters of water are required to produce food for one person.
Sea in Karachi, Pakistan. Slightly dirty. 
In the slum area in the Indonesian capital Jakarta, there is such a canal with water. 
Fresh water resources on our planet are distributed extremely unevenly. The arid or semi-arid regions of the world, which make up 40% of the land, use only 2% of the world's water supply. 
The main source of all fresh water is the oceans, from which approximately 500 thousand square kilometers evaporate annually. water. 80% of all precipitation goes back into the oceans and falls out.
Pond in Manila. 
The largest reserves of fresh water are in polar ice. The ratio of the amount of the world's fresh water to the volume of all water on Earth is only 3%.
Water trip in Tacloban, Philippines. It is difficult to drive through the mountains of garbage. 
Myanmar. Rainwater as drinking water is a relatively good option. 
In this area of Sanaa, Yemen, everyone goes to a single pump, trying to fill as many containers as possible. 
Crossing a sewer canal in the slums of Mumbai. 
Filling barrels with water from a tank truck, Lima, Peru. 
A textured pump in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. 
Bridge over a polluted canal in East Bangalore, India. It is difficult to pass here without plugging the nose. 
Carrying water near the capital of South Sudan. And saves from the sun. 
Drinking water from South Sudan. 
When thirsty. 
A bath in a slum in Jakarta, Indonesia. 
Drinking water from a pit in the Baghdad area. Well, it smells really strong. 
A set of water of dubious quality using hand pump in the Indian state of Assam. 
Laundry in the Yamuna River in New Delhi. No, it's not snow, it's pollution foam. 
Some dubious reservoir of water in the southwest of China in Sichuan province. 
According to international experts, the problem of fresh water shortage will become one of the most acute by the middle of the 21st century. So, by 2025, 3.2 billion people on our planet will suffer from a lack of water.
Collected drinking water from a pit, South Sudan. 
Walking for water on a bombed-out street in Aleppo, Syria. 
On the banks of the "river" in Jakarta, Indonesia. 
Never give up. A volunteer cleans up a river of debris in Jakarta. 
Laundry on the banks of a luxurious canal in a slum in Nairobi. 
Pigs and a completely polluted canal in East Bangalore, India. 
We don't have to worry for now. Russia leads the world in terms of fresh water reserves - we have more than 20% of the world's resources.
On the territory of Russia there are 2.5 million rivers and 2.7 million lakes. Lake Baikal alone contains 20% of the world's fresh water. In addition, 2,290 large and medium-sized reservoirs have been created in Russia.
No, this is not Baikal, this is an oil spill near the Red Sea resort town of Eilat, Israel. 
I could not. Sea dead fish in the Gulf of Mexico, Mexico. 
The main source of fresh water are precipitation, but two other sources can also be used for consumer needs: groundwater and surface water.
Underground springs
Approximately 37.5 million km 3, or 98% of all fresh water in the liquid state falls on groundwater, and about 50% of it lies at depths of no more than 800 m. However, the volume of available groundwater is determined by the properties of aquifers and the power of pumps pumping water. Groundwater reserves in the Sahara are estimated at about 625 thousand km3. Under modern conditions, they are not replenished at the expense of surface fresh waters, but are depleted during pumping. Some of the deepest underground waters are never included in the general water cycle at all, and only in areas of active volcanism do such waters erupt in the form of steam. However, a significant amount of groundwater still penetrates the earth's surface: under the influence of gravity, these waters, moving along impermeable sloping rock layers, emerge at the foot of the slopes in the form of springs and streams. In addition, they are pumped out by pumps, and are also extracted by plant roots and then enter the atmosphere through the process of transpiration.
Fig.1. The exit of the underground source to the surface
The groundwater table represents the upper limit of available groundwater. In the presence of slopes, the groundwater table intersects with the earth's surface, and a source is formed. If groundwater is under high hydrostatic pressure, then artesian springs are formed in the places where they come to the surface. With the advent of powerful pumps and the development of modern drilling technology, the extraction of groundwater has become easier. Pumps are used to supply water to shallow wells installed in aquifers. However, in wells drilled to a great depth, to the level of pressure artesian waters, the latter rise and saturate the overlying ground water and sometimes come to the surface. Groundwater moves slowly, at a speed of several meters per day or even per year. They are usually found in porous pebbly or sandy horizons or relatively impermeable shale layers, and only rarely are they concentrated in underground cavities or in underground streams. For right choice well drilling sites usually require information about the geological structure of the territory.
In some parts the globe the growing consumption of groundwater has serious consequences. The pumping out of a large volume of groundwater, incomparably greater than their natural replenishment, leads to a shortage of moisture, and lowering the level of these waters requires large expenditures on expensive electricity used to extract them. In places where the aquifer is depleted, the earth's surface begins to subside, and the restoration of water resources is complicated there. naturally.
In coastal areas, excessive abstraction of groundwater leads to the replacement of fresh water in the aquifer with salt water, and thus the degradation of local fresh water sources occurs. Gradual deterioration of groundwater quality as a result of salt accumulation can have even more dangerous consequences. Salt sources can be both natural (for example, the dissolution and removal of minerals from soils) and anthropogenic (fertilization or excessive watering with water with a high salt content). Rivers fed by mountain glaciers usually contain less than 1 g/l of dissolved salts, but the salinity of water in other rivers reaches 9 g/l due to the fact that they drain areas composed of salt-bearing rocks for a long distance.
The indiscriminate release or disposal of toxic chemicals causes them to seep into aquifers that provide drinking or irrigation water. In some cases, just a few years or decades are enough for harmful chemical substances got into groundwater and accumulated there in tangible quantities. However, if an aquifer was once polluted, it would take 200 to 10,000 years for it to naturally clean itself.
surface sources
Only 0.01% of the total volume of fresh water in the liquid state is concentrated in rivers and streams and 1.47% in lakes. Dams have been built on many rivers to store water and provide it continuously to consumers, as well as to prevent unwanted floods and generate electricity. The Amazon has the highest average water consumption and, consequently, the highest energy potential. South America, the Congo (Zaire) in Africa, the Ganges with the Brahmaputra in southern Asia, the Yangtze in China, the Yenisei in Russia and the Mississippi with the Missouri in the USA.
Fig.2. Freshwater Lake Baikal
Natural freshwater lakes, containing about 125 thousand km 3 of water, along with rivers and artificial reservoirs, are an important source of drinking water for people and animals. They are also used for irrigation of agricultural land, navigation, recreation, fishing and, unfortunately, for the discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater. Sometimes, due to the gradual filling with sediments or salinization, the lakes dry up, but in the process of evolution of the hydrosphere, new lakes are formed in some places.
The water level even in "healthy" lakes can decrease during the year as a result of water flow through the rivers and streams flowing from them, due to water infiltration into the ground and its evaporation. The restoration of their level usually occurs due to precipitation and the inflow of fresh water from rivers and streams flowing into them, as well as from springs. However, as a result of evaporation, salts that come with river runoff accumulate. Therefore, after millennia, some lakes can become very salty and unsuitable for many living organisms.
Starting the story about natural water sources, it is worth explaining why we included the definition of “conditionally” in the title of the article. The fact is that there is very little truly clean drinking water on Earth, and the number of such sources is steadily declining every year. But let's leave our introduction, unpleasant for mankind, and go directly to the very topic of our conversation, noting the approximate amount of drinking water on our planet. According to environmental scientists, the share of fresh water on Earth is only 3%, most of which are mountain and sheet glaciers found in the Northern and south poles, as well as in a number of northern regions, in particular in Greenland, which is considered one of the largest places of occurrence of clean drinking water on the planet. The rest, conditionally potable water, is concentrated in rivers and lakes, as well as in surface and groundwater, which is extracted using. Also, a small proportion of fresh water falls on precipitation. However, no matter how large rivers and lakes have water reserves, in their total mass, it is impossible to use it for drinking without preliminary purification, because human economic activity has gone so far that almost all such sources of drinking water on Earth have long been polluted with not only harmful and even substances hazardous to human health. Therefore, in most cases, surface and groundwater are used to supply the population, which we will talk about in detail, referring to the methods of extracting fresh water from icebergs and desalination of salty sea and ocean water in the conclusion of the article.
surface sources
Surface sources are called rivers and lakes, which account for only 0.01% of the volume of all fresh water on Earth. At the same time, most of it is in rivers, and only 1.47% is in lakes. Most of the rivers on the planet have such a flow that it is not possible to supply water from them in a natural way. Therefore, many of them are blocked by dams, which form artificial open reservoirs for storing fresh water, which in some cases are used to generate electricity, which is generated by discharging water from reservoirs to turbines. There are not so many rivers in the world that are capable of discharging large volumes of water per unit of time. These include: in Russia - the Yenisei, in South America - the Amazon, in the USA - Missouri and Mississippi, in South Asia- Brahmaputra and Ganges, in China - Yangtze, in Africa - Congo (Zaire). In second place in importance as sources of drinking water, after rivers and reservoirs, are lakes, which in total contain up to 125 thousand cubic kilometers of water. In addition to supplying water from them directly for domestic needs, part of the fresh water from the lakes is used to ensure human economic activity - this is irrigation of agricultural land, fish farming, industrial, and most often food, production, etc. Sometimes, uncontrolled intake of fresh water from lakes, which as quickly as rivers cannot replenish its supply, leads to the complete drying up of the lakes. A striking example is the Aral Sea, which is essentially a lake, and has almost disappeared from the surface of the Earth. Also, there are situations when new freshwater lakes are formed, for example, as a result of seismic activity, but such cases are quite rare.
Unlike rivers, a significant part of which is fed by many small streams and springs, even in “prosperous” lakes, significant fluctuations in water levels are possible throughout the year. It's connected with various factors, the main of which are: an increase in the natural discharge of water through the rivers flowing from reservoirs, the evaporation of water and its infiltration into the ground. However, if the lake is “healthy”, then, as a rule, the water level does not fall to critical levels, and the reservoir is replenished due to precipitation, as well as rivers and springs flowing into it. This process has been going on for thousands of years, and a number of fairly old lakes on Earth will soon lose their potential as natural reservoirs of fresh water. The fact is that as a result of the evaporation of water, salts gradually accumulate in such reservoirs, the percentage of which at a certain moment becomes so high that the fresh lake turns into salty, which means it is no longer possible to use water from it for drinking. Of course, when taking water from such reservoirs, it is possible to pass it through special desalination plants. But as practice shows, the introduction of such equipment makes the resulting fresh water so expensive that its desalination is not profitable. As for swamps with fresh water, which in fact are the closest relatives of lakes, their potential as sources of fresh water is used very little. Scientists believe that in the near future, the problem of fresh water will become so acute that swamps, the conservation of which must be thought of today, will be one of the sources of drinking water.
Underground springs
According to the most rough estimates, about 98% of all fresh water on Earth is in its depths. Moreover, almost half of its volume lies at depths exceeding 800 meters, which makes its extraction extremely costly, and in some cases even impossible. And those 50% that are available are so thoughtlessly selected that if the situation is not radically corrected, then in 40-50 years, humanity will have to drill wells more than a kilometer deep in order to provide themselves with drinking water. An example is the subterranean waters of the Sahara desert, the volume of which, according to the latest estimates, is up to 625 thousand cubic kilometers. But the trouble is that the area of their occurrence is such that the replenishment of the underground reservoir does not occur naturally, and pumping is very intensive. In addition, recent geological process in this area led to the fact that groundwater began to come to the surface in the form of springs, only a small part of which falls on places of compact human habitation. The rest of the water, literally goes into the sand. As scientists explain, this is because the huge freshwater reservoir under the Sahara is several large lakes, the surface of which, after shifts earth's crust, intersected in some places with the surface of the Earth. From which springs and even artesian springs were formed, especially where the water was under significant hydrostatic pressure. When there is no water in the depths of the Sahara at all, it is impossible to say for sure, but that this moment is not far off, ecologists say for sure about this. In addition, it would not hurt to pass such water through, but this is not always possible.
Extraction of underground fresh the waters are coming much faster than was possible even 20-30 years ago. And this is due to the advent of high-tech drilling equipment and powerful pumps for lifting water from great depths, which makes it possible to extract significant volumes of water per unit of time. However, in some regions of the world, growing water consumption brings with it Negative consequences. The fact is that underground reservoirs are practically not replenished with water in a natural way, and its pumping leads to a decrease in the water level, which entails an increase in the cost of its extraction. Moreover, in places where underground reservoirs are completely depleted, subsidence of the earth's surface is observed, which makes it impossible to further exploit it, for example, as agricultural land. In coastal areas, the situation is even more dramatic. Devastated aquifers, even those from which water can be extracted for several more years, mix with salty sea or ocean water, which leads to salinization of the soil, and the small amount of fresh water that still remains in the coastal region. The problem of salinization of fresh water has another reason related to economic activity person. After all, the source of salt can be not only the seas and oceans, but also fertilizers or water with a high salt content, which is used to irrigate fields and gardens. Such processes of salinization of groundwater and soil are called anthropogenic, and more and more civilized countries are facing them.
Getting fresh water from icebergs
In conclusion of the article on natural relatively clean sources of fresh water, we, as promised, will pay attention to the extraction of drinking water from icebergs. Scientists say that only in the glaciers of the mainland of Antarctica is up to 93% of all fresh water reserves on Earth, which is about two thousand square kilometers of frozen moisture. And since, soon, superficial and underground source there will be practically no drinking water left on the planet, then a moment will come when humanity will be forced to turn its attention to icebergs. The idea to extract drinking water from glaciers was first expressed in the 18th century by the English navigator and discoverer James Cook, better known for being eaten by the natives. And although this is just a legend, he is remembered not for a revolutionary idea at that time - to extract water from the glaciers of Antarctica, but for an absurd death in a cauldron of cannibals, which in fact did not exist. Why Cook drew attention to icebergs as sources of fresh water is not known for certain. But the fact that the navigator was the first to propose using pieces of ice in long-distance sea voyages as natural storages of water reserves is something we know for sure from a number of written sources that have survived to this day. Modern followers of Cook have gone even further, and offer to break off huge pieces of ice from glaciers in order to deliver them to regions where there is a shortage of drinking water. At first glance, the idea is brilliant, but when implementing such a project, difficulties may arise that cannot be overcome, even with modern development technology.
- Break off an iceberg from a glacier big size rather problematic, and traditional mechanical tools, as well as a directed explosion, are not suitable here, because the iceberg can break.
- It is simply impossible to deliver an iceberg to its destination without losing a significant part of it, which will simply melt in warm waters and under the scorching sun.
- Even if invented effective way"preservation" of the iceberg, excluding its melting, for its movement it will be necessary several powerful sea vessels, the work of which should be as coordinated as possible.
- It is unlikely that such a huge amount of ice can be processed into fresh water without significant losses.
As we can see, even if effective method development of the glacier and the delivery of its parts to their destination, these works will be so costly that the cost of one liter of fresh water will turn out to be astronomical. However, scientists believe that no matter how difficult the extraction of ice in Antarctica and its delivery to consumers, in the near future we will witness the embodiment of James Cook's idea into reality. Moreover, such countries as Australia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, France and USA.