Surface temperature distribution. Interaction of ocean, atmosphere and land. Economic use. Interesting Facts. The structure of the ocean basin. geographical tasks. Atlantic Ocean. Hypothesis. Icebergs. Dimensions of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Ridge length. Geographical position ocean. Geographical position. North Atlantic. Between which continents is the Atlantic Ocean located?
"Sea of the Arctic Ocean" - Map of the western part of the ocean. Ocean area. Conclusion about the causes of the formation of the ocean. climatic zones. Characteristics of the seas of the North Arctic Ocean. Will our descendants be able to see the ocean in 100 years? Economic use. Fridtjof Nansen on his way to the North Pole. Drifting polar stations. Climate of the Arctic Ocean. Ice types. History of education. The ocean is in danger. Let's check the book.
"Animals of the Arctic Ocean" - Animal world Arctic Ocean. Narwhal, unicorn. Sea cat. Walrus. Seals, the common name for two families of mammals in the pinnipeds order. Sea otter, sea otter, Kamchatka beaver. Detachment Penguins. Polar bear, look around. Beluga, beluga. The whale is a mammal.
"Southern Ocean" - Southern Ocean. Krill. Seyval. Skua. The Antarctic Convergence Zone is considered to be the approximate boundary of the Southern Ocean. Zooplankton. Petrel. Notothenia. Sea leopard. Story. The idea took root slowly. Finval. Climate. Phytoplankton. Penguins. Life. Echinoderms. Seal. Gorbach. Fur seal. Blue whale. The Southern Ocean (or Antarctic Ocean) is the fourth largest ocean.
"Characteristics of the Atlantic Ocean" - The geographical position of the Atlantic Ocean. Greenland. Features of the nature of the ocean. Geographical position. Organic world of the Atlantic Ocean. Great geographical discoveries. Atlantic Ocean. Storm in the North Atlantic. From the history of ocean exploration. Gulfstream. Climate of the Atlantic Ocean. Economic use. Secrets of the Atlantic Ocean. Kinds economic activity.
"Coast of the Pacific Ocean" - Pacific Ocean. Shipping is well developed. Mostly of volcanic origin. On the shores and islands Pacific Ocean more than 50 countries are located. A great danger in the ocean is the pollution of waters with oil and oil products. The South Pacific is a "graveyard" of spacecraft. Ferromanganese ores have been found at the bottom of the ocean. Important transport routes pass through the Pacific Ocean. The health of the Planet is to a large extent connected with the state of the Ocean.
The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean after the Pacific. Its area is much smaller and amounts to 91.6 million km². About a quarter of this area falls on shelf seas. The coastline is very indented, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere, in the Southern Hemisphere it is relatively flat. The ocean washes all continents except Australia. Islands located in the ocean are located near the continents. The Atlantic washes the most big Island planets - Greenland.
This ocean began to be mastered by European civilization before all the others, and therefore is of great importance for Europe. It got its name in honor of the titan Atlanta, since he held the vault of heaven not far from the mythical garden of the Hesperides, located at the edge of the earth's firmament, just where the Atlantic Ocean went - the ancient Greeks believed so. Also, its name is associated with the legendary Atlantis, which, according to legend, was somewhere in the waters of the Atlantic and irretrievably sunk in its depths. Perhaps the myth of Atlantis has a real basis. As a result of movement earth's crust some islands of the Mediterranean went under water along with temples, palaces and columns erected by ancient civilizations. New states emerged and disappeared along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea for thousands of years: Crete, Mycenae, policies Ancient Greece, Phoenicia, Carthage, finally Rome. Ancient Rome from a small city of the state for several centuries has become the strongest Mediterranean power. AT I-II centuries AD Rome controlled the entire Mediterranean coast. The Romans even called it "Mare Nostrum" or "Our Sea". In the Middle Ages, the most important trade routes between Europe, Asia and Africa passed here. Countries that had access to the Atlantic began to colonize more and more remote corners of the planet. With the discovery of America, the Atlantic Ocean became a link between the Old and New Worlds. And today its economic and transport importance is still very high.
Speaking about the topography of the bottom of the Atlantic, it should be said that this is a young ocean. It was formed only in the Mesozoic era, when the single continent of Pangea began to split into parts, and America separated from Africa. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge stretches across the ocean from north to south. The island of Iceland in the north is nothing more than the exit of this ridge to the surface, which is why Iceland is a country of geysers and volcanoes. Now the ocean continues to expand, and the continents are moving away from each other at a speed of several centimeters per year. The Mediterranean Sea is the largest inland sea of the ocean in its origin, together with the Black, Caspian and Seas of Azov are the remnants of the ancient tropical ocean Tethys, which closed after the collision of Africa and Eurasia. In the future, in millions of years, these seas will completely disappear, and mountains will form in their place.
The climate of the Atlantic Ocean is very diverse, because, like the Pacific Ocean, it is located in all climatic zones of the planet. However, the temperature surface water here is lower than in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. This is due to the constant cooling effect of melting ice brought here from the Arctic. Currents help move floating ice, the distribution boundary of which reaches 40 ° N.L. At the same time, the salinity of the Atlantic is very high, since the most large areas the ocean is in the tropics, where evaporation is high and rain falls very little. The evaporated moisture is carried away by the winds to the continents, due to the relative narrowness of the ocean, not having time to fall over its water area.
The organic world of the Atlantic is poorer than the world of the Pacific. The reason for this is the colder climate and its youth. But with a small variety, the number of fish and other marine animals is significant. The shelf occupies large areas here, and therefore convenient places are created for the spawning of many commercial fish: cod, herring, mackerel, sea bass, capelin. Whales and seals are found in polar waters. off the coast North America there is a unique Sargasso Sea, it has no shores, and its borders are formed by ocean currents. The surface of the sea is covered with Sargasso algae, the waters of the sea are poor in plankton. Once the Sargasso Sea was also the most transparent on the planet, however, now its surface is heavily polluted with oil products.
Due to its natural conditions, the Atlantic Ocean is the most productive in terms of biological resources. Most of the fish catch occurs in the northern part of it, but too active fishing has led to a noticeable reduction in the amount of resources in last years. There are a lot of oil and gas reserves on the Shelf, especially in the Gulf of Mexico, however, the accident of 2010 showed what enormous damage to the ocean ecology is caused during their production. Large deposits of hydrocarbons and on the shelf North Sea off the coast of Europe. Today, the ocean is already very heavily polluted by human activities and is not able to clean itself at such a speed. The task of the developed states of the Earth for the coming decades is to protect and preserve its natural resources.
The Atlantic Ocean is located mainly in. Western hemisphere. From north to south, it stretches for 16 thousand km. In the northern and southern parts, the ocean expands, and in equatorial latitudes it sounds up to 2900 km.
. Atlantic Ocean- the second largest among the oceans. The coastline of the ocean. The northern hemisphere is heavily dissected by peninsulas and bays. The continents in the ocean have many islands, inland and marginal seas.
Bottom relief
It stretches across the entire ocean at approximately the same distance from the shores of the continents. Mid-ocean ridge. The relative height of the ridge is 2 km. In the axial part of the ridge there is a rift valley of the ridge from 6 to. ZO. Km and depth up to 2 km. Transverse faults divide the ridge into separate segments. With rifts and faults of mid-ocean ridges, associated underwater active volcanoes as well as volcanoes. And sland and. Azores. The ocean has its greatest depth within the trench. Puerto Rico - 8742 m. Shelf area. The Atlantic Ocean is quite large - larger than in. Pacific Ocean.
Climate
The Atlantic Ocean is located in all climatic zones. Earth, so its climates are very diverse. Most of the ocean (between 40 ° N and 42 ° S) is located in subtropical, tropical, subequatorial and equatorial climatic zones; the southern parts of the ocean are characterized by a strict climate, somewhat less cold northern regions.
Water properties and ocean currents
Zoning water masses in the ocean is very hampered by the influence of land and sea currents, which is manifested primarily in the distribution of temperatures of surface waters. The northern half of the ocean is warmer than the southern, with different temperatures reaching up to 6 °. FROM. average temperature surface waters 16.5 °C.
Salinity of surface waters c. The Atlantic Ocean is high. Many large rivers flow into the ocean and its seas (Amazon, Coigo, Mississippi, Nile, Danube, Parana, etc.). In desalinated bays and seas of subpolar and temperate latitudes, ice forms near the eastern shores in winter. A feature of the ocean is numerous icebergs and floating sea ice brought here from. Northern. the Arctic Ocean and from the shores. Antarctica.tidi.
Because of the strong stretch. of the Atlantic Ocean from north to south, meridional ocean currents are more developed in it than latitudinal ones. In the Atlantic, two systems are formed on top of the currents. In the northern hemisphere, it looks like a figure eight -. Northern. Passat,. Gulfstream,. North Atlantic and Ka-Nar currents form the movement of waters clockwise in temperate and tropical latitudes. In the northern part. The North Atlantic Current directs the waters. Atlantic to North. Arctic Ocean counterclockwise. Like cold currents they come back in. Atlantic Ocean in the northeast. V. Southern hemisphere. South. Passat,. Brazilian,. Western. Vetrov and. Benguela currents form the movement of waters counterclockwise in the form of one ring.
organic world
Atlantic Ocean vs. Tikhim had a poorer species composition of living organisms. However, in terms of quantity and total biomass, then. The Atlantic Ocean is rich in organisms. This is primarily due to the significant spread of the shelf, on which many demersal and demersal fish (cod, perch, flounder, etc.) live.
Natural complexes
In the Atlantic Ocean, all zonal complexes are distinguished - natural belts, except for the northern polar one. The waters of the north subpolar belt are rich different kinds living organisms - especially on the shelf at b berets. Greenland and. Labrador. The temperate zone is characterized by an intense interaction of cold and warm waters, an abundance of living organisms. These are the most fishy areas. Atlantic. Large spaces warm x waters of the subtropical, tropical and equatorial zones are less productive than the waters of the northern temperate zone. A special natural water complex stands out in the northern subtropical zone. Sargasovog in the sea. It is characterized by increased salinity of water - up to 37.5% w and low productivity.
In the temperate zone. In the southern hemisphere, complexes are distinguished (as in the northern hemisphere) where waters mix with different temperatures and density. The complexes of the subantarctic and antarctic belts are characterized by this seasonal distribution of floating ice and icebergs.
Economic use
In the Atlantic Ocean, all types of maritime activities are represented, among which the most important is marine, transport, underwater oil and gas production, and only then - the use of biological resources
. Atlantic Ocean- the main sea route of the world, an area of intensive shipping. On the shores The Atlantic Ocean hosts more than 70 coastal countries with a population of more than 1.3 billion people
To mineral resources The ocean includes placer deposits of rare metals, diamonds, and gold. In the bowels of the shelf, reserves of iron ore and sulfur are concentrated, large deposits of oil and gas have been discovered, which are exploited by many countries (the North Sea, etc.). Some areas of the shelf are rich in coal. Ocean energy is used in the operation of tidal power plants (for example, at the mouth of the river. Rance in the north. France).
Many of the Atlantic countries extract from the ocean and its seas such mineral wealth as table salt, magnesium, bromine, and uranium. Desalination plants operate in arid regions
intensively used and biological resources ocean. The Atlantic Ocean is the largest per unit area, but its biological resources are depleted in some areas
Due to intensive economic activity in many seas in the open ocean, there is a deterioration in natural conditions- pollution of water, air, reduction of stocks of valuable commercial fish, etc. Other animals. Recreational conditions on the shores of the ocean are deteriorating.
Climate of the Atlantic Ocean. The climate of the Atlantic Ocean is diverse, as it lies in all climatic zones. The widest part of the ocean lies in tropical and temperate latitudes. In these latitudes the trade winds blow and westerly winds temperate latitudes. In winter, storms often play out in temperate latitudes; in the Southern Hemisphere, they rage in all seasons of the year. Climate features are reflected in the properties of water masses. The temperature of surface waters here is on average much lower than in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. This is explained by the cooling effect of water and ice carried out of the Arctic Ocean and from the Antarctic, as well as by the intense mixing of water masses. Significant differences between the temperature of water and air in a number of areas of the Atlantic are caused by the formation of strong fogs. The salinity of water masses in some areas of the ocean is above average, since a significant part of the evaporated moisture is carried by winds to neighboring continents due to the relative narrowness of the ocean.
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As in the Pacific Ocean, north and south of the central regions climate and waters of the atlantic ocean are getting colder. The heterogeneity of the ocean climate also affects the coasts of the Atlantic (Fig. 34).
In the east and west of one geographical zone, the climate and waters are also somewhat different. So, in the western part of the temperate zone they are colder than in the eastern part. Less rain falls in the west precipitation. This phenomenon is explained by the circulation of the atmosphere and surface waters, which is closely related to the Icelandic low, i.e. low atmospheric pressure. In the tropical zone, on the contrary, in the west the climate is warmer and more humid than in the east. The waters are also warmer in the west (Fig. 35). This is due to the movement of air and water masses around areas of high atmospheric pressure - North Atlantic high in the Northern Hemisphere and South Atlantic High in the southern hemisphere.
Significantly increase the temperature difference between the western and eastern parts tropical zone sea currents(Fig. 36).
Plays the main role here Golf stream. This is the largest and most powerful warm current among all warm currents World Ocean. It carries 80 times more water than all rivers the globe. In its southern part, the Gulf Stream has a width of 75 km, the thickness of the water flow here reaches 700-800 m. The water mass (its temperature is about +28 ° C) moves at a speed of almost 10 km / h. The main source of feeding of the Gulf Stream is the Caribbean Sea. A huge amount of water brought here by the trade winds enters the Gulf of Mexico. The water level rises here, and its excess goes through the Strait of Florida into the open ocean. This is how a current arises, the name of which means "the current of the bay."
Gulfstream with Canaries and Northern trade wind currents forms a huge circulation of currents in the northern tropical zone. The water masses in it, under the influence of atmospheric circulation, as well as in the Pacific Ocean, move clockwise. At the same time, like the Pacific Ocean in the southern tropical zone of the Atlantic, sea currents - West Winds and Southern Passatnoye - moving around in a counterclockwise direction.
The Atlantic Ocean is very salty, although in different parts of it the salinity of the waters is not the same. It is highest in tropical latitudes - 37.5 ‰. In places where powerful rivers flow into the ocean, the salinity of the ocean waters decreases to 18 ‰, and in the relatively shallow Baltic Sea it is only 8 ‰. material from the site
The waters of the Atlantic are the most transparent among the waters of the oceans. So, in the marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean - Weddell Sea- objects can be seen at a depth of 79 m. This is a kind of water transparency record. One of the most transparent seas the oceans is also Sargasso Sea. Objects are visible in it at a depth of 66.5 m.
How is the transparency of sea water determined? For over 100 years, it has been determined using disk secchi- a white disk with a diameter of 30 cm. It is lowered in a horizontal position from the side of the vessel and it is noted to what depth White spot remains visible underwater. The record for the transparency of sea water was recorded in 1987 in the Weddell Sea off the coast of West Antarctica. The white disk was visible at a depth of almost 79 m, and only at around 80 m did it disappear.
The climate of the Atlantic, like the climate of the Pacific Ocean, is extremely diverse and varies both from north to south and from west to east.
On this page, material on the topics:
Atlantic Ocean coldest waters
Report on ecology on the topic: Atlantic salt ocean
Report on the topic of the Canary Current
Climate and waters of the Atlantic Ocean briefly
Animals of the Atlantic Ocean briefly
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