Surely all students know what an adjective is. But many adults, most likely, find it difficult to answer such a question. Over time, even elementary things are forgotten. In what grades of the school is the adjective studied in detail? 4th grade, 5th, 6th... How long ago! We invite you to go back in time and refresh your memory.
Independent part of speech
In Russian, it answers the questions “which”, “what”, “what”, “what”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose” and denotes a sign of an object. It changes by numbers, gender, cases, it can have a short form. Most often in sentences it acts as a definition, but it can also be in the role of a predicate.
Discharges
The adjective like has only one invariant morphological trait is a rank. Allocate qualitative, possessive, relative language units. Let's talk about each category in more detail.
Quality adjectives
Words of this category answer the questions “what”, “what”, “what”, “what” and denote the sign that can be to a lesser or greater extent. Qualitative adjectives tend to go well with too, very, and their synonyms, such as too handsome, very big, extremely smart.
From such words, by repetition, you can form a complex adjective, for example, big-big, tasty-tasty. You can also add the prefix non- to the word and get a single-root adjective as a result, for example, ugly, not stupid. Usually, high-quality structural language units have antonyms (high - low), and in some cases also hypernyms (large - huge). It should be noted that not all words meet the listed characteristics, there are those that do not satisfy these criteria.
Word forms
A feature of quality adjectives is that many of them have full and short forms, for example, smart - smart, tasty - tasty. At the same time, the short form is not declined at all, but the full form is declined by cases, gender, numbers. Often in sentences, short adjectives serve as a predicate, and full adjectives serve as a definition. Some words don't have short form, for example, amiable, friendly, while others do not have a complete one, for example, much, necessary, must, glad.
Degrees of comparison
The story of what an adjective is will not be complete if one does not touch upon such a characteristic of this part of speech as the degree of comparison. The sign is inherent only in qualitative language units. There are three levels of comparison:
1) positive, indicating that an object or group of objects has some kind of attribute, for example, a beautiful flower;
2) comparative, denoting that one or another feature in one object or group of objects is more pronounced than in another (others), for example, a wolf is larger than a hare, or in the same object (same objects), but already in other times, for example, I will be smarter in the future;
3) superlative, indicating that an item or set of items has some feature to a greater extent than all other items from the same group, for example, the best doctor in the hospital, the strongest player in the team.
You can form an adjective in a comparative degree by using additional words, for example: the most beautiful, taller. In this case, the part of speech acquires a composite, or, as they say, analytical form. When expressed in only one word, the form is called simple, or synthetic. It should be pointed out that not all adjectives can have comparative and superlative degrees. Words that are not qualitative in terms of category do not have such characteristics.
Relative adjectives
These are language units that answer the questions “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose” and denoting a feature that is impossible to have to a lesser or greater extent. They express the relation of an object to another object to a property ( washing powder), to the material ( glass vase), to a place (a Moscow courtyard), to a time (October day), to a unit of measurement (a three-story house, a seven-year-old child, a kilogram package), and so on. Such adjectives cannot be combined with the adverbs "too", "very" and their synonyms, they do not have a short form, degrees of comparison. They also have no antonyms.
Possessive adjectives
These words answer the questions “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, and denote the belonging of a certain object to a person or living being, for example, sisters, fathers, foxes. These language units, just as in the previous case, do not have degrees of comparison, antonyms, short form, do not combine with the adverbs "too", "very" and their synonyms.
Rank boundaries
Talking about what an adjective is, it is worth noting one feature. The fact is that the lexical and grammatical boundaries of the words of this part of speech are very mobile, so it is sometimes difficult to correctly determine the category. So, possessive, relative adjectives can easily take on a qualitative meaning. For example, in the phrase "dog paw" the word "dog" will be a possessive adjective, in the phrase "dog pack" - relative, and in the phrase "dog life" - qualitative.
Declension types
Words related to the part of speech we are considering can be declined by cases, numbers, and in the singular also by gender. This does not apply to comparative adjectives and short adjectives that are not inflected. There are also a certain number of indeclinable words, for example, beige jackets.
The case, number, gender of adjectives depend on the same characteristics of the nouns with which they agree. Depending on the basis, there are three variants of declension:
- solid: ;
- soft: winter, winter, winter;
- mixed: bad, bad, bad.
word formation
An adjective as a part of speech can be formed in different ways:
- prefixed: joyful - joyless;
- suffix: swamp - marsh;
- prefixed-suffixal: earth - underground;
- the composition of two bases: three colors - tricolor, pale and pink - pale pink;
- complex suffix: flax + seed + cleaning - flaxseed cleaning.
Morphological analysis
At school, in Russian language lessons, teachers quite often give children the task of making something related to one or another part of speech. How to parse an adjective? To do this, you need to determine the following characteristics of the language unit:
Transition to other parts of speech
Participles and pronouns often pass into the category of adjectives. For example, he is no musician. In turn, adjectives can be substantiated into the category of nouns, for example, military, Russian.
Features of this part of speech in other languages
We hope that thanks to the article you managed to remember what an adjective is. It is worth saying that not all the characteristics inherent in this part of speech in Russian will take place in other linguistic systems. For example, adjectives in English language they do not change by numbers and cases, in French they also do not decline by cases, but they change by numbers. AT Japanese adjectives are generally invariable, they have tenses and determine the politeness of speech. in Portuguese and Spanish many adjectives are both masculine and feminine general form, while others vary in gender and number. Everything is so difficult with this part of speech!
Now you can tell everything about the adjective. Of course, we did not consider all the characteristics of this part of speech, but only touched on the main features. But for general development this is quite enough.
NAME ADJECTIVE
GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC
On the other hand, it relates adjectives used in a figurative, qualitative sense can form a) short forms and b) compare forms. degree. a) Moon where-then behind, above city, river under shadow his black and velvety (Bitter .); Derevyanen brother your, wooden... brain at him straight what kind-then(Leon.); AT my Revolution believe! Word my – railway . And the words glandular - no! (R. Rozhd.); More languish mothers and children | in in vain waiting fathers. | They are not lie, what Sveta No on the light, | what world terrible – stuffy and lead (Invalid); Today's Bryusov even in their revolutionary works too much yesterday (journal); b) Gently lighten up lips and shadow golden Near sunken eye(Color.); Maple nails more useful, – tested by sea rains; | maple nails glandular | faceted German nails! (Invalid); FROM each afternoon all longer, all glassier evening dawn(Yu. Kazak.).
Possessive, ordinal and pronominal adjectives, as separate lexico-grammatical categories, have specific morphological features: they have neither correlative full and short forms, nor comparative forms. degree. Changes in the semantics of the adjectives of the listed three groups do not entail changes in their morphological behavior: developing figurative qualitative meanings, possessive, ordinal and pronominal. adjectives do not simultaneously acquire the ability to form forms of comparison. degree (about single deviations from general rule cm. § ); in addition, attract., ordinal and pronominal. adjectives differ from each other and from all other adjectives by the nature of inflection.
In conjunction with the words pluralia tantum, the forms of adjectives with inflections pl. h. do not indicate the plurality of defined objects in the event that with noun. there is no lexical indication of quantity: large sled- perhaps "one" and "several" sledges; new glasses- both "one" and "several" points are possible. The plurality of objects in attributive combinations with the words pluralia tantum is indicated only by counting words: two couples new scissors; several peasant sleigh; in flow five long days; raked hay several rake.
Comparative forms are used in combination with genus. n. name or in conjunction with the union how: foxes smarter wolves – foxes smarter, how wolves. However, the absolutive (without dependent word form) use of the comparative is also normal. At the same time, if the dependent word form is not implied, then different states of the same object are compared in the comparative: nails ki not without reason slyly looking, not without reason, about roses, on the your sheets hotter blush, fresh fragrance: I understood, who fled, buried in flowers! (Tyutch.); Memory about sun in heart weakens, yellow grass, Wind snowflakes early blows Barely, barely(Ahm.).
Note 1. Adjectives with suf. - eysh-, -aish- (stupidest, most honest, deepest, cruelest), sometimes called a superlative degree, in their meaning of a large degree of manifestation of a sign are correlative with other adjectives with a similar meaning of the type huge, hefty, cheerful, easiest, beautiful. They do not express a special morphological meaning and represent word-formation types (see §, item 2c).
Note 2. The value of a high degree of manifestation of a feature can also be expressed in a descriptive way using word combinations most with form adj. in posit. degrees ( most beautiful, most bold), as well as with the help of combinations of pronouns. adj. the whole in the form of a genus. p. units h. av. R. ( Total) or in the form genus. n. pl. h. ( all) with the form adj. in comp. degrees: more serious Total, louder all; You on the light all cuter , All rouge and whiter (Pushk.); AT present time healthier Total negation – we deny(Turg.).
WORD CHANGING adjectives
ADJECTIVE DECLINE
All adjectives with final - uy and - oh(in the form of im. p. masculine r. unit) belong to the basis (i.e., they are not inflection), to the adjective skl. do not apply; are: 1) pronominal. adjectives: my, your, mine, coy(outdated); 2) attract. adjectives like wolf, fox; 3) ordinal adjective third. They are all in the shape of them. p. have zero inflection and change according to mixed declination (see §).
The phonemic composition of inflections of adjectives of the adjective skl. next:
Singular |
|||
| masculine | Neuter gender | Feminine | |
| AND. | -|иj|/-|оj| | -|oj a 1 | | -|aj a 1 | |
| R. | -|ovo| | -|oj| | |
| D. | -|omm| | -|oj| | |
| AT. | how to them. or genus. P. |
how to them. P. | -|yjy| |
| Tv. | -|im | | -|oj|(-|ojy|) | |
| Etc. | -|ohm| | -|oj| | |
Plural |
|||
| AND. | -|and j a 1 | | ||
| R. | -|their| | ||
| D. | -|im| | ||
| AT. | how to them. or genus. P. | ||
| Tv. | -|im'i| | ||
| Etc. | -|their| | ||
Note. In the forms of and wine. n. husband R. units h. morphs -|иj|/-|oj| are distributed depending on the stress: when stressed on the basis - morph -|иj| ( red-|and j|, si|н "-иj|), and when stressed on inflection - morph -|oj| ( big-|oj|, simple-|оj|).
With spelling. point of view (depending on the spelling of inflections), there are four varieties of adjective skl. (differences in the spelling of inflections are due to the nature of the final consonant stem): 1) adj. with a base on a paired-hard consonant; 2) adj. with a base on a paired soft consonant; 3) adj. with a base on sizzling; 4) adj. with base on |k|, |r|, |x|. All varieties of adjective skl. are characterized by the following features of the formation of case forms.
1) App. with a base on a paired-hard consonant and with an accent on inflections differ from adj. with unstressed inflection only in the forms of them. and wine. p. units h. husband R.: young-oh, ill-oh, but new-th, kind-th.
2) Forms of wines. p. units h. husband and avg. R. and wine. n. pl. hours are identical to the corresponding forms of them. n. (i.e., forms named after n. masculine and middle. r. units or forms named after n. pl.) in cases where adj. defines a noun inanimate object, and the corresponding forms of the genus. n. (i.e., forms of genus. n. masculine singular or forms of genus. n. plural) in cases where adj. defines a noun denoting an animated object.
3) All app. female R. have variant forms of TV. n. on - oh, -oyu and - her, -her: young-oh, new-oh and young-oyu, new-oyu, syn-her and syn-her. The main form for the modern language is the form on - oh, -her; form on - oyu, -her found in book speech, in poetry: And above thoughtful Fly Cane revived resounded(Ahm.); And now always he breathes | above June Moscow | toy military anxiety, | unforgettable longing(Tushn.).
Samples declination adjectives
§ . Declension of adjectives with a stem into a pair-solid consonant ( hard variety).
Singular |
||||
| masculine | Neuter gender |
|||
| AND. | new - th | young - oh | new - oh | young - oh |
| R. | new - wow | young - wow | ||
| D. | new - omu | young - omu | ||
| AT. | new-
th and new - wow |
young-
oh and young - wow |
new - oh | young - oh |
| Tv. | new - th | young - th | ||
| Etc. | (about ) new - ohm | (about ) young - ohm | ||
Feminine |
||
| AND. | new - and I | young - and I |
| R. | new - oh | young - oh |
| D. | new - oh | young - oh |
| AT. | new - wow | young - wow |
| Tv. | new - oh (- oyu ) | young - oh (- oyu ) |
| Etc. | (about ) new - oh | (about ) young - oh |
Plural |
||
| AND. | new - s | young - s |
| R. | new - s | young - s |
| D. | new - th | young - th |
| AT. | new-
s and new - s |
young-
s and young - s |
| Tv. | new - s | young - s |
| Etc. | (about ) new - s | (about ) young - s |
§ . Declension of adjectives with a stem into a paired soft consonant ( soft variety).
Singular |
|||||
masculine |
Neuter gender |
||||
| AND. | syn - uy | homely - uy | syn - her | homely - her | |
| R. | syn - his | homely - his | |||
| D. | syn - to him | homely - to him | |||
| AT. | syn-
uy and syn - his |
homely-
uy and homely - his |
syn - her | homely - her | |
| Tv. | syn - them | homely - them | |||
| Etc. | (about ) syn - eat | about homely - eat | |||
Feminine |
||
| AND. | syn - ya | homely - ya |
| R. | syn - her | homely - her |
| D. | syn - her | homely - her |
| AT. | syn - yuyu | homely - yuyu |
| Tv. | syn - her (- her ) | homely - her (- her ) |
| Etc. | (about ) syn - her | (about ) homely - her |
Plural |
||
| AND. | syn - ie | homely - ie |
| R. | syn - them | homely - them |
| D. | syn - them | homely - them |
| AT. | syn-
ie and syn - them |
homely-
ie and homely - them |
| Tv. | syn - them | homely - them |
| Etc. | (about ) syn - them | (about ) homely - them |
Note. In the 19th century many adjectives had variant forms - with a base for hard and soft consonants and formed case forms for both hard and soft varieties. These include: boundless, interior, old, further, perennial, annual, country, nonresident, sincere, primordial, juvenile, perennial, unilateral, late, mulberry(simple). The following uses of these words are different from the modern: mental agony magic healer, My friend Morpheus, my old comforter(Pushk.); For shores homeland distant You left edge stranger(Pushk.); AT suburbs distant , Where, how black snakes, are flying Clubs smoke from pipes colossal(Nekr .); Nonresident may address in Newspaper expedition(Pushk.).
AT modern language adj. interior, old further, perennial, nonresident, sincere, perennial, unilateral, late form all case forms according to the soft variety, adj. annual, country, primordial, suburban- solid variety. A usage that does not follow this rule is obsolete: distant acquaintance sheltered my kids(journal); tame Russia and after rob her, how before wars robbed Turkey, China, how are going rob Germany, – here sincere a wish imperialists(Bitter.). In the formation of case forms adj. boundless, intercity and lofty(bookish) fluctuations are allowed, and forms with bases on a soft consonant prevail: Division, advancing, deepened in boundless the woods(Kazakevich); went on the intercity station(Simon.); praised theatre, using incredible amount foreign words and lofty expressions(N. Virta). Compare: Forest on the horizon drowned in boundless water(G. Berezko); Beketov lived and increased in boundless sands Turkmenistan(Gaidar); Removes handset, calling on the our intercity (Field); None lofty requirements to him not present(Fed.).
§ . Declension of adjectives with stem into sibilant.
Singular |
|||||
masculine |
Neuter gender |
||||
| AND. | fresh - uy | big - oh | fresh - her | big - oh | |
| R. | fresh - his | big - wow | |||
| D. | fresh - to him | big - omu | |||
| AT. | fresh-
uy and fresh - his |
big-
oh and big - wow |
fresh - her | big - oh | |
| Tv. | fresh - them | big - them | |||
| Etc. | (about ) fresh - eat | (about ) big - ohm | |||
Feminine |
||||||
| AND. | fresh - and I | big - and I | ||||
| R. | fresh - her | big - oh | ||||
| D. | fresh - her | big - oh | ||||
| AT. | fresh - wow | Plural |
||||
| AND. | fresh - ie | big - ie | ||||
| R. | fresh - them | big - them | ||||
| D. | fresh - them | big - them | ||||
| AT. | fresh-
ie and fresh - them |
big-
ie and big - them |
||||
| Tv. | fresh - them | big - them | ||||
| Etc. | (about ) fresh - them | (about ) big chalk - uy | chalk - oh | chalk - and I | ||
| dry - oh | dry - oh | dry - and I | ||||
| R. | strict - wow | strict - oh | ||||
| chalk - wow | chalk - oh | |||||
| dry - wow | dry - oh | |||||
| D. | strict - omu | strict - oh | ||||
| chalk - omu | chalk - oh | |||||
| dry - omu | dry - oh | |||||
| AT. | strict - uy | strict - oh | strict - wow | |||
| chalk - uy | chalk - oh | chalk - wow | ||||
| dry - oh | dry - oh | dry - wow | ||||
| and | ||||||
| strict - wow | ||||||
| chalk - wow | ||||||
| dry - wow | ||||||
| Tv. | strict - them | strict - oh (- oyu ) | ||||
| chalk - them | chalk - oh (- oyu ) | |||||
| dry - them | dry - oh (- oyu ) | |||||
| Etc. | (about ) strict - ohm | (about ) strict - oh | ||||
| (about ie | chalk - ie | dry - ie | ||||
| R. | strict - them | chalk - them | dry - them | |||
| D. | strict - them | chalk - them | dry - them | |||
| AT. | strict - ie | chalk - ie | dry - ie | |||
| and | and | and | ||||
| strict - them | chalk - them | dry - them | ||||
| Tv. | strict - them | chalk - them | dry - them | |||
| Etc. | (about ) strict - them | (about ) chalk - them | (about ) dry - them | |||
Note 1. In App. with base on |r|, |k|, |x| and with unstressed inflection in the forms of them. p. units h. husband R. the last consonant of the stem is pronounced in two ways - as hard or as soft, although inflection - uy spelling does not differ from flexion adj. with a stem into a soft consonant ( strict, liquid and blue, summer). in the form of TV. p. units h. husband and avg. R. and in all case forms pl. hours at adj. with a stem on |r|, |k|, |x|, regardless of the place of stress, consonants |r|, |k|, |x| positionally soften.
Note 2. In cos. pad. pronominal adj. no preposition position - after negation: Neither at which relatives I not was; Neither With what student not met; Neither about what meetings speeches not It was.
At pronouns. adj. with initial something-, coy- the position of the preposition can be as before the morpheme something- and after it: With something-what commission, in something-what home and - less often - something With what commission, something in what home.
Note 3. By type of app. with base on |r|, |k|, |x| pronoun changes. adj. some (some, some, some). Under the influence of declension is obsolete. pronominal adj. coy forms genus., dat., tv. and suggestion. p. units h. husband and avg. R. this adjective is based on |j|: some, to some, some(and some), about some(and about no one); forms genus., dat., tv. and suggestion. n. wives. R. can also be based on |j|: some(and some): Equilibrium became different, how would from some internal severity(Lidin) and: Soon let's start we suspect presence some of magic(Soloukh.). In many hours are used obsolete. forms some, some, some instead of some(genus and suggestion n.), some(dat. p.) and some(tv.p.). Plural forms are also acceptable in use. h. P. some, date P. some, tv. P. some, preposition P. about some: Are formed snowflakes in form tiny products... – some concentric octagons, some versatile crosses..., some stars With transverse rungs on the everyone beam(Olesha).
§one. general characteristics adjective
The adjective is an independent significant part of speech.
1. grammatical meaning
- "sign of the subject."
Adjectives are words that answer the questions: what?, whose?
2. Morphological features:
- constants - rank by value, for qualitative ones: full / short form and degrees of comparison,
- inflected - case, number, in the singular - gender.
3. Syntactic role in a sentence: for full forms of quality adjectives, as well as for relative and possessive adjectives - a definition, for short forms of quality adjectives - part of a compound nominal predicate.
§2. Morphological features of adjectives
The adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or immutable). Others, on the contrary, are non-permanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a quality adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different genders. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to changeable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, linguists refer to constant features. Different permanent signs are expressed in different ways. For example:
sweeter - comparative adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending,
less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet,
sweet - a short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. It has null ending, while the long form sweet has an ending -y.
Non-permanent signs: case, number, gender (in the singular) are expressed by endings: sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, etc.
§3. Ranks of adjectives by meaning
Depending on the nature of the meaning, adjectives are divided into:
- quality: big, small, good, bad, funny, sad,
- relative: golden, tomorrow, forest, spring,
- possessive: fox, wolf, father, mother, fathers.
Quality adjectives
Qualitative adjectives denote features that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. Answer the question: Which?
They have:
- full and short forms: good - good, cheerful - cheerful
- degrees of comparison: small - less - smallest and smallest.
Most quality adjectives - non-derivative words. The stems of quality adjectives are generating stems from which adverbs are easily formed: bad ← bad, sad ← sad.
The meaning of quality adjectives is such that most of them enter into relationships
- synonyms: big, large, huge, enormous
- antonyms: big - small.
Relative adjectives
Relative adjectives correlate in meaning with the words from which they are formed. Therefore, they are so named. Relative adjectives are always derived words: golden ← gold, tomorrow ← tomorrow, forest ← forest, spring ← spring. The signs expressed by relative adjectives do not have different degrees of intensity. These adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. Answer the question: Which?
Possessive adjectives
These adjectives express the idea of belonging. They, unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, answer the question: Whose? Possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms.
Suffixes of possessive adjectives: fox - -iy- [iy '], mother's - -in-, sinitsin - [yn], fathers - -ov-, Sergeev -ev-.
Possessive adjectives have a special set of endings. Even from the above examples, it can be seen that in the initial form (im.p., singular, m.r.) they have a zero ending, while other adjectives have endings -
oh, oh, oh.
Forms im.p. and v.p. possessive adjectives. and plural as in nouns, and the rest as in adjectives:
Singular
Im.p. zh.r. - a: mother, fox, m.r. -:, mother, fox cf. - oh, e: mom, fox.
Rod.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - wow, his: mother's, fox.
Data p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - oh, him: mother's, fox.
Win.p. zh.r. - y, y: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. R. - as im.p. or r.p.
Tv.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - th, them: mother's, fox.
P.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - om, eat: mother's, fox.
Plural
Im.p. - s, and: mother's, fox.
Rod.p. - oh, them: mother's, fox.
Data p. - th, them: mother's, fox.
Win.p. - as im.p. or v.p.
Tv.p. - s, them: mother's, fox.
P.p. - oh, them: mother's, fox.
Adjectives can move from one category to another. Such transitions are due to the peculiarities of the context and are associated, as a rule, with the use of adjectives in figurative meanings. Examples:
- fox nora is a possessive adjective, and fox cunning - relative (does not belong to a fox, but like a fox)
- bitter medicine is a quality adjective, and bitter truth is relative (corresponding to bitterness)
- light bag is a quality adjective, and light life is relative (corresponding to ease)
§four. Full and short forms of quality adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have both forms: both full and short.
In full form, they are inclined, i.e. change by numbers, by gender (in singular) and by cases. Full adjectives in a sentence can be an attribute or part of a compound nominal predicate.
Late at night they left the house.
Late is a quality adjective, positive. degree, complete, in the form of singular, f.r., tv.p.
In the short form, adjectives are not declined. They do not change by case. Short adjectives change by number and gender (singular). Short forms of adjectives in a sentence are usually part of a compound nominal predicate.
The girl is sick.
Sick - a quality adjective, put. degree, short form, singular, female In modern language, in the role of definitions, short adjectives are in stable lexical combinations, for example: red girl, in broad daylight.
Do not wonder:
Some qualitative adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much.
Relative and possessive adjectives have only the full form. Please note: for possessive adjectives with the suffix -in- in im.p. coinciding with it form v.p. ending - as in short forms.
§5. Degrees of comparison
Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how the language expresses that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And the language conveys this content.
The degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of comparison. They do it systematically. Three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.
- Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: high, cheerful, warm.
- Comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, higher, more cheerful, warmer, less high, less cheerful, less warm.
- Superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.
It can be seen from the examples that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is transmitted either with the help of suffixes: higher, more fun, highest, funniest, or with the help of words: more, less, most. Therefore, comparative and superlatives comparisons can be expressed:
- simple forms: higher, highest,
- compound forms: higher, less high, highest.
Among simple forms in Russian, as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from a different stem.
- good, bad - positive degree
- better, worse - comparative degree
- best, worst - superlative
Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change in different ways:
- Comparative degree (simple): above, below - does not change.
- Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, the change is possible by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender.
- Superlative degree (simple): highest, highest, highest - varies by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive way.
- Superlative degree (complex): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive way.
Adjectives in a simple comparative form in a sentence are part of the predicate:
Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. Anna is older than Ivan. She used to be taller, but now Ivan is taller.
The remaining forms of comparison are both in the role of a definition and in the role of a predicate:
I approached the older guys.
The guys were older than I thought.
I turned to the older guys.
These guys are the oldest of those who are engaged in the circle.
test of strength
Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.
Final test
Is an adjective an independent part of speech?
What adjectives can express signs expressed to a greater or lesser extent?
- quality
- relative
- Possessive
Which adjectives are characterized by lexical relations of synonymy and antonymy?
- For quality
- For relative
- For possessive
Are relative adjectives derived?
Which full adjectives have a special set of endings?
- Quality
- Relative
- Possessive
Do adjectives in full form change by case?
What forms of adjectives are characterized by the syntactic role of the attribute?
- For full
- For brief
Do all adjectives change by case?
- Not all
Do all adjectives change by gender?
- Not all
Do adjectives in the superlative change in case?
Can comparative or superlative degrees be expressed in one word?
Can adjectives move from one class of meaning to another?
Right answers:
- quality
- For quality
- Possessive
- For full
- Not all
- Not all
In contact with
In this lesson, you will expand your knowledge of adjective names, learn about the ranks of adjective names by meaning.
Subject: Adjective
Lesson: Places of adjectives by value
1. Features adjectives
We know that every word in a language belongs to one part of speech or another. By what signs can an adjective be distinguished from other parts of speech?
1. Adjectives answer questions which? whose?
2. Adjectives denote a sign of an object
3. Adjectives refer to nouns and agree with them in number and case, and in the singular - in gender
We have now called common features adjective names.
2. Discharges of adjectives
Adjectives have such properties that allow us to divide them into three large groups. Or, as we say, discharges.
Let's choose adjectives for the word pencil.
Thin,
small,
beautiful
wood,
plastic.
If we asked for a pencil from Masha's sister, then we can say that he Machines or sisters.
Look at the last adjectives. They answer the question whose? Such adjectives are called possessive. They indicate that an object belongs to someone.
The adjectives we named first ( thin, small, beautiful), - quality. They denote the qualities of an object, that is, those features that can be manifested in an object to a greater or lesser extent. It can be color, size, shape, and so on.
Adjectives of the second group ( wooden, plastic) are called relative. They denote a sign of an object that cannot be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. These adjectives denote the material from which the object is made, the sign of the object by time or place of its existence, the sign of the object by purpose, and more. When using such adjectives in phrases, we can easily replace them with nouns.
For example:
Wood house - tree house
Winter day - winter day
3. How to determine the category of an adjective?
Determining which category an adjective belongs to is quite simple. To do this, you need to perform the following algorithm:
1. Ask a question:
If the adjective answers the question whose?, we have a possessive adjective.
But if the adjective answers the question which?, go to the next step.
2. Form on behalf of the adjective a short form or any degree of comparison.
If you succeed, then we have a quality adjective.
And if not, then relative.
Let's try to determine the categories of adjectives from the quatrain:
From evil wolf -
AT earthen crack.
By cold dew -
To cunning fox.
For convenience, we can put adjectives in the nominative singular.
Evil(which?). Let's try to form degrees of comparison: the meanest, the most evil.
So we have a quality adjective.
earthy (which?). We are trying to form degrees of comparison. One mink cannot be more earthy than another. Yes, and a short form from this adjective will not work. We have a relative adjective.
adjectives cold and cunning are also of high quality, because they answer the question which? and from them one can form degrees of comparison ( the coldest, the most cunning).
Is it possible to determine the category of adjectives by morphemic composition? Sometimes you can. The point is that suffixes an, yan, enn are used when we form adjectives from nouns denoting material, substance. These will be relative adjectives: leather en th.
But if the adjective has no suffixes at all, then we have a quality adjective. For example , quick.
Adjectives of all three categories can move from one category to another. But only if they are used in figurative meaning. For example:
Golden ring. In this case, the adjective golden relative. But in the phrase golden character adjective gold will be of high quality, as it denotes the quality of a person.
Wolf mouth. In this case, we have a possessive adjective. But in the phrase wolf coat this adjective is relative because it refers to the material from which the object is made.
Some relative adjectives were so often used in speech in the meaning of qualitative ones that they gradually completely lost their original meaning and are now perceived by us in modern Russian only as qualitative ones. For example, adjectives have gone this way stormy, outrageous and many others.
4. Qualitative adjectives
Qualitative adjectives differ from relative and possessive ones at all language levels.
1. Denote a feature that can manifest itself in an object to a greater or lesser extent
2. May have antonyms: evil/good
3. Always non-derivative
But possessive and relative are always derivatives, that is, they are formed from nouns, adjectives, verbs.
4. Nouns of abstract meaning can be formed from qualitative adjectives: severity
And adverbs on - about: strictly.
Adjectives with subjective evaluation suffixes: blue, wicked.
5. Only they can have degrees of comparison and a short form
6. Only they can be combined with adverbs of measure and degree: very big, very tight
5. Formation of relative and possessive adjectives
Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs and adverbs. The most common suffixes for their formation are the suffixes - l-, for example, fluent; -sk-, for example, human; -in- - poplar; -ov- - hedgehog; -n- - forest.
Possessive adjectives are formed only from nouns. With the help of suffixes uy- - fox, -ov- - fathers, -in- - mother's.
Bibliography
- Russian language. Grade 6: Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.
- Russian language. Theory. 5-9 cells: V.V. Babaitseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.
- Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.
- About the ranks of adjectives ().
- Additional tasks ().
Homework
Sort the adjectives into categories (qualitative, relative, possessive).
Tin soldier, tin eyes, cold day, long train, brave act kind person, stupid question, heart muscle, hearty hello, stone house, stone face, Short dress, fat boy, blue scarf, Moscow metro, children's literature, double chin, woolen suit, lead bullet, lead clouds, city park, heavy briefcase, heavy industry, deaf old man, deaf consonant, grandfather's office, Machine work, tit nest, goose paw, dog kennel, wolf's mouth, wolf coat, wolf's appetite, deer antlers, marines, dog cold, Katyushin bicycle, grinder, snake venom, snake smile, vegetable oil, lean face, mouse tail, neighbor's garden, grandiose plans, observant person, tragic fate, wooden voice, chicken foot, chicken soup, squirrel collar, iron will, grandfather's words, bird hubbub, hare hat, December frosts, school uniform, Serezhin portfolio, Barents Sea, Bering Strait.
2. Exercise 2.
Write by inserting the missing letters. Underline the adjectives, determine their category.
The whiteness of the snow made it even more furiously green with new paws. The steam of the uncold lowlands rose to the level of tree tops and scattered on birch branches.Countless drops of tiny beads sparkled on the sun. The frost began to slowly shave everything that had at least a small fraction of moisture. The forest river, which only yesterday was running towards the blizzard, began (s, h) to crush with silver teeth. Transparent ice confidently poured into the middle of the jet, squeezing the water current carrying a crushing shell. And everything around be (s, h) shone noisily, sparkled, sparkled. But, barely having time to warm up, our great light began to blush and fall on the distant forest tops. Lilac wings, passing into the depths of the dark expanse, descended lower and lower. In the constellation of Gemini, the awakened Mars flashed with a reddish eye - the god of the Roman pagans, the patron of wars and conflagrations. But this brilliance immediately and (s, h) chez, lost in the flickering of countless stars. And now close and distant star clusters have already hung over the world. Only a month, glowing with bright yellow, but still not (with, h) a cheap light, was very close to the frosty forest land. (According to V. Belov)
And numbers may have a short form. In a sentence, the adjective is most often a definition, but it can also be a predicate. Has the same case as the noun it refers to.
Classes of adjectives
Discharge is the only constant morphological feature of this part of speech. There are three discharge adjectives: qualitative, relative and possessive.
Quality adjectives
Denote a feature that can be to a greater or lesser extent.
As a rule, they have the following signs:
- combined with the adverbs "very" (and its synonyms) and "too" ( very big, too handsome, extremely smart).
- from quality adjectives it is possible to form
- compound adjective by repetition ( delicious-delicious, big big).
- one-root adjective with a prefix not- (not stupid, ugly).
- have an antonym ( stupid - smart), and sometimes a hypernym ( big - huge)
Some quality adjectives do not satisfy all of the above criteria.
Most quality adjectives, and only they, have two forms: full ( smart, delicious) and short ( smart, delicious). The full form changes according to numbers, genders and cases. Short form - only by gender and number. In a sentence, the short form is used as a predicate, and the full form is usually used as a definition. Some quality adjectives do not have a short form ( friendly, amiable) . Others, on the contrary, do not full form (glad, much, must, need)
Possessive adjectives
Denote the belonging of an object to a living being or person ( paternal, sisters, fox). They answer the question "whose?", "whose?". Possessive adjectives can become relative or qualitative: hare (possessive) hair, hare (qualitative) soul, hare (relative) trace.
General information
The boundaries of the lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives are mobile. So, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive) dog pack(relative), dog life(quality).
Declension of adjectives
Adjectives are declined according to cases and change according to numbers, in the singular they also change according to gender. The exceptions are short adjectives and comparative adjectives: they are not declined. In addition, there are a number of indeclinable adjectives: Komi people, khaki, gross weight.
The gender, case and number of the inflected adjective depend on the respective characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives usually appear after the noun, and their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: jackets beige.
- solid: red th, red wow, red omu
- soft: syn uy, sin his, sin to him
- mixed: big oh, large wow, large them.