Verbosity, or speech redundancy
Unjustified repetition of words (tautology)
Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it.
Keep in mind that the most common violations lexical norm are the following.
Non-discrimination of paronymous words. Paronyms (from Greek. para"nearby" + Opota“name”) - words with the same root, similar in sound, but different in meaning: dress- put on, business trip- businessman, meaning- significance, warranty- guaranteed, economic-economical and so on. For example: At this enterprise there are selective(instead of elective) positions. Registration of travel allowances(instead of business travelers) is carried out in the lobby.
Incorrect use of synonyms. At the same time, the writer demonstrates inattention to the shades of meaning of synonymous words, leading to semantic violations. For example: 1) It's time to sum up the results(instead of results) of the meeting. Flaws(instead of shortcomings) in the team’s training were revealed at the very first competitions.
The presence of pleonasms in the text. Pleonasm(Greek pleopastos- “excess”) - the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore logically unnecessary. These errors are most often caused by ignorance of the meaning of the borrowed word (when combining words of Russian and foreign origin that mean the same thing). For example: price list(necessary: price list), autobiography of life(necessary: autobiography), reality(necessary: reality or actuality), professional colleague(necessary: colleague), vacancy(necessary: job vacancy) and so on.
This is repetition (Greek tauto - “the same” and 1оgos - “meaning”) within a sentence of the same word, cognates, making it difficult to perceive the phrase and making it dissonant. For example: The processing process lasts several hours.
The use of words and phrases that carry unnecessary information. For example: words are superfluous work, activity, event with a pretext By in the following phrases - work to implement(necessary: implementation), implementation activities(necessary: implementation), implementation event(necessary: implementation) and so on.
Lexical compatibility- the ability of words to connect with each other in speech: to pay a visit, to take action, to be of interest, to bring to attention, to be aware of. Typical mistakes: have a role(necessary: play a role), play a role(necessary: matter) and so on.
5. Using a word without taking into account its stylistic affiliation
The stylistic coloring of a word is an additional lexical meaning words, phrases or sentences information about the scope of their use (official - unofficial), about the attribution of a linguistic unit to a style literary language(official-business, scientific, newspaper-journalistic, colloquial, language of fiction), about belonging to the time series (obsolete - new) and to the expressive category (high - reduced; literary - non-literary) of linguistic means.
The use of words in speech with a stylistic coloring that is unusual for a given communication situation or a given text is perceived as a speech error.
Persitsky dragged the reluctant Lapis into the next room. The spectators followed them. There on the wall hung a large newspaper clipping, surrounded by a mourning border.
- Did you write this essay in “The Captain's Bridge”?
- I wrote.
- This seems to be your first experience in prose? Congratulations! “The waves rolled over the pier and fell down like a swift jack...” Well, you were a friend to the “Captain’s Bridge”! “The Bridge” won’t forget you for a long time now, Lapis!
- What's the matter?
- The thing is... Do you know what a jack is?
- Well, of course I know, leave me alone...
- How do you imagine a jack? Describe in your own words.
- So... Falling, in a word.
We cited this excerpt from “The Twelve Chairs” in order to show: it is not enough to know many beautiful, expressive or smart words, you need to be able to use them correctly.
Lexical stylistics is a science that studies the lexical means of language and develops norms for their use.
We already briefly mentioned it in the third lesson, when we looked at functional styles. The selection of vocabulary when writing text is extremely important and challenging task. It depends on your goals, audience and functional style. In the third lesson, we described what vocabulary is inherent in a particular style and indicated what to mix different types vocabulary in one text is undesirable, only if you do not want to achieve a special artistic effect. In this lesson we will talk in more detail about the basic principles of lexical stylistics, which are useful for every author to know.
Meaning of the word and its connotations
Most important characteristic a word is its meaning. The meanings of words, along with other types of signs, are studied by semantics. In semantics, there are several approaches to defining meaning. We will not describe in detail the differences between them, we will only say that meaning can be understood as a set of objects, processes, phenomena, a concept, generally accepted rules for using a word, etc. No matter how the meaning is defined, it is important that it is fixed in the language, and we ourselves cannot arbitrarily change it. Therefore, if you are not one hundred percent sure of the meaning of a word, never be lazy to look in the dictionary, otherwise you risk becoming the Lyapis Trubetskoy described above.
Besides direct meaning, which is sometimes referred to as denotation, each word also has additional meanings, or connotations. They are designed to convey the attitude of the speaker or writer to the subject of speech. Therefore, when choosing vocabulary, they also need to be taken into account. They will help you effectively explain your point or your attitude. At the same time, if you haven’t thought about the connotations, then the reader may have them and will form associations that are not the ones you wanted. To illustrate how connotations work, here are the following synonyms: respect, devotion, servility. Respect- a neutral term meaning a feeling of respect resulting from recognition of someone's merits, merits and achievements. Term devotion clearly carries positive connotations: a person devoted to someone not only respects him, but also will not leave him in difficult times. Servility but it has negative connotations: it is stupid, ostentatious respect, which has selfish goals behind it and manifests itself in flattery, servility, and servility.
Speech errors
Using a word without taking into account its meaning and connotations leads to speech errors. “The waves fell down like a swift jack” is a vivid example of a speech error. Lyapis Trubetskoy did not know the exact meaning of the word jack, and therefore inserted it into a completely inappropriate context. It is clear that this example is an exaggeration: most often people confuse words that sound similar ( addressee and addressee, incident and precedent) or value ( development and improvement, accompany and favor). Let us repeat once again that main way To eliminate such errors - check the meanings of words in the dictionary. This is also useful because dictionary entries most often contain common examples correct use words.
In addition to errors that directly stem from ignorance of the meaning of a word, there are the following types of speech errors: euphemism, anachronism, alogism, substitution of a concept, unjustified expansion or narrowing of a concept. Let's look at them in more detail.
Euphemism is a word or expression used to replace other words that are considered obscene or inappropriate. For example, about a woman, instead of saying that she is pregnant or expecting a child, they say that she is in interesting position. By by and large, euphemism is not a mistake, but its inappropriate and excessive use creates the effect of bad style.
Anachronism- violation of chronology when using words related to any era. For example, “Medieval peasants, dissatisfied with the conditions of their existence, organized rallies.” Word rally appeared much later, and its use in relation to medieval peasants is inappropriate.
Alogism is a comparison of incomparable concepts. For example, Lexicon literary texts richer compared to other texts." In this case, it turns out that the lexicon is compared with texts, although it can only be compared with another lexicon. Correct option: “The lexicon of literary texts is richer compared to the lexicon of other texts.”
Substitution of the concept- an error caused by replacing one concept with another: “The bookshelves were filled with boring titles.” It is clear that the titles cannot stand on the shelves; books were on them. It would be correct to say: “The bookshelves were filled with books with boring titles.”
Unjustified expansion or narrowing of a concept- This is an error that arises as a result of mixing generic categories. It has two varieties: the use of a generic concept instead of a specific one (“Twice a day we walk with our pet,” it’s correct to say with our dog) and, conversely, the use of a specific concept instead of a generic one (“School is important for the socialization of girls,” it must be said children, because boys also need socialization).
Lexical compatibility
Lexical compatibility- This is the ability of words to combine with each other. Understanding whether words go together or not is no less important than knowing their meaning. Words may not be combined for several reasons. Firstly, they may be incompatible in meaning: black sun, cold fire, slowly taking your time. Secondly, restrictions can be imposed by grammar: I go to breathe, my good. Finally, the combination of words is influenced by their lexical features: we can say best friends , but not best enemies.
Violation of lexical compatibility also leads to speech errors. Most often, errors occur for three reasons:
- Confusion in the use of synonyms. Not always synonyms can be included in the same phrases. Let's take, for example, synonyms long, long, long-lasting. We can tell a long day And long day, but not long day.
- Incorrect use of ambiguous words. Often polysemantic words in one of their meanings are easily included in various word combinations, while in another meaning they can be combined only with a few words. For example, the word deep meaning “having great depth” easily combines with all words that fit the meaning: deep well, deep lake, deep river etc. However, in the meaning of “reached the limit, complete, perfect,” this word already has limited compatibility: one can say late at night , but not in the late afternoon, in deep old age, but not in deep childhood.
- Contamination, or mixing of seemingly similar phrases. Common examples of contamination are mixing of phrases play a role And matter, satisfy the requirements of And meet needs etc.
To avoid such mistakes, you must use the Russian Word Compatibility Dictionary.
Lexical deficiency and lexical redundancy
Lexical deficiency- this is the omission of words necessary to accurately express a thought. It is most typical for colloquial oral speech, but also occurs in written texts. The result of lexical insufficiency is a comic effect or loss of meaning. To illustrate, at a dog show: “Dear participants, wipe your faces and get ready for the parade!” Obviously, the participants should not wipe their own muzzles, but the dogs' muzzles.
Lexical redundancy- unjustified verbosity. It is an indispensable attribute of bad style. There are several types of lexical redundancy:
- Idle talk, or pouring from empty to empty: "Walking on fresh air very helpful. Everyone should go for a walk: children, adults, old people. This is a healthy habit that should be instilled from childhood. Do you need to go for a walk every day? Of course it is necessary." Such reasoning does not provide any informational value.
- Lyapalissiada- a statement of obvious truth: “Ten minutes before it was ready, the soup was not yet ready.”
- Pleonasm- the use of words that are close in meaning in one phrase: the main point, illogical paradox, foresee in advance. Often pleonasms arise from combining synonyms: “With this example he showed and illustrated his thought.”
- Tautology- this is a type of pleonasm that occurs when repeating words with the same root, in other words - butter. Vivid examples of tautologies: tell a story, ask a question. Also tautological is the combination of a Russian word and a word of foreign origin that duplicates its meaning: interior interior, memorabilia, leading leader.
To avoid such mistakes, you just need to be careful. Always reread your text several times. Sometimes it is better to do this a few hours after finishing work on the text. This will help create the necessary distance: you will look at your text through the eyes of your reader.
Test your knowledge
If you want to test your knowledge on the topic of this lesson, you can take a short test consisting of several questions. For each question, only 1 option can be correct. After you select one of the options, the system automatically moves on to the next question. The points you receive are affected by the correctness of your answers and the time spent on completion. Please note that the questions are different each time and the options are mixed.
When choosing a word, you should take into account not only the meaning that is inherent in it in the literary language, but also lexical compatibility.
Lexical compatibility is the ability of words to connect with each other in speech, forming phrases.
The boundaries of lexical compatibility are determined by the semantics (meaning) of words, their stylistic affiliation, emotional coloring, grammatical properties, etc.
The main mistakes are related to the fact that the speaker or writer does not see that the words he has combined into phrases:
1) contradict each other in meaning: mini-supermarket",
2) do not match in emotional coloring: terribly beautiful furniture,”
3) do not combine in lexical features: you can say cause grief, but you can’t say cause joy,”
4) do not combine according to the linguistic tradition: to have meaning, but to play a role, to eliminate shortcomings, but to correct errors.
The rules of lexical compatibility are of a dictionary nature, they are individual for each word and are not yet codified consistently and fully, therefore one of the most common mistakes in speech is a violation of the rules of word compatibility: sudden departure (correct: sudden)", increase the level of well-being (correct: increase).
Task 1. Form phrases with the words foreign, foreign, foreign, imported, using the nouns given below.
Press, furniture, student, passport, country, literature, equipment, things, base, youth, languages, car.
Task 2. For each word of the first group, select the corresponding word or several words from the second group and write down the resulting phrases.
1) armada, cohort, galaxy, crowd, gathering, flock, herd, herd, heap, mass, lot, multitude, crowd, pack, myriads;
2) ships, tanks, numbers, information, revolutionaries, facts, friends, books, extremists, papers, documents, geese, horses, cows, dogs, stars, liars, sailors.
Task 3. Open the brackets. Indicate cases of violation of lexical compatibility.
1) make (a mistake, poor quality of products, defects, imperfections, ignorance, rudeness;
2) provide (assistance, trust, friendship, influence, kindness, inattention, arrogance, objection);
3) show (respect, desire, discipline, order, slowness, indifference, energy);
4) conduct (meeting, restructuring, control, organization, completion, assistance, evaluation);
5) achieve (success, milestones, fulfillment, promotion, order, obedience, victory);
6) get rid of (losses, absentees, defects in work, dirt in the premises, problems, mismanagement).
Task 4. Find errors caused by the violation of the compatibility of words. Make stylistic edits.
1) A good leader must set an example for his subordinates in everything.
2) We believe that the results of tests at the test site may be of mutual interest for our companies.
3) Our company traditionally produces measuring instruments, but can also produce other products.
4) Both countries attach great importance to the meeting of heads of government.
5) Specialists constantly provide economic advice to the holding’s management.
6) It is called upon to play a particularly important role new law about education.
7) The company sells textbooks at the cheapest price.
8) The plant staff accepted a commitment to speed up the production of a new car model.
9) The speaker of parliament in his office had a two-hour conversation with scientists from the Russian Academy of Sciences.
10) On at this stage The functions of personnel management are consolidated in the person of one person, and this cannot be allowed.
11) The first years of perestroika had a very positive impact on housing construction.
12) They made a huge contribution to the implementation of the plan.
13) There is no need to build a problem from this single fact.
14) The workers of our workshop, who study in absentia at the university, are always surrounded by the attention and help of the entire team.
15) We are sincerely committed to providing you with the attention and services you can always count on.
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More on the topic Lexical compatibility and related difficulties:
- 12. Lexical and phraseological norms of the modern Russian literary language. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics. Main categories of the section. Lexical compatibility. Contamination. Typology of lexical errors. Errors associated with the incorrect use of ambiguous words
- Lexical stylistics. Lexical compatibility. Lexical compatibility
- Violation of lexical compatibility as a stylistic device
- Violation of lexical compatibility as a speech error
- 37. Grouping words by form. Lexical homonymy and related phenomena. Functional characteristics of homonyms.
- 11. Lexical and phraseological norms of the modern Russian literary language. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics. Main categories of the section. Lexical compatibility of words. Accuracy of word usage. Contamination. Specifics of explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language.
Types of lexical errors.
A speech defect can be defined as: 1) an inaccurately used word or fixed expression; 2) a word or sentence that violates the stylistic unity and expressiveness of the text: this also includes the monotony of the vocabulary and grammatical structure of speech. Speech defects are divided into lexical, morphological and syntactic.
Among the lexical shortcomings we can highlight: a) inaccuracy of word usage; b) violation of lexical compatibility of words; c) errors in the use of phraseological units; d) violation of the stylistic unity of the text; e) errors that weaken the expressiveness of the text; f) monotony of vocabulary, violation of euphony.
Inaccuracy of word usage. The accuracy of speech depends on the writer’s ability to select words or expressions that best correspond to the conveyed content. Violation of norms of word usage leads to lexical errors:
1. The use of a particular word in a meaning that is not characteristic of it or is not suitable for the given context.
Chatsky is especially deeply opposed to the serf owners. Griboyedov reflected in his comedy the decomposition of the noble class into two camps. Chatsky is not alone, he has many accomplices.
2. Errors caused by confusion in use paronyms(words similar in sound, but different in meaning).
Alyosha resignedly endured all the hardships of life. Onegin leads a festive lifestyle. Bazarov's sideburns were sandy-colored.
3. Use of unnecessary words ( pleonasms). Pleonasms arise when using unnecessary definitions ( main essence, valuable treasures, dark darkness), unnecessary circumstances ( go back, fell down), as well as as a result of unjustified stringing of synonyms ( finish, complete, complete a task).
Vanya and Petya sang the same song together. He spoke while gesturing with his hands. The model that the guys so diligently glued together was trampled by Vadim..
Katerina anticipates her death in advance... She cannot return back to the Kabanovs’ house and prefers death to the everyday routine of a joyless and dreary life in which all the noble impulses of her sublime soul are uselessly lost.
Tautology– repetition of words similar in meaning and sound: oil, fence the garden; you can ask a question; for example, this example; this phenomenon is, impeccable in serving its cause, multiplied many times, renewed again.
Speech redundancy is also generated by the connection foreign word with Russian duplicating its meaning: memorable souvenirs, an unusual phenomenon, a driving leitmotif, a biography of life, one’s own autobiography, ultimately, scanty little things, a leading leader, a counterattack, folklore, demobilize from the army. In such cases we talk about hidden tautology.
4. Lexical anachronisms - the use of recently emerged or borrowed words or expressions in a story about historical events(“dealer” instead of “merchant”, “social gatherings”).
Pechorin received a ticket to the Caucasus. Chatsky went on a business trip abroad. One day Chichikov was fired from his job. Griboyedov was killed in the Caucasus by Chechen militants.
Violation of lexical compatibility of words.
Lexical compatibility is the ability of words to connect with each other. At the same time, some words are freely combined with others if they suit their meaning, while others have limited lexical compatibility.
You can say all year round (24 hours) but don't say " around the clock (week, month)"; It happens deep night, but not " deep day", possible deep autumn, but not " deep spring" Eat the Velvet season , but not period, time, month.
The basin made a cozy impression on us. Dolokhov was promoted to soldier for his recklessness. No matter what hopeless situation he finds himself in, he will always find a way out. This exhibition will enrich your horizons. You will see the health and shine of your hair!
Errors in the use of phraseological units.
The destruction of a phraseological phrase is a stylistic error associated with an unjustified transformation of the composition of a stable phrase. A similar error occurs when:
1) replacing one of the components (“ like behind a stone back»);
2) contamination (combination) of two phraseological units based on a reference word (“ be silent like a fish on ice" - cf.: " be silent like a fish" And " fight like a fish on ice»);
3) unjustified spread of the lexical composition of a phraseological unit, leading to its pleonasticity (“ hard Sisyphean work»);
4) omission of one of the components of a phraseological unit, leading to lexical insufficiency (“ you need to understand where the success of this work lies»);
5) mixing paronyms as part of a phraseological unit (“ swipe around your finger»);
6) misunderstanding of the meaning of phraseology (“The graduate happily sang her swan song”);
7) change grammatical forms components included in the phraseological unit (“ the voice of those crying in the wilderness»).
We need to take him out into fresh water. Youth was in full swing from him. Now this story has long since sunk into oblivion. There were tears in his eyes.
Violation of the stylistic unity of the text. The stylistic unity of speech is created through the selection of linguistic means in accordance with the task of the statement. This quality of speech assumes that the writer feels a functional style, understands the features of a given situation and, when choosing words and expressions, takes into account the specifics of speech conditions, that is, the selection of linguistic means is carried out taking into account their relevance in a given style, in the conditions of a given utterance.
On the eve of my birthday I got sick. Mom bought it for her son board game. On school holiday Several awards were given. Those who raised their children the way their grandparents did, the easier it is. Today I went to the store to buy a tape recorder. It's cold outside. Put on your hat.
Exercise. Read the sentences and find errors in them. Explain the nature of the mistakes made and correct them.
1. There is a tremendous danger in all this.
2. In the agreement we relied on the above-mentioned document.
3. The physical training of the players played important in the last match.
4. By the middle of the second half the situation had calmed down.
5. The following factors should be taken into account in this agreement.
6. The business traveler arrived at the specified time.
7. This was an important Russian initiative made by our Foreign Minister.
8. At the Winter Olympics, the athlete won again.
9. The young prodigy was known throughout the country.
10. Now this story has long since sunk into oblivion.
11. The short blitz tournament has come to an end.
12. Issues of economic cooperation were the focus of the meeting in Tallinn.
13. I would like to get to know the representatives of this new movement better.
14. Regarding this event, the entire press is singing the same tune.
15. At the head of the table, as a presenter, sat a famous comedian in a chic outfit.
Related information.
Introduction
There are many words in the Russian language that seem to “attract” to each other. For example, they say: “a herd of cows”, “a herd of horses”, “a flock of sheep”. That’s why the unfortunate combination of words makes me laugh: “A flock of ducks and hares appeared in the distance.” In this case, the words are connected incorrectly, i.e. lexical compatibility is impaired.
Lexical compatibility is the ability of words to connect with each other. After all, in speech words are used not one at a time, not in isolation, but in phrases. At the same time, some words are freely combined with others if they suit their meaning, while others have limited lexical compatibility. Thus, very similar definitions - long, long, long, long - are attracted to nouns in different ways: you can say a long (long) period, but not a long (long) period.
Limitations of lexical compatibility for certain words are often explained by their use in special meanings. For example, the word round in its basic meaning - “one that resembles the shape of a circle, ring, ball” - is freely combined with words of the corresponding subject-thematic group: round table, round box; round window. But, speaking in the meaning of “whole, whole, without interruption” (about time), the word round is combined only with the nouns year, day, and in the meaning of “complete, perfect” - with such as an excellent student, an ignoramus.
In other cases, the reason for limiting lexical compatibility is the assignment of a word to stable expressions. For example, the velvet season is “the autumn months (September, October) in the south.” This expression has a stable character and the word “season” cannot be replaced by any other word, even the closest in meaning, for example, “velvet autumn.”
Violation of lexical compatibility is often explained by the combination of similar phrases. For example, they write: “meet modern requirements,” mixing the combinations “meet requirements” and “meet needs”; “conversation read” (“lecture given” and “conversation held”); “improve the level” (“improve quality” and “raise the level”).
lexical compatibility error
1. Violation of lexical compatibility
Semantic errors
Violation of lexical compatibility is caused by semantic errors of two types - logical and linguistic.
Logical errors are associated with failure to distinguish between concepts that are close in some respect. Often people do not distinguish between areas of activity, cause and effect, part and whole, and related phenomena.
Thus, in the sentence “Residents of a seaside town witnessed a large theatrical performance,” an error is found in the phrase “witnesses of the performance.” The word “witness” means “eyewitness” - this is the name given to a person who was at the scene of an incident. This word is associated with the field of judicial and legal activity. In the field of theatrical and concert activity, which is discussed in the sentence, the word “spectator” is used. This error is associated with not distinguishing between areas of activity.
The erroneous combination “prices have become more expensive” is due to the failure to distinguish between the related concepts of “prices” and “products”: goods become more expensive, and prices rise. You can give examples of similar errors in sentences: “The timely launch of the plant raises concerns”; “There are 52 trees in the park”; “As a result of the plague epidemic, people left the city.” All these errors are not explained by distinguishing related phenomena: they fear not that the plant will be launched, but that it will not be launched on time; they are not laying trees, but a park; people leave the city not as a result, but because of the plague. Possible corrections in these cases: “There is concern that the plant will not be launched on time”; “52 trees were planted in the park”; “As a result of the plague, the city was deserted.”
Linguistic errors are associated with the failure to distinguish between denoting words that are in any semantic relationship. These are mainly synonyms and paronyms.
Failure to distinguish between synonyms, words that are close or have the same meaning, leads to errors in use. For example, the words “role” and “function” in the meaning of “work, circle of activity” are synonymous, but genetically they are associated with different signifiers: role - with the sphere of theater and cinema, and function - with logic. Hence the established lexical compatibility: the role is played (played), and the function is performed (performed). The words “brave” and “brave” are synonyms, but “brave” is associated with the external manifestation of the called quality, and “brave” is associated with both external and internal, therefore a thought, decision, idea can only be courageous, but not brave.
Not distinguishing between paronyms, i.e. words that partially match in sound also lead to errors in use; Most paronyms are words with the same root, differing in suffixes or prefixes and, as a consequence, shades of meaning, as well as stylistic coloring. For example, a misdemeanor (fault) is an act (an action committed by someone); guilty (who has committed a crime) - guilty (who has been guilty of something, who has violated the rules of morality, politeness, etc.); pay (for something) – pay (for something).
Paronyms can be associated with different options common root. For example, short (small in size, the opposite of long) – brief (stated briefly, in a few words). Therefore, they say a short text, but brief retelling text.
Borrowed words may also appear in paronymic relationships: parity (equality) - priority (superiority, advantage), dequalification (loss of qualifications) - disqualification (deprivation of qualifications), etc. To distinguish paronyms of foreign origin, it is necessary to refer to dictionaries of foreign words.
Below are frequency pairs of paronyms:
Execute - have to fulfill general meaning“to carry out, to bring to life”, for example, to fulfill (fulfill) an order, but the second verb has a bookish character;
Long - long-lasting coincide in the meaning of “continuing, lengthy”, for example, a long (long) conversation, a long (long) pause, but “long” indicates an extension in time, and “long” emphasizes the procedural meaning of the noun; “long” is usually combined with the names of periods of time (long night, long winter), and “long” – with the names of actions and conditions designed for a long period (long flight, long treatment);
Agreement - agreement differ in that “agreement” means a written or oral agreement, a condition of mutual obligations (agreement of friendship and cooperation), and “agreement” means an agreement reached through negotiations (an agreement to include an issue on the agenda);
Truth (truth, the actual state of affairs) - truth (correspondence to truth). For example, the desire for truth is the truth of the assumptions made;
Ordinary - ordinary differ in that the first word emphasizes inconspicuousness, unremarkability, and the second - typicality. For example, ordinary person- typical day.
To identify the specifics of words connected by paronymic relationships, it is necessary to correctly understand the morphological composition of the word and the method of its formation. For example, in pairs learn - master, complicate - complicate, make heavier - make heavier words with the prefix o- have a meaning of more high degree manifestations of action. In the pairs hygienic - hygienic, logical - logical, practical - practical, economic - economical, distinguished by the suffixes -ichesk-/-n-, the second adjective denotes a characteristic that can be manifested to a greater or lesser extent (qualitative adjective). This implies compatibility: hygienic norm - hygienic fabric, logical laws - logical conclusion, practical use– practical clothes, economic policy- economical device.
Stylistic errors
Stylistic errors are a violation of the requirements for the unity of a functional style, unjustified use emotionally colored, stylistically marked means. Stylistic errors are associated with ignoring the restrictions that its stylistic coloring imposes on the use of a word.
The most common stylistic mistakes include:
1. The use of clericalisms - words and phrases characteristic of formal business style. For example, “As the income portion of my budget increased, I decided to purchase a new car for permanent use” - “I began to receive a lot of money, so I decided to buy a new car.”
2. The use of words (expressions) of inappropriate stylistic coloring. Thus, in a literary context, the use of slang, colloquial, and abusive language is inappropriate; in a business text, colloquial and expressive words should be avoided. For example, “The trustee of charitable institutions is cozying up to the auditor” - “The trustee of charitable institutions is currying favor with the auditor.”
3. Mixing styles - unjustified use in one text of words, syntactic structures characteristic of different styles Russian language. For example, a mixture of scientific and conversational styles.
4. Mixing vocabulary from different historical eras. For example, “The heroes wear chain mail, trousers, mittens” - “The heroes wear chain mail, armor, mittens.”
5. Incorrect construction offers. For example, “Despite his youth, he good man" There are several ways to fix these errors. First, change the order of words in the sentence: “There are many works that tell about the author’s childhood in world literature” - “In world literature there are many works that tell about the author’s childhood.”
6. Secondly, remake the sentence: “Of other sporting events, let’s talk about the barbell” - “Of other sporting events, we should highlight the barbell competition.”